- ADOPTING “INDAH” WATER AS AN ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCE FOR NON-PORTABLE USE

By:

Prof Ir Haniffa Hamid & V SasidharanProf. Ir. Haniffa Hamid & V. SasidharanPlanning & Engineering Department, Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd

6 September 2012INTAN, Bukit Kiara, Kuala Lumpur

PRESENTATION STRUCTURE

IntroductionWastewater as an Alternative Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source for Non Potable U i M l iUse in MalaysiaIssues, Challenges and , gLessons LearntWay Forward & SummaryWay Forward & Summary

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Objectives

To present an overview of use of treated wastewater effluent as an alternative water source for non-portable purpose.

To highlight the thoughts on the way forward g g g yfor water reuse initiatives in Malaysia

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Introduction• Malaysia Vision to become a fully

developed country by the year 2020.

R id d l t h t k l i• Rapid development has taken place in sectors like agriculture, industry, tourism, manufacturing and urbanisationurbanisation.

• All these development would not possible without adequate waterpossible without adequate water resources

• Despite the country’s wet humidDespite the country s wet humid equatorial climate regime, many parts of the country suffer from periodic water stress, primarily due to:water stress, primarily due to:

• Imbalance water demand in varying locations and sectors.

• Changes in weather pattern is g paffecting trends in precipitation & temperature (C) IWK/PED/0912

Need Statement

National Water Resources Study (2000‐2050) – Water Stress States Penang, Melaka, Selangor , potentially N. Sembilan. 

Rapid Urbanization and Industrialization.During Dry season, water shortage & rationing

S l d dTo cope : Inter State supply; demand management; & efficient water use i.e. 

water recycling

NEED TO REDUCE WATER ABUSEPotable water for Potable Uses

Reclaimed Water for Non‐Potable Use

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Water in Malaysia – Are We Blessed?

Malaysia – tropical countryAnnual rainfall ~ on average 2409Annual rainfall ~ on average 2409mm precipitation annuallyRivers = >150 rivers

(Sources: http://www.climatetemp.info/malaysia/)

RECENT CONTRADICTORY SCENARIOS

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Water in Malaysia – What’s happening?

Residents in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya will face a water crisis as early as 2014…..

Saturday May 15 2011 NSTSaturday May 15, 2011, NST Minister of KeTTHAYB Datuk Seri Peter

Chin Fah Kui

Major states in Malaysia will be facing severe water shortage in 2014 if measures are not taken to curb excessive wastage and high non-revenue water (NRW) levelsrevenue water (NRW) levels……..

Saturday April 23, 2011, The StarMWA President

Ahmad Zahdi Jamil

Penang is also in for a water crisis if it does not find an additionalsource….. It is very risky if the state continues to just depend ony y jone source…………

Monday December 6, 2010, The Star

Water Resources and Hydrology division director Ir. Hanapi

Mohamad Noor(C) IWK/PED/0912

Water Demands in Malaysia

30

25

d MLD

)

15

20

(tho

usand

PotableIrrigation

10

15

Demand  Irrigation

Other CropsLivestock

5Water 

Fisheries

02010 2020 2030 2040 2050

YearYear

Raw Water Resources in Malaysia – Current & Future Potentials

TreatedDirect 

Extraction from River 12 620 MLD

Treated Wastewater(4000 MLD)

12,620 MLD

Storage DamsRain Water 

Storage Dams 2,274 MLD

Harvesting

Ground Water204 MLD Seawater 

(desalination)(desalination)

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PRESENTATION STRUCTURE

IntroductionWastewater as an Alternative Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source for Non Potable UUseIssues, Challenges and , gLessons LearntWay Forward & SummaryWay Forward & Summary

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Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source

AGRICULTURE REUSE• Crop Irrigation

MUNICIPAL REUSE• 2nd WATER

INDUSTRIAL REUSE• Private sector drivenCrop Irrigation 

• Highest Demand in China, Mexico, India

• Reliable supply

2nd WATER• Filling recreational parks 

• Washing trucks and t i

Private sector driven • Well defined needs and requirements

• Cooling purpose • Low cost• Nutrient rich 

trains • Street washing and drain cleaning 

• Park Irrigation

g p p• Steam generation • Process water 

Park Irrigation• HIGH QUALITY WATER• Drinking Water 

lsupply

Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source - The Benefits

Sustainable  Sustainable water resources management looks at 2 aspects:

Ute

Water Resource Development

Diminishing margin for action Sustainability

Reduce dependence of Natural Resources

Nat

ural

re

sour

ces

se of echnology

Use of Technology in alternative sources

R d i d bl l• Reduces tensions and stress on potable water supply• Reduces demand on potable water for non potable use• Improve potable water demand management for the public/community.

