eoct review and ghsgt review in biology five domains: cellsorganismsgeneticsecologyevolution
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EOCT Review and GHSGT ReviewEOCT Review and GHSGT Reviewin Biologyin Biology
Five DomainsFive Domains::
Cells Cells
OrganismsOrganisms
GeneticsGenetics
EcologyEcology
EvolutionEvolution
CELLSCELLS
Domain #1Domain #1
Prokaryotic vs. EukaryoticProkaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
CellsCells
Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
Cells Cells Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells
Cells - AnimalCells - Animal EukaryoticEukaryotic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_en.svg
CellsCells
Plant cellPlant cell
Cell component Function Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Bacteria Plants Animals
Nucleus Control center;Contains DNA, RNA
absent present Present
Cell wall Surrounds cell membrane Present Present Absent
Cell membrane Encloses cell; regulates what enter and leaves the cell Present Present Present
Cytoplasm Site of biochemical reactions Present Present Present
Ribosome Protein synthesis Present Present Present
Endoplasmic reticulum Compound synthesis andTransport; reactions
Absent Present Present
Golgi apparatus Modify, sort, process andPackages compounds
Absent Present Present
Vesicles Import and export of Compounds
Absent Present Present
Lysosomes Digestion and recycling Absent Present Present
vacuoles Maintains structure(plants);Digestion and waste removal;Storage
Absent Present Present
Mitochondria Power supply (ATP); site of cellular Respiration
Absent Present Present
Centrioles Part of the cytoskeleton; Spindle formation in cell division
Absent Absent Present
chloroplasts photosynthesis Absent Present Absent
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The Cell MembraneThe Cell Membrane Selectively permeableSelectively permeable Phospholipid bi-layerPhospholipid bi-layer
Cellular TransportCellular Transport
Active transport:Active transport:1. Requires ATP1. Requires ATP2. Endocytosis2. Endocytosis3. Exocytosis3. Exocytosis
Water: Cells in a solution:Water: Cells in a solution: Hypotonic, Isotonic, HypertonicHypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic
Passive transport:Passive transport: 1. Diffusion1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated trans-3. Facilitated trans- portport
Cellular ReproductionCellular Reproduction
MitosisMitosis – maintains – maintains chromosome chromosome
number; number; occurs in body cellsoccurs in body cells
Meiosis Meiosis – reduces – reduces chromosome chromosome
number; occurs in number; occurs in sex cellssex cells
EnzymesEnzymes
Enzymes can be affected by:Enzymes can be affected by:
pHpHConcentrationConcentrationTemperatureTemperature
EnzymesEnzymes
Lock & Key Model Of Enzyme Specificity
Major Bio-molecules of LifeMajor Bio-molecules of Life(Macromolecules)(Macromolecules)
Carbohydrates: (monosaccharides) fuelCarbohydrates: (monosaccharides) fuel Proteins: (amino acids) build structuresProteins: (amino acids) build structures Lipids: (fatty acids and glycerol) component Lipids: (fatty acids and glycerol) component
of cell membranes and another source of of cell membranes and another source of energy energy
Nucleic Acids: (nucleotides) DNA and RNANucleic Acids: (nucleotides) DNA and RNA
Note: ATP is required for all cellular Note: ATP is required for all cellular activities.activities.
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Cellular EnergyCellular Energy
Photosynthesis converts sunlight to Photosynthesis converts sunlight to chemical energy stored as food.chemical energy stored as food.
(chloroplast) 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Cellular respiration provides energy to Cellular respiration provides energy to living things by releasing energy stored in living things by releasing energy stored in bonds of glucose (mitochondria)bonds of glucose (mitochondria)
CC66HH1212OO66 + 6 O + 6 O22 6 CO 6 CO22 + 6 H + 6 H22O and energyO and energy
•.
