Historical and Cultural Historical and Cultural contextcontext

DescribeDescribe and and evaluateevaluate the the cultural cultural contextcontext and development, the and development, the conceptual frameworkconceptual framework, the , the methodologymethodology, and the application of the , and the application of the learninglearning modelmodel

What Historical and cultural What Historical and cultural conditions gave rise to the biological conditions gave rise to the biological

perspective?perspective? DualismDualism DarwinDarwin Cultural acceptance of scientific methodCultural acceptance of scientific method Proven effectiveness of Drug interventionProven effectiveness of Drug intervention The development of genetics and scanning studiesThe development of genetics and scanning studies

Historical and cultural conditionsHistorical and cultural conditions

BiologicalBiological DualismDualism DarwinDarwin Cultural acceptance of Cultural acceptance of

scientific methodscientific method Proven effectiveness of Drug Proven effectiveness of Drug

interventionintervention The development of genetics The development of genetics

and scanning studiesand scanning studies

LearningLearning reaction to subjective reaction to subjective

study of the mind study of the mind Particularly: Particularly:

Psychodynamic Psychodynamic perspectiveperspective

emphasis on scientific emphasis on scientific study of observable study of observable behaviour behaviour

Contribution of the each perspective to the Contribution of the each perspective to the scientific study of behaviour, scientific study of behaviour,

BiologicalBiological localization of function in localization of function in

the brain • the brain • genetic contributions to genetic contributions to

explanations of behaviour, explanations of behaviour, for example, twin and for example, twin and adoption studies adoption studies

effects of hormonal change effects of hormonal change on behaviour, such as on behaviour, such as melatonin and serotonin in melatonin and serotonin in the sleep–wake cycle the sleep–wake cycle

biological correlates of biological correlates of behaviourbehaviour

LearningLearning experimental testing experimental testing

of hypotheses of hypotheses

Compare the key concepts Compare the key concepts

BiologicalBiological endocrine system endocrine system role of genes role of genes central nervous system central nervous system

(organization and (organization and function) function)

neurotransmitters neurotransmitters (general mode of action) (general mode of action)

bodily rhythms such as bodily rhythms such as the sleep–wake cycle the sleep–wake cycle

LearningLearning classical conditioning, classical conditioning,

operant conditioningoperant conditioning Radical behaviorism Radical behaviorism social learning theorysocial learning theory cognitive maps+latent cognitive maps+latent

learning learning biological preparedness biological preparedness critical periods in learningcritical periods in learning Law of effect Law of effect

Compare the assumptions Compare the assumptions

BiologicalBiological biological factors biological factors

(such as genes and (such as genes and hormones) influencing hormones) influencing behaviour (for behaviour (for example, innate example, innate tendency to imprint) tendency to imprint)

relative importance of relative importance of inherited disposition inherited disposition

relevance of animal relevance of animal research research

LearningLearning only observable, only observable,

objective behaviour objective behaviour should be studied should be studied

learning can take learning can take place in the absence place in the absence of reinforcement of reinforcement

innate predisposition innate predisposition to learning to learning

Other assumption on learningOther assumption on learning The majority of behaviour is learned from The majority of behaviour is learned from

the environment after birth.the environment after birth. Psychology should investigate the laws Psychology should investigate the laws

and products of learning.and products of learning. Behaviour is determined by the Behaviour is determined by the

environment, since we are the total of all environment, since we are the total of all our past learning experiences, freewill is our past learning experiences, freewill is an illusionan illusion

evaluation of the assumptions of the learning evaluation of the assumptions of the learning perspectiveperspective

comparison with other perspectives to comparison with other perspectives to explain strengths and limitations explain strengths and limitations

empirical studies that challenge or supportempirical studies that challenge or support

Compare theoretical explanations of behaviorCompare theoretical explanations of behavior

BiologicalBiological use of drugs, surgical use of drugs, surgical

procedures procedures physiological impairment, physiological impairment,

such as strokes, brain such as strokes, brain injuries or Alzheimer’s injuries or Alzheimer’s disease disease

physiological factors physiological factors involved in emotioninvolved in emotion

influence of hormones influence of hormones

LearningLearning classical and operant classical and operant

conditioning conditioning shaping shaping social learning, social learning,

modelling modelling learned helplessness learned helplessness

Compare Methods usedCompare Methods used

BiologicalBiological correlational studies correlational studies double-blind trials double-blind trials experiments experiments interviews interviews case studies case studies questionnairesquestionnaires

LearningLearning experiments experiments observations observations case studiescase studies

Compare Methods usedCompare Methods used

BiologicalBiological reliability and validity reliability and validity

LearningLearning replicability replicability ecological validityecological validity

Compare Methods used--ethicsCompare Methods used--ethics

BiologicalBiological use of human use of human

participants for participants for research research

use of non-human use of non-human animals for researchanimals for research

LearningLearning use of human use of human

participants for participants for research research

use of non-human use of non-human animals for research animals for research

Application-ContributionApplication-Contribution

BiologicalBiological Education (gender Education (gender

differentiated differentiated classrooms, memory)classrooms, memory)

