environmental impact assessment report -...

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR

PROPYLENE DERIVATIVE PETROCHEMICAL PROJECT OF BPCL

AT KOCHI, KERALA

FOR

M/s. BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED

REPORT NO. A419-EI-1741-1401

January 2015 Final Report for EC

This report is prepared for M/s. BPCL and it is for use by M/s. BPCL or their representatives/organizations only.

The matter contained in the report is confidential.

Template No. 5-0000-0001-T2 Rev. 1 Copyrights EIL – All rights reserved

I Document No. A419-EI-1741-1401 Page I of XI

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPYLENE DERIVATIVE PETROCHEMICAL

PROJECT AT KOCHI, KERALA FOR BPCL-KR

INDEX

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEED FOR PROPYLENE DERIVATIVES PETROCHEMICAL PROJECT………..…... .2

1.2 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY………………………………………………………………....3

1.3 FRAME WORK OF ASSESSMENT…………………………………………………………. 4

1.4 METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT…………………. 4

1.4.1 PROJECT SETTING AND DESCRIPTION……………………..………………………….. 4

1.4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS…………………………………..……………………….... 5

1.4.3 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION…………….………………………………………..……...5

1.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION & EVALUATION…………………….……… 5

1.4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ……………………………….…….... .5

1.5 CONTENTS OF EIA REPORT …………………………………………………………. 6 1.6 PROJECT PROPONENT……………………………………………………………….. 7 2.0 PROJECT PROFILE 2.0 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….……....9

2.1 PROJECT LOCATION…………………………………………………………………….… ..9

2.2 PROJECT CONFIGURATION…………………………………………………………….... 13

2.2.1 RAW MATERIALS…………………………………………………………………………….15

2.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION………………………………………….……………………….17

2.3.1 ACRYLIC ACID………………………………………………………………………………..17

2.3.2 ACRYLATES…………………………………………………………………………………..18

2.3.3 OXO PROCESS………………………………………………………………………………19

2.4 RAW MATERIAL / PRODUCT STORAGE.................................................................... 22

2.4.1 LOGISTICS…………………………………………………………………………………....22

2.5 UTILITIES CONSUMPTION…………………………………………………………………23

2.5.2 WATER REQUIREMENT...................……………………………………………………...23

2.5.3 POWER CONSUMPTION..................……………………………………………………...24

2.5.4 FUEL REQUIREMENT.......................……………………………………………………...25

2.5.5 COOLING WATER.............................……………………………………………………...25

2.6 EMISSIONS FROM PROPOSED UNITS…………………………………………….…….25

2.6.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT……………….………………………………………………….……..25

2.6.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………………..….….26

2.6.3 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ………..…..………….…….…….28

2.6.4 NOISE …………..………………..…………………………………………..………………..29

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2.7 ENVIRONMENT MEASURES………………………………………………………………..29

2.7.1 PROPOSED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM …………………………...……..29

2.7.2 WATER POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ...…………………………………….31

2.7.3 NOISE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ...………………….…………………..31

2.7.4 LAND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ...…………………….………………….31

3.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………..33

3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………………………......33

3.1.1 MICROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA …………..………..…………………………………33

3.1.1.1 HISTORICAL DATA……………………………………………………………………..….33

3.1.1.2 METEROLOGY- DATA GENERATED AT PLANT SITE…………………………… …33

3.1.2 SELECTION OF AAQ STATION………………………………………..………..……..35

3.1.3 EXISTING AAQ STATUS…………………………………………………………….........36

3.1.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………….….…..38

3.1.5 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING BY BPCL KR…………………….………......46

3.2 NOISE ENVIRONMENT………. ………………………………………………………..49

3.2.1 NOISE LEVELS ……………………………………………………………………….……50

3.2.2 METHODOLOGY OF NOISE MEASUREMENT……………………………….……….51

3.2.3 DATA ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………….……..52

3.2.4 TRAFFIC………………………………………………………………………….………...64

3.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT………………………………………………………………….87

3.3.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS………………………………………………..88

3.3.2 DATA ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………….....92

3.3.3 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................99

3.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT……….…………………………………………………………..100

3.4.1 METHODOLOGY OF SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS…………………...100

3.4.2 SOIL DATA ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………..…..…..102

3.5 ECOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………………106

3.5.1 OBJECTIVE OF ECOLOGICAL STUDY.....................................................................108

3.5.2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR SURVEY.............................................................108

3.5.3 HABITAT WISE REPRESENTATION........................................................................123

3.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT………………………………………………….133

3.6.1 SOCIO ECONOMIC STRUCTURE……………………………….…………..………133

3.6.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE………………………………………………………135

3.6.3 AMENITIES………………………………………………………………………………138

3.6.4 SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES………………………………………………………………..141

3.6.4.1 POPULATION DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS…………………………………………….142

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3.6.4.2 INDUSTRIES……………………………………………………………………………….142

3.6.4.3 DISEASES IN THE AREA………………………………………..………………..……....142

4.0 PREDICTION OF IMPACTS 4.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT……………………………………………………………………..144

4.1 METHODOLOGY….……………………………………………………………………….…144

4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS……………………………….…….147

4.3 AIR ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………………………... …148

4.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE…………………………………………………………………...148

4.3.2 OPERATION PHASE…………………………………………………………………………150

4.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT…………………………………………………………………….153

4.4.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE…………………………………………………………………153

4.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………….................. 156

4.5.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE……………………………………………………………………156

4.5.2 OPERATION PHASE…………………………………………………………………………157

4.6 LAND ENVIRONMENT……………………………………….…….....................................158

4.6.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE……………………………………………………………….......158

4.6.2 OPERATION PHASE…………………………………………………………………………160

4.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT………………………………………………………………160


4.7.2 OPERATION PHASE…………………………………………………………………………161

4.8 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT………………………………………………………162


4.8.1.1 EMPLOYEMENT GENERATION…………………………………………………………....162

4.8.1.2 EFFECT ON TRANSPORT……………………………………………………………….....162

4.8.1.3 EFFECT ON OTHER LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE……………………………………….163

4.8.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE……………………………………………………………………...164

4.9 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS…………………………………………………………………….165

5.0 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAM 5.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..……..167

5.2 OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING……………………………………………………….…...167

5.3 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAM………………………………………………167

6.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 6.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION…………………………………………………………………..170

6.2 RISK ASSESSMENT ……..…………………………………………………………………175

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7.0 PROJECT BENEFITS

7.1 SUPPLY CHAIN……………………………………………………...……………...…….177

7.2 INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT……………………..…………177

7.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT………………………………………………….177

8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT…………………………………………………….....180

8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN……………………..……………….. .......180

8.2.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT…………………………..………………..………………………...180

8.2.2 WATER ENVIRONMENT…………….……………………………..…….……………...180

8.2.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT……………………….………………..…………….…………...181

8.2.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………….…............181

8.2.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………..…….….......182

8.2.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………......,…182

8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM……………………………..….,,,........182

8.3.1 MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT..………......183

8.3.2 PHASE WISE GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN……………………..………......183

8.3.3 SPECIES SELECTION……………………………………………………………………183

8.3.4 PHASE WISE GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN………………………………….185

8.4 ENVIRONMENT CELL…………………..…………………………………..……… .......186

8.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN…….... …... .....186

8.6 BUDGET OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN …………………………….....186

9.0 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION 9.1 SUMMARY…………………………………….…………………………………………….189

9.2 CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………….189

9.3 MANAGEMENT OF RELEASES OF POLLUTANTS…………………………………...189

9.4 RISK ASSESSMENT……………………………………………………………………….189

9.5 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BPCL…………………………………..189

9.6 REMARKS…………………………………………………………………………………..190

10.0 CONSULTANT DETAILS 10.1 GENERAL INFORMATION………………………………………………………………..192

10.2 ESTABALISHMENT………………………………………………………………………..192

10.3 EIL’S VISION………………………………………………………………………………..192

10.4 EIL’S MISSION……………………………………………………………………………..193

10.5 CORE VALUES OF EIL………………………………...…………………………………193

10.6 QUALITY POLICY OF EIL………………………………………...………………………193

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10.7 HSE POLICY OF EIL…………………………………………...………………………….193

10.8 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF EIL………………………………………..……………193

10.9 RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY OF EIL……………………………………………….…194

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

2.1 PROJECT LOCATION 9

2.2 PROJECT LOCATION AND ITS BOUNDARIES 10

2.3 10 KM RADIUS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 12

2.4 OVERALL PLOT PLAN OF PDPP 14

2.5 BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM: INTEGRATION WITH REFINERY 16

2.6 SYNERGY BETWEEN IREP & PDPP 23

2.7 WATER BALANCE 24

2.8 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR INCINERATION FACILITY 30

3.1.1 PRIMARY METEOROLOGICAL DATA –WIND ROSES 35

3.1.2 MAP SHOWING AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING LOCATIONS 36

3.1.3 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS(AIR) 38

3.1.4 AAQ OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 & PM2.5) 45

3.1.5 AAQ OF GASEOUS CONCENTRATION (SO2, NOX & O3) 46

3.2.1 MEASURING INSTRUMENT(NOISE) 49

3.2.2 MAP SHOWING NOISE SAMPLING LOCATIONS 50

3.2.3 REPRESENTATION OF AVERAGE TRAFFIC DATA 87

3.3.1 MAP SHOWING GROUND & SURFACE WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS

91

3.4.1 MAP SHOWING SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS 101

3.4.2 SOIL TEXTURE DIAGRAM OF THE STUDY AREA 102

3.5.1 THICK GREEN COVER ( MIXED PLANTATION WITH ORCHARDS) AROUND BPCL REFINERY

107

3.5.2 AGRICULTURAL FIELDS SURROUNDING 10 KM RADIUS OF STUDY AREA

108

3.5.3 HABIT WISE REPRESENTATION OF PLANTS FROM THE STUDY AREA

123

3.5.4 FAUNA PLATE 131

3.5.5 FLORA AND LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHS 132

3.6.1 POPULATION COMPOSITION 134

3.6.2 OCCUPATIONAL STATUS 136

3.6.3 LITERACY LEVELS 137

10.1 EIL ACCREDITION BY NABET 195

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LIST OF TABLES

S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1.1 PRODUCTS FROM PDPP 2

1.2 DEMAND OF PRODUCTS 3

2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT 10

2.2 LIST OF PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION CAPACITY 13

2.3A ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF LAND 15

2.3B LAND USE BREAKUP OF PLOT 15

2.4 UTILITY INTEGRATION WITH REFINERY 16

2.5 DETAILS OF PRODUCT STORAGE 22

2.6 PDPP PRODUCT MOVEMENT MODES 22

2.7 BREAKUP OF POWER REQUIREMENT OF PDPP 24

2.8 FUEL CONSUMPTION 25

2.9 DETAILS OF AIR EMISSIONS 26

2.10 EFFLUENT SUMMARY 27

2.11 QUALITY OF SANITARY EFFLUENT 28

2.12 HANDLING OF SOLID WASTE 28

2.13 CATALYST SUMMARY OF PDPP 29

2.14 INDIAN STANDARD FOR INCINERATION 30

2.15 QUALITY OF DISPOASAL OF TREATED EFFLUENT FROM IREP 31

3.1.1 SUMMARISED PRIMARY METEOROLOGICAL DATA 34

3.1.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY – METHODOLOGY 37

3.1.3. NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 38

3.1.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : PM10 41

3.1.5 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : PM2.5 42

3.1.6 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : SO2 42

3.1.7 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : NOX 43

3.1.8 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : O3 43

3.1.9 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : NH3 44

3.1.10 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : CO 44

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3.1.11 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : METHANE HC 44

3.1.12 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : BENZENE 45

3.1.13 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS : TOLUENE 45

3.1.14 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING RESULTS 47

3.2.1 HOURLY NOISE DATA: SAMPLING PERIOD: 03RD TO 08TH MARCH, 2013

53

3.2.2 HOURLY NOISE DATA: SAMPLING PERIOD: 14TH TO 17TH MARCH, 2013 (2ND QUARTER)

54

3.2.3 HOURLY NOISE DATA: SAMPLING PERIOD: 21ST TO 25TH MARCH, 2013 (3RD QUARTER)

55

3.2.4 HOURLY NOISE DATA: SAMPLING PERIOD: 21ST TO 25TH APRIL, 2013

56

3.2.5 HOURLY NOISE DATA: SAMPLING PERIOD: 26H TO 30H APRIL, 2013 57

3.2.6 HOURLY NOISE DATA: SAMPLING PERIOD: 01ST TO 05TH MAY, 2013

58

3.2.7 HOURLY NOISE DATA: SAMPLING PERIOD: 08TH TO 11TH MAY, 2013

59

3.2.8 HOURLY NOISE DATA:SAMPLING PERIOD: 13TH TO 21ST MAY, 2013

60

3.2.9 HOURLY NOISE DATA: SAMPLING PERIOD: 20TH TO 28TH MAY, 2013

61

3.2.10 HOURLY NOISE DATA: SAMPLING PERIOD: 3RD TO 12TH JUNE, 2013

62

3.2.11 HOURLY NOISE DATA : SAMPLING PERIOD: 17TH TO 26TH JUNE, 2013

63

3.2.12- 3.2.22

TRAFFIC DATA (MARCH- JUNE) 65 - 86

3.2.23 AVERAGE TRAFFIC DATA (MARCH-JUNE) 87

3.3.1 PARAMETERS & METHODOLOGIES ADOPTED IN ASSESSING QUALITY OF WATER

89

3.3.2 - 3.3.4

WATER QUALITY - PHYSIO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER (MARCH-MAY 2013)

92 - 94

3.3.5- 3.3.7

WATER QUALITY - PHYSIO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER (MARCH-MAY 2013)

95 - 97

3.3.8 ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS WATER QUALITY CRITERIA 99

3.4.1- 3.4.3

PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SOIL

103-105

3.4.4 CONCENTRATION LEVELS FOR SOIL 106

3.5.1 DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN THE STUDY AREA AND ITS SURROUNDING

112

3.5.2 FRUIT YIELDING PLANTS FROM THE STUDY AREA 124

3.5.3 LIST OF BIRDS DOCUMENTED DURING THE STUDY PERIOD

125

3.5.4 LIST OF BUTTERFLIES IN AND AROUND THE STUDY AREA 128

3.5.5 FAMILY WISE DISTRIBUTION OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE STUDY AREA 129

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3.5.6 LIST OF AMPHIBIANS RECORDED IN THE STUDY AREA 129

3.5.7 MAMMALS RECORDED IN THE STUDY AREA

130

3.6.1 POPULATION COMPOSITION 133

3.6.2 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE 136

3.6.3 LITERACY LEVELS 137

3.6.4 AMENITIES (EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES) 138

3.6.5 AMENITIES MEDICAL FACILITIES 139

3.6.6 AMENITIES (WATER, POST & TELEGRAPH, COMMUNICATION, BANKING AND ELECTRICITY)

140

3.6.7 AMENITIES (FOREST AND IRRIGATION LAND USE) 141

3.6.8 POPULATION DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 142

3.6.9 LIST OF INDUSTRIES

142

4.1 MATRIX FOR EVALUATING SPATIAL CRITERIA 145

4.2 MATRIX FOR EVALUATING TEMPORAL CRITERIA 146

4.3 MATRIX FOR EVALUATING SIGNIFICANCE 147

4.4 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION MATRIX 148

4.5 IMPACT OF AIR EMISSIONS (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 150

4.6 SO2 AND NOX EMISSION DATA 151

4.7 PREDICTED VALUES OF GLC FOR SO2 151

4.8 PREDICTED VALUES OF GLC FOR NOX 152

4.9 IMPACT OF AIR EMISSIONS (OPERATION PHASE) 152

4.10 IMPACT OF WATER CONSUMPTION (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 153

4.11 IMPACT OF EFFLUENT GENERATION (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 154

4.12 IMPACT OF WATER CONSUMPTION (OPERATION PHASE) 155

4.13 IMPACT OF EFFLUENT GENERATION (OPERATION PHASE) 155

4.14 SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY 156

4.15 IMPACT ON AMBIENT NOISE (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 157

4.16 IMPACT ON AMBIENT NOISE (OPERATION PHASE) 157

4.17 IMPACT ON LAND USE & TOPOGRAPHY (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 159

4.18 IMPACT ON SOIL QUALITY (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 159

4.19 IMPACT ON SOIL QUALITY (OPERATION PHASE) 160

4.20 IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT (CONSTRUCTION PHASE) 161

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4.21 IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT (OPERATION PHASE) 161

4.22 IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (CONSTRUCTION PHASE)

163

4.23 IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT (OPERATION PHASE)

165

4.24 SUMMARY OF IMPACT EVALUATION IN TERMS OF SIGNIFICANCE VALUE

165

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM (CONSTRUCTION PHASE)

167

5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM (OPERATION PHASE) 168

6.1 PUBLIC HEARING ISSUES 170

8.1 LIST OF TREE SPEICIES SUGGESTED FOR GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT

184

8.2 PROPOSED CAPITAL INVESTEMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES

187

8.3 PROPOSED RECURRING COST FOR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES

187

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LIST OF ANNEXURES ANNEXURE I: COPY OF TOR ANNEXURE II: APPROVED TOR COMPLIANCE STATEMENT ANNEXURE III: COPY OF LETTER FOR APPROVAL OF CHANGE OF NAME ANNEXURE IV: REMOTE SENSING MAP OF ROAD NETWORK ANNEXURE V: REMOTE SENSING MAP OF WATER BODIES ANNEXURE VI: GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF RAIN WATER PITS. ANNEXURE VII: REMOTE SENSING MAP OF LAND USE ANNEXURE VIII: DRAINAGE MAP ANNEXURE IX: MATERIAL SAFETY DATASHEET ANNEXURE IXA: DETAILS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM. ANNEXURE X: QUALITY ENVIRONMENT HEALTH & SAFETY POLICY ANNEXURE XI: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

AND ORGANOGRAM FOR DMP ANNEXURE XII: NOTE ON COMPLIANCE TO THE RECOMMENDATIONS MENTIONED IN THE CREP GUIDELINES ANNEXURE XIII: REMOTE SENSING MAP FOR GEOMORPHOLOGY ANNEXURE XIV: DETAILS OF AIR MODELLING ANNEXURE XV: AUTHORISATION LETTER FOR WATER INTAKE ANNEXURE XVI: PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC HEARING ANNEXURE XVII: RAPID RISK ANALYSIS STUDY ANNEXURE XVIII: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES BY BPCL KR ANNEXURE XIX: SLUDGE DISPOSAL AGREEMENT ANNEXURE XX: CERTIFIED MONITORING/COMPLIANCE REPORT


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPYLENE DERIVATIVE PETROCHEMICAL

PROJECT AT KOCHI, KERALA

FOR

M/s. BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED

JANUARY 2015

Final report for EC

II

1.0 Executive Summary The Executive Summary covers the following chapters in brief:

1. Project Description

2. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation measures

3. Project Benefits

4. Environment Management Plan

1.1 Project Description

Kochi Refinery, a unit of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL-KR), is a 9.5

MMTPA Refinery located at Ambalamugal in Ernakulam District (Kerala), India. The

Refinery was commissioned in 1966 with crude oil processing capacity of 2.5 Million Metric

Tons Per Annum (MMTPA). Through progressive revamps and addition of process units,

the refining capacity has been augmented to present level of 9.5 MMTPA.BPCL-KR is

implementing Integrated Refinery Expansion Project (IREP) to enhance the refining

capacity to 15.5 MMTPA, that will produce 500 KTPA polymer grade Propylene.

A major foray into petrochemicals is proposed at BPCL-KR, based upon feed-stock

Propylene that would be available from Petrochemical Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (Petro

FCCU) that is being set up as part of the Integrated Refinery Expansion Project (IREP).

The Petrochemical Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (Petro FCCU) with a capacity to process

2.2 MMTPA of Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO) would produce 500 KTPA of Polymer Grade

Propylene (PGP) of which 250 KTPA is proposed to be utilized for the production of value

added petrochemicals. The requirement of industrial gases such as Hydrogen, Synthesis

gas, Nitrogen & Oxygen shall be sourced from the Build Own Operate (BOO) facility, being

set up as part of IREP project within BPCL-KR premises.

Initially the Propylene Derivatives Petrochemical Project (PDPP) was planned with LG

Chem, South Korea as a joint venture (JV). Project proposal for issue of Terms of

Reference (TOR) for EIA was considered in the 6th reconstituted Expert Appraisal

Committee (EAC) (Industry) meeting held during 5th March 2013. The Committee

discussed the project details, utility requirements and the presentation by the project

proponent/EIA Consultant (Engineers India Limited). After detailed deliberations, the Expert

Appraisal Committee prescribed Terms of Reference (TOR) dated 30th April 2013 for

preparation of EIA/EMP.

After LG Chem’s decision not to proceed with the proposed Joint Venture PDPP, BPCL

intends to proceed with project on its own. The same was informed to MoEF and approval

III

was obtained from MoEF dated 23rd July 2014 for change in name, after LG Chem's exit

from the project. Further, it was informed by MoEF that all other conditions and validity of

TOR remain unchanged.

PDPP complex will be set up close to the refinery in order to achieve integration of

feedstock supply, utilities, offsites and other facilities. PDPP will manufacture niche

petrochemical products such as Acrylic acid, Oxo-alcohols and Acrylates. The Project is

expected to achieve mechanical completion in the first quarter of 2018. The

Refinery/Petrochemical Complex will become a pacesetter in safety, environmental

compliance, reliability, energy efficiency and operating cost.

Based on the scope of work, guidelines generally followed for EIA studies and past

experience of EIL on such industrial projects, a corridor encompassing of area within 10 km

radius of proposed project location is considered as spatial frame for the impact

assessment. Temporal frame of assessment has been chosen to reflect the impacts in two

distinct phases of the project as:

Construction phase

Operation Phase

M/s Pragathi Labs (P) Labs, Hyderabad, an approved agency by MOEF, had been

entrusted to collect environmental baseline data in terms of various parameters for pre

monsoon season starting from March 2013 to June 2013.