OrganismsOrganisms
Domain #2Domain #2
DNA DNA
DNA nucleotideDNA nucleotide
DNA and RNADNA and RNA
DNA: carries genetic information; DNA: carries genetic information; nucleus; Dbl. helix; 4 nitrogen bases; nucleus; Dbl. helix; 4 nitrogen bases; adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; bonding : A –T; C – G;bonding : A –T; C – G;
RNA: carries message from DNA to RNA: carries message from DNA to ribosomes to build proteins; bases and ribosomes to build proteins; bases and bonding: A – U; C – G; types of RNA: bonding: A – U; C – G; types of RNA:
m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNAm-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA
DNA StructureDNA Structure
DNA – Storing and Transmitting DNA – Storing and Transmitting Cellular InformationCellular Information
Key Terms:Key Terms: ReplicationReplication TranscriptionTranscription TranslationTranslation CodonCodon Amino acidAmino acid Messenger RNA (m-RNA)Messenger RNA (m-RNA) Peptide chainPeptide chain
Role of DNA in most cells:Role of DNA in most cells:(1)(1) Carry genetic information when theCarry genetic information when the
cell divides and reproduces.cell divides and reproduces.
(2) (2) Proteins are used to build structures.Proteins are used to build structures.
DNA ReplicationDNA Replication
Enzymes unzip the DNA molecule Enzymes unzip the DNA molecule New nucleotides move into place on New nucleotides move into place on
the exposed DNA strandsthe exposed DNA strands 2 new strands of DNA are now formed2 new strands of DNA are now formed Each new strand contains a copy of the Each new strand contains a copy of the
original DNAoriginal DNA
DNA ReplicationDNA Replication
GENETICSGENETICS
Domain #2Domain #2
Levels of Levels of ClassificationClassification
CladogramCladogram
Gorilla Chimpanzee
Tiger
Lizard
Fish
Four Limbs
Fur
Tail Lost
Plant and Animals
Tropisms:
1. Gravitropism
2. Phototropism
3. Thigmotropism
Behaviors
1. Reflex
2. Instincts
3. hibernation
Animal Development
Ecology
Relationships between: Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, and Biomes
1. Population: all the members of a species inhabiting a given location
2. Community: all the interacting populations in a given area
3. Ecosystem: the living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independent and relatively stable system
4. Biomes: global or regional communities
5. Biosphere: that portion of the earth where life exists
a. Composed of numerous complex
ecosystems.
b. An ecosystem involves interactions between abiotic (physical) and biotic (living) factors.
Some Abiotic Factors:Some Abiotic Factors:
1. intensity of light
2. range of temperatures
3. amount of moisture
4. type of substratum (soil or rock type)
5. availability of inorganic substances such as minerals
6. supply of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
7. pH
Biotic factors:Biotic factors:
All the living things that directly or indirectly affect the environment
** Thus, the organisms, their presence, parts, interaction, and wastes are all biotic factors.
EVOLUTION
Charles Darwin Wrote –
On the Origin of Species Proposed the theory of
natural selection Organisms with beneficial
adaptations get to mate and pass on their traits
Natural Selection – the best fit organisms survive to reproduce
Mechanisms of natural selection include:• Variation• Overproduction• Adaptation• Descent with modificaion
Evidence of Common Ancestry
Fossils Biogeography Embryology Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structures
Beaver
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Capybara SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu
Bio-Geographic Distribution of Living Species
Evolution supports all fields of biology.
Section 15-3
Beaver
Muskrat
Beaver andMuskrat
Coypu
Capybara
Coypu andCapybara
Embryology Figure 2.4.1. Cat and
human embryos in the tailbud stage. A cat embryo is shown on top, a human embryo below. Note the post-anal tail in both, positioned at the lower left below the head of each. The human embryo is about 32 days old.
Homologous Structures – common origin, differ in function,
similar in structure. This diagram shows “Descent with Modification”.
Analogous Structures
Analogous structures: differ in structure, but similar is function.
Example Bird wing Bat wing Insect wing
Vestigial Pelvis of a Whale
The vestigial wings of ostriches may be used for relatively simple functions, such as balance during running and courtship displays. What defines ostrich wings as vestigial is that they are rudimentary wings which are useless as wings.
Molecular and Genetic Evidence to Support Evolution
DNA - Analyze DNA base sequence
Pseudogenes – analyze vestigial segments of DNA
Protein structure comparison
Examine genes that determine structure
Proof of Evolution in Biology
Paleontologists – study fossil in an effort to complete the fossil record
All organisms share the same genetic code, and make most of the same proteins.
Patterns in EvolutionEvolution through natural selection is not
random Organisms can converge on a body plan Related species can diverge from similar
body plans. Two or more species can co-evolve in
response to each other
Convergent, divergent, and co-evolution