Work (shift patterns Work (shift patterns and stress) or and stress) or

treatment (for treatment (for example, drug example, drug therapy for therapy for dysfunctional dysfunctional behaviours) behaviours)

LearningLearning Education Education

(programmed (programmed learning), learning),

work (for example, work (for example, modelling of modelling of behaviours) or behaviours) or

therapy (for example, therapy (for example, systematic systematic desensitization)desensitization)

EffectivenessEffectiveness Compare to what extent the biological and Compare to what extent the biological and

learning perspectives are effective in learning perspectives are effective in explaining genders and gender role explaining genders and gender role differentiationdifferentiation

EffectivenessEffectiveness CompareCompare to to what extentwhat extent the the biologicalbiological and and

learninglearning perspectives are perspectives are effectiveeffective in in explainingexplaining gendersgenders and and gender role gender role differentiationdifferentiation

CompareCompare BiologicalBiological HormonalHormonal Story of Dr. Money Story of Dr. Money

and David/Brendaand David/Brenda

LearningLearning Social learning and Social learning and

modelingmodeling ConditioningConditioning

EffectivenessEffectiveness Compare to what extent the biological and Compare to what extent the biological and

learning perspectives are effective in learning perspectives are effective in explaining aggressionexplaining aggression

EffectivenessEffectiveness Compare to what extent the biological and Compare to what extent the biological and

learning perspectives are effective in learning perspectives are effective in explaining stressexplaining stress

strengthsstrengths BiologicalBiological The approach is very The approach is very

scientific.scientific. Practical applications Practical applications

have been extremely have been extremely effective.effective.

LearningLearning Behaviourism was Behaviourism was

very scientific, with very scientific, with high levels of high levels of reliability.reliability.

It has many practical It has many practical applications which applications which have been very have been very effectiveeffective

weaknessesweaknesses BiologicalBiological Reductionist - it Reductionist - it

explains thoughts and explains thoughts and behaviours in terms of behaviours in terms of the actions of neurons the actions of neurons and biochemicals. and biochemicals. This may ignore other This may ignore other more suitable levels more suitable levels of explanation and the of explanation and the interaction of causal interaction of causal factors.factors.

LearningLearning The approach is The approach is

reductionist - reductionist - explaining a great explaining a great deal of phenomena deal of phenomena using only a few using only a few simple principles.simple principles.

weaknessesweaknesses BiologicalBiological • • It has not explained It has not explained

how mind and body how mind and body interact - interact - consciousness and consciousness and emotion are difficult to emotion are difficult to study objectively.study objectively.

LearningLearning Heavy reliance on Heavy reliance on

animal research - animal research - discounts the discounts the qualitative difference qualitative difference between humans and between humans and non-human animals.non-human animals.

weaknessesweaknesses BiologicalBiological Biopsychological Biopsychological

theories often over-theories often over-simplify the huge simplify the huge complexity of physical complexity of physical systems and their systems and their interaction with the interaction with the environmentenvironment

LearningLearning • • Ignores important Ignores important

mental processes mental processes involved in learning.involved in learning.

Highly deterministic.Highly deterministic. Questionable Questionable

ecological validityecological validity

Writing an essayWriting an essay A good psychology essay does these things:

• It answers the question – It uses terms from the question • It includes a detailed description with studies

and/or theories • It includes an evaluation of studies and/or

theories • It includes evaluation linked to the question – It “pokes holes” in the question – It shows depth of understanding

Writing an essayWriting an essay

Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the cognitive perspective.

Writing an essayWriting an essay

Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

EvaluateEvaluate This command term asks you to

make an appraisal of the argument or concept under investigation or discussion. You should weigh the nature of the evidence available, and identify and discuss the convincing aspects of the argument, as well as its limitations and implications.

Writing an essayWriting an essay

Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

Theories: LearningTheories: Learning classical conditioning, classical conditioning,

operant conditioning operant conditioning observational learning observational learning cognitive maps cognitive maps biological biological

preparedness preparedness critical periods in critical periods in

learning learning

classical and operant classical and operant conditioning conditioning

shaping shaping social learning, social learning,

modelling modelling learned helplessnesslearned helplessness

Writing an essayWriting an essay

Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

Experiments: LearningExperiments: Learning Social learningSocial learning PavlovPavlov SkinnerSkinner TolmanTolman WatsonWatson

Writing an essayWriting an essay

Evaluate theories and empirical studies within the learning perspective.

Strengths/weaknessStrengths/weakness The approach is The approach is

reductionist - reductionist - Heavy reliance on Heavy reliance on

animal research - animal research - Ignores important Ignores important

mental processes mental processes involved in learning.involved in learning.

Highly deterministic.Highly deterministic. Questionable Questionable

ecological validityecological validity

Behaviourism was Behaviourism was very scientific, with very scientific, with high levels of high levels of reliability.reliability.

It has many practical It has many practical applications which applications which have been very have been very effective.effective.• •