1.2 Proposed Process Configuration of PDPP

The proposed PDPP complex consists of three major process units Acrylic acid, Oxo-

alcohol and Acrylates. About 329 KTPA of products will be manufactured from 250 KTPA

of Propylene feed stock, in the PDPP complex. Matching Utilities and Off-site facilities are

also envisaged as part of the project. The land required for the project is approximately 132

acres (118 acres towards Plant facilities and green belt development for presently

envisaged products and 14 acres for related future products) Land acquisition activities

have been completed. The Estimated Cost of the Project is approximately Rs.4588 Crore.

This includes cost towards environmental management and Corporate Social

Responsibility. Major process units, products manufactured from PDPP and its applications

are shown in Table A below.

IV

Table A. Details of products

Process Unit

Product Quantity (KTPA)

Uses / Industry

Acrylic Acid Unit

Ester Grade Acrylic Acid (EAA)

47 Water treatment chemicals, Detergents

Acrylates Unit

Butyl Acrylate 180 Paints & Inks, Adhesives, Textiles, Resins 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate 10

Oxo-alcohol Unit

N-Butanol 38 Plasticizers, Di-Octyl Phthalate, Detergents, Paints and Inks 2 Ethyl-Hexanol 47

Iso-Butanol 7 Total 329

Product Uses / Industry

Glacial Acrylic Acid (future) Water treatment chemicals, Detergent, SAP Production

Super Absorbent Polymer (future) Diaper / Female sanitary products/Irrigation

Acrylic Acid: By oxidation process, Propylene is vaporized and converted directly to

Acrylic Acid through two step continuous oxidation reaction with air (oxygen) in the

reactors, over a catalyst bed. This is followed by solvent extraction and purifications steps

to produce Ester grade Acrylic acid.

Oxo-alcohol: The Oxo- alcohol process unit produces, 3 different alcohols, 2-Ethyl

Hexanol, normal Butanol and Iso Butanol, Propylene is reacted with synthesis gas , in the

presence of catalyst to produce N/I- Butyraldehydes. N-Butyraldehyde is further processed

to produce N-Butanol and 2-Ethyl Hexanol. I- Butyraldehyde is converted to I-Butanol.

Acrylate Esters: Acrylate Esters are produced by esterification of Ester grade acrylic acid

(EAA) and alcohols ( n-Butanol and 2-Ethyl Hexanol). Butyl Acrylate (BA) is produced from

liquid-phase continuous esterification of EAA and n-Butanol using a catalyst. 2-Ethyl Hexyl

Acrylate (2-EHA) is produced by liquid-phase continuous esterification of EAA and 2-Ethyl

Hexanol (2-EH) using a catalyst.

Utilities: Total requirement of fuel within the process units would be met mostly by LPG/

LNG and partly by internal generation. Emissions have been worked out with low sulphur

fuel oil combination firing. All the incinerators shall be designed for dual firing.

Approximately 25 MW of power is required for the PDPP facilities and will be sourced from

the refinery. Net quantity of treated raw water that will be sourced from BPCL-KR is 391

m3/hr. Effluent generated from PDPP will be routed to effluent treatment plant of BPCL-KR

for treatment and final disposal.

2.0 Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation measures

The various activities involved in both construction and operation of proposed project are

identified first, and then its likely impacts are identified. The environmental impacts

associated with the proposed project on various environmental components such as air,

V

water, noise, soil, flora, fauna, land, socioeconomic, etc. has been identified using Impact

Identification Matrix (Table B).

Table B. Impact Identification Matrix

Physical Biological Socio-economic

Activities

Am

bien

t air

qual

ity

Gro

und

/ sur

face

w

ater

(qua

ntity

/ qu

ality

)

Am

bien

t noi

se

Land

(lan

d us

e,

topo

grap

hy

& d

rain

age,

soi

l)

Flor

a

Faun

a

Live

lihoo

d &

oc

cupa

tion

Infr

astr

uctu

re

CONSTRUCTION PHASE Site clearing (Demolition works & clearing of vegetation)

* * * * * *

Burning of waste, refuse * * Civil works such as earth moving and building of structures

* * * *

Heavy equipment operations *

Disposal of construction wastes * *

Generation/disposal of sewerage *

Transportation of materials * * OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE Feedstock and product handling and storage *

Process units, utilities and offsites * *

Waste management- liquid and solid waste/Incineration * *

Transportation of products * *

The impact assessment has been carried out with respect to various environmental

components, taking into account, the existing status of environment and the changes likely

to occur due to the project activities.

2.1 Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

Air Environment- Construction Phase Impacts (Significance - Low)

Dust will be generated from earth-moving, grading, pipeline laying and civil

works, and movement of vehicles on unpaved roads.

PM, CO, NOX, & SO2 will be generated from operation of diesel sets and

diesel engines of machineries and vehicles.

VI

Mitigation Measures

Preventive maintenance of vehicles and equipment.

Vehicles with valid Pollution under Control certificates to be used.

Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized.

Implementing dust control activities such as water sprinkling on unpaved sites.

Controlled vehicle speed on site

Vehicle to be covered during transportation of material

Providing dust collection equipment at all possible points

Operation Phase Impacts (Significance - Medium)

SOX, NOX, PM and CO emission from waste incinerator.

PM, CO, NOX, generation from vehicles movement

Mitigation Measures

Operation phase (Impact significance: Medium)

Developing peripheral green belt.

Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment.

Monitoring of air polluting concentrations

Water Environment - Construction Phase Impacts (Significance: Water consumption – Low, Effluent generation - Low)

Raw water required for construction & drinking purpose will be sourced from

existing refinery sources. Generation of sanitary sewage.

Mitigation Measures

During construction phase, used construction water is the only effluent generated

due to construction activities and most of the effluent generated will be so small that

it will either get percolated to ground or get evaporated.

Monitoring water usage at construction camps to prevent wastage.

The Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) at construction camps/ sites and the proposed

facilities are properly designed to handle peak waste water load and properly

maintained.

Supply of temporary/ portable toilets for construction staff.

Operation Phase Impacts (Significance: Water consumption – Low, Effluent generation - Low)

Water requirement shall be met from BPCL Kochi Refinery for which authorization

has already been obtained by BPCL-KR.

VII

Approximately 35 m3/hr of waste water will be generated from the proposed

facilities. The same shall be routed to BPCL Refinery ETP for treatment and

disposal.

Mitigation Measures

Tracking of consumption and installing water meter from BPCL Refinery. Installation

of rainwater harvesting structures to collect and use rainwater, thereby reducing

abstraction.

Noise Environment - Construction Phase Impacts (Significance - Low)

Noise generation due to operation of heavy equipment and machinery, operation

of DG sets and movement of heavy vehicles.

Mitigation Measures

Preventive maintenance of equipment and vehicles

Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized(e.g. equipment with intermitted

use switched off when not working)

DG sets to be provided with acoustic enclosures and exhaust mufflers

Operation Phase Impacts (Significance - Medium)

Noise generation due to operation of pumps & compressors etc.

Mitigation Measures

Avoiding continuous (more than 8 hrs) exposure of workers to high noise areas.

Provision of ear muffs at the high noise areas.

Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment.

Land Environment - Construction Phase Impacts (Significance: Land-use & topography – Low, Soil quality - Low)

There is a potential for impact on soil quality due to spills, leaks of fuel and

disposal of construction waste materials.

Mitigation Measures

Restricting all construction activities to the maximum possible extent inside the

project boundary.

The top soil stock pile is not contaminated with any type of spills.

Any material resulting from clearing and grading should not be deposited on

approach roads, streams or ditches, which may hinder the passage and/or natural

water drainage.

Restoration of construction camp sites before abandonment.

VIII

After final site grading is complete, ensuring that the excess excavated material is

not dumped indiscriminately but used for filling low lying areas construction by

locals.

Developing project specific waste management plan

Developing and maintaining dedicated waste storage areas

Operation Phase Impacts (Significance: Soil Quality - Low )

There is a potential for impact on soil quality due to handling and storage of

hazardous waste and chemicals (e.g. waste oil, oil contaminated filters).

Mitigation Measures

Developing and maintaining dedicated waste storage areas.

Disposing hazardous wastes to authorized vendors as per legal requirements.

Biological Environment - Construction Phase Impacts (Significance –Medium)

Road kills of animals due to movement of project-related vehicles.

Obstruction of natural pathways and water holes of animals.

Cutting of trees for clearing site for project development and firewood

requirements by construction workers.

Mitigation Measures

Avoid cutting of tress wherever possible, especially the endangered species

observed in the study area.

Exploring opportunities for conservation of endangered species.

Closing of trenches as soon as possible of construction.

Prevent littering of work sites with wastes, especially plastic and hazardous

waste, if any.

Operation Phase Impacts (Significance – low)

Road kills of animals due to movement of project-related vehicles.

Mitigation Measures

Maintain the greenbelt already developed

Plant additional trees during operation phase

Socio-Economic Environment - Construction Phase Impacts (Significance –Low)

Disturbance and road safety issues to local community due to movement of

project-related vehicles and heavy machineries.

Sharing of local resources and infrastructure by the migrant workforce

IX

Disputes between locals and migrant workforce affecting societal harmony.

Local employment and business generation (positive impact).

Mitigation Measures

Training contractors on company safety policy requirements and monitoring

speed and route of project-related vehicles within the project area.

Determining the safe, legal load limits of all bridges and roads that will be used by

heavy vehicles and machinery.

Upgrading local roads, wherever required, to ensure ease of project activity and

community safety

Consolidating deliveries of materials and personnel to project sites, whenever

feasible, to minimize flow of traffic

Minimizing interruption of access to community use of public infrastructure

Providing prior notice to affected parties when their access will be blocked, even

temporarily.

Monitoring construction camp safety and hygiene

Preventing use of drugs and alcohol in project-sites

Preventing possession of firearms by project-personnel, except those responsible

for security

Project-related waste and wastewater is disposed in a responsible manner

Operation Phase Impacts (Significance –Low)

Additional load on traffic due to transport of both personnel and material.

Employment Generation of around 180 people during operational phase.

Mitigation Measures

Extending reach of CSR programs to new project areas.

Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles within the project area.

3.0 Project Benefits

No local production source except for Oxo alcohol. The identified products are

predominantly imported into India.

Strong demand: Huge potential in India has been established through an independent

market survey. Additionally, availability of local source of feedstock is expected to provide

tremendous opportunity for growth in downstream industries, which is expected to further

boost the employment potential.

Generate direct / indirect employment and better economic status of the community due to

better earnings.

Synergy with Kochi Refinery/BOO (being set up as part of IREP) has been envisaged for

feedstock supply, utilities, offsite and other support facilities.

X

Tax Incentives: Government of Kerala (GoK) has provided exemption of Works Contract

Tax (WCT) and deferment of Central Sales Tax (CST), Kerala Government Sales Tax

(KGST), Value Added Tax (VAT) for IREP and PDPP promoted by BPCL.

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is planning and implementation of various

pollution abatement measures for any proposed project. The EMP lists out all these

measures for planning phase, construction phase and operational phase of the plant.

Propylene Derivative Petrochemical Project shall be designed taking into account all the

legislations/rules and as per the directives of Environmental Clearance documents.

The control of Environmental pollution during construction phase even though for a shorter

period is of vital importance. The required mitigation measures with complete details have

been considered in order to develop effective mitigation measures.

The environmental management plan during the operational phase of the plant shall

therefore be directed towards the following:

Ensuring the operation of various process units as per specified operating

guidelines/operating manuals.

Strict adherence to maintenance schedule for various machinery/equipment.

Good Housekeeping practices.

Post project environmental monitoring.


Document No. A419-EI-1741-1401

Page 1

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPYLENE DERIVATIVE

PETROCHEMICAL PROJECT OF BPCL AT KOCHI, KERALA

APPROVED TERMS OF REFERENCE

COMPLIANCE STATEMENT



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Statement Status

1 A separate chapter on status of compliance of Environmental Conditions granted by State/Centre to be provided. As per circular dated 30th

May, 2012 issued by MoEF, a certified report by RO, MoEF on status of compliance of conditions on existing unit to be provided in EIA/EMP report.

Not applicable as this is a Grass-root project.

2 Executive summary of the project The same is attached with EIA Report. 3 Justification of the project. Need for petrochemical products & its demand

along with justification for setting up a new project is provided in section-1.1 of chapter-1.

4 Promoters and their back ground. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) a Navratna company under the ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas is having a total refining capacity of 30.5 MMTPA. It has been ranked 229th in the Fortune Global 500 companies. It is having presence in Refining, Oil & Gas Exploration and Marketing of Petroleum Products.

5 Regulatory framework. A framework of assessment considered for the study is given in section-1.3 of chapter-1

6 Environment clearance for the existing unit issued by the Ministry, Consent to Operate and Authorization accorded by the KSPCB.


7 Data for the stack emissions, fugitive emissions; water requirement and water balance chart; wastewater generation, treated effluent quality, re-utilization and disposal of solid/hazardous waste for the existing unit.

The emissions in terms of air, wastewater, solid & hazardous wastes are estimated to be generated from proposed project is given in section 2.6 of chapter-2.

8 Project location and plant layout. Pictorial view of the proposed location and overall plot plan is indicated in Section 2.1 (Fig 2.1, Fig 2.2, Fig 2.3 & fig 2.4) of chapter-2.

9 Infrastructure facilities including power sources.

Details are provided in section-2.5 of chapter-2

10 Total cost of the project along with total capital cost and recurring cost/annum for environmental pollution control measures.

The estimated total cost of the project is approximately Rs. 4588 Crore. The total cost of projects includes the cost for pollution control measures. Proposed Capital Investment for Pollution Control Measures: Rs. 200.0 Crore. Proposed Recurring Cost for Pollution Control Measures: Rs. 4 Crore. Details of the same are given in table 8.2 and table 8.3 of chapter 8.

11 Project site location along with site map of Details provided in Section 2.1 of chapter-2.



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Statement Status

10 km area and site details providing various industries, surface water bodies, forests etc.

12 Present land use based on satellite imagery for the study area of 10 km radius. Details of land availability for the project along with supporting document.

Land use remote sensing map prepared by M/s. Kerala state remote sensing & Environment centre is attached as Annexure VII. The total land required for the project is acquired and the survey numbers are provided in table 2.3.A of chapter 2.

13 Location of National Park/Wild life sanctuary/ Reserve forest within 10 km radius of the project.

There is no National Park/Wild life sanctuary/ reserve forest located within the study area of 10km radius

14 Permission from the State Forest Department regarding the impact of the proposed plant on the surrounding reserve forests.

Not applicable - since there is no reserve forest within 10 km radius of the project location

15 Details of the total land and break-up of the land use for green belt and other uses.

Details provided in table 2.3.A and 2.3.B of chapter 2.

16 List of products along with the production capacities.

Updated details provided in table 2.2 of chapter- 2.

17 Detailed list of raw material required and source, mode of storage.

Details provided in section 2.2.1 & 2.4 of chapter-2.

18 Manufacturing process details along with the chemical reactions and process flow chart.

Details provided in section 2.3 of chapter-2.

19 Action plan for the transportation of raw material and products


20

Site-specific micro-meteorological data using temperature, relative humidity, hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall is necessary.

All micro-meteorological details are provided in section 3.1.1 of chapter-3

21 Ambient air quality monitoring at 6 locations within the study area of 5 km, aerial coverage from project site as per NAAQES notified on 16 September, 2009. Location of one AAQMS in downwind direction.

Details are given in section-3.1.2 in chapter-3

22 One season site-specific micro-meteorological data using temperature, relative humidity, hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall and AAQ data (except monsoon) for PM10, SO2, NOx, CO, VOCs including HC (methane and non methane) shall be collected .The monitoring stations shall take into account the pre-dominant wind direction, population zone and sensitive receptors including reserved forests. Data for water and noise monitoring shall also be included.

Details are given in section- 3.1.1, 3.2 and 3.3 in chapter-3.



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Statement Status

23 Air pollution control measures proposed for the effective control of gaseous/process emissions within permissible limits.


24 Name of all the solvents to be used in the process and details of solvent recovery system.

Details are provided in section 2.3.1 of Chapter 2.

25 Design details of ETP, incinerator, if any along with boiler, scrubbers/bag filters etc

Two numbers Incinerators are considered in the PDPP complex. Design details will be finalized after detail engineering as per licensor inputs. Effluent will be routed to IREP ETP for treatment and disposal. Design capacity of IREP ETP is 700 m3/hr which includes 35 m3/hr of effluent from PDPP. Disposal quality from IREP ETP is mentioned in table 2.15 of chapter 2.

26 Details of water and air pollution and its mitigation plan.

Details are provided in section 4.3 and section 4.4 of chapter-4.

27 Action plan to control ambient air quality as per NAAQS Standards notified by the Ministry on 16th September, 2009.

Details are provided in section 8.2.1 of chapter-8.

28 An action plan prepared by SPCB to control and monitor secondary fugitive emissions from all the sources.


29 Determination of atmospheric inversion level at the project site and assessment of ground level concentration of pollutants from the stack emission based on site specific meteorological features. Air quality modeling for proposed plant.

The air quality modeling was done and it is seen that the maximum GLC’s are found to be contained within the complex. Details provided in Annexure XVI.

30 Permission from competent Authority for the drawl of water. Water balance chart for existing and expansion project including quantity of effluent generated recycled and reused and effluent discharge.

Water required for PDPP is met from the allocated quantity of BPCL refinery. A copy of approval is attached as Annexure XV. Water balance for PDPP is provided in section 2.5.2 and figure 2.7 of chapter-2.

31 Attempt to be made for reduction for usage of water.

Various operational control measures will be implemented in terms of HSE audit (surveillance & main) as per the HSE Policy. Cooling tower blow-down is sent to IREP RO-DM plant for recovery and recycle. Waste water is sent to IREP ETP for final treatment. Condensate from PDPP is sent to IREP for recovery.

32 Complete scheme of effluent treatment. Characteristics of untreated and treated effluent to meet the standard.

Effluent is routed to IREP ETP for treatment and disposal to meet the environment standards GSR 186(E) dated 18th March 2008.

33 Zero discharge effluent concepts to be Zero effluent discharge concept has been



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Statement Status

adopted adopted and no effluent is discharged outside. Effluent generated from PDPP is routed to IREP ETP for treatment and treated water is reused within refinery/recycled to PDPP.

34 Ground water quality monitoring minimum at 6 locations shall be carried out. Geological features and Geo-hydrological status of the study area and ecological status (Terrestrial and Aquatic).

Details are provided in section-3.3.1 and section 3.3.2 of chapter-3.

35 The details of solid and hazardous wastes generation, storage, utilization and disposal particularly related to the hazardous waste calorific value of hazardous waste and detailed characteristic of the hazardous waste. Action plan for the disposal of fly ash generated from boiler shall be included.

Details are provided in section-2.6.3 of chapter-2 Not applicable

36 Precautions to be taken during storage and transportation of hazardous chemicals shall be clearly mentioned and incorporated.

Details of chemical storage are provided in section 2.4 of chapter 2. The same shall be handled as per guidelines mentioned in MSDS.

37 Material Safety Data Sheet for all the Chemicals are being used/will be used. CAS No./RTECS No./DOT/UN etc to be mentioned against each chemicals

All details are attached as Annexure-IX.

38 Authorization/Membership for the disposal of solid/hazardous waste in TSDF

Solid waste generated will be disposed through authorized agency. Permission to dispose solid waste is attached as Annexure XIX.

39 Risk assessment for storage for chemicals/ solvent. Action plan for handling and safety system.

Details are provided in Risk Assessment Study (attached as Annexure-XVII).

40 An action plan to develop green belt in 33 % area. Layout plan for green belt shall be provided

Details are provided in section 8.3.1 of chapter-8. Layout plan is attached in chapter 2 under figure 2.4

41 Action plan for rainwater harvesting measures at plant site shall be included to harvest rainwater from the roof tops and storm water drains to recharge the ground water.

The layout prepared includes rain water harvesting pits. The same is provided in Annexure VI (GA of rainwater harvesting pit).

42 Details of occupational health program. i) To which chemicals, workers are exposed directly or indirectly. ii) Whether these chemicals are within

(i) All chemicals area handled through conduits / pipes / vessels. No direct or indirect exposure is envisaged. (ii) Yes the chemicals are within the Threshold



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Statement Status

Threshold Limit Values (TLV)/ Permissible Exposure Levels as per ACGIH recommendation. iii) What measures company have taken to keep these chemicals within PEL/TLV. iv) How the workers are evaluated concerning their exposure to chemicals during pre-placement and periodical medical monitoring. v) What are onsite and offsite emergency plan during chemical disaster. vi) Liver function tests (LFT) during pre-placement and periodical examination

Limit Values (TLV).Details of chemicals in terms of TLVs are given in MSDS are attached in IX. (iii) All measures as listed in specific MSDS will be managed / executed during operation phase. The same shall be verified / audited / examined for gaps as per the protocol of existing QEHS management. (iv) During the pre-employment as well as during the periodic medical examination, the blood routine and urine routine examinations of the employees are done. In addition, Urine phenol estimation of employees working in the existing ARU plant, and all employees who are liable to be exposed to benzene is also done. (v) There exists company’s onsite & offsite emergency management plan. The organogram of the same is indicated in Annexure XI. Details of this document will be circulated and kept as per approved communication policy. (vi) An occupational laboratory under the supervision of doctor within the existing refinery will be extended for carrying out periodical examination. LFT is not being done during the Pre-employment or Periodic medical examinations. Details are provided in annexure IX A (Occupational Health Program)

43 Details of occupational health surveillance programme.

Details are provided in annexure IX A (Occupational Health Program)

44 Socio-economic development activities shall be in place

As per HSE management practice an environmental cell consisting of corporate social management team will be developed. This team will monitor various socio economical development activities and formulate needful action plan.