L t f t bl ti l l f i i l• Lower cost for non potable use, particularly for municipal reuse.

Reduce of water stress

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Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source– The Beneficiaries

- Zero discharge

- Promote Green Technologies- Promote Green Technologies

- Reduce pollution

- Promote resource recovery

- More potable reserves

- Reduce public complaints

Reliable supply

- Showcase of Green Technology applications

- Public education & - Reliable supply

- Alternative sources of waterawareness

- Exports of technology and know-how

- Zero discharge

Additional revenue

- Reliable supply

- Better quality supply

Increased production- Additional revenue

- Resource recovery promotion

- Increased production

- Attraction of FDI

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Rank

Country Treated waste-water

d 3/d

Country Treated wastewater

d

Country Treated wastewater

% f

Water reclamation and reuse around the worldWhat say the World?A Wastewater

reused m3/d reused m3/million

capita

reuse as % of the total

water extraction

1 USA 7,600,000 Qatar 170,323 Kuwait 35.2 2 S. Arabia 1,847,000 Israel 166,230 Israel 18.1 3 Egypt 1,780,821 Kuwait 163,330 Singapore 14.4

Reclamation facility in Sydeny Australia. Uses Continuous MF & RO to produce 20ML D of reclaimed effluent for 4 Syria 1,014,000 UAE 126,713 Qatar 13.3

5 Israel 1,014,000 Cyprus 88,952 Cyprus 10.4 6 Spain 821,920 S. Arabia 75,081 Jordon 8.1 7 Mexico 767,280 Bahrain 56,301 UAE 8.0 8 China 670,000 Syria 55,109 Malta 7.8 9 Japan 573,800 Tunisia 51,233 Tunisia 7.1 10 Tunisia 512,328 Jordan 40,179 S. Arabia 5.5

reclaimed effluent for industrial reuse by BlueScope Steel. Reduces potable water use by 60%

11 UAE 506,850 Malta 27,400 Namibia 4.3 12 Australia 456,100 Oman 27,385 Bahrain 4.2 13 Korea, Rep 430,000 USA 25,486 Oman 1.9 14 Kuwait 424,657 Egypt 24,395 Syria 1.9 15 Iran 420,000 Australia 22,805 Bolivia 1.1 16 Chile 320,000 Spain 20,436 Egypt 1.0 17 Peru 280,100 Chile 19,876 Libya 0.9

A Wastewater Reclamation facility in Sulaibiya Kuwait. 375,000 m3/d ultra-filtration and reverse , , y

18 Jordan 225,000 Namibia 19,733 Chile 0.9 19 Turkey 136,986 Libya 18,966 Korea, Rep 0.8 20 Argentina (1) 129,600 Singapore 17,442 Spain 0.8 21 Italy 123,288 Peru 10,163 Australia 0.6 22 Libya 110,000 Korea, Rep 9,024 USA 0.6 23 Qatar 105,600 Mexico 7,259 Peru 0.5 24 Yemen 92,000 Iran 6,000 Yemen 0.5

filtration and reverse osmosis.

Santa Carla California -10% wastewater (60MLD) , ,

25 Germany (1) 86,400 Bolivia 4,800 Mexico 0.4 26 SA (1) 82,195 Japan 4,479 SA (1) 0.2 27 Singapore 75,000 Yemen 4,444 Japan 0.2 28 Oman 71, 200 Argentina (1) 3,375 Iran 0.2 29 Cyprus 68,493 Palestine 2,734 Argentina (1) 0.2 30 Bolivia 43,200 Greece 2,624 UK (1) 0.2 31 Bahrain 41,100 Italy 2,163 Lebanon 0.1

( )is recycled through South Bay Water Recycling pipelines for landscaping, agricultural irrigation, and industrial needs 31 Bahrain 41,100 Italy 2,163 Lebanon 0.1

