experimental facility to study mhd effects at very high hartmann...

Experimental Facility to Study MHD effects at Very High Hartmann and Interaction parameters related

to Indian Test Blanket Module for ITER

P. SatyamurthyBhabha Atomic Research Centre, India

P. Satyamurthy, December 21-23, 2009, IITK

Team members

P. Satyamurthy, P. K. Swain, D. Kumar, K. Kulkarni, S. Kumar, D. N. Badodkar and L. M. Gantayet

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085 E. Rajendra Kumar, R. Bhattacharyay and G. Vadolia Institute of Plasma Research, Gandhi Nagar, Ahmedabad-

382428


Lecture Contents

• Fusion Energy

• ITER (International Thermo-nuclear Experimental reactor)

• Indian TBM

• Experimental and Theoretical programme for development of Indian TBM

P. Satyamurthy, December 21-23,2009, IITK

Origin of Nuclear Fusion Energy

Illustration from DOE brochure

17.6 MeV 80% of energy release (14.1 MeV)

Used to breed tritium and close the DT fuel cycle

Li + n → T + He

20% of energy release (3.5 MeV)

DeuteriumNeutron

Tritium Helium

Deuterium and tritium is the easiest, attainable at lower plasma temperature, because it has the largest reactionrate and high Q value and hence the program is focused on the D-T Cycle

Ref: Prof. Abdou, UCLAP. Satyamurthy, December 21-23, 2009, IITK

Advantages of Fusion Energy

Sustainable energy source No emission of Greenhouse or other

polluting gases No risk of a severe accident No long-lived radioactive waste Fusion energy can be used to

produce electricity, hydrogen and for desalination.

P. Satyamurthy, December 21-23, 2009-IITK

Technology Issues in Fusion Energy

– Requires High temperatures (Millions of degrees) in a pure High Vacuum environment are required

– Technically complex and high capital cost reactors are necessary

– Still in R&D Stage


Fuel Cycle for Fusion Energy• Deuterium – from water

(0.02% of all hydrogen is deuterium)• Tritium – from lithium

(a light metal common in the Earth’s crust)


Tritium Breeding

Natural lithium: 7.42% 6Li and 92.58% 7LiRequired: 90% 6Li and 10% 7Li

6Li (n,α) t

7Li (n;n’α) t

P. Satyamurthy, December 21-23, 2009-ITK

Neutron Multipliers for Fusion Energy Growth

Desired characteristics:– Small absorption cross-sections

– Large (n, 2n) cross-section with low threshold

• Candidates:– Beryllium is the best (large n, 2n with low threshold, low absorption)

–Pb is most effective in Li-Pb eutectic

9Be (n,2n) Pb (n,2n)

Candidates - Beryllium, Lead

P. Satyamurthy December 21-23, 2009-IITK

ITER Objectives

Demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy

Demonstrate extended burn of DT plasmas, with

steady state as the ultimate goal

Integrate and test all essential fusion power reactor technologies and components

Demonstrate safety and environmental acceptability of

fusion.P. Satyamurthy, December 21-23,2009-IITK

11

THE ITER DEVICE

Parameters

Height: 25 m, Diameter: 28 m

Total Fusion Power 500 MW

Q- Fusion Power /Auxiliary heating power

≥ 10

Average Neutron wall loading 0.57 MW/m2

Plasma Major Radius 6.2 m

Plasma minor Radius 2.0 m

Plasma Current 15 MA

Toroidal Field at major radius 5.3 tesla

Plasma Volume 837 m3

Neutrons Generated 1.5 x 1020 n/s

International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor


12

Typical DEMO Reactor


Plasma

Radiation

Neutrons

Coolant for energy conversion

First Wall

Shield

Blanket Vacuum vessel

Magnets

Tritium breeding zone

Major Sub-systems of ITER


14

High grade heat extraction

Radiation Shielding

BLANKETFunctions

Tritium Breeding


ITER is a collaborative effort among Europe, Japan, US, Russia, China, South Korea, and India

ITER Location- Caradache (France)

Typical ITER-TBM (proposed by US)

Vacuum Vessel

Bio-shield

A PbLi loop Transporter located in

the Port Cell Area

He pipes to TCWS

2.2 m

TBM System ( Heat Extraction from Neutrons & First wall radiation + T Breeding)

• 3 ITER equatorial ports (1.75 x 2.2 m2) for TBM testing

• Each port can accommodate only 2 modules (i.e. 6 TBMs max)

P. Satyamurthy, December 21-23,2009-IITK

Typical TBM System

18

Indian TBM System


First wall Top-bottom plate assembly Breeder assembly Inner back plate Outer back plate Manifolds and pipes Flexible housings and support

keysPoloidal 1660 mm

Radial 536 mmToroidal 480 mm

Indian Lead-Lithium cooled Ceramic Breeder (LLCB) TBM


Details of Indian TBM


Flow Configuration – Indian LLCB TBM


LLCB DEMO / TBM Design Parameters Dimensions ~1.7(P) x 1.0 (T) x 0.5(R) m

(DEMO)~ 1.7(P) x 0.5(T) x 0.5(R) m

(TBM)

Plasma Facing Material

Be coating (~2 mm)

Structural material RAFMS

Breeder PbLi, Li2TiO3

Neutron WallLoading

2.42 MW/m2 (0.78MW/m2 )

Total Power Deposition

2.24 MW (0.857 MW)

Average. Heat Flux 0.5 MW/m2

Primary Coolant PbLi and Helium P. Satyamurthy, December 21-23, 2009-IITK

MHD Effects in TBM


The Liquid Metal MHD in TBM

Flow across the magnetic field induces current J in the fluid volume.

