Cell Organelles and Organization

Two Major Types of Cells

• Prokaryote- organisms that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria)

• Eukaryote- organisms with a nuclei (plants and animals) and membrane bound organelles as well as other cell structures

Cellular Organization

• Cells are diverse in their size and shape and type

• All cells are made up of some basic parts– A boundary– An interior substance– A control center

Cell Membrane

• Also called Plasma Membrane• Location: Outside perimeter• Prokaryotes, Plants, & Animals• Function: controls what enter and

leaves the cell

Structure of Cell Membrane

• Selectively Permeable: –picks and chooses what is allowed to

enter/exit

Cytoplasm

• Location: Jelly-like substance in between cell membrane and nucleus• Plants and Animals &

Prokaryotes• Function: metabolism

Nucleus

• Plants and Animals• Function: Control center for

metabolism and reproduction

Chromatin/Chromosomes

• Inside nucleus• Plants and Animals• Function: DNA

Nuclear Envelope:

• Surrounds the nucleus• Plants and Animals• Allows things to enter and exit

nucleus

Nucleolus

• Inside nucleus• Plants and Animals• Function: makes ribosomes

Ribosomes

• Plants and Animals• Function: makes proteins

Cell Wall

• Location: outside perimeter• Found in prokaryotes and plants• Function: gives cells its shape and

protection

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Plants and Animals• Function: highway of cell;

moves material from one end to the next

Two Types:

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ribosomes attached

• Smooth ER: no ribosomes

Goligi Bodies or Complex

• Plants and Animals• Looks like a flattened

stack of pancakes• Membrane bound

sacs that modify and transport proteins to parts of the cell

Lysosome

• Plants and Animals• Garbage

disposal; break down/digests food or bacteria

Mitochondria

• Plants and Animals

• Powerhouse of cell

• Produces energy for the cell

Microtubules

• Eukaryotes (plants and animals)• Gives cell

shape

Microfilaments

• Eukaryotes (plants and animals)• Involved with

cell movement

Cilia and Flagella

• Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (plants and animals)• Function: Hair-like structures

for movement

Cilia and Flagella

• Cilia • Flagella

Vacuoles

• Plants: one large one• Animals: several small ones• Function: isolating threats,

containing wastes, materials like ions, water(similar to sponge)

Plastids

• Plants only

• Two types:1. Leucoplasts: starch storage2. Chromoplasts: pigments for color

Chloroplast

• Type of chromoplast• Contains chlorophyll; site for

photosynthesis• Grana and stoma are part of

chloroplast

Endosymbiosis

• Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were really once bacteria or prokaryotes

Centrioles

• Inside cells• animals• Function: cellular division

Organization of Cells in Living Things:

Unicellular Organisms

• Example: bacteria, fungi, algae• Able to carry on all life

processes• Usually colonial organisms

Multicellular Organisms

• Cells---Tissues---Organ---Organ Systems

Tissue

• Group of cells that are similar and perform same function• Types: epithelial (skin),

connective (bone), and muscle to name a few

Organ

• Group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

• EX: Stomach, Liver

Organ System

• Group of organs that work together to perform a function

• EX: digestive system

Critical Thinking Question

• Why do you think the cells of all multicellular organisms are specialized?