32 UK (1) 40,000 Turkey 2,011 Turkey 0.1 33 Namibia 35,520 SA (1) 1,771 Greece 0.1 34 Greece 28,000 Lebanon 1,528 Italy 0.1 35 Brazil (1) 23,330 Germany (1) 1,048 Germany (1) 0.1 36 France 19,178 Belgium (1) 671 China 0.0 37 Malta 10,960 UK (1) 662 Belgium (1) 0.0 38 Palestine 8 750 China 510 Guatemala 0 0

NeWater facility in Singapore. Uses Advanced dual-

industrial needs

38 Palestine 8,750 China 510 Guatemala 0.0 39 Belgium (1) 6,950 France 320 Morocco 0.0 40 Morocco 6,600 Morocco 213 France 0.0 41 Lebanon 5,500 Brazil (1) 127 Brazil (1) 0.0 42 Poland 2,740 Guatemala 119 Poland 0.0 43 Guatemala 1,460 Poland 71

membrane (microfiltration& reverse osmosis) and ultraviolet disinfection

What say the World?- For e.g. Guidelines are well established

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Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source What say Malaysia?

Proportion of Acceptance Towards Varying Bioeffluent Reuse Applications(400 respondents; 200 without Intervention and 200 after Intervention)

82% 85%

99%89%

97%

Pre‐Intervention Post‐Intervention

52%

64%

82%

52%

85%80%

52%

79%

67%

28% 24%

Toilet Flushing Ornamental Fish Pond

Landscaping & Gardening

Aquaculture Hydroponic Agriculture

Irrigation of non‐food Crops

Heat Regulating for Industry

Increase in Positive Responses after intervention, except for reuse in toilet flushing and hydroponic agriculture. Indicates “NiMBY” (not in my backyard) syndrome

Overall high acceptance towards non‐food related industrial applications(C) IWK/PED/0912

Treated Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source What say Malaysia?

Ranking of Key Factors Influencing PerceptionsScale : 8 (most concerned) to 1 (least concerned) in non‐food related reuse applications e.g.  biosolid as bricks; bioeffluent for industry

7 78

7 Pre‐Intervention Post‐Intervention

43

56

43

5 5

2 22 2

Religious Acceptance

Hygiene Culture Proximity with Product

Frequency of Contact (by Workers)

Transitory Contact with Products (Non Workers)

Germs & Toxics Odour/Smell

The Top Factors of Concern were with Religious Endorsement on Reuse, Hygiene of Reuse Products, Odor, Germs & Toxics that are perceived in the sewage by‐products

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PERLISPERLIS

Domestic Wastewater Dimensions and Network

KEDAHKEDAH

PULAU PINANGPULAU PINANG

TERENGGANUTERENGGANU

KELANTANKELANTAN

PERAKPERAK

LABUANLABUAN

SELANGORSELANGORPAHANGPAHANG

WP KUALA LUMPURWP KUALA LUMPUR

MELAKAMELAKA

NEGERI SEMBILANNEGERI SEMBILAN

JOHORJOHOR

PUBLIC STPs

REGIONAL STPs(C) IWK/PED/0912

*Average Bio-ff ( f Average O O

Effluent to Recycled Water - JPP-MWA-UTM-IWK Pilot Project

Parameters Units effluent (Before RO)

Average after RO WHO MOH

BOD mg/l 27 2 NA NA

COD mg/l 80 20 NA NA

SS mg/l 22 0.2 NA NA

AmmoniacalNitrogen mg/l 32 2.5 1.5 0.5

Turbidity NTU 100 <0.7 5 5Turbidity NTU 100 <0.7 5 5

Iron mg/l 0.08 <0.01 0.3 0.3

Manganese mg/l 0.1 <0.03 0.5 0.1

Copper mg/l 0.04 <0.01 2 1

R O u n i t

Zinc mg/l 0.1 0.02 3 5

Silica mg/l 8 0.5 10 10

Hardness mg/l 97.46 12.08 30 500 RO UnitsAluminium mg/l NA <0.03 0.2 0.2

Chloride mg/l NA <1 250 250

Colour Hazen NA <5 15 15

H2S mg/l NA <0 01 0 05 0 05H2S mg/l NA <0.01 0.05 0.05

Sodium mg/l NA 5.58 200 200

Sulfate mg/l NA 1.75 400 400

TDS mg/l NA 12.9 1000 1000

Flouride mg/l NA 0.07 1.5 0.9Note: the above data is based on values compiled from a pilot project at Shah Alam STP in 2003; NA refers to Not Applicable. * refers to data of average/feed into RO or final effluent of which some of parameters were not applicable to be monitored as not required by DOE Std B. (C) IWK/PED/0912

