Eukaryotic cells • true nucleus and organelles•plants, animals, protists,

and fungi are eukaryotesProkaryotic cells • lack a nucleus and

membrane bound organelles

•bacteria

Cell membrane -passage of materials into and out of the cell

Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA

Nucleolus – produces ribosomes

Mitochondria- cell energy Ribosome- protein synthesis Vacuole- cell storage Lysosome- cell digestion

Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis

Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for secretion

Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer wall

Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis

Centrioles (animals only) - cell division

Cilia – short hair like structures

Flagella – long whip like tails

All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms.

All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.

CellTissue – functioning

group of cellsOrgan – functioning

group of tissuesOrgan System –

functioning group of organs

Organism – functioning group of organ systems

Homeostasis Steady State Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to

maintain your internal environment

Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a lower concentration Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane

Passive transport is the movement of materials without energy Diffusion, osmosis,

facilitated diffusionActive Transport

requires energy Pumps, exocytosis,

endocytosis

ElementsElements Building Building BlocksBlocks

UsesUses

CarbohydratCarbohydratesesEx-sugar,starchEx-sugar,starch

C,H,OC,H,O Mono-Mono-saccharidesaccharidess

EnergyEnergy

LipidsLipidsEx-butter, oilEx-butter, oil

C,H,OC,H,O Fatty Acids Fatty Acids & glycerol& glycerol

EnergyEnergy

ProteinsProteinsEx-meat, Ex-meat, cheesecheese

C,H,O,N,SC,H,O,N,S Amino Amino AcidsAcids

Structure, Structure, growth & growth & repairrepair

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Ex-DNA,RNAEx-DNA,RNAC,H,O,N,PC,H,O,N,P NucleotideNucleotide

ssGenetic Genetic InformatioInformationn

6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Occurs in chloroplastsTwo parts:

Light reaction Calvin cycle (dark reaction)

Cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use.

Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .

The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy

Occurs in the mitochondriaTwo types:

Aerobic – requires oxygen Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Inseparable cycles

The Cell Cycle

Interphase

Mitosis PMAT

Cytokinesis

Somatic Cells

ReproductiveCells

ASEXUAL Diploid cells produced

by mitosis, binary fission

Identical copy produced

SEXUAL Gametes, haploid cells,

produced by meiosis Gametes combine

during fertilization to produce diploid cell

First diploid cell known as a zygote

Zygote grows into an embryo through mitosis

Infinite possibilities

DNA - blueprint for life Double helix Nucleotides are the building

blocks Contains a deoxyribose

sugar, phosphate group, and

4 bases: Adenine - Thymine Cytosine – Guanine

Copies itself by Replication

DNA Deoxyribose ThymineDouble

strandedFound only in

nucleus

RNARiboseUracil Single stranded

Transcription mRNA copies the

message from DNA in the nucleus

Translation Forms a protein by

translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence

A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a flower’s color may be red of white (trait).

An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene.

Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS.

Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS.

A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype

A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd).

PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks.

GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism.

A Punnett square is used to predict what will happen when a male and a female reproduce.

Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene or trait are dominant over the others

Principle of Segregation – when forming sex cells the paired alleles separate so that each egg or sperm carries only on form of the allele

Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair of alleles segregates independently during the formation of the egg or sperm

Gene mutations – affect individual genes Substitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a different

amino acid Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for different

amino acid chain Chromosomal mutations – affect entire

chromosome Duplication – extra chromosome Deletion – missing chromosome Inversion – chromosome reattaches backwards Translocation – segment of chromosome attached to

another pair

Forensics - DNA sequence of every person is unique and can be used for identification

Medicine-Diagnosis of genetic diseases and the development of cures and gene therapy

Agriculture-Using genetic technology, plants are mutated to improve disease resistance and crop output

Natural selection - how species evolve by adapting to their environment also known as survival of the fittest

Evidence Fossil record Antibiotic resistance Adaptations Vestigial organs Homologous structures Embryonic development Genetic makeup

Taxonomy – classification of organisms based on structure, behavior, development, genetic make-up

Evolutionary theory is the basis for taxonomy

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Aristotle first classified plants and animals

Carolus Linnaeus developed basis of system used today

Eubacteria – the earliest

Archaebacteria – closest to eukaryotes

Protista – most diverse, all other eukaryotes evolved from protista

Fungi – decomposersPlantae – producersAnimalia –

Invertebrates & Vertebrates

Individual

Population

Ecosystem

Population – group of a single species living in the same place

Communities - group of interacting populations

Ecosystem – the community and its environment

Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities

Biosphere – the circle of life

Climate – temperature and rainfall6 major biomes

Tundra Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforest

Amount of light, oxygen and salinity Lakes Ponds Wetlands▪ Marshes▪ Swamps▪ Estuaries

Coral Reefs Deep Ocean

Food Chains – one path of energy flow

Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community

FoodSpaceWaterAir Shelter

Saprovores

Saprovoresor Carnivores

Carnivores

Carnivores

Herbivoresor omnivores

Herbivores

Predation + - Predator kills the prey for food

Competition - - both compete for same resources

Parasitism + - parasite lives in or on host

Mutualism + + symbiotic relationship in which both benefits

Commensalism + 0 symbiotic relationship in which one benefits and the other is not harmed