EXPLORATION(SS8H1b) – The student will evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and the explorations of Hernando De Soto.

In the 15th century, the Native American were developing traditions in America, while European nations were much more advanced and in competition with one another for wealth

and military might.

However, even the most modern countries did not

have electricity and sewage systems.

In the 1200s explorer Marco Polo traveled the known world. News of fantastic riches and spices in the east (the east was simply

called India) was spread through an account of his travels. In Europe,

demand for spices & silks increased.

For centuries, Europeans traveled Polo's route the Silk Road – to trade with the East.

Problems with the Silk Route

• It was a 4,000 mile journey to Asia by land.

• Difficult journey through mountains and deserts.

• By the 1400s, the Silk Road was controlled by Muslims and was infested with bandits.

• It was no longer safe for Europeans.

For centuries, the people in the East had no idea that the west

existed.

Europeans wanted luxurious items from Asia. They were trying to find a water

route to buy these goods

EAST

WEST

So, the hunt was on for a faster, safer route to Asia by sea and the Age of Exploration began.

Fears of the Europeans:• Belief that the world was flat

• The equator = death

• Really expensive

• Sea monsters

The Race was On!!

Explorer Years Nationality Achievement

Christopher Columbus 

 1492 - 1502

 Italy -Landed in San Salvador (Bahamas)-Central, South America, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Virgin Islands.

John Cabot  

 1497 Italy -Discovered Newfoundland in present day Canada.

Amerigo Vespucci 

 1499 Italy  -Navigator who gave his name to the new world, America

Vasco Nunez de Balboa  

 1513 Spain  -Crossed the isthmus of Panama

Ponce de Leon  

 1513  Spain  Discovered Florida

Hernando Cortes  

 1539 Spain -Mexico , conquered Aztecs and won gold and silver treasures.

Ferdinand Magellan  1522  Portugal  Reached Asia by sailing west

Francisco Pizarro   1535 Spain -West coast of South America. Defeated the Incas capturing the largest silver mine in the world.

Jacques Cartier  1534 - 1536

 France  Explored St. Lawrence Rive and gave Canada its name.

Hernando De Soto  

 1539 - Spain Landed in Florida and explored Georgia

Four European Powers in a race for Exploration

The most powerful kingdoms were:

PORTUGAL

The most powerful kingdoms were:

SPAIN

The most powerful kingdoms were:

FRANCE

The most powerful kingdoms were:

ENGLAND

Portugal’s Prince Henry (The Navigator)was committed to being the first to reach India

by sea. He believed the quickest route to India was to

sail around Africa.

SS8H1 – The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia.

Spanish Claims

Portuguese Claims

• Portugal started off as the strongest nation in exploration until they were inadvertently kicked out of the race by Pope Alexander the VI who drew the Line of Demarcation.

• His purpose was to keep the Catholic nations of Spain and Portugal from going to war, but he instead ensured that Spain would be the world power. Spain claimed all of the lands in the New World

With the exception of a small portion of land in South America (modern-day

Brazil), the Portuguese were forbidden to settle in the New World because of the

Line of Demarcation.

Spanish Claims

Portuguese Claims

Not to be outdone by the Portuguese, Spanish rulers, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, were

desperate to find a water route to India. They hired Italian Christopher Columbus. Columbus believed that the earth was round, smaller than most people believed, and Asia was much larger. He believed the quickest way to India was to sail west. The

monarch of Spain agreed to finance his excursion.

“Spain in the time of Christopher Columbus was, generally, violent and unstable. Outbreaks of plague, tortures of citizens,

and religious inquisitions against Jews and Muslims contributed to the turbulence. According to historians, the outbreak of

diseases throughout Europe killed 10 to 20 percent of many towns’ populations with each new wave. An unpredictable,

unstable economic climate contributed to famine and malnutrition. Large pits of sewage and mass graves were breeding grounds for disease, and most of the population

neither bathed nor kept clean. Ill health and squalid conditions were not the only hardships with which the people of the late fifteenth century had to contend. Wars, riots, and crime also killed tens of thousands in Europe. Often, the leaders of each country were powerless to stop the deadly sweep of war and

disease. At times, they were the ones to encourage it.During the years in which Columbus was traveling from court to court in search of someone to support his trip and his theories,

the Inquisition was raging in Spain. The powerful leaders within Spain tortured, maimed, and killed those believed to be non-Christian. Jews and Muslims received the brunt of the attack.

