nazi germany: the historical context

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Nazi Germany: The historical context

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Nazi Germany: The historical context. Preliminary points. German history not ‘pre-Nazi’ German history not ‘peculiar’ Fascism and anti-Semitism European phenomena Nazism not a ‘breakdown in the works’ Is Nazism a ‘past that will not pass away’? [die Vergangenheit , die nicht vergeht ]. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Nazi Germany: The historical context

Page 2: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Preliminary points

• German history not ‘pre-Nazi’• German history not ‘peculiar’• Fascism and anti-Semitism European

phenomena• Nazism not a ‘breakdown in the works’• Is Nazism a ‘past that will not pass away’?[die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergeht]

Page 3: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Key dates in modern German History

• 1648: Peace of Westphalia ends 30 years war• 1789: French Revolution• 1806: Battle of Jena – defeat of Prussia.• Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire• 1815 defeat of Napoleon• 1848 Nationalist revolutions (failed?)• 1871 Establishment of German Empire

Page 4: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Blackbourn and Eley, The Peculiarities of German History

Page 5: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

German Empire 1871

Page 6: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Revolution

• 1917: Reichstag Peace resolution• Russian Revolution• Fatherland Party• January 1918 Mass strikes• November 1918: Defeat and revolution• Sailors’ soldiers and workers ‘councils’• Stab in the back myth• Räterepublik or parliamentary democracy?

Page 7: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Occupation of Berlin newspaper quarter- Lindenstraße

Page 8: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Counter-revolution

• Post-war crisis, 1918-1923• Crushing of Spartakus uprisising by Freikorps• Murder of Rosa Luxenburg, Karl Liebknecht• Suppression of Munich Räterepublik• Kapp putsch, March 1919• Hitler Putsch, November 1923• Partial justice: Emil Julius Gumbel, Four years

of political murder (1922)

Page 9: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

George Grosz: Hunger, Hilfe der Kunstler

Edmonde Guy with AEG Vampyr

Page 10: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Social Democratic Party (SPD) 1919

Page 11: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Independent Social Democrats (USPD) 1920

Page 12: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Communists (KPD) 1919

Page 13: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Liberals (DDP) 1929

Page 14: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Catholics (Zentrum) 1932

Page 15: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Conservatives (DVP) 1920

Page 16: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Nationalists (DNVP) 1919

Page 17: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Nazis (NSDAP) 1929

Page 18: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Reichstag elections 1920

Page 19: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Reichstag Election July 1932

Page 20: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Nazi vote / Catholic population

Page 21: Nazi Germany:  The historical context

Politics

• Fewer political parties than the Empire• Proportional representation not problematic• Clause 48 used well by Friedrich Ebert• Democracy comes to an end in 1930• Nazis peaked in July 1932: Hitler not elected• Who were the Nazis? • Was there a ‘national revolution’ in 1933?