45 Note on compliance to the recommendations mentioned in the CREP guidelines.

The same is attached as Annexure XII

46 Detailed Environment management Plan (EMP) with specific reference to details of air pollution control system, water & wastewater management, monitoring frequency, responsibility and time bound

Details are provided in chapter-8.



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Statement Status

implementation plan for mitigation measure shall be provided

47 EMP shall include the concept of waste-minimization, recycle / reuse / recover techniques, energy conservation, and natural resource conservation.

Details are given in chapter-8.

48 Total capital cost and recurring cost/annum for environmental pollution control measures

The estimated total cost of the project is approximately Rs. 4588 Crore. The total cost of projects includes the cost for pollution control measures. Proposed Capital Investment for Pollution Control Measures: Rs. 200 Crore. Proposed Recurring Cost for Pollution Control Measures: Rs. 4 Crore. Details of the same are given in table 8.2 and table 8.3 of chapter 8.

49 Corporate Environmental Responsibility (a) Does the company have a well laid

down Environment Policy approved by its Board of Directors? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA report.

(b) Does the Environmental Policy

prescribe for standard operating process/procedures to bring into focus any infringement / deviation / violation of the environmental or forest norms / conditions? If so, it may be detailed in the EIA report.

(c) What is the hierarchical system or

Administrative order of the company to deal with the environmental issues and for ensuring compliance with the EC conditions. Details of this system may be given.

(d) Does the company have a system of

reporting of non compliance / violations of environmental norms to the Board of Directors of the company and / or shareholders or stakeholders at large? This reporting mechanism should be detailed in the EIA report

Yes, Quality, Environment, Health & Safety Policy (QEHS) and of BPCL have been attached as Annexure X Yes, QEHS Policy is attached as Annexure X. Organizational structure for Environment Management and Organogram for Emergency response & Disaster Management Plan are attached as Annexure XI Yes, QEHS Policy is attached as Annexure X

50 Public hearing issues raised and commitments made by the project proponent on the same should be

A compliance statement on issues raised during public hearing is attached as Annexure-XVI.



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included separately in EIA/EMP Report in the form of tabular chart.

51 Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction/order passed by any Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof.

NIL


1 Document No. A419-EI-1741-1401

Page 1 of 195



CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION



Page 2 of 195



1.0 INTRODUCTION

BPCL intends to establish a Propylene Derivatives Petrochemical Project (PDPP) at Kochi, India, to manufacture niche Petrochemicals products such as Acrylic acid, Oxo-alcohols and Acrylates. Polymer Grade Propylene (PGP) shall be supplied by BPCL Kochi Refinery after implementation of the Integrated Refinery Expansion Project (IREP) at Kochi, Kerala, India. The Project is expected to achieve mechanical completion in the first quarter of 2018.

BPCL entrusted the task of preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Risk Analysis/Assessment (RRA) studies to M/s Engineers India Limited (EIL) for obtaining Environmental Clearance. The details of such assessment studies are given in chapters 3 to 5. EIL is an accredited consultant for carrying out EIA studies by Quality Council of India in petrochemical industry.

1.1 NEED FOR PROPYLENE DERIVATIVES PETROCHEMICAL PROJECT

The proposed Petrochemical Project is the first project of its kind in India producing niche chemicals such as Acrylic acid, Oxo-alcohols, and Acrylates. Worldwide, the major players that manufacture these niche petrochemicals are BASF, Dow Chemical, Arkema, Nippon Shokubai, StoHaas and LG Chem. These 6 manufacturers account for over 70% of the world capacity. Propylene is a versatile feedstock that is used in the manufacture of these niche petrochemicals. Earlier project established in India that produces Oxo alcohol is Andhra Petrochemicals, Vishakhapatnam. Now, BPCL has embarked upon a major project for capacity expansion of its Kochi Refinery from 9.5 to 15.5 MMTPA (Million Metric Tons per Annum), named as Integrated Refinery Expansion Project (IREP). The proposed IREP facilities include a Petro-FCCU from which about 500 kTPA (kilo ton per annum) polymer grade Propylene would be available. Therefore BPCL intends to establish a Propylene Derivatives Complex at Kochi, India that shall consume approximately 250 kTPA of polymer grade Propylene, derived from IREP to manufacture niche Petrochemical products. The finished products from the Petrochemical complex are utilized by a large number of domestic and industrial manufacturers of commodities such as, paints and other products. Among Acrylic Esters, the products in the order of greatest demand are Butyl Acrylate (BA) and 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate (2-EHA). Ester grade Acrylic Acid is used in Detergents, water treatment, pulp and paper, textiles & surface coatings. The next largest market for Ester grade Acrylic Acid (EAA) is Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP). SAP is a cross linked poly acrylic acid salt that can absorb 100~1000 times its own weight in water. Future provision in terms of plot area is being provided in the PDPP complex to manufacture Glacial Acrylic Acid (GAA) an intermediate produced by processing EAA required to produce SAP. Products from PDPP and its uses are described in table 1.1.



Page 3 of 195



Table 1.1 Products from PDPP

Product Uses / Industry Acrylates (BA & 2-EHA) Paints & Inks, Adhesives, Textiles, Resins N-Butanol/ 2 Ethyl Hexanol/ Iso Butanol

Plasticizers, Di-Octyl Phthalate, Detergents, Paints and Inks

Ester Grade Acrylic Acid Water treatment chemicals, Detergent, pulp and paper, surface coatings

Glacial Acrylic Acid & Super Absorbent Polymer (future)

Diaper / Female sanitary products/Irrigation

Market Demand in India (kTPA) The market study indicates excellent growth potential for niche chemicals such as Acrylic acid in the Indian market scenario. BPCL has excellent opportunity to overcome the supply shortfall that is predicted, based on the assumption that no new capacities are being added in the period up to the year 2018. The same is depicted below in table 1.2.

Table 1.2 Demand of products

Product PDPP

Capacity kTPA

2018

kTPA

2019

kTPA

2020

kTPA

2021

kTPA

2022

kTPA

2023

kTPA

2024

kTPA

2025 kTPA

Acrylic Acid 47 30 31 33 34 35 36 39 107

Butyl Acrylate

180 158 170 179 187 195 207 223 241

2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate

10 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 13

N-Butanol 38 58 60 61 63 64 66 69 92

2 Ethyl Hexanol

47 94 99 102 105 109 113 119 126

Iso Butanol 7 36 37 38 39 39 40 42 44

Shown below is a summary of basic product delivery schemes planned

Area Region Mode of Transport Domestic All India Road Transport Export Overseas Market Sea

1.2 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY

Project proposal for issue of Terms of Reference (TOR) for EIA was considered in the 6th reconstituted Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) (Industry) meeting held during 5th March 2013. The Committee discussed the project details, utility requirements and the presentation by the project proponent/EIL. After detailed deliberations, the Expert Appraisal Committee prescribed Terms of Reference (TOR) for preparation of EIA/EMP. A copy of TOR is attached as Annexure –I. The EIA report is prepared in accordance with the approved TOR and a compliance statement is given in Annexure-II.



Page 4 of 195



Initially the project was planned with LG Chem as a joint venture (JV). Later LG Chem had withdrawn from JV and it has been decided that BPCL will proceed with the project on its own. The same was informed to MoEF and approval was obtained from MoEF for change in name, after LG Chem's exit from the project. Further, it was informed by MoEF that, all other conditions and validity of TOR remain unchanged. A copy of letter for approval of change in name is attached as Annexure III. The objectives of prescribed TOR for preparation of EIA study are as follows:

To establish environmental setting of the project in terms of site details, project

description, products/chemicals its storage, safety measures and precautions taken during storage and transportation, pollution control devices/measures, emission summary, hazardous waste/chemicals management etc.

Establish existing environmental status for the period of 3 months (except monsoon

season) for meteorology, air quality, water quality, noise, soil, ecology and Socio-economic aspects.

Prediction and evaluation of the environmental impacts that may result from project development.

Outline the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate the negative impacts, if any.

Risk assessment for storage for chemicals/solvents. Action plan for handling & safety system.

1.3 FRAME WORK OF ASSESSMENT

Based on the scope of work, guidelines generally followed for EIA studies and past experience of EIL on such industrial projects, a corridor encompassing of area within 10 km radius of proposed project location is considered as spatial frame for the impact assessment. Temporal frame of assessment has been chosen to reflect the impacts in two distinct phases of the project as:

a) Construction phase b) Operation Phase

Time frame and the type of impacts will be different for these phases of the project.

1.4 METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The methodology adopted for carrying out the Environmental Impact Assessment for the proposed project has been based on the Guidelines issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and EIL's past experience of similar jobs. An effective environmental assessment calls for establishing sufficient background data on various environmental components through reconnaissance survey, sampling and available literature survey etc. The methodology adopted in preparing this EIA report is outlined in the following sections:

1.4.1 PROJECT SETTING AND DESCRIPTION In this section, project site details, process description and other facilities are defined. The

description also gives details of effluents (gaseous/liquid/solid/noise) and its generation



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sources. Coverage on environmental setting of the proposed Petrochemical complex in terms of site details, project description, products/chemicals and its storage and transportation facilities, pollution control measures, emission summary are described. This gives an overview of the proposed Petrochemical project development and management.

1.4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS

In order to identify the impacts comprehensively, all the activities associated with the proposed project during the construction as well as operational phase are identified and listed.

1.4.3 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION

Existing status of pollution in the study area have been established. M/s. Pragathi Labs Private Limited, Hyderabad, was engaged for establishing status of air, water, noise, and land. Ecology & biodiversity and socioeconomic component of environment are studied by in-house accredited Functional Area Experts (FAEs). Existing environmental data for this Project was collected during the period of March 2013 to June 2013. Data thus collected has been utilized here for prediction and assessment of impacts quantitatively/qualitatively of various environmental parameters.

1.4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PREDICTION & EVALUATION

In this part of the report, evaluation of pollution caused due to various emissions (Gaseous, Liquid, Solid, Noise) from the proposed activities is detailed. These identified impacts are assessed for arriving significance value in terms of high/ medium/low. In order to assess the overall significance, impacts are scrutinised in terms of its spatial, temporal, vulnerability & Intensity. Each of these parameters separately scaled and the same are summed up through a matrix form.

1.4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

In order to mitigate or minimise the negative impacts of the proposed project, an effective EMP is called for. Therefore, in the final part of the report the planning and implementation of various pollution abatement strategies including the proposed monitoring/surveillance network has been described. Detailed Environment management Plan (EMP) with specific reference to details of air pollution control system, water & wastewater management, monitoring frequency, responsibility and time bound implementation plan for mitigation measure is formulated.

1.5 CONTENTS OF THE EIA REPORT

The report has been divided into the following chapters: Chapter-1: Introduction This chapter provides the brief description and objectives of the project, scope of the study, need for propylene derivatives petrochemical project. Chapter-2: Project Description This chapter presents the details of the proposed project with description of the resources required and emissions, waste and wastewater anticipated to be generated.



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Chapter-3: Description of Environment This chapter describes the existing baseline status of environment components collected in a pre-defined study area based on primary and secondary data collection. Chapter-4: Anticipated environment impacts and mitigation measures This chapter describes the potential impacts of the proposed project and evaluates their significance based on parameters such as Intensity (I), Spatial extension (Sp), Temporal duration (T) and Environmental Vulnerability (V). Wherever applicable, mathematical models were used to quantify the intensity and spatial extension of the impacts. Impact avoidance and mitigation measures are delineated. Chapter-5: Environment monitoring programme This chapter describes the details of the monitoring schedule to be implemented for checking the effectiveness of mitigation measures. It covers the parameters, frequency and location of monitoring. If existing monitoring schedule is sufficient to cover the proposed development, the same has been clearly mentioned. Chapter-6: Additional Studies This chapter assesses the issues related to public consultation and the potential risks involved in the construction and operation of proposed facilities. This chapter also includes Rapid Risk Analysis (RRA). Chapter-7: Project Benefits This chapter presents the details of direct and indirect benefits due to proposed project. Chapter-8: Environment Management Plan This chapter describes the organizational structure and resources planned for implementing the mitigation measures and monitoring schedule. Chapter-9: Summary and Conclusions This chapter summarizes the potential positive and negative environmental impacts of the project. Chapter-10: Disclosure of Consultants This chapter contains the list of various experts engaged in preparing the EIA report along with brief introduction of the consultancy to which they belong.



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1.6 PROJECT PROPONENT

ADDRESS OF THE PROJECT PROPONENT

The correspondence address of the project proponent is:

Mr. George Paul

Dy. General Manager (Project-JV)

BPCL- Kochi refinery

Post Bag 2

Kundannur, Maradu- 682304

E-mail: [email protected]

Tel: 0484-2823802

Fax: 0484-2706408

PARTICULARS OF EIA CONSULTANT:

The EIA consultant is Engineers India Limited. The complete address for correspondence is

given below.

Mr. J K Joshi

Head, Environment Division Engineers India Limited

Research & Development Complex, Sector-16, On NH-8

Gurgaon – 122001, Haryana

Email: [email protected]

Telephone number: 0124-3803509

Fax number: 0124-2391413

Website: www.engineersindia.com

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.engineersindia.com/



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CHAPTER – 2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION



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2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the details of proposed project configuration, process description, environmental setting of the project, utilities, waste and waste water generation etc.

2.1 PROJECT LOCATION

Propylene Derivatives Petrochemical Project (PDPP) is located at Ambalamugal, Puthencruz/Thiruvaniyoor Village, Ernakulam District, Kerala. The project site is located at 4 km from NH-49, 5-km from Thripunithura railway station and 15 km from Ernakulam Major Railway station. Also the project site falls at Seismic Zone – III (as per IS-1893, Part III: 2002). Project location is shown in Figures 2.1 & 2.2.

Figure 2.1: Project Location

PROJECT LOCATION



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Figure 2.2: Project Location and its Boundaries

A summary of environmental setting of the project is given in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Environmental setting of the project.

Sr. No. Particulars Details

1 Plant Location Ambalamugal, Ernakulam District, Kerala

2 Plant site co-ordinates Latitude : 9057’36” N to 9058’57” N Longitude: 76021’56” E to 76024’12”E

3 Climatic Conditions (IMD, Kochi )

a)

b) c) d)

Temperature Maximum Minimum Annual Rainfall Relative Humidity Predominant wind directions

33.0 oC (May) 21.10C (December) 3200 mm Maximum-89.0 % ; Minimum-66.0% Annual: 08.30:E 17.30: W

4

a) b) c)

Climatic conditions at Site Temperature Relative humidity Predominant wind directions

From March –May 2013 Maximum: 35.8 oC ; Minimum: 21 oC Maximum:99% ; Minimum: 41% WNW and NW



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5 Plant site Elevation above MSL

2 m to 32 m above MSL

6 Plant site Topography Generally plain

7 Present Land use at the site

Industrial

8 Nearest Highway NH-49 (4.0 km)

9 Nearest Railway station Thripunithura (5.0 Km, NE)

10 Nearest Airport Kochi (23 km, NW)

11 Nearest major water bodies

Chitrapuzha River (1.0 km, SW )

12 Nearest town/City Thripunithura, (5.0 Km, NE)

13 Archaeologically important places

Hill Palace Museum at Thripunithura

14 Protected areas as per Wildlife Protection Act,1972 (Tiger reserve, Elephant reserve, Biospheres, National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries, community reserves and conservation reserves)

None in 10 km radius as per Wildlife Protection Act 1972

15 Seismicity Seismic Zone-III as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002

16 Defence Installations None in 10-km radius area Map showing study area encompassing 10 km radius of the proposed project is shown in figure 2.3. The 10 km study circle around the PDPP site comprises parts of Paravur and Kanayannur talukas in Ernakulam District.

Ernakulam, Fort Cochin, Willingdon Island on the east and Puthencruz, Vadayabadi, Kolancheri on the west are the major boundaries of the proposed site. Cochin port, one of the major ports in the country is situated on Willingdon Island. Some of the major towns and villages within the study area are Nettur Eroor, kolancheri, Nalakkam, Karimukal, Chottanikkara, Brahmapuram, Irumpanam, Hill Palace, Puthencruz, Vytilla, Maradu etc. Several rivers discharge large quantities of fresh water and sediments into the backwaters. The most important river is Periyar with other smaller rivers being Muvattupuzha, Karunnanur, Mennachil, Chalakudy and Pamba. A unique feature of the area is the fishing using Chinese Fishing nets. As regards the road network in the study area, Cochin is connected to other states through National Highways (NH) No.47, 17 and 49. This NH 47 runs inland from Kanyakumari and joins at Salem. The NH 47 also connects at Trichur with NH 17, which runs northwards along



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the coast to Mumbai. A remote sensing map for Road network details is attached as Annexure IV.

Figure 2.3: 10 km radius of the proposed project



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Cochin has direct access in broad-gauge to the southern and national rail network including the recent Konkan Rail line facilitating connections to all major industrial towns and population centers.. The nearest railway station is located at Tripunithura at about 4 km in the eastern direction from the project site. Other major railway stations within the vicinity of the PDPP complex are Ernakulam Junction and Ernakulam Town and there is railway siding at Irumpanam.

2.2 PROJECT CONFIGURATION

About 329 KTPA of products will be manufactured from Propylene Derivative Petrochemical Project (PDPP) Complex. List of Products manufactured from PDPP and its applications are provided in table no. 2.2.

Table 2.2 List of Products Product Quantity

(KTPA) Uses / Industry

Ester Grade Acrylic Acid (EAA) 47 Water treatment chemicals, Detergents, pulp and paper, surface coatings

Butyl Acrylate 180 Paints & Inks, Adhesives, Textiles, Resins

2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate 10

N-Butanol 38 Plasticiszers, Di-Octyl Phthalate, Detergents, Paints and Inks

2 Ethyl-Hexanol 47

Iso-Butanol 7

Total 329

Product Uses / Industry Glacial Acrylic Acid (future) Water treatment chemicals, Detergent

Super Absorbent Polymer (future) Diaper / Female sanitary products / Irrigation

Facilities within the complex other than process units include intermediate and finished product storages, interconnecting pipelines between refinery and PDPP, compressed air system, chilled water system for Acrylic Acid unit and Acrylate unit, Cooling water system, flare system (HP & LP), fire station, fire water storage & fire fighting systems, incinerators for safe disposal of process waste gas/liquid streams, warehouses for storage of chemicals & catalysts, , Product dispatch facilities, maintenance shop and warehouse, DCS control room, laboratory administration building, Sewage treatment plant, construction facilities etc. Power, Steam, Raw Water, DM water & Boiler Feed water are proposed to be sourced from the refinery. Construction activities are anticipated to take place over a period of at least three years. Commissioning and production ramp-up will be as follows:

80% in first year of operation 90% in second year of operation 100% in third year of operation

Overall plot plan showing the process facilitates required for manufacturing the above products is given in figure 2.4.



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PROJECT OF BPCL AT KOCHI, KERALA

Figure 2.4 Overall Plot Plan of PDPP



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Acres. Out of which 40 Acres shall be used for green belt development. A detail of administrative distribution of total plot is given in table 2.3.A and breakup of the total plot in terms of its usage is given in table 2.3.B.

Table 2.3.A: Administrative distribution of land

Sl. No. Village Block

No. Survey Nos. Area (in acres)

1 Puthencruz 39

167,168,174,176,177, 185,186,187,188,189, 190,191,192,193,194,

195,196,197,209,210,211

75.32

2 Thiruvaniyoor 40 2,3, 4,5,7,8,9,11, 62,63,64,65 56.92

Total 132.24

TABLE 2.3.B: Land-use breakup of plot

S. No Description Area (in acres)

1.0 Plant facilities including Storage & Loading 78.2

2.0 Green Belt Development 40.0

3.0 Future facilities 14.04

Total Plant area Required 132.24

2.2.1 Raw materials

Raw materials required for Propylene Derivative Petrochemical Project are

Propylene Synthesis gas (CO + Hydrogen : 99 % (min); H2/CO : 0.99) Hydrogen (H2)

Source of raw materials About 250 KTPA of polymer grade Propylene will be the feed for Propylene Derivative Petrochemical Project (PDPP). This would be available from Integrated Refinery Expansion Project (IREP) of BPCL-KR. Raw materials Hydrogen and Synthesis gas and utilities such as Nitrogen & Oxygen will be sourced from the Build Own and Operate (BOO) facility that is being set up as a part of IREP. As the PDPP Project site is located just opposite to the Kochi Refinery, no storage of raw material is envisaged inside PDPP Complex. Utilities integration with Refinery is shown in table 2.4.

Total area required for the proposed propylene derive petrochemical project shall be 132.24



Rev. No. 1 Page 16 of 195



Table 2.4 Utilities integration with Refinery

S. No Utility Source / Destination 1 DM Water From BPCL-KR 2 Treated Raw water From BPCL-KR 3 Power From BPCL-KR 4 Boiler Feed water (BFW) From BPCL-KR 5 Condensate To BPCL-KR 6 Nitrogen, Syn gas, Oxygen, Hydrogen From BPCL-KR (BOO Plant) 7 Fuel (Vaporized LPG) From BPCL-KR 8 Cooling tower blow down To BPCL-KR 9 Waste water To BPCL-KR

10 Fire water make up From BPCL-KR 11 Recycle water from IREP ETP* From BPCL-KR

*after reverse osmosis treatment The complex is located close to the refinery to facilitate good integration for feedstock, utilities and offsite facilities.