They were forced to give up their own religion in favor of Christianity, or face the penalty of torture, expulsion, or death. Nearly 150,000 Jews were expelled from the country, with most

being shipped to Africa.”

Background Information on Spain

In 1492,Christopher Columbus, financed by Spain, set sail with 3 ships, a crew, and Food. The Nina,

Pinta, and

Santa Maria

Columbus set sail for Asia by sailing west, but landed in …………

The Bahamas

Columbus though he was in India, so he called the Natives “Indians”

But he was actually here

Columbus thought he was here!

• The discovery of the “New World” made Spain the dominant world

power. • In all, Columbus made four trips to

North America, but he always believed, until he died, that he had

found India.

The rulers of Spain soon realized that Columbus had discovered a New

World. They began to send Spanish explorers, called conquistadors

(conquerors), to take control of their newly discovered lands.

However, France and England began to explore as well!!

England

France

Spain

Spain• Why did Spain explore?• To find a water route to Asia • God- Spain wanted to convert Native Americans

to Christianity (Catholicism).• Gold – to find gold and enhance their treasury• Glory- acquire new lands to expand the Spanish

empire• Where did Spain settle?• South and Central America• Florida • Georgia’s Barrier Islands

• When?• 1500’s

Spanish • Guns • Horses• Armor

• Attack Dogs • Trained Army

• Diseases• Psychological

Advantage

Natives• Bow and Arrows• No horses, armor,

or dogs• Not trained for

war• Low immunity to

outside illness• Thought the Spanish were

Gods.

VS

1540• First European to explore

Georgia.

Hernando De Soto

Outcomes:• Never found gold and was killed

on the expedition by a hostile native

• Responsible for starving and killing a large number of Native Americans.

• Brought diseases that killed many and ended the Mississippian culture

• Buried in the Mississippi River to hide his death from the Indians

• Introduced pigs to the southeast

.

In 1565, the Spanish moved their colonial capital to St. Augustine, on the Florida peninsula. From there, they began to set up missions on the Atlantic

Coast in order to convert Natives to Catholicism.

Spanish missions were established throughout Georgia’s barrier islands:

What is a Spanish Mission? • The Mission Period lasted from 1568-1684

• Spain established missions to convert natives to Catholicism.

• The last Spanish mission was attacked and destroyed in 1684.

Missions on Georgia’s barrier islands……

-St. Catherine’s -Sapelo -St. Simon’s-Cumberland

Spanish Impact on Native Americans

1. Native Americans were often forced to accept European religion. (or die)

2. Thousands of Native Americans were enslaved and relocated to other Spanish colonies.

3. Millions of Native Americans were killed by Spanish weapons and diseases like smallpox.

4. Some tribes (ex., Careb & Arawok) became extinct.

Desoto video Link

What do you remember about…

Spanish exploration in

Georgia???

1. The Spanish explorer who led an expedition into Georgia in 1540 was

2.Because Spanish explorers were conquerors, they were called.

3.Spain claimed all of the New World and called it3. In order to convert the Native Americans to

Catholicism, Spain established.

4. On what barrier islands were the missions located?

5. The thing most responsible for the death of millions of Native Americans was.

6. Columbus called the Native Americans Indians because he believed he was in.

Hernando DeSoto

conquistadors

La Florida

Sapelo, St. Simmons, Cumberland

disease

India

missions

Other nations, particularly England and France, were not willing to allow Spain alone to

benefit from gains in the America.

• The French Explorer, Verrazano, explored the North American coast in 1524, possibly reaching Georgia.

• In 1603, Samuel de Champlain founded a very profitable fur trade in North America. He called his settlement Quebec and claimed much of North America for France, calling it New France.

• In 1682, Sieur de La Salle claimed the Mississippi River region for France, establishing New Orleans and Mobile.