Thoughts on Water Reuse – Unplanned and Planned Indirect Potable Use

In reality, many drinking water supplies already contain wastewater effluent from upstream sources. This is incidental, unplanned, indirect potable reuse.

Integrated water, wastewater and re‐use. Integration facilitate the economics of scale and allow optimization of environment and expenditure.(C) IWK/PED/0912

A Potential Water Reuse Scheme

Wastewater Wastewater Treatment PlantTreatment Plant

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Illustration of Potential Non Potable Water Reuse for Landscape Irrigation and Industrial Applications

Case Scenario 1: Damansara STP to the Factories and Golf Club

Golf Club

Effluent

KLR 354

Effluent

KLR 354 - Damansara STPKLR 354 - Damansara STPUses Oxidation Ditch –Activated Sludge Systems to produce high quality treated effl ent (Std A)treated effluent (Std A)

Currently : 15,907 m3/day treated effluent is released and not recycledand not recycled

Potential Water Reuse Application to Golf Course Landscape and Industrial

Industrial Zone

Landscape and Industrial Zone in Petaling Jaya.

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Illustration of Potential Non Potable Water Reuse for Industrial Applications

Case Scenario 2: Bayan Baru Regional STP to the Bayan Lepas Industrial Park

PEG 061 – BayanBaru STP

Uses Oxidation Ditch –Activated Sludge Systems to produce high quality treated

Treated Effluent

high quality treated effluent (Std A)

Currently 69, 376 m3/day treated effluentEffluent m3/day treated effluent is released and not recycledPotential Water Reuse Application to IndustrialBayan Baru STP Application to Industrial Zone in Bayan Lepas

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PRESENTATION STRUCTURE

IntroductionWastewater as an Alternative Wastewater as an Alternative Water Source for Non Potable U i M l iUse in MalaysiaIssues, Challenges and , gLessons LearntWay Forward & SummaryWay Forward & Summary

(C) IWK/PED/0912

Issues and ChallengesMulti sectoral agencies

Fragmented Institutional Framework

Multi sectoral agencies are involved

Framework

Legal and Policy Aspects

Absence of Guidelines & Standards

No Acts or Regulations; land issues, conflicts in services provisions

Local standards, criteria, guidelines for different types of applications is N/A. AspectsStandards se ces p o s o sapplications is N/A.

Issues & Challenges Lack of 

Scientific  & T h i l

Funding & T iff

Local scientific data and information to support large

No tariff for water reuse pricing.High funding cost for capital investment for Technical 

DataTariff support large

scale viable applications is inadequate

investment for certain types of applications

TechnologicalStakeholder Acceptance

Various types of technology is available, largely foreign based lacks local

Public acceptance is crucial – religious/ culturalPublic trust & confidence p based, lacks local

specification and standard Public trust & confidenceAttitudes towards environment

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1 T f T h l l t d d t it th

Lessons Learnt in Water Reuse1. Type of Technology selected needs to suit the reuse

application or demand for minimum quality and criteria set by client :• For example; electronic industry or boilers for refineries

requires high quality reclaimed water produced from membrane technology via Reverse Osmosis.gy

• Other types of industries/sectors/area requires only media filtration for utility washing and landscaping

Technology Capability Reuse ApplicationTechnology Capability Reuse Application

Membrane technologyMF/ UF/Nano/RO

Highest removal of large molecules or ions

Semiconductor, refineriesLaboratory, Pharmaceutical

Flotation technologyDAF

Removal of suspended matters

Paper mill, textile

Media technologySand,gravel, fiber, etc

Removal of solids and organics

Utility washing & landscaping

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2 Location of Site in relation to the surrounding demand; its suitability/site

Lessons Learnt in Water Reuse2. Location of Site in relation to the surrounding demand; its suitability/site

conditions and space availability or Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) to be constructed.