ACRYLIC ACID UNIT

(160 KTPA) GAA (FUTURE UNIT)

SAP(FUTURE UNIT)

PG PROPYLENE

OXO ALCOHOLUNIT

(212 KTPA)

ACRYLATEUNIT

(190 KTPA)

UTILITIES CHILLED WATER

SYSTEMOFFSITES

OXYGEN

SYN GAS

HYDROGEN

ACRYLIC ACID

BA

2-EHA

N-BUTANOL

I-BUTANOL

2-EH

UTILITIES

(Power ,HP STEAM, DMW, BFW, TRW, N2, Fuel, FW Make up)

PDPP ISBL

250 KTPAFROM: BPCL-KR

800 NM3/ANNUMFROM: BOO-KR

99833 TPAFROM: BOO-KR

6584 TPAFROM: BOO-KR

EAA

EAA

47 KTPA

N-BuOH: 112 KTPA

2-EH: 8 KTPA

113 KTPA

N-BuOH / I-BuOH / 2-EH

180 KTPA

10 KTPA

38 KTPA

7 KTPA

47 KTPA

EFFLUENT

BLOWDOWN

CONDENSATE

TO: IREP-ETP

TO: BPCL-KR

TO: BPCL-KR

Block Flow Diagram- Integration with Refinery

AIR

Note: The Feed / Utility quantities indicated are tentative and subject to minor change post receipt of design package from Licensor

Figure No. 2.5 Block Flow diagram for Integration with refinery






2.3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION The Processes involved in manufacture of each product are described in following sections.

2.3.1 Acrylic Acid (AA)

Acrylic Acid is produced by a two stage reactor system. The first stage reactor oxidizes propylene with air to produce Acrolein. The second stage reactor oxidizes the Acrolein to Acrylic acid. Both reactions are exothermic. The heat of reaction is used to produce steam.

The series of steps required to produce Ester Grade Acrylic Acid is as follows Crude Acrylic Acid Section The Acrylic Acid produced in the reactors is recovered from the reactor product gas stream as an aqueous solution. The Crude Acrylic acid is sent to the Ester Grade Acrylic Acid (EAA) section for purification. The off gas generated by the process is sent to the incinerator. Acrylic Acid Reactor Section The heart of the reactor section consists of two tubular, fixed bed reactors, which are operated in series. The tubes are filled with catalyst effecting the desired oxidation reaction. From outside, the reactor tubes are cooled by circulating molten salt system. Salt bath temperature is controlled by heat exchangers, which generate steam. There is heater provision to maintain the temperature of the molten salt system when the unit is under temporary shutdown. The reactor feeds are propylene, air, steam and recycle gas. The steam and recycle off gas feeds are needed to help control reactor hotspot temperatures and provide a feed mixture, which is not flammable. The reactor feed mixture is too low in oxygen to be flammable during normal operation. The cooled reactor product gas stream is sent to the Acrylic Acid recovery section Acrylic Acid Recovery Section Quench Acrylic Acid is recovered from the reactor product gas as an aqueous solution in the quench tower. The reactor product gas enters the top of the quench tower and is quenched with a spray of liquid from offgas treater. This liquid is mainly water, Acrylic Acid and Acetic Acid. The aqueous Acrylic Acid solution is cooled in the quench tower bottoms cooler and sent to the extractor feed surge tank.






Acrylic Acid Extraction and Solvent Recovery Solvent extraction is used to separate most of the water from the aqueous Acrylic Acid solution. The extraction solvent is a mixture of two different organic solvents. Iso Propyl Acetate (IPAC) rejects water while Cyclo-hexane extracts most of the Acrylic Acid. The raffinate (residual water phase) from the extractor bottom is sent to the raffinate stripper for recovery of solvents before the waste water is disposed. Solvent Separator The extract from the extractor is preheated in the solvent separator pre-heater and sent to the solvent separator. In the solvent separator, nearly all of the Cyclohexane and some of the IPAC are distilled off as the overhead stream. The overhead vapour stream is condensed in the internal thermoplate solvent separator condenser and collected in a condensate pan. The condensate is sent to the solvent separator decanter, where an internal baffle separates the organic and water phases. The solvent separator reflux pump returns a portion of the decanter organic phase to the top of the column as reflux, recycles a small amount to the inlet of the condenser, and sends the remainder to the Cyclohexane rich solvent storage tank. The decanter water phase is sent to the raffinate stripper via the solvent separator decanter water pump. The solvent separator operates under vacuum provided by the ejector system. Vapours in the vent gas from the solvent separator condenser are condensed in the internal thermoplate solvent separator vent condenser, which is cooled with refrigerated water from the Common Facility. The solvents are recycled back to the process from the storage tanks. Crude Acrylic Acid is separated from the extraction solvents by distillation. Acrylic acid is a heat sensitive product, which can dimerise and polymerise. Dimerisation results in loss of product and polymerization can cause fouling of equipment. Acrylic acid recovery and purification deals with prevention of undesirable reactions though the use of vacuum distillations, special distillation trays, and injection of polymerization inhibitors. Crude Acrylic Acid Ancillaries Inhibitor System: The recovery section includes facilities for preparation of Hydroquinine (HQ) inhibitor solutions in water and IPAC. The quantities of solid HQ required are transferred manually (unloading of inhibitor bags) into the mixing vessels. Inhibitor system is also provided for acrylic acid storage tanks in order to prevent polymerization. Vacuum System: A steam ejector vacuum system is required to maintain the required operating pressures for AA recovery distillation. Ester Grade Acrylic Acid Purification : Final purification from Crude Acrylic Acid (EAA) to Ester Grade Acrylic Acid (EAA) is achieved by vacuum distillation. The produced EAA is pumped to the following destinations:

EAA export tank (O.S.B.L) for intermediate storage Inhibitor storage vessels

2.3.2 Acrylates

This consist of one unit each producing Butyl Acrylate (BA) and 2- Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate (2-EHA).






Butyl Acrylate (BA) Fresh feed Acrylic Acid, Alcohol and a small amount of catalyst, are introduced into a series of two reactors known as 1st Esterification Reactor and 2nd Esterification Reactor. Water produced from the reaction is distilled and removed from the top of the Dehydrator. Reactor effluent containing both the product and catalyst is fed to the Catalyst Extraction Column to recover catalyst. The raffinate is fed from the top of the column to the washing column for separation of small amounts of acrylic acid and catalyst using water. The bottom stream is fed to the Alcohol Recovery Column where alcohol in the water is recovered from the top

The bottom stream from the Alcohol Topping Column is then fed to the Ester Purification Column where ester is distilled and recovered from the top of the column as product. The bottom stream is fed to the Heavy end Decomposer to recover Acrylate from heavy by-products.

2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate (2-EHA)

Fresh feed Acrylic Acid, excess molar ration of 2-Ethylhexanol to Acrylic Acid and small amount of catalyst are introduced into a series of two reactors known as 1st esterification reactor and 2nd esterification reactor successively. Water produced by the reaction is distilled with azeotropic solvent and removed from the top of the Dehydrator. Effluent containing both product and catalyst is fed to Catalyst extraction column to recover catalyst.

The raffinate is withdrawn from the top of the column and fed to washing column for the separation of small amounts of catalyst using water. The bottom stream from the column is discharged to the Waste water tank. The top stream is fed to the alcohol topping column where the unreacted 2-Ethyhexanol contained is recovered from the top of the column. The bottom stream is then fed to the Ester purification column where 2-EHA is distilled and recovered from the top of the column as product 2-EHA.

2.3.3 Oxo Process Propylene and Synthesis gas (CO + H2) are reacted to form Butyraldehyde. The reactions are carried out in reactors which contain proprietary rhodium catalyst ligand solution. Under the operating conditions selected, these reactions occur approximately in the ratio N-Butyraldehyde to Isobutyraldehyde in the range 10:1 to 30:1 depending on the ligand employed for the process. However, smaller amounts of the branched chain Iso-Butyraldehyde, Propane and various self-condensation products of the Aldehyde are also formed.






The reactions are carried out in the liquid phase in two stirred tank reactors in series which contain the rhodium catalyst in the presence of a ligand. These catalysts are dissolved in a solution which is a mixture of reactants, products and by products, the latter being largely the heavier components formed from a series of chemical reactions starting with the self-condensation of Butyraldehyde. Both Propylene and Synthesis gas are fed to the unit after a purification process to remove any impurities and contaminants that may affect catalyst activity. Propylene, Synthesis gas is fed to the OXO reactors are converted to N/I-Butyraldehyde. The reactor solution flows to the vaporizer where the product aldehyde is vaporised and separated from the catalyst solution in the vaporizer catchpot. Any entrained catalyst solution is recovered by the internals installed within the drum. The Aldehyde passes to the Condenser and the concentrated catalyst solution is cooled by the Cooler. The catalyst solution is then pumped to the Catalyst Conditioning Unit and then returned to the Oxo reactor completing the liquid recycles. The aldehyde from the vaporizer catch-pot is cooled and condensed in the Condenser and passes to the Condensate Drum where the vapor and liquid are separated. The Butyraldehyde is pumped to the stabilser. The vent is compressed by the vaporizer Vent Compressor and is cooled to condense the Butyraldehyde which flows to the vaporiser Vent Condensate Drum and the vapours are vented to the fuel gas header. The fuel gas generated has heating value and can be used for heating other process streams in the plant. The Aldehyde solution is further subjected to a stabilisation and Isomer separation process that produces n/i Butyraldehyde. n-Butyyraldehyde is sent to intermediate storage for the production of n-Butanol and 2-Ethyl Hexanol. The Butanol unit is designed to produce normal Butanol (n- BuOH) and iso Butanol (iBuOH). A) Alcohol Process (n-BuOH & i-BuOH) The Butanol unit contains the following sections:

Vapour Phase Hydrogenation. Refining System

Normal Butanol and iso-Butanol are produced directly from mixed Butyraldehyde by hydrogenation. The downstream refining train consists of a series of distillation columns that produces n-Butanol and i-Butanol which are routed to storage. B) 2-Ethylhexanol (2-EH) The 2-EH Unit contains the following sections:






Aldolisation. Ethyl-3-Propyl Acrolein (EPA) Hydrogenation. Refining System. Water Stripper and Vacuum System.

EPA is formed by the Aldolisation of n-Butyraldehyde to Butyraldol and then dehydration of the Butyraldol to 2-Ethyl-3-Propyl Acrolein (EPA) under the presence of an aqueous catalyst. n-Butyraldehyde feed is fed to the Aldol reactor. The product, unreacted reactants and from the aldol reactor pass forward to the high performance pipe reactor (HPPR). The reaction products are cooled and then decanted to remove the aqueous phase in the decanter. The major portion of aqueous phase leaving for the decanter is recycled to the reactor and a small is passed to a water treatment facility. The cooled product, EPA is purified in distillated tower. Slippage of unreacted n-BAL being taken as an overhead product is recycled to the reactor. High boils byproducts being taken as a bottom products are passed to a liquid fuel tank. Purified EPA being taken as a side cut product is fed directly to hydrogenation reactor where it is hydrogenation to form crude 2- Ethylhexanol product. The hydrogenation reactor feed, EPA is liquid phase. EPA and hydrogen are fed to the reactor. The liquid reactants pass downwards through reactor with hydrogenation catalyst. The hydrogenation reaction is exothermic; the heat cooled down by recycle of cooled product 2- Ethylhexanol. The 2-Ethyl Hexanol (2 EH) product is cooled and then separated from the recycle hydrogen gas in the catch-pot, and degassed. The recycle gas leaving the catch-pot and flash hydrogen are compressed and recycled to the hydrogenation reactor. The crude 2-Ethyl Hexanol is distilled to remove low boils components and high boils under vacuum to remove the lights which are unreacted organics, water and dissolved gases. The low boils are removed the overhead after condensation. The high boils are removed from the bottom of tower. The final product 2-Ethylhexanol is produced from the side of tower, and via the cooler to storage in the 2-EH Test Tank. Aqueous effluents from the Oxo Unit, BuOH Refining, 2-EH refining and Aldolisation sections, and the condensate from the vacuum package are routed to the water stripper section. Here the organic content is recovered for use as fuel and the stripped water passes to the battery limit for OSBL effluent treatment.






2.4 Raw material / Product storage Polymer grade Propylene, the raw material is stored in bullets located within BPCL-KR. Therefore no storage has been envisaged inside the PDPP Complex. Offsite storage facilities are designed to store and transfer feed, finished products. The list of offsite storage tanks, capacity of each tank and number of tanks are mentioned in table 2.5 below and the same is shown in overall plot plan.

Table 2.5 Details of product storage

Products Capacity (Metric Tonne)

Quantity (Nos.)

Total Capacity (Metric Tonne)

AA 1000 2 2000

BA 4000 2 8000

2-EHA 1500 2 3000

2-EH 1500 2 3000

N-BuOH 1500 2 3000

i-BuOH 250 2 500

Apart from the above storage facilities as per requirement will be provided for Product rundown, intermediates, solvents and chemicals.

2.4.1 Logistics Below mentioned products shall be produced from PDDP Complex. These are targeted to be sold mainly in the domestic market. A small quantity of products is proposed to be exported to SEA, Western Europe, Middle East and Africa after the domestic demand is satisfied. The modes and routes of transfer of products are shown in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6: PDPP Product Movement Modes

Products Quantity

In KTPA Type of vehicle required for road transport

EAA (Ester grade Acrylic acid) 47 Drums in trucks

BA (Butyl Acrylate) 180 Bulk Tankers / Drums in trucks

EHA (2- Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate) 10 Bulk Tankers / Drums in trucks

N- Butanol 38 Bulk Tankers / Drums in trucks

I- Butanol 7 Bulk Tankers / Drums in trucks

2-EH (2-Ethyl Hexanol) 47 Bulk Tankers / Drums in trucks

The above mentioned products shall be dispatched in Trucks / Tankers to domestic markets. Transport to overseas market shall be via Ship.






2.5 UTILITIES CONSUMPTION

A Build Own Operate (BOO) facility is being set up as a part of IREP, close to the refinery for supply of raw materials such as feed, utilities, off site facilities etc. The PDPP shall also source its requirement of Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Synthesis gas and Oxygen from the BOO plant. Hence considerable synergy exists between the PDPP project and BPCL-KR.

2.5.1 Synergy between IREP & PDPP

o Supply of feedstock, treated raw water, DM water and power from BPCL-KR.

o Supply of Synthesis gas, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen from Build Own & Operate

(BOO) plant being set up by third party within the premises of BPCL-KR.

o Reprocessing of blow down streams from PDPP in RO plant / Condensate Polishing Unit (CPU) of BPCL-KR’s IREP Project.

o Final treatment of Waste Water from PDPP in BPCL-KR ETP. This is illustrated in figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6: Synergy between IREP & PDPP

2.5.2 Water requirement Fresh water requirement for the proposed Propylene Derivative Petrochemical Project is 391 m3/hr (net quantity). This is met from BPCL Kochi Refinery for which authorization has already been obtained by BPCL-KR. Source of water for BPCL-KR is from Periyar River. BPCL - KR has consent from the Govt of Kerala for drawing water from Periyar River up to 3083.3 m3/hr. The projected demand for PDPP complex along with BPCL-KR existing consumption and IREP requirement is within the allocated quantity. Raw water will be used for various purposes such as, make up for cooling water, DM water /Boiler Feed






Water (BFW) supply from refinery, drinking water. The water balance for PDPP is depicted in figure-2.7.

Figure 2.7: Water balance

Normal fire water make-up requirement is 5-10 m3/hr. Fire water requirement shall met from available fire water network at BPCL-KR.

2.5.3 Power Consumption: Approximately 25 MW of power is required for the proposed PDPP as mentioned in Table-2.7. The total power requirement shall be met from the Captive power plants of Refinery.

Table 2.7: Breakup of power requirement of PDPP

Consumer Normal consumption (MW)

Process Units 14 Utility and Offsite 10.6

Total 24.6

Backup power for PDPP complex shall be met from electrical grid which is part of the refinery. Thus no separate power facilities have been envisaged for PDPP.






2.5.4 Fuel Requirement The fuel requirements for proposed complex are given in Table 2.8.

Table 2.8 Fuel Consumption

PDPP COMPLEX FUEL DEMAND

Unit Consumption Vaporized LPG for PDPP complex Kg/hr 1213

Note: LNG is proposed to be used as an alternate fuel. The figure indicated above is the net Fuel consumption after considering internal generation of gas/liquid fuel streams from the process. Emissions have been worked out with low sulphur fuel oil combination firing.

2.5.5 Cooling Water System: Cooling water requirement for all the new facilities in the PDPP complex will be entirely met through new re-circulating cooling water system operating with treated raw water as makeup. The make-up water for the cooling water system shall be pumped from the raw water system of BPCL (KR) complex by cooling water make up pumps. PDPP complex cooling tower blow down shall be routed to BPCL-KR.

2.6 EMISSIONS FROM PROPOSED UNITS

The emissions in terms of air, wastewater, solid & hazardous wastes are estimated to be generated from proposed project is given in succeeding sections.

2.6.1 Air Environment

Two stacks are envisaged from process units for release of emissions. Off gases and other waste gases generated from the process units are routed to waste incineration unit for treatment. Air emissions released from the same is tabulated in below table 2.9.






Table 2.9 Details of air emissions

Acrylic Acid Process

Flow Rate Gas Composition Suggested Treatment Methods

Max Stack Emission to Atmosphere

Off Gas 84 tons/hr Molecular wt - 27.7 wt % Nitrogen – 83.28 % Oxygen – 4.77 % Argon – 1.41 % CO – 0.96 % CO2 – 2.78 % C2 ,C3 – 0.39 % Organics including Acrolein , Acetic acid etc – 0.39 % Water – 6 %

Waste Incineration Unit

SOX ≤ 200 mg/Nm3 NOX ≤ 100 mg/Nm3 HCL ≤ 50 mg/Nm3 CO ≤ 100 mg/Nm3 Cl2 ≤ 5 mg/Nm3 Organics ≤ 20mg/Nm3

Relief from Oxidation Reactor

As per design Routed to flare

Emergency

Acrylates Process Effluent gas 53000nm3/hr Waste

Incineration Unit

SOX ≤ 200mg/Nm3 NOX ≤ 400mg/Nm3 CO ≤ 100mg/Nm3 Particulate ≤ 50mg/Nm3

Oxo Alcohol Process Vacuum Package Vent Tank Vent Gas LP OFF Gases

2.0 Nm3/hr (Nor) 3.0 Nm3/hr

Saturated with organics ,mainly 2-EH


High pressure off gas

4000 Nm3/hr Routed to flare

Emergency only

VOC Emissions

VOC shall be emitted from Fugitive Emission, Vent Gas of Product storage tank & Loading Area of Acrylic Acid, Butyl Acrylate, 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate, N-butanol, Iso Butanol & Vent Gas of SAP (future) Process. VOC emissions shall be suitably addressed in the detailed engineering stage.

2.6.2 Water Environment

About 35 m3/hr of effluent is generated from PDPP which is routed to IREP ETP for treatment and recycle. IREP ETP is having provision for treating 50 m3/hr of waste water generated from PDPP. The summary of effluent generated from PDPP is shown in below table 2.10.






Table 2.10 Effluent summary Acrylic Acid Process

Flow rate Quality Suggested treatment methods

Final quality

Waste water 16.4 tons/hr Water: 92.59% Acetic Acid: 4.17% Formaldehyde: 1.89% COD: 83wtppm

Incineration COD : 125 ppm

Liquid Organic waste

0.24 tons/hr Polymer: 39.22% Dimer Acrylic Acid:23.55% Hydroquinone: 25.17% Phenothiazine: 5.30% MEHQ: 3.15%

Incineration

Acrylates Process Waste water 16.0 tons/hr COD ≤ 125wtppm

Oil ≤ 50wtppm Temperature ≤ 50°C Cu : 1 ppm

Either incineration or routing to IREP ETP as per licenser advise

Oxo Alcohol Process Waste water

2.35 m3/hr (nor.) 3.0 m3/hr(max)

COD : 500 ppmw BOD : 100 ppm mg/l Total Phosphate : 0.1 mol/l (max.) Org. Sodium Salt : 50 ppmw (max.)

Either incineration or routing to IREP ETP as per licenser advise

Aldol effluent 0.3 m3 /hr (nor) 0.6 m3/hr (max)

COD : 80,000 mg/l (max) BOD : 50,000 mg/l (max) NaOH : 0.5 wt% Na Butyrate : 5 wt% C8 Heavies : 1 wt%


The liquid effluent shall be routed to IREP ETP for treatment and shall meet all standards specified by MoEF. Effluent with higher COD will be routed to waste incineration unit. Contaminated Rain water: Actual quantity and quality of Contaminated Rain Water (CRW) will depend on the intensity of the rain on particular day. About 1000 m3/day of CRW is estimated from PDPP plot area. First 15 minutes of accumulated contaminated rain water (CRW) from the PDPP complex shall be routed to an oil water separator and will be reused.

Blow-down: CT blow down is being sent from PDPP to IREP RODM Plant and shall be considered under combined flow for handling / treatment / recovery. No treatment is envisaged in PDPP.






Sanitary Effluent: Sanitary waste from the Petrochemical complex shall be routed to a sanitary effluent treatment package unit. The package unit shall consist of physical removal of suspended solids and biological treatment for the removal of BOD and COD. This step will be complemented by filtration and adsorption followed by chlorine disinfections before discharging to green belt.

Following shall be the design conditions for Sanitary Effluent Streams:

Design Flow of STP: 5 m3/hr

Table No. 2.11 Quality of Sanitary effluent

Parameter Concentration BOD 200 COD 400 TSS 200

All units are in mg/l.

Sanitary effluent shall be treated to meet total suspended solids < 100 mg/l and BOD3 days, 270C < 100 mg/l.

2.6.3 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

The solid waste generated in the PDPP complex is described in table 2.12. Some quantities of solid waste are expected to be generated during the construction phase. These wastes shall be disposed as per statutory requirements. Solid waste generated will be disposed by Landfill / incineration methods that will comply with all statutory requirements.