France also desired gold, land and resources. French explorers sought

wealth and power.

• The French were unable to compete with the military might of Spain in the southeast.

• After the slaughter of the French at Fort Caroline in 1565, they largely avoided encounters with the Spanish.

• They continued to explore the new world but focused on Canada and along the Mississippi River.

France• Why did France explore?• To find gold, land, and resources• Power and wealth• Spread Christianity • Fur trade

• Where did France settle?• Louisiana (along the Mississippi)• Canada • Ohio River Valley

• When?• Late 1600’s• Last to explore North America

English Exploration

England was actually the SECOND European nation to explore the new world. In 1497, the English ignored Spain's claims

to the New World and sent explorer John Cabot to North America. Cabot told of

bountiful fish and massive forests, but his explorations were a failure after he was lost

at sea.

Cabot's ship, The Matthew

With limited money and distracted by "problems at home", the English would

not return to the New World for over a hundred

years. Spain continued to have the strongest hold

on the New World.

England• Why did England explore?• Wished to find gold, land, and Resources• Wanted to be powerful and wealthy• Wanted to spread Christianity

• Where did England settle?• North America (from Georgia to Maine)

• When?• Explored in the 1500’s• Settled 13 colonies from 1607 – 1732• Explored after the Spanish, but before the

French

1500’s 1600’s

1492

1732

Columbus discovered the

Americas

Spain Explored and

settled

England Explored and

Settled

Georgia became a

colony

France explored and

settled

Family Matters

that turned the tide

.

In the 1530's, English King Henry VIII forced the Catholic Church out of England and declared

himself to be the leader of the Church of England (or the Anglican Church).

Meanwhile, devoted to the Pope, Spain considers it national and Christian duty

to conquer England and force it to return to the Catholic Church.

In 1588, the largest fleet in human history, the Spanish

Armada, was launched in order to invade and conquer England.

In one of the great military failures in all of human history, the Spanish Armada was trapped in a ferocious sea storm and was

destroyed, nearly in its entirety.

Spain never recovered from the failure.Though the Spanish Empire was still large,

the defeat of the Spanish Armada was a death blow that would cause the Empire to

crumble.

After the defeat of the Spanish Armada…

1600: England began establishing permanent settlements along the Atlantic Coast. This was partially fueled by the economic concept of Mercantilism.

Mercantilism is the trade policy

stating that England should

export more than it imported.

Before Mercantilism England had to buy • Cotton• Forest Products• Tobacco• Some food

After Mercantilism• Colonies would

produce raw materials and ship them to England where the finished goods would be made

England, now ruled by Queen Elizabeth I, was in a position to take advantage of

Spanish weakness and emerge as the new world power. By 1607, the first permanent English settlement was

established at Jamestown.

• By the 1660s, England had established 12 colonies along the eastern coast of North

America. • In 1732, on the eve of the founding of

Georgia, North America was divided between the claims of three nations.

New France

British Colonies

La Florida

Problems in England1.Who played the largest role in exploration?

Spain2.Why didn’t England play a larger role?

John Cabot was lost at seaThey had limited money Problems at home (Henry VIII)

3. What lead to Spain attempting to conquer Britain?Henry VIII declared himself the leader of the church of England, and Spain wanted it returned to the Catholic Church

4. What was the Spanish Armada? The largest fleet of ships in history launched by Spain to conquer England.5. What was the outcome?

Nearly the entire fleet was destroyed by a storm at sea and eventual caused the Spanish Empire to crumble

6. Under whose leadership did England emerge as the new world power?

Queen Elizabeth I 7. How many colonies did England establish along the east coast

of North America? 12

8. In 1732, what three nations claimed the lands of North America?

Spain, France, and Britain

Lesson Two (SS8H1c) – The student will explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with

emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the southeastern area.

What do you remember about…European exploration in Georgia???

Which European nation colonized each area?A.Spa

in

B.France

C.England

Lesson Two (SS8H1c) – The student will explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with

emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the southeastern area.

What do you remember about…European exploration in Georgia???

Which European nation colonized each area?A. Spain

B. FranceC. England

B

C

A

B