3. Consistent effluent flow from sewage treatment plant to WRP to ensure consistent supply of reclaimed water.

4. Consistent effluent quality for water reclamation plant. q y p5. Supply distribution - investigation of piping layout and routing. 6. Maintenance support service availability.7 Need to assess whole life cycle cost for decision making and selecting7. Need to assess whole life cycle cost for decision making and selecting

suitable proposal. 8. Non tangible benefits to community and environment should not be

ignoredignored.

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TREATMENT REQUIREMENT

Treatment Requirement for Water Reuse Applications

TYPES OFAPPLICATIONS

TREATMENT REQUIREMENTTreated 

Wastewater Effluent 

SandFiltration Disinfection

Tertiary Treatment       

(MF or/and RO)

ProcessSpecific (user defined)( / ) f )

1. Municipal usea) Street Cleaning/Construction  ☺ ☺ ☺

b) Drain Cleaning ☺b) Drain Cleaning ☺

c) Landscaping ☺ ☺

d) Recreational Impoundment ☺ ☺ ☺

e) Vehicle Washing ☺ ☺ ☺

f) Indirect potable use –groundwater recharge/ environmental lake

☺ ☺ ☺ ☺

environmental lake

2. Industrial Usea) Process water ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺

b) Cooling Purpose ☺ ☺

c) Boiler ☺ ☺

3. Agriculture Usega) Irrigation for non‐food crops ☺ ☺

b) Aquaculture (ornamental) ☺ ☺

Economic Analysis of Water Reuse

Cost factor is dependant on the following key parameters :• Types of applications• Water demand/requirements• Methods of reuse and applications• Environmental factors• Locations of applications site

Additi l i f t t /f iliti• Additional infrastructure/facilities• Method of supply and rate/price

E g for landscape plants preliminary cost analysis as follows :E.g. for landscape plants, preliminary cost analysis as follows : • Assume Water Supply is potable water – tariff varies from RM 0.80 per

cu.m (SAINS) to RM 2.80 per cu.m (SAJ)• The cost of using potable water can be saved The quantum of cost• The cost of using potable water can be saved. The quantum of cost

savings depends on the factors above. Majority of international water reuse recorded savings up to 25% of potable water rates.

Other non-tangible benefits includes:• Improved Environmental quality • Positive impact on Social aspectsPositive impact on Social aspects

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PRESENTATION STRUCTURE

IntroductionWastewater as an Alternatives Wastewater as an Alternatives Water Resources for Non P t bl UPotable UseIssues, Challenges and , gLessons LearntWay Forward & SummaryWay Forward & Summary

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Way Forward

Institutional strengthening

GainImplement Demo/Pilot Projects

National Policy & Guidelinesgovernment support

Incentives & Innovative Funding

Produce Guidelines and Standards On Reuse

Create Awareness and Understanding

C i I ifi d S i ifi R hContinue Intensified Scientific Research

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S B P d t R A W R d ?Summary & RecommendationsSewage By‐Products Reuse, Are  We  Ready? 

YES• As long as minimal direct contact with the by‐products

YESAs long as minimal direct contact with the by products.

• Enhanced acceptance through intervention programmeswhich are educational in nature to emphasize the big picture of environmental conservation.

•• The public is willing to contribute towards a green The public is willing to contribute towards a green i t d t il di t d t il d t d ft d fenvironment, and not necessarily adverse environment, and not necessarily adverse towards reuse of towards reuse of 

sewage bysewage by‐‐products.products.

Summary & Recommendations

Further Growth in Reuse D d d l t f

Government Policies and Incentives for Replication 

Demands, development of more advance recycling technology, sustainable environment and sewerage 

Promote multi stakeholder

of Reuse of Treated Wastewater n‐ E.g. Establish GT /3R Fund

services

KeTTHA & ASM to Promote multi stakeholder collaboration. Implement Demo/Pilot Green Technology for Wastewater Reuse to intensify R&D,    Local Technology Development and 

submit a position paper to the Government to promote water reuse and incentivise

the initiative through a policy gy pConduct Stakeholders engagement to Create Buy‐in. Develop Guidelines.

directive for a sustainable water demand management

For more info and queries please visit our website:

www.iwk.com.my

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