Table-2.12 - Handling of Solid waste

Acrylic Acid Process Suggested treatment methods Polymer residue : 3 kg/hr Third party vendor for disposal Spent catalyst: 130 m3 in 40 months Shipped back to vendor for precious metal

recovery Acrylates Process Heavy ends Used as fuel in the process Oxo Alcohol Process Spent Catalyst Secure landfill or shipped back to vendor for

metal recovery

Details of spent catalysts generated from PDPP are given in below table 2.13.






Table 2.13 Catalyst Summary for PDPP

Catalyst Name Quantity (m3) Replacement

Remarks

Oxidation Catalyst Initial Charge (Proprietary)

Catalyst-1 : 65.4 Catalyst-2 : 65.4

40 months Spent Catalyst shipped back to the vendor for reprocessing

Feed Purification adsorbent -1

48.4 36 months Disposal to landfill

Feed Purification adsorbent -2

8.9 36 months Recovery of precious metal/landfill

Feed Deoxidation Catalyst

2.3 36 months Recovery of precious metal/landfill

Oxo reactor 16 kg 24 months 3.6 kg/annum make up

Proprietary Catalyst 585 kg 2.64 ton/annum make up

Hydrogenation Catalyst

106.5 ton 24 months Recovery of precious metal

2.6.4 Noise Emission

The overall noise levels in and around the proposed petrochemical complex shall be kept well within the standards by providing noise control measures including acoustic hoods, silencers, enclosures etc. on all sources of noise generation. The ambient noise levels conform to the standards prescribed under Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 Rules, and 1989.

2.7 Environment Measures

2.7.1 Proposed Air Pollution Control Measures

In order to minimize the impact of the proposed project on the environment, due attention is given for implementing effective pollution control measures. Emissions from the PDPP complex will be as per statutory norms. The PDPP complex will be designed in such a way that the total emission from the facility will meet all the applicable standards / stipulations.

To control fugitive emissions following measures will be taken:

Minimum number of flanges, valves etc. High grade gasket materials. Usage of state-of-art low leakage valves preferably with bellow seals. Usage of pumps with mechanical seals. Provisions of double seal in some storage tanks. Provision of seals in the drains and manholes.

The emissions of SO2, NOx, SPM and CO, from the incinerators, shall be monitored as per statutory regulations. On-line emission analyzers shall be installed on all stacks. Control measures provided for each source of air emission is described in the following sections.






Waste gas / Waste Oil: The following waste streams from Acrylic Acid plant are burnt in the Waste Incineration Unit:

Gaseous waste consisting of off-gas and plant vent streams Liquid organic waste stream and waste water with high COD content

The waste Incinerator unit consists of Combustion chamber, burners, Steam boiler and super-heater, including off-gas stack. The organic waste stream as well as the organic content in the off-gas stream contributes to the heat balance. The waste streams are routed to the burner together with the required support fuel (Fuel oil/Vaporized LPG) and the incineration air. The incineration temperature reached inside the incineration chamber and the belonging retention time is sufficient to achieve a conversion of all compounds to be burned that will comply with emission regulations as per table 2.14. The hot flue gas from the combustion chamber can be utilized to generate steam, as well pre-heating boiler feed water. A Schematic diagram for incineration facility is shown in Figure 2.8.

Figure 2.8 Schematic diagram for incineration facility

Gaseous and Liquid waste streams from Acrylates and Oxo-alcohol unit shall also be incinerated and the emissions will comply with the stipulated regulations.

Table 2.14 Indian standard for Incineration

Pollutant Standard

(mg/Nm3)

PM 50

SO2 200

NOX 400

CO 100

Note: All monitored values shall be corrected to 11% oxygen on dry basis. The CO2 concentration in tail gas shall not be less than 7%. Developing Green Belt: As Green cover acts as a natural sink to pollutants, 40 acres of land have been allotted for developing the Green belt around the project site.






2.7.2 Water Pollution Management System Quality of water disposed from IREP ETP is given in table no. 2.15

Table No. 2.15: Quality of disposal of treated effluent from IREP

Sl. No. Parameters Value

1 Temperature Ambient 2 pH 6.0 – 8.5 3 Oil & Grease, mg/l 5 4 BOD3 days, 27 deg C, mg/l 15 5 COD, mg/l 125 6 Total Suspended Solids (TSS), mg/l 20 7 Sulphides, mg/l 0.5 8 Phenol, mg/l 0.35 9 Ammonia as N, mg/L 15 10 TKN, mg/L 40

11 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l ~5000 (Normal) /~7000 (Design)

2.7.3 Noise Pollution Management System

Noise Abatement Measures in Plant Area:

The overall noise levels in and around the proposed petrochemical complex shall be kept well within the standards by providing noise control measures including acoustic hoods, silencers, enclosures etc. on all sources of noise generation. The ambient noise levels conform to the standards prescribed under Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 Rules, and 1989.

2.7.4 Land Pollution Management System

For the protection of the land environment, BPCL will adopt environmentally sound solid waste management practices based on the philosophy of minimization of generation of solid waste and safe disposal of residual waste.

Groundwater monitoring: The quality of ground water shall be periodically monitored to ensure that there is no adverse impact of complex operations on the groundwater quality.





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CHAPTER-3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS





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3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

The monitoring network for the air quality surveillance program is based on the following considerations. Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale Topography of the study area Representation of regional background levels Representation of plant site Representation of cross sectional distribution in the downward direction Influence of the existing sources if any, are to be kept at minimum Inclusion of major distinct villages to collect the baseline status

3.1.1 Micrometeorological Data

Micro-meteorological data within the project area during the air quality survey period is an indispensable part of air pollution study. The meteorological data recorded during survey period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input to predictive models for air quality impacts.

Meteorological data

Primary data: Hourly data collected at site using AWS (3 months) Parameters like Wind speed, wind direction, Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall collected and computed to hourly results using Automatic Weather Station for 90 days near to the project site installed at >10 m height. Secondary data Available last 1 year (IMD Thiruvananthapuram) (Temperature, Humidity, Rainfall, wind direction and speed)

3.1.1.1 Historical Data

Historical data on meteorological parameters also plays an important role in identifying the general meteorological status of the region. Site specific data can be compared with historical data in order to identify changes which may have taken place due to the various developments in the area. Meteorological Data from IMD: As per the historical data (IMD), collected for one year at Naval Air station at Kochi (April 2012 to March 2013), the maximum mean wind speed (12.3 km/hr) was recorded in the month of May where the minimum mean wind speed (7.8 km/hr) in the month of June.

3.1.1.2 Meteorology – Data generated at plant site

Meteorology of the study zones plays an important role in the study of air pollution. Micrometeorological conditions at the proposed project site regulate the dispersion and dilution of air pollutants in the atmosphere. For this purpose an automatic weather station (Watch Dog 2000 series USA) was installed near the plant site for three months (March - May 2013) and recorded hourly observations for the parameters like Maximum and





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Minimum Temperatures (ºC), Relative Humidity (%), Wind Speed (km/hr), Wind direction,

Solar radiation (Watt/m2) and Rainfall (mm).

The hourly-recorded observations (wind velocity and wind directions) during 4 weeks study period are used in computing percentage frequencies (0-7 morning, 8-15 noon, 16-23 evening & 0-23 hrs) and are depicted in the form of „wind roses‟ in Fig 3.1.1. The predominant wind direction is WNW followed by NW with an average wind speed 9.4 kmph. Maximum and minimum temperature is 39.9 OC and 21 OC during the study period is given in Table 3.1.1.

Table 3.1.1 Summarised Primary Meteorological data

(Period: March – May 2013)

Month

Wind Speed

Temperature (0C)

Relative Humidity

(%) Rain fall

(mm) Solar

Radiation Watt/m2

(Kmph) Avg. Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min.

No. of rainy days

24-hours Highest Total Mean Max.

March 9.3 28.7 32.4 21.0 69 84 56 10 12 30.6 223 967 April 9.1 29.6 35.8 23.3 58 99 41 9 47 91.5 227 963 May 9.7 31.1 34.2 22.0 64 99 45 10 17 76.9 246 1029

0-7 Hours 8-15 Hours





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16-23 Hours 0-23 Hours

Fig 3.1.1 Primary Meteorological data –Wind Roses

Period: March - May 2013 3.1.2 Selection of AAQ stations

A network of Twelve (12) ambient air-sampling locations has been selected for assessment of the existing status of air environment within the study zone (Fig 3.1.2). The heights of the sampling locations were kept between 4 to 6 m in all the locations. After reconnaissance of the area and observing the topographical features and review of the available meteorological data and local conditions the sampling sites were chosen which will be the representative of the local areas under study.

Code Locations Distance

(KM) Direction Code Locations Distance

(KM) Direction

w.r.t Project w.r.t Project A1 Irumpanam --- W A7 Chottanikkara 2.3 SE A2 CISF Quarters 0.3 W A8 Maradu 5.6 SW A3 Eroor 0.6 WNW A9 Vytilla 5.0 WSW A4 Bramahapuram 0.9 N A10 Nettur 7.5 SW A5 Puthencruz 1 E A11 Nalakkam 7.2 NW A6 Karimukal 1.4 ENE A12 Kolancheri 8.5 E





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Fig 3.1.2 Map showing Ambient Air sampling Locations 3.1.3 Existing AAQ status

Pollutants like PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, O3, NH4, C6H6, HC and Non Methane Hydrocarbons were selected and analyzed. The methodology of sampling and analysis in detail are given in the following tables.





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Parameters sampling duration

Attribute Parameter Frequency of Monitoring

AAQ

PM10,PM 2.5 , SO2, NOx, CO, O3, NH4, C6H6, HC & Non Methane Hydrocarbons

24 hr sampling for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, HC & Non methane Hydrocarbons. 8 hr sampling for O3 & CO. Sampling height varies between 3-6 m above ground level.

Table 3.1.2: Ambient Air Quality - Methodology

Pollutant Method of analysis

Varia

bles

D

ust PM10 Particulate Matter Gravimetric (Fine Dust Sampler)

PM2.5 Particulate Matter Gravimetric (Fine Dust Sampler)

Gas

es

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide Improved West and Geake Method

NOx Nitrous Oxides Jacob & Hochheisser Modified Na - Arsenate

O3 Ozone Spectrophotometric Method CO Carbon monoxide Gas Chromatography NH4 Ammonia Indo Phenol Blue Method C6H6 Benzene Gas Chromatography HC Methane Hydrocarbons Gas Chromatography

NHC Non methane Hydrocarbons Gas Chromatography Installation Install at a place where representative results anticipated of the area and away from local

activities. At least 15 m distance from local sources Sampling height: 4-6 m (free from obstructions).

Rota meter flow: 0.2 LPM

Impinger: Capacity 35 ml, 22 cm in length and 2.6 cm wide, impinging end of the tube 1 mm bore

size.

Manometer: Average >1.1 cu.m/minute

Sampling duration 24 hr sampling for SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, HC & Non methane Hydrocarbons. 8

hr sampling for O3, CO. During 3 month season monitoring period each week 2 samples will be collected at each

site during 12 week survey period. Samples will be collected in such a way that all days in a week (Monday to Saturday) will

be covered.





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Fig 3.1.3 Measuring instruments 3.1.4 Results and Discussion The AAQ survey has been carried out at 12 locations within the study zone. Measurement of the actual, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, O3, NH4, C6H6, HC and Non Methane Hydrocarbons levels help to understand the existing environmental scenario. The results of SO2, NOx, SPM and PM10 & Ozone, Benzene & Ammonia are expressed in g/m3, CO expressed in mg/m3, where as the results of HC is expressed in ppm. Various statistical parameters like standard deviation, geometric mean, minimum, maximum concentrations and different percentiles have been computed from the data generated during sampling in all sampling stations (Tables 3.1.3 to 3.1.11).

Table 3.1.3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Sl. No.

Pollutant Time Weighted Average

Concentration in Ambient Air Industrial,

Residential, Rural & other

areas

Ecologically Sensitive

Area

Methods of measurement

1.0 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Annual Average*

50 µg/m3 20 µg/m3 -Improved West and Gaeke

24 hours** 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 -Ultraviolet Fluorescence





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2.0 Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2

Annual Average*

40 µg/m3 30 µg/m3 -Modified Jacob & Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite)

24 hours** 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 -Chemiluminiscence

3.0 Particulate Matter , Size<10 µ

Annual Average*

60 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 -Gravimetric -TOEM

24 hours** 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 -Beta attenuation

4.0 Particulate Matter , Size<2.5 µ

Annual Average*

40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3 -Gravimetric -TOEM

24 hours** 60 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 -Beta attenuation

5.0 Ozone O3 8 hours** 100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 -UV Photometric

-Chemilminescence

1 hour 180 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 Chemical method

6.0 Lead(Pb)

Annual Average*

0.5 µg/m3 0.5 µg/m3 -AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

24 hours** 1.0 µg/m3 1.00 µg/m3 -ED-XRF using Teflon filter

7.0 Carbon Monoxide (CO)

8 hours** 2 mg/m3 2 mg/m3 -Non Dispersive Infra red(NDIR)

1 hour 4 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3 Spectroscopy

8.0 Ammonia (NH3)

Annual Average*

100 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 -Chemiluminescence

24 hours** 400 µg/m3 400 µg/m3 -Indophenol blue method

9.0 Benzene Annual Average*

05 µg/m3 05 µg/m3 -Gas chromotography based continues analyser

-Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis

10.0 Benzo(a) Pyrene (BaP)

Annual Average*

01 ng/m3 01 ng/m3 -Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis

11.0 Arsenic (As)

Annual Average*

06 ng/m3 06 ng/m3 - AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

12.0 Nickel (Ni)

Annual Average*

20 ng/m3 20 ng/m3 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a Week 24 hrs

at uniform interval. ** 4 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it

may exceed but not on two consecutive days.





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Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the

limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate reason to initiate regular or continuous monitoring and further investigation.

PM10 (Particulate Matter) During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the average values of PM10 for all the monitoring stations ranging from 47.7 to 59.2 µg/m3 (Table 3.1.4). The lowest value was observed as 30.0 µg/m3 at Vytilla and the highest value was observed as 78.0 µg/m3 at Irumpanam. From the Table 3.1.3, it can be observed that the 98th percentile values of all locations are well within the prescribed limits of 100 µg/m3. PM2.5 (Particulate Matter) During the monitoring period, it has been observed that the average values of PM2.5 for all the monitoring stations ranging from 27.7 to 34.6 µg/m3 (Table 3.1.5). The lowest value was observed as 17.1 at Vytilla and the highest value was observed as 46.8 µg/m3 Irumpanam. The prime sources of PM2.5 contribution are nearby industries as well as local domestic activities associated with residential areas, traffic or local construction. It can be observed that the 98th percentile values of all locations were found well below the standard value of 60 µg/m3 for residential/rural areas of National Ambient Air Quality standards given in Table 3.1.3. Sulphur Dioxide During the monitoring period, the average concentration of SO2 is ranging from 7.2 to 9.2 µg/m3 (Table 3.1.6). The lowest value recorded was 4.0 µg/m3 at Karimukal and the highest value was 12.8 µg/m3 at Puthencruz followed by 12.1 µg/m3 at CISF quarters. The 98th percentile values were found well below the standard of 80 µg/m3 for residential/rural areas given in Table 3.1.3. Oxides of Nitrogen The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of NOx at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.1.7. During the monitoring period, the average NOx concentration was within the ranging from 13.4 to 18.5 µg/m3. The lowest value was observed as 8.6 µg/m3 at Brahmapuram and the highest value was observed as 25.2 µg/m3 at Puthencruz village, which indicate the local fluctuations in the vicinity and the industries at the site. The 98th percentile values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3 given in Table 3.1.3. Ozone The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of O3 at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.1.8. During the monitoring period, the average O3 concentration was within the range of 29.7 to 36.2 µg/m3. The lowest values were observed 18.0µg/m3 at Puthencruz and highest values 50.0 µg/m3 at Vytilla. The 98th percentile values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits of 100 µg/m3 given in Table 3.1.3. Ammonia The daily variations of ambient air quality in terms of Ammonia at various monitoring stations are given in Table 3.1.9. During the monitoring period, the average NH3 concentration was within the range of 26.9 to 36.4 µg/m3. The lowest value was observed as 17.3 µg/m3 at Irumpanam. Irumpanam and the highest value was observed as 36.4 µg/m3 at CISF Quarters. The 98th





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percentile values at various stations were found within the prescribed limits of 400 µg/m3 given in

Table 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide The average concentrations of CO ranging from 0.30 to 0.61 mg/m3 (Table 3.1.10). Averaging the concentrations for the 10 stations showed, had the highest average (AM) concentration with 0.61 mg/m3 at Puthencruz. However these concentrations are still well within the prescribed standards of 2.0 µg/m3 as given in Table 3.1.3 Hydrocarbons Methane Hydrocarbons average concentrations values ranging from 0.18 to 0.23 ppm. Whereas Non methane hydrocarbons were found below detectable limits. Benzene, Toluene & Xylene Sampling for analyses of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene are done specifically for CISF Quarters, Brahmapuram, Puthencruz, Karimukal, Chottanikara and Maradu. Among these, Benzene Concentration is found to be within the average concentration of 0.40 µg/m3 at Chottanikkara and 1.31 µg/m3 highest concentrations at CISF Quarters. Toluene is found to be lowest of 0.48 µg/m3

at Karimukal and highest of 1.01 µg/m3 at CISF Quarters. Xylene is found to be below the detectable limit in all the monitoring locations.

Table 3.1.4 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Particulate Matter (PM10) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

No Location Min. Percentile Max. AM SD GM 35th 50th 85th 98th 1 Irumpanam 41.0 57.2 58.0 65.7 75.1 78.0 59.2 8.3 58.6 2 CISF Quarters 42.0 54.0 57.5 65.3 70.8 72.0 56.8 8.0 56.3 3 Eroor 34.0 48.0 50.0 55.1 61.2 64.0 49.8 6.2 49.4 4 Bramahapuram 44.0 56.1 59.0 65.1 69.5 70.0 58.3 7.0 57.9 5 Puthencruz 40.0 49.0 50.0 55.7 60.4 65.0 50.6 5.3 50.3 6 Karimukal 43.0 56.1 60.5 65.4 73.6 75.0 58.8 8.4 58.2 7 Chottanikkara 34.0 45.0 47.0 55.0 61.7 66.0 47.7 7.5 47.2 8 Maradu 35.0 44.1 47.5 59.6 62.0 62.0 48.6 9.1 47.8 9 Vytilla 30.0 45.0 48.0 57.9 62.4 64.0 48.4 8.8 47.6

10 Nettur 45.0 52.0 55.0 61.3 66.0 67.0 55.1 6.3 54.8





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Table 3.1.5 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Particulate Matter (PM2.5) All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

No. Location Min. Percentile Max. AM SD GM 35th 50th 85th 98th 1 Irumpanam 25.0 33.0 34.6 39.9 44.2 46.8 34.6 5.1 34.3 2 CISF Quarters 24.8 31.4 32.2 37.3 41.7 42.0 32.8 4.6 32.5 3 Eroor 21.0 27.4 29.0 32.5 36.3 36.5 29.1 4.0 28.8 4 Bramahapuram 24.9 32.0 33.8 38.0 39.9 40.1 33.5 4.3 33.3 5 Puthencruz 21.0 28.2 28.9 34.1 39.8 41.0 29.6 4.7 29.2 6 Karimukal 25.9 32.0 33.0 37.8 43.5 45.0 33.6 5.0 33.2 7 Chottanikkara 18.0 26.9 27.3 32.4 36.3 37.0 27.9 4.7 27.5 8 Maradu 20.5 24.1 27.3 33.6 35.8 36.6 27.7 5.1 27.3 9 Vytilla 17.1 26.6 27.5 34.0 35.6 36.0 28.1 4.8 27.7

10 Nettur 25.9 30.3 32.4 37.2 40.0 41.0 32.5 4.2 32.3

Table 3.1.6 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: (SO2)

All the following results are expressed in µg/m3


10 Nettur 4.2 7.9 8.5 10.4 11.4 11.5 8.5 1.8 8.3





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Table 3.1.7 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Nitrous Oxides (NOx)



10 Nettur 12.0 14.4 15.3 17.4 18.7 18.7 15.3 1.9 15.1 11 Nalakkam 10.5 13.6 15.4 18.6 19.9 20.2 15.4 2.9 15.1 12 Kolancheri 10.6 12.8 15.3 17.3 19.0 19.4 14.6 2.6 14.4

Table 3.1.8 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Ozone (O3)



10 Nettur 15.0 28.0 30.0 38.0 43.8 48.0 30.7 6.5 30.0





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Table 3.1.9 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Ammonia (NH3)


No. Location Min. Percentile Max. AM SD GM 35th 50th 85th 98th 1 Irumpanam 17.3 20.7 22.3 25.3 26.8 26.9 22.3 2.7 22.1 2 CISF Quarters 20.8 27.6 28.5 32.6 35.3 36.4 28.9 3.7 28.6 3 Eroor 17.6 21.7 23.1 25.5 27.7 28.6 22.9 2.7 22.8 4 Bramahapuram 20.8 26.1 27.5 30.7 33.5 34.0 27.6 3.4 27.4 5 Karimukal 20.4 24.8 26.8 31.6 34.5 35.0 27.0 4.0 26.7

Note: Ammonia concentration at Puthencruz, Chottanikkara, Maradu, Vytilla and Nettur were found to be below detectable limits.