This current interacts with the magnetic field to produce opposing Lorentz force (JxBo)

The current also produces induced magnetic field along x

Due to All these effects: 1) Additional pressure drop 2) Flow modifications 2) Additional joule heating 3) Turbulent suppression or 4)Hartman effects can make the

flow 2-D turbulent

X- flow directionY-Induced currentZ- Applied Magnetic FieldWalls perpendicular to B-Hartmann wallsWalls parallel to B – side walla


Equations Governing Flow in TBM


3-D MHD-CFD code is being developed 1) ANUPRAVAHA –IIT-BARC Code (Prof. Eswaran,IITK) 2) M/s Fluidyne (Bangaluru)

Non-dimensional Parameters in MHD flow

Interaction Parameter-Ratio of magnetic body force to inertial force

Magnetic Reynolds number-Ratio of induced magnetic field to applied field

Hartmann Number – Ratio of Magnetic body force to Viscous force

This ratio decides the flow structure – 3-D turbulence or 2-D turbulence or Laminar


Hartmann-effect

Increasing Hartmann Number


MHD effects-‘M’ profiles Across Side walls

uaverage = 0.036 m/s

σ s i d e = 0 , σHWall=∞

σ s i d e = ∞ , σHWall=∞

Effect of transverse B variation

- Transition to M-Profile (strong function of N)

-Generation of additional currents


Effects of MHD on Turbulence•Non uniform Suppression of Turbulence -2D turbulence

•Introduction of Turbulent Anisotropy

This has a bearing on:

•Pressure drop in the module•Heat Transfer


MHD Effects on Turbulence


2-D MHD Turbulence Ref: Smolentsev et al

Vorticity Distribution-Ha/Re>>1/300


Combined Forced & Natural Convection - Buoyancy Effects

+ Suitable Turbulent Model


Polo

idal

- y

Flow Uy -Downwords

Flow Uy - Upwards

Flow -L bend

Ux Uy – L-bendUnder Developed Flow - Transient Region

, Geometry change

Radial-x

Bz Toroidal

Flow complexity in TBM

Toroidal-z

Flow - U bend

Uy Ux Uy

Ux P. Satyamurthy, December 21-23, 2009-IITK

Experimental Programme to Study MHD Phenomena in TBM


Similarities of Pb-Li, Hg and Pb-Bi liquid metals

Properties Pb-Li(300 0C)

Hg(50 0C)

Pb-Bi

Density kg/m3 9500 13352 10360

Electrical Conductivity mho/m

0.77x106 1.02x106 ~1.0x106

Viscosity m2/s 0.188x10-6 0.116x10-6 .187x10-6

Thermal conductivity W/mK

13.2 9.67 12.7

Pr 0.0238 0.022 0.022Cp J/kg-K 190 139.5 146.5


Scale down Mercury TBMActual TBM

B = 4TPb 83%-Li -17% (enriched 90% of Li6 )Ti = 380 0C, v =0.1m/s

TBM Mercury-TBMB ~4T ~2.0-1.8 THa ~18500 ~6000Re ~ 50,000 ~24500N ~ 6700 ~1200 Ha/Re ~0.36 ~0.22


Proposed Mercury facility for MHD studies (Ha ~6000, N ~2000, Re ~15,000)

Pump

Dump Tank

HX

Mercury-TBM

Coil

Magnet~2T

Control Valve

Flow meter

BGV

Cooling tower water supply in.


MHD-TBM Mercury – 1.5 tons Magnet - ~2.0T electro magnet Dump Tank Heat Exchanger – Mercury-Water Pump -Vertical Cantilever Centrifugal pump Embedded Heaters in the walls to simulate

solid breeder heat Diagnostics Primary coolant circuit – Water Thermal Insulation Control & Instrumentation Power supplies and Utilities Motor for magnet movement Safety related instrumentation

Major components of the MHD-TBM Simulation Facility


Heat deposition area of LLCB TBM (m2 )

Heat generation in LLCB TBM Walls (kW)

Surface heat flux (kW/m2)

Heat to be supplied in Mercury TBM for heat flux simulation (kW)

First wall1.62 × 0.424

59 ~ 43 ~ 6.9

Top & Bottom wall0.436 × 0.424

33.6 7.0 ~ 2.8(for each wall)

Right & Left wall1.62 × 0.436

66.8 23.64 ~ 5.1(for each wall)

First Solid Breeder1.4746 × 0.424

42.2 33.75~ 9.0

Second Solid breeder 1.4746 × 0.424

31.3 25.0 ~ 6.7

Third Solid Breeder 1.4746 × 0.424

18.4 14.71 ~ 2.0

Simulation of Nuclear Heat and Solid Breeder Heat Generation in Mercury-TBM


Ports: Thermocouple in Hg (1) :58 no.s

Thermocouple in wall (2) : 46 no.s

Velocity Profile meter : 08 no.s

Pressure :08 no.s

Potential pins in Wall :181 no.s

Diagnostics in the Mercury-TBM


Process details of the Facility


Current Status of the Facility

• Basic and Process design is complete• Civil works are in progress• Sizing and specifications of most of the

components are completed• Vendor for detailed mechanical design of the

TBM has been finalised• Instrument and diagnostic equipment

procurement has started• Expecting the facility to be ready by early

2011

Conclusions

• India is proposing an LLCB - TBM for ITER

• MHD effects dominate the thermal-hydraulics of TBM (Ha ~18500 , N~6700 , Ha/Re ~ 0.36)

• For Successful design of TBM many MHD issues are needed to be understood

• An Experimental facility based on Mercury is being setup to under stand and address these issues

• In addition MHD-CFD code suitable for TBM design is being developed


Thank You


experimental facility to study mhd effects at very high hartmann...

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