European Expansion Expansion: The Historical Context The Historical Context The Historical Context Mongol Empire disintegrated trade network collapsed Expansion of Ottoman Empire Europeans wanted to bypass Mediterranean Expansion: The Historical Context New Tools for Navigation New Tools for Navigation New, more accurate mapsNew, more accurate maps GlobesGlobes New ship designsNew ship designs Ships were larger (400-1,000 tons) Ships were larger (400-1,000 tons) Perfection of caravels Perfection of caravels Could now travel oceans! Could now travel oceans! Caravel European Expansion: Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator ( ) Prince Henry the Navigator ( ) Eager to find new route to Asia around AfricaEager to find new route to Asia around Africa Established school for mariners?Established school for mariners? Sponsored expeditions to explore African coastSponsored expeditions to explore African coast European Expansion: Portugal Portuguese Exploration Portuguese Exploration Bartholomeu Dias Rounded southern tip of Africa (1487) Vasco da Gama Sailed around tip of Africa (1497) Reached Calicut, India (1498) Returned to Portugal with pepper and gems European Expansion: Portugal The African Slave Trade (15 th cent.) The African Slave Trade (15 th cent.) Result of growing labor shortages in New World Portuguese and African rulers Negotiated commercial treaties Slaves captured by fellow Africans Portuguese exchanged goods for slaves European Expansion: Portugal The African Slave Trade (15 th cent.) The African Slave Trade (15 th cent.) Miserable, dangerous journey to New World Slave Work Field and plantation workers Brutal conditions European Expansion: Portugal 1977 European Expansion: Portugal The Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire Possessed territories from South America to Asia Trading posts European Expansion: Portugal Questions? Questions? European Expansion: Spain Christopher Columbus ( ) Christopher Columbus ( ) Genoese marinerGenoese mariner Beliefs about AsiaBeliefs about Asia Far closer than we think! Far closer than we think! Could be reached by sailing due west Could be reached by sailing due west Initially could not find interestInitially could not find interest Queen Isabella became first sponsorQueen Isabella became first sponsor European Expansion: Spain First Voyage of Columbus ( ) First Voyage of Columbus ( ) Landed at San Salvador, Bahamas Explored coastline of Cuba and Hispaniola First encounter with natives warmly received European Expansion: Spain Other Spanish Accomplishments Other Spanish Accomplishments Columbus discovered not Asia, but whole new continent! The Pacific Ocean (1513) Circumnavigation of world by Magellan and his men (b. 1519) European Expansion: Spain The Aztec Empire The Aztec Empire Associated with Mexico Emperor: Montezuma II (r ) Capital: TENOCHTITLN Huge island city Cultural center Religion Polytheistic Human sacrifice Tyrannical European Expansion: Spain Tenochtitln European Expansion: Spain Tenochtitln European Expansion: Spain The Conquest of the Aztecs The Conquest of the Aztecs Conquistadors marched into Valley of MexicoConquistadors marched into Valley of Mexico Captured MontezumaCaptured Montezuma Took capital (1521) collapse of empireTook capital (1521) collapse of empire Why conquistador victory?Why conquistador victory? Aided by angry subjects of Aztecs Aided by angry subjects of Aztecs Superior weapons and horses Superior weapons and horses Disease Disease Corts European Expansion: Spain The Inca Empire The Inca Empire Center: Peru Capital: Cuzco Rumored to be very wealthy! Also built on uneasy conquest European Expansion: Spain Conquest of the Incas Conquest of the Incas Pizarro and conquistadors marched into Andes Assisted by natives Defeated Incas at Cuzco (1533) Pizarro European Expansion: Spain The Fruits of Colonization The Fruits of Colonization World empire! Tremendously wealthy! COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: blending of cultures between Old and New Worlds To Old World: more goods, new foods, new animals and animal products To New World: European culture, Christianity European Expansion: Spain What of the natives? What of the natives? Natives reactions to SpanishNatives reactions to Spanish Initially warm, welcoming Initially warm, welcoming Violent when provoked Violent when provoked Spanish attitudesSpanish attitudes Slave laborers! Slave laborers! Convert to Christianity! Convert to Christianity! Advocates: Spanish crown, friarsAdvocates: Spanish crown, friars Disease wiped out entire populationsDisease wiped out entire populations Those left were subjugatedThose left were subjugated Amerindians suffering from smallpox European Expansion: Spain Questions? Questions?