Table 3.1.10 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results

Name of the pollutant: Carbon Monoxide (CO) All the following results are expressed in mg/m3


10 Nettur 0.06 0.35 0.45 0.65 0.81 1.00 0.46 0.20 0.41

Table 3.1.11 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Methane Hydrocarbons All the following results are expressed in ppm


10 Nettur 0.12 0.18 0.24 0.31 0.36 0.37 0.23 0.08 0.22





Page 45 of 195


Name of the pollutant: Benzene All the following results are expressed in µg/m3

No. Location Min. Percentile Max. AM SD GM 35th 50th 85th 98th 1 CISF Quarters 0.12 0.91 1.52 2.15 2.74 3.02 1.31 0.93 0.79 2 Bramahapuram 0.12 1.08 1.25 1.87 2.21 2.34 1.14 0.72 0.78 3 Puthencruz 0.12 0.39 0.54 1.00 1.34 1.48 0.59 0.38 0.46 4 Karimukal 0.12 0.18 0.30 0.89 1.15 1.26 0.44 0.34 0.33 5 Chottanikkara 0.12 0.21 0.31 0.67 0.99 1.02 0.40 0.26 0.32 6 Maradu 0.12 0.58 0.79 1.04 1.43 1.58 0.70 0.42 0.53

Table 3.1.13 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results Name of the pollutant: Toluene


No. Location Min. Percentile Max. AM SD GM 35th 50th 85th 98th 1 CISF Quarters 0.12 0.48 0.94 1.92 2.05 2.06 1.01 0.76 0.64 2 Bramahapuram 0.15 0.26 0.34 1.38 1.91 1.94 0.67 0.60 0.46 3 Puthencruz 0.14 0.25 0.47 1.33 1.63 1.76 0.64 0.51 0.46 4 Karimukal 0.12 0.27 0.37 0.87 1.17 1.26 0.48 0.34 0.37 5 Chottanikkara 0.13 0.74 0.93 1.54 1.85 1.86 0.92 0.54 0.70 6 Maradu 0.12 0.39 0.87 1.55 1.81 2.01 0.84 0.59 0.60

Fig 3.1.4 AAQ of Particulate matter (PM10 & PM2.5) Period: March – May

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10Limits

PM10 PM2.5

98

th p

erce

nti

les

Locations

PM10 & PM2.5





Page 46 of 195

Fig 3.1.5 AAQ of Gaseous Concentration (SO2, NOx & O3)

Period: March - May 3.1.5 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring by BPCL-KR

BPCL-KR is conducting ambient air quality monitoring on regular basis at about 5 locations within refinery premises. A summary of results for the period June 2013 to November 2014 is indicated in table 3.1.14. From the table it can be noted that all parameters were found within permissible limits. Also the parameters monitored by Pragathi Labs Limited, during March to May 2013 were also in conformance with the values given in table 3.1.14 except for ozone.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10

SO2 NOx O3

98

th p

erce

nti

les

Locations

SO2, NOx & O3





Page 47 of 195


Month

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

g/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

g/m3

Particulate matter

g/m3 (Size less

than 10 m)

Particulate matter

g/m3 (Size less

than 2.5 m)

Ozone (O3)

g/m3 (8 hrs)

Lead (Pb)

g/m3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3 (8hrs)

Ammonia (NH3)

g/m3

Benzene (C6H6)

g/m3

Benzo (a) Pyrene (BaP) ng/m3

Arsenic (As) ng/m3

Nickel (Ni) ng/m3

June 2013 12.85 - 20.44

15.33 - 23.45

52.08 - 75.00

19.00 – 27.00

BDL ( MDL – 20

g/m3)

0.026 - 0.035

0.50 – 0.90

38.83 - 53.11

BDL (MDL- 1

g/m3)

BDL (MDL – 0.5 ng/m3)

BDL (MDL – 4 ng/m3)

BDL (MDL – 10 ng/m3)

July 2013 11.92 - 14.29

14.43 - 18.19

59.86 - 78.59

18.00 – 29.00

BDL 0.035 - 0.040

0.70 – 1.00

42.85 - 47.28

BDL BDL BDL BDL

August 2013

12.40 - 17.35

15.33 - 20.75

68.61 - 80.76

20.00 – 32.00

BDL 0.021 - 0.041

0.50 - 1.00

42.09 - 52.91

BDL BDL BDL BDL

September 2013

12.18 - 14.59

14.80 - 18.64

49.68 - 81.31

19.36 - 24.26

BDL 0.027 - 0.042

0.60 – 1.00

46.37 - 53.92

BDL BDL BDL BDL

October 2013

13.04 - 14.45

14.28 - 17.47

53.74 - 60.75

18.20 - 24.64

BDL 0.021 - 0.037

0.50 – 0.90

47.69 - 51.90

BDL BDL BDL BDL

November 2013

10.38 - 13.29

13.60 - 16.10

38.25 - 53.22

18.50 - 23.25

BDL 0.024 - 0.035

0.50 – 0.80

36.79 - 48.88

BDL BDL BDL BDL

December 2013

11.77 - 13.69

13.45 - 16.24

41.85 - 51.11

17.30 - 22.26

BDL 0.021 - 0.034

0.50 – 0.90

38.62 - 48.88

BDL BDL BDL BDL

January 2014

11.79 - 12.51

13.30 -

34.37 - 50.05

18.79 - 21.29

BDL 0.025 - 0.032

0.60 - 0.90

41.03 - 47.48

BDL BDL BDL BDL





Page 48 of 195

16.61 February 2014

11.78 - 13.55

14.43 - 16.38

34.11 - 43.22

18.87 - 19.37

BDL 0.020 - 0.033

0.50 – 0.90

36.81 - 45.86

BDL BDL BDL BDL

March 2014

11.62 - 13.56

13.98 - 16.23

38.28 - 50.1

19.06 - 23.90

BDL 0.024 - 0.036

0.50 – 0.80

39.23 - 47.68

BDL BDL BDL BDL

April 2014

11.57 - 13.32

14.43 - 16.54

39.06 - 43.02

18.39 - 23.60

BDL 0.027 - 0.033

0.40 – 0.80

38.02 - 42.25

BDL BDL BDL BDL

May 2014 11.57 - 13.32

14.43 - 16.54

39.06 - 43.02

18.39 - 23.60

BDL 0.027 – 0.033

0.40 – 0.80

38.02 - 42.25

BDL BDL BDL BDL

June 2014 10.87 - 12.46

13.60 - 16.39

35.62 - 43.85

18.35 - 22.36

BDL 0.026 – 0.038

0.40 – 0.90

33.20 - 42.25

BDL BDL BDL BDL

July 2014 12.20 - 12.95

14.43 - 15.71

33.22 - 43.22

18.78 - 23.23

BDL 0.032 – 0.037

0.50– 0.80

35.58 - 41.04

BDL BDL BDL BDL

September 2014

11.44 – 13.78

16.53 - 22.63

40.41 - 47.62

20.90 - 22.67

BDL 0.027 – 0.033

0.60 – 0.70

39.09 - 42.13

BDL BDL BDL BDL

October 2014

13.74 - 16.75

20.67 - 23.83

44.37 - 51.59

18.95 - 24.05

BDL 0.027 – 0.037

0.50 – 0.90

37.53 - 42.46

BDL BDL BDL BDL

November 2014

14.57 - 28.71

21.25 - 58.46

34.05 - 71.50

19.74 - 24.02

BDL 0.027 – 0.037

0.60 – 0.90

37.30 - 45.02

BDL BDL BDL BDL

NAAQS

LIMIT

80

g/m3

80

g/m3

100

g/m3

60

g/m3

100

g/m3

1.0

g/m3

2.0 mg/m3

400

g/m3

5.0

g/m3

1.0

ng/m3

6.0 ng/m3

20 ng/m3





Page 49 of 195

3.2 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

The word noise arose from the Latin word „nauseas‟, it is a loud outcry or commotion that is unpleasant, unexpected, or undesired with various frequencies over the audible range due to the regular activities of the mankind primarily Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human, animal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of humans or animals life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly evolved from Industries, constructions and transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise, poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution.

Industrial Noise resulting to noise pollution has many reasons such as industries being close to human habitats which prevent the noise from decaying before it reaches human ear.

A determination is made of the micro scale impact by predicting anticipated noise levels for each alternative during both construction and operational phases. Predicted noise levels are compared with applicable standards or criteria in order to assess the impact.

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise in general sound which comprises of many frequency components with different variations in loudness over the audible frequency range.

Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loud levels, the response of the human ear to sound is dependent on the frequency of the sound and this has led to the concept of weighting scales. In the "A-weighting" scale, the sound pressure levels for the lower frequencies and higher frequencies are reduced by certain amounts before they are being combined together to give one single sound pressure level value. This value is designated as dB (A). The dB (A) is often used as it reflects more accurately the frequency response of the human ear. A perceived loud noise has a high dB or dB (A) value and a soft noise has a low one. The human ear has peak response around 2,500 to 3,000 Hz and has a relatively low response at low frequencies.

Fig 3.2.1 Measuring instrument (noise)





Page 50 of 195

3.2.1 Noise Levels

Noise levels have been monitored at different points within the study zone and on the spot measurement device used is “Lutron SL 4001”, manufactured by Lutron Electronic. Keeping in view of various local activities such as residential, commercial and Industrial activities 5 noise level measurement locations were identified and the sites are depicted in the Fig 3.2.1.

Fig 3.2.2 Map Showing Noise Sampling Locations





Page 51 of 195

Code Location Name Code Location Name

N1 Project Site T1 At Refinery N2 Barge Area Near CISF

Quarters T2 NH49 Hill Palace

N3 Ambalamugal T3 Puthencruz N4 Puthencruz T4 NH47 Near Vytilla N5 Mamala T5 NH17 at Eddapally

3.2.2 Methodology of Noise measurement

For Noise levels measured over a given period of time interval, it is possible to describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the percent of the time as certain noise levels are exceeding the time interval. The notations for the statistical quantities of noise level are given below:

L10 is the noise level exceeded 10% of the time. L50 is the noise level exceeded 50% of the time and L90 is the noise level exceeded 90% of the time Equivalent Sound Pressure Level (Leq)

The Leq is the equivalent continuous sound level, which is equivalent to the same sound energy as the actual fluctuating sound measured in the same period. This is necessary because sound from noise source often fluctuates widely during a given period of time. This is calculated from the following equation

Leq=L50+ (L10–L90)2/60 Lday is defined as the equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during day (6 am to 10 pm). Lnight is defined as the equivalent noise level measured over a period of time during night (10 pm to 6 am).

A noise rating developed by Environment Protection Agency, USEPA for specification of community noise from all the sources is Day-Night Sound Level, (Ldn). Hourly noise recorded data and Lday values (16 hours) Lnight (8 hours) and Ldn (24 hours) are computed and tabulated.

Day–Night Sound levels (Ldn):

The noise rating developed for community noise from all sources is the Day-Night Sound Level, (Ldn). It is similar to a 24 hr equivalent sound level except that during night time period (10 pm to 6 am). A 10 dB (A) weighting penalty is added to the instantaneous sound level before computing the 24 hr average.

This is time penalty is added to account for the fact that noise during night when people usually sleep is judged as more annoying than the same noise during the daytime.

The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly Leq‟S, by the following equation.

Ldn = 10 log {1/24 [15(10 Ld/10) + 9 (10 (9Ln + 10)/10) ] }





Page 52 of 195

Where Ld is the equivalent sound level during the day time (6 am to 10 pm) and Ln is the

equivalent sound level during the night time (10 pm to 6 am). The statistical analysis is done for measured noise levels at 5 locations.

3.2.3 Data Analysis

The recorded sound levels for the months of March, April, May and June are given in Table 3.2.1 to 3.2.11. Out of all the 10 locations measured for noise levels, the sound levels recorded at Project site is found to be slightly on higher side 54.8 dBA followed by Petta Junction with 54.6 dBA. However the recorded levels are found to be within the standard Residential zone limits (i.e 55-45 dBA). However these levels were found to be well within the permissible limits (55-45 dBA). Other sites are also found within the residential limits.





Page 53 of 195

Table 3.2.1 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB (A))

Sampling Period: 03rd to 08th March, 2013

Site code N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 Hours

06:00 - 07:00 48 42 43 42 42 07:00 - 08:00 52 45 48 45 45 08:00 - 09:00 56 47 52 49 50 09:00 - 10:00 57 50 50 50 49 10:00 - 11:00 59 52 52 54 54 11:00 - 12:00 56 54 54 52 50 12:00 - 13:00 55 45 52 50 52 13:00 - 14:00 50 43 54 54 52 14:00 - 15:00 53 45 52 50 50 15:00 - 16:00 54 45 54 51 48 16:00 - 17:00 55 43 53 52 47 17:00 - 18:00 53 48 54 50 50 18:00 - 19:00 51 52 52 53 52 19:00 - 20:00 52 47 48 50 50 20:00 - 21:00 50 46 50 48 48 21:00 - 22:00 48 46 49 47 47

Minimum 48.0 42.0 43.4 42.0 42.0 Maximum 59.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 Day eq. 54.1 48.3 51.8 50.7 49.9

Day Limits 75 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 48 46 48 46 45 23:00 - 24:00 45 44 46 45 43 24:00 - 01:00 42 42 42 43 40 01:00 - 02:00 40 40 40 40 38 02:00 - 03:00 38 38 38 38 36 03:00 - 04:00 37 36 40 35 35 04:00 - 05:00 38 35 41 36 40 05:00 - 06:00 40 40 41 40 41

Minimum 37.0 35.0 38.0 35.0 35.0 Maximum 48.0 46.0 48.0 46.0 45.0 Night eq. 42.7 41.5 43.3 41.9 40.9

Limits 70 45 45 45 55 D/n eq 53.7 49.7 52.4 51.2 50.3

Area type Industrial Residential Residential Residential Residential Sampling

Date 03.03.2013 05.03.2013 04.03.2013 06.03.2013 8.03.2013

Codes Location Name

N1 Project Site N2 Barge Area Near CISF Quarters N3 Ambalamugal N4 Puthencruz N5 Mamala





Page 54 of 195

Table 3.2.2 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB(A))

Sampling Period: 14th to 17th March, 2013 (2nd quarter)


06:00 - 07:00 46 40 44 43 44 07:00 - 08:00 48 45 46 45 48 08:00 - 09:00 52 48 48 49 52 09:00 - 10:00 54 51 52 52 50 10:00 - 11:00 56 52 53 50 52 11:00 - 12:00 58 50 54 54 50 12:00 - 13:00 56 52 52 52 52 13:00 - 14:00 57 50 50 51 50 14:00 - 15:00 52 46 49 53 52 15:00 - 16:00 50 45 52 50 50 16:00 - 17:00 54 48 50 48 47 17:00 - 18:00 52 50 54 50 51 18:00 - 19:00 50 48 50 52 50 19:00 - 20:00 49 50 48 50 52 20:00 - 21:00 47 49 52 47 48 21:00 - 22:00 48 48 50 46 46


Day Limits 75 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 47 45 48 46 23:00 - 24:00 45 40 45 44 46 24:00 - 01:00 43 36 40 42 42 01:00 - 02:00 41 35 42 40 41 02:00 - 03:00 38 38 41 38 40 03:00 - 04:00 35 40 38 34 40 04:00 - 05:00 39 39 40 39 38 05:00 - 06:00 40 42 42 40 36

Minimum 35.0 35.0 38.0 34.0 40 Maximum 47.0 45.0 48.0 46.0 36.0 Night eq. 42.5 40.5 43.2 41.7 46.0

Limits 70 45 45 45 41.3 D/n eq 53.0 49.6 51.8 50.8 55


Date 14.03.2013 16.03.2013 18.03.2013 15.03.2013 17.03.2013

Codes Location Name






Page 55 of 195


Sampling Period: 21st to 25th March, 2013 (3rd quarter)


06:00 - 07:00 48 45 45 43 43 07:00 - 08:00 52 49 48 46 45 08:00 - 09:00 54 52 54 49 52 09:00 - 10:00 56 54 52 54 52 10:00 - 11:00 58 50 54 52 50 11:00 - 12:00 56 52 50 53 52 12:00 - 13:00 54 50 53 54 48 13:00 - 14:00 50 48 48 50 52 14:00 - 15:00 48 45 52 52 50 15:00 - 16:00 52 46 54 54 49 16:00 - 17:00 54 47 50 50 48 17:00 - 18:00 52 50 53 52 53 18:00 - 19:00 50 52 50 50 50 19:00 - 20:00 51 50 48 48 52 20:00 - 21:00 50 48 48 46 48 21:00 - 22:00 49 47 46 45 47


Day Limits 75 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 48 47 45 45 45 23:00 - 24:00 47 42 43 43 42 24:00 - 01:00 45 40 40 42 40 01:00 - 02:00 46 35 41 40 38 02:00 - 03:00 40 36 40 38 36 03:00 - 04:00 38 35 38 36 35 04:00 - 05:00 40 40 40 35 38 05:00 - 06:00 42 42 42 41 40


Limits 70 46 45 45 55 D/n eq 53.6 50.4 51.3 51.0 50.2


Date 21.03.2013 24.03.2013 25.03.2013 22.03.2013 23.03.2013

Codes Location Name N1 Project Site N2 Barge Area Near CISF Quarters N3 Ambalamugal N4 Puthencruz N5 Mamala





Page 56 of 195


Sampling Period: 21st to 25th April, 2013


06:00 - 07:00 45.3 40.2 43.4 41.5 39.5 07:00 - 08:00 48.6 43.4 46.5 43.6 41.8 08:00 - 09:00 50.2 45.6 49.6 46.7 43.4 09:00 - 10:00 53.8 46.4 50.4 49.8 45.6 10:00 - 11:00 55.4 48.5 50.8 50.4 48.4 11:00 - 12:00 56.7 44.6 51.2 50.8 50.1 12:00 - 13:00 55.2 49.6 51.8 51.6 51.5 13:00 - 14:00 53.7 50.4 50.5 49.7 49.6 14:00 - 15:00 54.5 51.2 51.7 50.5 50.4 15:00 - 16:00 51.4 48.5 52.8 51.3 50.8 16:00 - 17:00 52.4 49.2 53.4 52.4 51.7 17:00 - 18:00 53.1 50.7 54.2 53.5 52.3 18:00 - 19:00 54.6 47.5 52.7 51.8 51.4 19:00 - 20:00 53.2 46.5 51.4 50.7 50.6 20:00 - 21:00 52.4 44.2 50.2 48.4 49.3 21:00 - 22:00 51.8 43.1 48.5 46.5 47.6


Day Limits 75 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 51.6 42.5 47.3 45.2 45.4 23:00 - 24:00 50.4 40.4 44.8 43.2 43.2 24:00 - 01:00 47.5 38.7 42.7 41.7 41.5 01:00 - 02:00 45.2 37.5 42.5 40.8 39.1 02:00 - 03:00 40.7 36.8 42.2 40.4 38.4 03:00 - 04:00 38.6 36.3 41.7 39.6 37.7 04:00 - 05:00 37.6 36.2 41.9 39.2 37.3 05:00 - 06:00 37.2 38.8 42.6 39.5 38.2


Limits 70 45 45 45 45 D/n eq 54.8 48.2 52.2 50.8 50.1


Date 24.05.13 21.04.13 25.04.13 22.04.13 23.04.13

Codes Location Name






Page 57 of 195


Sampling Period: 26th to 30th April, 2013


06:00 - 07:00 43.2 42.6 42.7 42.5 40.8 07:00 - 08:00 42.5 44.7 44.6 44.6 42.5 08:00 - 09:00 47.6 47.5 46.8 47.3 44.6 09:00 - 10:00 52.6 49.6 48.5 48.7 46.8 10:00 - 11:00 55.8 50.4 50.3 50.2 49.5 11:00 - 12:00 57.3 48.5 51.6 49.6 50.8 12:00 - 13:00 58.2 49.2 50.7 50.5 51.4 13:00 - 14:00 54.7 50.1 51.3 51.3 50.3 14:00 - 15:00 50.5 50.7 51.8 51.7 49.5 15:00 - 16:00 48.2 51.4 52.4 52.4 50.6 16:00 - 17:00 50.8 48.4 52.8 52.8 51.2 17:00 - 18:00 51.6 47.5 53.5 51.6 51.8 18:00 - 19:00 52.3 50.6 51.8 51.1 51.3 19:00 - 20:00 50.2 50.4 49.6 50.4 50.4 20:00 - 21:00 49.7 48.3 48.5 47.3 47.3 21:00 - 22:00 47.5 46.5 46.4 45.4 46.2


Day Limits 75 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 46.2 43.2 45.2 44.7 43.2 23:00 - 24:00 45.8 41.5 44.7 42.5 41.5 24:00 - 01:00 43.2 38.4 42.5 41.7 40.4 01:00 - 02:00 40.8 36.8 41.8 41.4 38.6 02:00 - 03:00 38.4 36.3 41.4 40.8 38.4 03:00 - 04:00 37.6 36.1 40.6 40.4 38.2 04:00 - 05:00 36.4 37.4 40.3 39.8 38.7 05:00 - 06:00 36.5 38.2 41.2 40.1 39.4


Limits 70 45 45 45 45 D/n eq 52.6 49.1 51.3 50.7 49.7


Date 29.04.13 26.04.13 28.04.13 27.04.13 30.04.13

Codes Location Name






Page 58 of 195


Sampling Period: 01st to 05th May, 2013


06:00 - 07:00 44.6 44.7 43.1 40.8 40.3 07:00 - 08:00 45.7 47.3 45.4 43.1 43.7 08:00 - 09:00 49.6 48.4 48.6 45.6 46.8 09:00 - 10:00 52.8 49.2 50.4 49.7 48.4 10:00 - 11:00 53.2 49.7 51.8 51.4 50.5 11:00 - 12:00 54.6 50.5 52.5 50.8 49.7 12:00 - 13:00 53.2 50.2 50.6 48.5 50.3 13:00 - 14:00 50.8 50.8 51.2 50.6 50.8 14:00 - 15:00 51.6 51.4 51.8 51.7 51.4 15:00 - 16:00 51.8 52.3 52.7 53.2 51.6 16:00 - 17:00 50.2 51.7 53.8 52.7 52.3 17:00 - 18:00 53.6 51.1 54.4 52.4 52.1 18:00 - 19:00 54.9 50.3 52.7 51.5 51.8 19:00 - 20:00 53.2 48.7 51.8 50.2 49.8 20:00 - 21:00 51.8 48.4 49.4 48.5 47.7 21:00 - 22:00 49.6 46.5 47.5 47.4 45.4


Day Limits 75 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 47.3 43.7 45.2 44.3 44.6 23:00 - 24:00 46.8 41.8 43.4 42.5 42.5 24:00 - 01:00 45.2 40.5 41.7 40.8 41.7 01:00 - 02:00 42.6 39.8 41.4 40.3 40.8 02:00 - 03:00 40.9 39.4 41.2 39.4 40.4 03:00 - 04:00 37.6 38.2 40.8 38.5 39.8 04:00 - 05:00 35.3 38.5 41.5 38.2 39.2 05:00 - 06:00 34.2 39.2 41.9 38.7 39.5


Limits 70 45 45 45 45 D/n eq 52.6 50.1 51.7 50.5 50.4


Date 02.05.13 05.05.13 01.05.13 03.05.13 04.05.13

Codes Location Name N1 Project Site N2 Barge Area Near CISF Quarters N3 Ambalamugal N4 Puthencruz N5 Mamala





Page 59 of 195

Table 3.2.7 Hourly Noise data (Day and Night timings in Leq dB(A)) Sampling Period: 08th to 11th May, 2013

Site code N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5

Hours 06:00 - 07:00 46.2 41.3 42.5 43.5 42.5 07:00 - 08:00 48.2 43.5 45.2 47.6 46.4 08:00 - 09:00 49.6 47.4 49.6 49.3 49.3 09:00 - 10:00 52.7 49.5 52.3 52.5 49.8 10:00 - 11:00 54.8 50.2 52.7 53.2 51.4 11:00 - 12:00 56.1 48.4 51.6 51.7 50.2 12:00 - 13:00 54.2 47.6 51.8 50.4 48.3 13:00 - 14:00 52.3 48.4 50.2 49.5 49.6 14:00 - 15:00 54.4 46.7 52.6 50.1 50.4 15:00 - 16:00 52.7 45.3 52.8 51.3 48.4 16:00 - 17:00 55.8 46.4 53.5 51.7 51.6 17:00 - 18:00 54.3 48.2 51.7 52.5 50.2 18:00 - 19:00 52.9 50.5 50.8 51.6 49.8 19:00 - 20:00 50.7 47.3 48.6 50.6 47.3 20:00 - 21:00 48.6 45.3 49.6 48.7 48.6 21:00 - 22:00 45.5 44.8 48.2 45.2 46.7


Day Limits 75 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 45.2 40.8 46.2 43.5 42.5 23:00 - 24:00 44.8 41.6 45.8 43.2 42.7 24:00 - 01:00 44.3 39.4 43.2 41.6 41.5 01:00 - 02:00 42.8 38.4 40.7 40.8 40.5 02:00 - 03:00 41.6 35.4 41.2 40.2 40.6 03:00 - 04:00 40.2 36.2 40.6 38.5 37.3 04:00 - 05:00 39.7 35.6 40.3 40.8 39.6 05:00 - 06:00 40.6 37.3 39.7 40.5 40.7


Limits 70 45 45 45 45 D/n eq 52.8 47.9 51.7 50.9 49.9


Date 09.05.2013 08.05.2013 11.05.2013 06.05.2013 07.05.2013

Codes Location Name






Page 60 of 195


Sampling Period: 13th to 21st May, 2013


06:00 - 07:00 45.3 42.5 42.8 42.7 43.5 07:00 - 08:00 46.7 44.6 45.7 46.5 47.4 08:00 - 09:00 49.2 48.7 47.5 48.6 50.4 09:00 - 10:00 52.7 50.3 51.6 50.8 51.3 10:00 - 11:00 54.6 51.7 53.6 51.7 52.5 11:00 - 12:00 55.3 48.3 51.4 51.2 50.5 12:00 - 13:00 53.8 47.2 51.8 51.4 49.6 13:00 - 14:00 51.6 49.3 48.5 50.8 46.7 14:00 - 15:00 53.7 48.6 49.3 50.4 49.8 15:00 - 16:00 52.8 47.5 50.2 51.3 50.2 16:00 - 17:00 55.2 50.7 52.4 50.8 50.7 17:00 - 18:00 53.4 50.5 53.4 52.8 48.6 18:00 - 19:00 52.4 51.2 52.6 51.2 47.3 19:00 - 20:00 49.2 49.6 49.7 50.6 48.4 20:00 - 21:00 47.8 47.8 50.6 46.4 47.8 21:00 - 22:00 46.7 45.2 49.5 44.6 47.3


Day Limits 75 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 45.8 43.1 46.2 42.7 43.1 23:00 - 24:00 44.8 40.6 43.8 43.8 42.5 24:00 - 01:00 43.5 36.4 43.1 40.6 41.6 01:00 - 02:00 42.7 35.2 42.6 41.1 40.7 02:00 - 03:00 40.8 35.4 41.7 40.5 40.2 03:00 - 04:00 38.7 36.7 41.1 39.7 38.7 04:00 - 05:00 36.4 39.2 41.2 40.2 37.5 05:00 - 06:00 35.2 40.8 40.8 41.4 39.6


Limits 70 45 45 45 45 D/n eq 52.3 49.1 51.6 50.6 49.9


Date 14.05.2013 13.05.2013 21.05.2013 16.05.2013 17.05.2013

Codes Location Name






Page 61 of 195


Sampling Period: 20th to 28th May, 2013


06:00 - 07:00 46.5 43.7 45.8 43.2 43.8 07:00 - 08:00 47.3 45.2 48.3 45.8 47.6 08:00 - 09:00 48.6 47.6 50.2 49.2 51.2 09:00 - 10:00 51.6 49.7 54.6 50.7 52.6 10:00 - 11:00 53.6 51.6 54.8 51.4 51.3 11:00 - 12:00 55.3 48.6 53.1 51.8 50.8 12:00 - 13:00 53.7 50.8 52.6 50.6 48.6 13:00 - 14:00 51.8 50.6 54.1 49.5 50.3 14:00 - 15:00 55.6 48.5 52.4 49.3 47.4 15:00 - 16:00 50.6 49.1 48.6 50.8 49.8 16:00 - 17:00 51.3 51.2 51.7 51.4 50.6 17:00 - 18:00 52.7 50.3 52.8 52.5 53.2 18:00 - 19:00 53.8 51.4 51.2 51.7 50.6 19:00 - 20:00 51.8 49.1 50.7 49.3 48.5 20:00 - 21:00 48.6 47.3 49.3 47.4 47.3 21:00 - 22:00 46.5 45.7 47.3 45.8 48.1


Day Limits 75 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 44.7 43.5 46.3 42.6 44.2 23:00 - 24:00 43.5 41.8 45.7 41.5 43.3 24:00 - 01:00 42.7 38.6 45.2 40.7 41.2 01:00 - 02:00 41.8 36.4 43.4 38.6 40.5 02:00 - 03:00 40.2 35.2 43.1 37.3 38.7 03:00 - 04:00 39.5 36.7 40.8 37.7 40.7 04:00 - 05:00 39.2 40.5 40.4 39.6 40.2 05:00 - 06:00 40.7 41.6 38.6 40.5 40.8


Limits 70 45 45 45 45 D/n eq 52.0 49.6 52.5 50.1 50.6


Date 22.05.2013 20.05.2013 28.05.13 24.05.13 28.05.13

Codes Location Name






Page 62 of 195


Sampling Period: 3rd to 12th June, 2013


06:00 - 07:00 50.5 49.7 49.5 47.3 52.2 07:00 - 08:00 52.3 51.3 51.3 49.5 54.7 08:00 - 09:00 53.4 53.4 53.8 51.4 59.6 09:00 - 10:00 54.5 52.5 53.2 52.2 57.4 10:00 - 11:00 52.7 51.7 51.8 51.3 55.2 11:00 - 12:00 51.8 50.8 50.6 50.8 52.3 12:00 - 13:00 50.5 51.4 51.4 50.1 51.7 13:00 - 14:00 51.4 51.6 50.8 49.6 53.7 14:00 - 15:00 51.1 50.5 50.3 49.3 56.4 15:00 - 16:00 52.2 49.7 49.7 50.8 57.2 16:00 - 17:00 53.6 51.4 52.6 51.7 60.5 17:00 - 18:00 53.2 52.6 52.2 51.5 61.2 18:00 - 19:00 51.6 50.5 50.8 51.1 57.4 19:00 - 20:00 50.4 48.7 50.4 50.6 53.5 20:00 - 21:00 49.2 47.6 48.6 48.3 52.4 21:00 - 22:00 47.3 45.4 47.3 46.2 49.6


Day Limits 55 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 46.2 43.2 46.8 46.8 46.8 23:00 - 24:00 45.3 40.5 45.2 46.3 46.3 24:00 - 01:00 42 40.1 42.7 45.2 45.2 01:00 - 02:00 40.6 38.7 40.8 40.8 40.8 02:00 - 03:00 38.7 35.3 37.4 40.1 40.1 03:00 - 04:00 36.2 40.2 35.2 37.3 37.3 04:00 - 05:00 35.4 40.5 40.7 40.7 40.7 05:00 - 06:00 40.8 41.6 42.3 41.5 41.5


Limits 45 45 45 45 45 D/n eq 52.0 50.8 51.8 51.7 55.7

Area type Residential Residential Residential Residential Residential Sampling

Date 0.30.6.2013 05.06.2013 08.06.2013 10.06.2013 12.06.2013

Codes Location Name

N6 Cift Junction N7 Mattancherry Junction N8 St.Mary junction N9 Near Temple (Maradu)

N10 Petta junction





Page 63 of 195


Sampling Period: 17th to 26th June, 2013


06:00 - 07:00 49.3 49.5 48.3 46.4 50.6 07:00 - 08:00 51.4 52.4 50.4 49.3 54.3 08:00 - 09:00 54.3 54.2 52.5 52.4 58.4 09:00 - 10:00 52.5 53.5 51.7 51.5 56.4 10:00 - 11:00 51.7 52.6 50.7 50.8 53.5 11:00 - 12:00 51.4 51.8 49.7 51.6 55.4 12:00 - 13:00 52.2 50.6 51.8 50.4 52.4 13:00 - 14:00 52.5 51.2 50.6 51.3 53.5 14:00 - 15:00 49.6 52.2 48.5 51.8 54.2 15:00 - 16:00 51.5 53.7 49.6 52.2 56.4 16:00 - 17:00 52.8 54.5 52.3 52.8 58.5 17:00 - 18:00 53.2 53.2 51.8 51.6 57.4 18:00 - 19:00 50.7 51.6 50.7 50.7 53.2 19:00 - 20:00 48.6 50.5 50.2 50.3 51.8 20:00 - 21:00 49.5 48.4 49.6 48.5 50.7 21:00 - 22:00 47.3 46.5 46.5 46.7 48.5


Day Limits 55 55 55 55 55 22:00 - 23:00 46.0 45.3 46.2 46.5 46.5 23:00 - 24:00 46.2 42.7 45.3 46.3 46.3 24:00 - 01:00 44.3 40.5 42 45.2 45.2 01:00 - 02:00 40.8 39.6 40.6 43.2 43.2 02:00 - 03:00 40.1 36.5 38.7 40.1 40.1 03:00 - 04:00 37.6 40.5 36.2 37.3 37.3 04:00 - 05:00 40.5 40.8 35.4 40.7 40.7 05:00 - 06:00 42.7 43.6 40.8 42.8 42.8


Limits 45 45 45 45 46 D/n eq 52.1 52.0 51.1 52.0 54.6

Area type Residential Residential Residential Residential Residential Sampling

Date 17.06.2013 19.06.2013 22.06.2013 24.06.2013 26.06.2013

Codes Location Name

N6 Cift Junction N7 Mattancherry Junction N8 St.Mary junction N9 Near Temple (Maradu)

N10 Petta junction





Page 64 of 195

3.2.4 Traffic

To study the traffic levels five monitoring stations were selected and are depicted in the fig 3.2.1. The average traffic levels over the study period (March to June) at all the 10 stations are calculated in terms of PCU and are given in Tables 3.2.12 to 3.2.22. It has been observed from that the overall movements of Heavy motor vehicles are higher at Refinery, Low motor vehicles at NH 47 at Vytilla and two wheelers are higher at NH 47 at Vytilla followed by Puthencruz and Hill Palace. The total traffic volume is found to be highest at Refinery site followed by NH 47 at Vytilla and Hill Palace. The average data of the vehicular movement for the five stations is given in table 3.2.23 and Fig 3.2.2.





Page 65 of 195

Table 3.2.12 Traffic data Sampling Period: March

Locatio

ns At Refinery (T1) NH49 Hill Palace (T2 Puthencruz (T3) NH47 Near Vytilla (T4) NH17 at Eddapally (T5)

Dates

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Tota

l HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Tota

l

07:00-08:00 258 96 138 492 255 90 98 443 291 105 125 521 282 146 85 513 234 156 96 486

08:00-09:00 282 108 150 540 282 102 125 509 255 112 136 503 357 178 98 633 285 142 115 542

09:00-10:00 318 115 114 547 264 115 145 524 216 98 115 429 330 163 105 598 318 98 124 540

10:00-11:00 372 124 124 620 291 125 153 569 288 106 128 522 294 184 124 602 225 107 138 470

11:00-12:00 405 138 108 651 306 134 130 570 234 97 137 468 240 176 136 552 342 115 140 597

12:00-13:00 345 140 136 621 345 150 126 621 90 85 142 317 225 152 140 517 384 106 128 618

13:00-14:00 288 135 140 563 372 148 95 615 105 73 126 304 318 140 128 586 318 124 130 572

14:00-15:00 315 146 135 596 288 136 102 526 90 136 130 356 315 125 95 535 381 138 145 664

15:00-16:00 342 154 142 638 255 140 115 510 126 145 157 428 330 110 84 524 354 126 120 600

16:00-17:00 294 163 115 572 240 152 124 516 174 150 136 460 288 128 125 541 276 142 115 533

17:00-18:00 342 140 135 617 288 142 130 560 249 132 108 489 294 167 138 599 252 158 120 530

18:00-19:00 324 135 108 567 240 136 127 503 210 109 95 414 345 153 142 640 291 136 117 544

19:00-20:00 294 109 96 499 225 115 102 442 255 135 124 514 291 130 150 571 210 115 108 433

20:00- 261 128 85 474 216 105 95 416 246 124 106 476 315 175 108 598 249 108 80 437





Page 66 of 195

21:00 21:00-22:00 192 126 42 360 192 96 84 372 168 115 84 367 168 128 134 430 225 97 75 397

22:00-23:00 204 115 40 359 150 80 75 305 150 106 98 354 204 106 125 435 186 83 54 323

23:00-24:00 216 124 35 375 162 75 62 299 135 95 65 295 156 53 115 324 150 52 40 242

24:00-01:00 174 115 28 317 174 63 54 291 90 42 45 177 120 50 75 245 171 47 45 263

01:00-02:00 120 80 35 235 150 40 45 235 105 40 38 183 105 45 60 210 126 38 38 202

02:00-03:00 105 64 24 193 159 25 39 223 90 35 30 155 90 42 54 186 120 40 20 180

03:00-04:00 126 40 20 186 135 30 20 185 135 46 20 201 108 34 30 172 144 25 15 184

04:00-05:00 90 35 23 148 120 35 30 185 144 42 35 221 150 30 25 205 126 34 30 190

05:00-06:00 105 40 35 180 150 48 35 233 150 50 48 248 195 25 35 255 150 42 42 234

06:00-07:00 120 56 52 228 168 52 42 262 168 58 42 268 246 65 64 375 141 50 50 241

Total

5892

2626

2060

1057

8

5427

2334

2153

9914

4164

2236

2270

8670

5766

2705

2375

1084

6

5658

2279

2085

1002

2





Page 67 of 195


Locatio


Dates

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV LMV Two

Wheeler Tota

l HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Tota

l HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Tota

l HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 252 142 120 514 252 86 96 434 234 102 145 481 192 136 93 421 285 83 109 477

08:00-09:00 324 158 125 607 291 92 108 491 285 115 148 548 210 128 125 463 252 107 118 477

09:00-10:00 372 130 106 608 375 115 116 606 294 97 136 527 258 106 134 498 225 128 130 483

10:00-11:00 390 124 120 634 345 138 125 608 192 136 98 426 294 115 148 557 258 130 117 505

11:00-12:00 285 108 135 528 315 142 142 599 360 140 85 585 318 98 136 552 240 115 128 483

12:00-13:00 318 125 116 559 294 107 120 521 285 135 128 548 336 145 120 601 234 127 134 495

13:00-14:00 342 130 109 581 324 140 116 580 345 124 75 544 282 152 157 591 276 106 153 535

14:00-15:00 324 106 95 525 252 145 95 492 294 140 134 568 342 153 142 637 315 134 117 566

15:00-16:00 354 114 115 583 345 130 83 558 327 96 120 543 375 108 130 613 345 142 126 613

16:00-17:00 288 164 94 546 318 148 74 540 306 125 106 537 348 95 128 571 288 138 130 556

17:00-18:00 372 150 106 628 336 150 152 638 294 136 95 525 384 147 142 673 195 147 142 484

18:00-19:00 306 108 125 539 312 145 146 603 216 128 115 459 390 63 126 579 255 156 125 536

19:00-20:00 261 96 96 453 252 136 128 516 285 115 95 495 381 47 130 558 180 140 109 429

20:00-21:00 288 84 85 457 234 140 130 504 246 95 108 449 282 105 115 502 204 127 84 415





Page 68 of 195

21:00-22:00 285 75 64 424 189 115 95 399 162 74 96 332 270 124 98 492 150 109 72 331

22:00-23:00 252 68 52 372 216 105 108 429 150 83 74 307 258 142 80 480 171 96 65 332

23:00-24:00 225 57 40 322 168 86 76 330 135 65 32 232 234 138 65 437 150 84 50 284

24:00-01:00 192 52 35 279 150 56 42 248 159 52 85 296 186 98 42 326 126 78 45 249

01:00-02:00 162 40 30 232 171 42 30 243 150 50 36 236 174 125 30 329 114 63 30 207

02:00-03:00 144 25 25 194 126 48 28 202 141 42 63 246 120 64 24 208 90 40 28 158

03:00-04:00 120 26 20 166 120 42 20 182 96 40 30 166 111 42 20 173 102 58 20 180

04:00-05:00 108 30 35 173 102 50 15 167 135 20 57 212 135 57 15 207 90 35 15 140

05:00-06:00 144 42 48 234 126 47 40 213 174 35 42 251 150 52 45 247 135 42 25 202

06:00-07:00 150 78 65 293 144 60 65 269 126 74 95 295 168 78 58 304 162 30 42 234

Total

6258

2232

1961

1045

1

5757

2465

2150

1037

2

5391

2219

2198

9808

6198

2518

2303

1101

9

4842

2415

2114

9371





Page 69 of 195


Locatio


Dates

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 375 125 140 640 261 106 78 445 249 85 107 441 186 158 96 440 294 75 106 475

08:00-09:00 294 163 135 592 345 115 105 565 270 96 125 491 210 106 115 431 315 98 124 537

09:00-10:00 255 142 130 527 318 120 126 564 318 105 136 559 258 135 135 528 372 114 108 594

10:00-11:00 285 130 125 540 375 138 138 651 345 125 142 612 252 170 142 564 345 132 128 605

11:00-12:00 318 125 115 558 324 145 127 596 327 132 150 609 312 184 127 623 288 140 130 558

12:00-13:00 225 115 126 466 222 132 120 474 294 140 135 569 261 153 132 546 252 128 98 478

13:00-14:00 255 128 134 517 291 126 98 515 306 126 120 552 270 182 140 592 318 116 124 558

14:00-15:00 162 140 120 422 375 114 124 613 372 115 106 593 306 158 150 614 219 137 130 486

15:00-16:00 135 134 132 401 348 126 115 589 375 108 56 539 342 98 147 587 255 142 145 542

16:00-17:00 312 152 127 591 294 142 136 572 318 125 42 485 288 198 132 618 294 130 126 550

17:00-18:00 345 140 106 591 288 150 130 568 345 138 124 607 336 175 108 619 225 148 120 493

18:00-19:00 324 128 85 537 249 140 98 487 306 120 103 529 252 165 115 532 315 154 135 604

19:00-20:00 294 96 72 462 225 120 95 440 288 96 95 479 360 142 102 604 234 150 128 512

20:00-21:00 225 84 60 369 252 108 75 435 186 107 86 379 402 136 95 633 189 137 95 421





Page 70 of 195

21:00-22:00 192 63 58 313 195 98 68 361 162 95 74 331 342 95 83 520 150 120 84 354

22:00-23:00 105 50 40 195 174 106 82 362 156 78 63 297 324 76 70 470 192 119 73 384

23:00-24:00 315 48 34 397 195 85 30 310 120 54 54 228 255 92 64 411 234 84 50 368

24:00-01:00 294 35 26 355 150 74 30 254 90 63 45 198 168 105 54 327 156 63 42 261

01:00-02:00 168 27 20 215 141 64 28 233 135 54 30 219 150 115 30 295 105 50 30 185

02:00-03:00 126 30 15 171 150 52 20 222 90 38 25 153 135 45 25 205 144 42 26 212

03:00-04:00 162 32 25 219 126 48 35 209 75 35 15 125 126 58 28 212 114 25 24 163

04:00-05:00 204 48 30 282 114 53 30 197 114 40 30 184 114 68 36 218 120 20 20 160

05:00-06:00 216 45 48 309 150 47 52 249 126 52 54 232 135 95 53 283 105 32 38 175

06:00-07:00 225 70 60 355 141 72 58 271 168 68 68 304 156 105 64 325 156 47 47 250

Total

5811

2250

1963

1002

4

5703

2481

1998

1018

2

5535

2195

1985

9715

5940

3014

2243

1119

7

5391

2403

2131

9925





Page 71 of 195

Table 3.2.15 Traffic data Sampling Period: April

Locatio


Dates 24.04.2013 23.04.2013 22.04.2013 21.04.2013 25.04.2013

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 216 165 125 506 222 88 74 384 204 84 76 364 270 125 110 505 195 86 75 356

08:00-09:00 255 178 148 581 246 96 85 427 216 96 90 402 342 164 124 630 216 98 104 418

09:00-10:00 288 84 106 478 225 124 96 445 168 104 114 386 261 155 108 524 264 124 115 503

10:00-11:00 342 96 108 546 246 132 114 492 246 114 125 485 279 174 130 583 288 135 124 547

11:00-12:00 375 105 112 592 234 145 125 504 195 125 132 452 246 135 125 506 312 140 132 584

12:00-13:00 318 98 125 541 264 152 132 548 180 142 136 458 234 142 115 491 324 128 117 569

13:00-14:00 324 110 132 566 288 156 125 569 162 135 142 439 288 156 128 572 270 142 124 536

14:00-15:00 330 124 137 591 252 148 118 518 174 124 148 446 318 135 136 589 345 156 130 631

15:00-16:00 327 130 125 582 234 158 128 520 192 144 152 488 306 165 142 613 360 165 125 650

16:00-17:00 342 158 108 608 246 142 135 523 216 137 142 495 285 142 126 553 321 170 120 611

17:00-18:00 318 162 128 608 270 135 142 547 228 128 132 488 330 156 115 601 306 144 107 557

18:00-19:00 288 125 96 509 249 120 134 503 216 117 125 458 261 175 106 542 258 128 102 488

19:00-20:00 0 0 0 0 222 106 127 455 240 108 117 465 234 148 104 486 225 115 95 435

20:00- 0 0 0 0 195 95 118 408 249 102 106 457 288 165 78 531 252 124 84 460





Page 72 of 195

21:00 21:00-22:00 0 0 0 0 174 84 125 383 192 95 85 372 204 106 96 406 234 112 76 422

22:00-23:00 0 0 0 0 156 78 114 348 162 74 66 302 222 85 84 391 195 108 65 368

23:00-24:00 0 0 0 0 141 65 104 310 120 58 52 230 168 64 56 288 162 102 48 312

24:00-01:00 126 37 40 203 126 54 84 264 114 47 44 205 105 58 32 195 156 96 42 294

01:00-02:00 105 35 38 178 144 32 65 241 75 35 30 140 132 48 40 220 141 82 35 258

02:00-03:00 90 30 24 144 141 30 42 213 60 32 25 117 90 32 25 147 132 54 22 208

03:00-04:00 96 28 22 146 120 34 32 186 96 42 14 152 75 20 22 117 135 35 18 188

04:00-05:00 114 37 25 176 135 38 20 193 114 48 20 182 144 32 32 208 144 38 30 212

05:00-06:00 120 45 39 204 156 44 38 238 126 52 32 210 162 47 40 249 156 45 46 247

06:00-07:00 135 52 72 259 186 65 58 309 135 60 55 250 195 58 68 321 162 65 58 285

Total

4509

1799

1710

8018

4872

2321

2335

9528

4080

2203

2160

8443

5439

2687

2142

1026

8

5553

2592

1994

1013

9





Page 73 of 195


Locatio

ns At Refinery (T1) NH49 Hill Palace (T2) Puthencruz (T3) NH47 Near Vytilla (T4) NH17 at Eddapally (T5)

Dates 29.04.2013 30.04.2013 27.04.2013 26.04.2013 28.04.2013

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 234 152 125 511 225 75 82 382 192 82 75 349 156 98 82 336 150 74 62 286

08:00-09:00 288 164 140 592 258 96 95 449 234 98 84 416 195 114 96 405 225 98 105 428

09:00-10:00 342 125 118 585 285 108 114 507 252 112 96 460 222 125 104 451 288 114 124 526

10:00-11:00 375 132 125 632 312 125 127 564 225 124 115 464 246 142 114 502 252 125 108 485

11:00-12:00 324 117 130 571 246 132 135 513 246 130 124 500 231 156 125 512 276 108 114 498

12:00-13:00 372 120 124 616 270 128 140 538 264 125 132 521 255 170 132 557 288 120 115 523

13:00-14:00 390 125 118 633 252 142 148 542 219 142 138 499 246 184 145 575 264 114 124 502

14:00-15:00 345 118 106 569 234 137 152 523 228 138 145 511 222 165 124 511 318 125 106 549

15:00-16:00 360 124 128 612 285 142 135 562 240 132 132 504 264 128 132 524 342 140 117 599

16:00-17:00 315 188 102 605 342 146 124 612 255 137 128 520 285 154 128 567 324 135 125 584

17:00-18:00 342 152 114 608 306 152 132 590 228 145 142 515 294 170 135 599 351 156 140 647

18:00-19:00 315 95 103 513 276 148 142 566 204 140 136 480 261 182 142 585 372 165 138 675

19:00-20:00 252 74 85 411 234 158 145 537 189 128 125 442 243 196 120 559 396 142 112 650

20:00-21:00 246 65 70 381 195 146 124 465 174 114 114 402 219 178 112 509 315 125 106 546





Page 74 of 195

21:00-22:00 288 70 58 416 174 108 102 384 162 108 108 378 192 124 105 421 285 112 87 484

22:00-23:00 225 60 42 327 156 96 85 337 144 98 102 344 156 95 88 339 222 85 72 379

23:00-24:00 192 54 35 281 135 75 54 264 156 76 82 314 168 70 82 320 195 65 54 314

24:00-01:00 156 43 30 229 144 64 48 256 117 58 54 229 144 65 54 263 168 74 43 285

01:00-02:00 144 35 28 207 156 58 35 249 111 47 35 193 129 58 32 219 156 58 34 248

02:00-03:00 120 24 20 164 135 47 28 210 96 44 20 160 105 54 25 184 129 44 25 198

03:00-04:00 126 30 18 174 126 45 24 195 84 38 15 137 141 38 18 197 105 54 22 181

04:00-05:00 135 38 28 201 144 52 28 224 102 25 22 149 126 47 28 201 132 32 18 182

05:00-06:00 150 45 40 235 156 58 42 256 123 42 37 202 135 52 42 229 144 38 30 212

06:00-07:00 156 75 64 295 162 62 55 279 156 64 58 278 144 65 60 269 162 43 48 253

Total

6192

2225

1951

1036

8

5208

2500

2296

1000

4

4401

2347

2219

8967

4779

2830

2225

9834

5859

2346

2029

1023

4





Page 75 of 195


Locatio


Dates 02.05.2013 04.05.2013 03.05.2013 05.05.2013 01.05.2013

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 225 145 135 505 252 96 80 428 195 78 82 355 225 85 86 396 174 65 62 301

08:00-09:00 261 170 138 569 312 124 108 544 216 86 98 400 246 125 95 466 225 87 78 390

09:00-10:00 294 130 124 548 288 128 120 536 234 95 108 437 204 142 106 452 288 106 114 508

10:00-11:00 285 148 118 551 342 135 125 602 258 110 124 492 228 165 120 513 264 124 125 513

11:00-12:00 270 125 106 501 294 120 115 529 225 125 138 488 240 184 135 559 324 132 114 570

12:00-13:00 252 108 114 474 255 128 130 513 210 108 146 464 261 196 118 575 270 118 130 518

13:00-14:00 285 130 120 535 270 132 135 537 246 132 148 526 252 175 127 554 252 106 135 493

14:00-15:00 342 137 118 597 288 140 148 576 258 145 132 535 270 182 114 566 294 145 142 581

15:00-16:00 318 142 125 585 324 145 132 601 252 138 127 517 288 188 108 584 342 132 152 626

16:00-17:00 372 165 142 679 279 152 128 559 270 135 134 539 312 198 125 635 318 124 136 578

17:00-18:00 306 150 120 576 258 148 124 530 255 140 130 525 279 165 132 576 360 154 125 639

18:00-19:00 285 106 98 489 234 142 120 496 231 128 124 483 258 172 108 538 324 165 140 629

19:00-20:00 246 88 75 409 216 128 112 456 195 125 117 437 246 158 96 500 375 158 132 665

20:00-21:00 231 75 64 370 195 114 106 415 174 110 102 386 228 134 85 447 360 132 106 598





Page 76 of 195

21:00-22:00 195 54 50 299 174 108 87 369 156 106 95 357 216 125 74 415 318 125 95 538

22:00-23:00 174 52 47 273 198 95 72 365 144 84 74 302 195 114 65 374 270 108 74 452

23:00-24:00 141 45 32 218 180 76 58 314 132 62 58 252 156 88 48 292 252 75 52 379

24:00-01:00 105 30 25 160 162 64 47 273 126 58 35 219 144 75 32 251 204 58 44 306

01:00-02:00 126 25 22 173 144 54 35 233 114 47 24 185 132 64 25 221 162 52 38 252

02:00-03:00 105 22 17 144 156 48 20 224 120 35 18 173 120 58 15 193 141 40 25 206

03:00-04:00 84 26 24 134 132 38 22 192 105 30 12 147 114 52 20 186 132 30 18 180

04:00-05:00 120 37 32 189 144 42 28 214 126 37 28 191 138 55 32 225 108 25 22 155

05:00-06:00 141 42 45 228 165 53 46 264 135 48 40 223 150 57 40 247 126 34 34 194

06:00-07:00 174 68 62 304 180 68 63 311 144 64 54 262 156 68 54 278 150 46 42 238

Total

5337

2220

1953

9510

5442

2478

2161

1008

1

4521

2226

2148

8895

5058

3025

1960

1004

3

6033

2341

2135

1050

9





Page 77 of 195

Table 3.2.18 Traffic data Sampling Period: May

Locatio


Dates 09.05.2013 07.05.2013 06.05.2013 08.05.2013 10.05.2013

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 204 64 58 326 156 65 62 283 135 54 65 254 225 84 78 387 165 75 73 313

08:00-09:00 252 75 82 409 222 74 85 381 162 65 72 299 258 98 85 441 183 71 70 324

09:00-10:00 342 96 90 528 264 82 96 442 174 72 78 324 342 130 110 582 282 73 71 426

10:00-11:00 318 112 95 525 255 88 88 431 195 85 82 362 405 170 145 720 285 105 95 485

11:00-12:00 372 105 114 591 288 96 75 459 168 78 86 332 375 164 124 663 279 104 92 475

12:00-13:00 390 120 124 634 252 105 64 421 180 76 75 331 342 186 138 666 240 92 79 411

13:00-14:00 318 130 130 578 234 108 68 410 162 79 54 295 312 152 125 589 246 98 81 425

14:00-15:00 375 145 125 645 246 95 74 415 174 84 58 316 255 145 114 514 243 99 80 422

15:00-16:00 426 124 106 656 222 87 75 384 195 76 65 336 225 132 132 489 276 111 90 477

16:00-17:00 429 118 102 649 195 98 58 351 204 95 72 371 246 152 142 540 279 103 91 473

17:00-18:00 372 125 98 595 288 114 78 480 216 98 68 382 345 196 138 679 291 107 110 508

18:00-19:00 342 107 120 569 261 125 96 482 225 104 59 388 360 188 132 680 297 120 112 529

19:00-20:00 318 120 108 546 225 132 82 439 192 90 65 347 312 165 114 591 264 122 120 506

20:00-21:00 255 102 114 471 192 118 75 385 174 82 68 324 261 147 106 514 285 123 116 524





Page 78 of 195

21:00-22:00 222 95 102 419 216 106 64 386 156 75 38 269 234 128 102 464 276 105 105 486

22:00-23:00 246 84 95 425 174 87 58 319 135 56 54 245 162 112 85 359 285 116 92 493

23:00-24:00 195 75 82 352 135 75 52 262 126 65 45 236 156 95 78 329 234 101 93 428

24:00-01:00 174 64 64 302 120 64 45 229 105 58 42 205 135 54 54 243 225 90 90 405

01:00-02:00 132 43 50 225 114 48 40 202 114 43 35 192 156 48 35 239 180 73 78 331

02:00-03:00 105 30 40 175 96 44 30 170 96 30 24 150 114 45 28 187 162 51 60 273

03:00-04:00 96 28 32 156 75 38 20 133 75 24 20 119 105 30 25 160 159 50 53 262

04:00-05:00 75 22 25 122 66 32 15 113 66 28 15 109 96 24 20 140 153 50 50 253

05:00-06:00 60 18 22 100 54 25 18 97 54 22 18 94 84 22 26 132 156 52 51 259

06:00-07:00 108 30 38 176 96 36 34 166 96 38 32 166 144 56 45 245 153 51 50 254

Total

6126

2032

2016

1017

4

4446

1942

1452

7840

3579

1577

1290

6446

5649

2723

2181

1055

3

5598

2142

2002

9742





Page 79 of 195


Locatio


Dates 14.05.2013 17.05.2013 16.05.2013 13.05.2013 15.05.2013

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 192 72 58 322 135 58 54 247 156 60 65 281 204 74 65 343 162 73 71 306

08:00-09:00 174 86 54 314 180 65 72 317 222 82 78 382 246 96 72 414 180 72 73 325

09:00-10:00 225 144 65 434 225 78 78 381 204 75 87 366 288 105 96 489 210 93 105 408

10:00-11:00 288 125 78 491 252 82 74 408 234 72 96 402 315 115 124 554 237 99 112 448

11:00-12:00 261 105 96 462 204 74 85 363 246 78 88 412 285 125 115 525 240 75 92 407

12:00-13:00 285 114 84 483 234 78 82 394 225 84 84 393 276 106 102 484 252 72 95 419

13:00-14:00 315 106 87 508 246 86 78 410 234 96 90 420 252 107 95 454 243 101 99 443

14:00-15:00 342 125 95 562 192 90 96 378 192 75 93 360 270 124 114 508 276 111 98 485

15:00-16:00 372 102 114 588 204 83 84 371 216 76 94 386 279 130 118 527 270 75 79 424

16:00-17:00 375 145 124 644 216 86 75 377 189 80 87 356 252 117 120 489 279 76 80 435

17:00-18:00 390 156 105 651 270 75 64 409 174 98 85 357 345 145 125 615 282 90 88 460

18:00-19:00 354 165 198 717 285 65 82 432 162 95 74 331 360 160 132 652 291 92 111 494

19:00-20:00 285 134 134 553 222 74 96 392 180 84 73 337 309 158 118 585 210 94 119 423

20:00-21:00 222 114 114 450 195 58 88 341 189 75 65 329 255 134 106 495 246 93 121 460





Page 80 of 195

21:00-22:00 204 98 125 427 174 64 75 313 165 62 58 285 222 107 95 424 282 99 105 486

22:00-23:00 162 75 85 322 192 62 74 328 144 58 64 266 195 95 74 364 270 107 113 490

23:00-24:00 144 64 86 294 156 53 68 277 156 52 53 261 162 64 58 284 243 111 92 446

24:00-01:00 132 48 74 254 132 47 64 243 120 45 38 203 156 48 42 246 216 92 98 406

01:00-02:00 105 43 65 213 114 44 54 212 105 40 32 177 174 44 35 253 183 70 70 323

02:00-03:00 108 32 58 198 96 38 45 179 96 36 25 157 135 42 30 207 159 63 61 283

03:00-04:00 84 24 42 150 90 32 32 154 84 26 22 132 126 35 25 186 150 52 52 254

04:00-05:00 72 20 35 127 75 25 28 128 72 28 18 118 111 32 22 165 156 53 50 259

05:00-06:00 66 17 20 103 54 22 32 108 78 24 24 126 102 36 28 166 150 57 51 258

06:00-07:00 111 35 30 176 96 36 36 168 105 30 36 171 147 44 40 231 159 59 50 268

Total

5268

2149

2026

9443

4239

1475

1616

7330

3948

1531

1529

7008

5466

2243

1951

9660

5346

1979

2085

9410





Page 81 of 195


Locatio


Dates 28.05.2013 28.05.2013 24.05.2013 20.05.2013 21.05.213

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 192 58 45 295 141 68 59 268 144 64 58 266 195 78 72 345 156 71 75 302

08:00-09:00 228 75 64 367 195 86 73 354 195 78 74 347 246 90 87 423 177 73 79 329

09:00-10:00 444 152 125 721 249 108 99 456 252 96 85 433 342 115 98 555 180 76 80 336

10:00-11:00 510 185 100 795 243 124 104 471 288 110 95 493 375 130 114 619 219 72 89 380

11:00-12:00 495 152 154 801 306 114 102 522 222 104 84 410 318 140 120 578 240 79 92 411

12:00-13:00 456 148 132 736 213 113 103 429 216 85 78 379 294 165 125 584 252 80 94 426

13:00-14:00 537 135 142 814 174 105 97 376 195 78 96 369 312 124 106 542 243 71 83 397

14:00-15:00 516 165 128 809 252 122 76 450 219 82 84 385 261 118 128 507 270 72 95 437

15:00-16:00 615 142 135 892 189 109 82 380 240 75 78 393 225 106 110 441 276 75 92 443

16:00-17:00 609 156 142 907 210 100 83 393 228 72 65 365 246 102 122 470 243 79 91 413

17:00-18:00 675 185 147 100

7 111 114 106 331 285 68 72 425 354 158 135 647 270 90 94 454

18:00-19:00 456 165 135 756 132 82 89 303 258 95 58 411 315 170 132 617 279 94 97 470

19:00-20:00 375 118 105 598 144 87 75 306 222 107 80 409 276 164 108 548 282 99 112 493

20:00-21:00 312 120 95 527 126 92 65 283 195 84 74 353 225 143 114 482 210 91 105 406





Page 82 of 195

21:00-22:00 246 106 78 430 138 98 54 290 186 78 65 329 204 124 95 423 225 107 112 444

22:00-23:00 159 82 65 306 120 65 60 245 168 65 58 291 216 106 78 400 228 110 91 429

23:00-24:00 135 65 48 248 129 64 52 245 156 58 72 286 192 84 64 340 210 97 95 402

24:00-01:00 105 43 32 180 114 47 45 206 144 52 68 264 174 65 58 297 153 98 90 341

01:00-02:00 96 25 20 141 96 35 32 163 138 43 45 226 156 48 43 247 150 90 63 303

02:00-03:00 75 22 12 109 75 28 20 123 120 30 28 178 141 42 35 218 156 80 52 288

03:00-04:00 60 18 18 96 60 25 15 100 105 25 20 150 135 35 32 202 153 73 54 280

04:00-05:00 72 24 15 111 72 28 12 112 84 22 15 121 96 28 24 148 156 64 50 270

05:00-06:00 84 15 24 123 54 26 14 94 90 28 22 140 114 30 28 172 153 71 51 275

06:00-07:00 156 45 36 237 90 34 20 144 132 40 35 207 135 42 35 212 150 72 58 280

Total

7608

2401

1997

1200

6

3633

1874

1537

7044

4482

1639

1509

7630

5547

2407

2063

1001

7

5031

1984

1994

9009





Page 83 of 195

Table 3.2.21 Traffic data Sampling Period: June

Locatio

ns Inter Ocean Shipping

Limited (T6) Mattancherry unction

(T7) St.Mary School (T8) Petta Junction (T9) Airport junction (T10)

Dates 01.06.2013 05.06.2013 08.06.2013 12.06.2013 14.06.2013

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 45 24 32 101 96 42 38 176 126 56 45 227 96 56 48 200 135 68 48 251

08:00-09:00 75 35 58 168 135 54 50 239 174 86 82 342 159 89 75 323 192 106 80 378

09:00-10:00 96 48 65 209 174 74 65 313 195 105 75 375 174 130 90 394 225 130 96 451

10:00-11:00 102 56 57 215 141 68 74 283 156 95 85 336 150 125 104 379 288 145 105 538

11:00-12:00 84 65 72 221 156 75 62 293 144 86 73 303 135 114 102 351 330 124 87 541

12:00-13:00 78 72 78 228 126 84 78 288 129 115 88 332 144 96 115 355 372 115 92 579

13:00-14:00 102 53 84 239 111 73 88 272 180 83 96 359 129 102 110 341 405 106 114 625

14:00-15:00 114 56 75 245 135 65 82 282 141 124 106 371 141 114 124 379 318 98 93 509

15:00-16:00 135 65 82 282 144 57 72 273 159 135 84 378 153 125 118 396 345 135 85 565

16:00-17:00 144 76 96 316 159 68 64 291 165 118 90 373 168 132 125 425 294 146 106 546

17:00-18:00 156 84 88 328 141 118 53 312 180 142 108 430 180 156 117 453 345 158 110 613

18:00-19:00 129 83 74 286 138 106 80 324 186 158 110 454 192 165 128 485 360 170 103 633

19:00-20:00 111 74 66 251 105 110 65 280 141 134 92 367 174 132 106 412 285 142 88

515

20:00- 72 58 62 192 90 65 72 227 129 106 85 320 129 115 88 332 258 115 65 438





Page 84 of 195

21:00 21:00-22:00 60 47 53 160 78 54 64 196 105 87 73 265 111 85 72 268 195 87 54 336

22:00-23:00 54 42 45 141 72 40 50 162 84 76 54 214 90 60 54 204 141 65 42 248

23:00-24:00 54 30 37 121 60 35 47 142 75 62 45 182 45 52 18 115 96 50 40 186

24:00-01:00 60 25 35 120 75 32 45 152 60 40 40 140 60 48 20 128 90 47 25 162

01:00-02:00 45 20 30 95 81 30 40 151 96 32 36 164 75 40 25 140 75 32 20 127

02:00-03:00 75 31 25 131 105 28 32 165 105 30 35 170 54 35 15 104 60 30 18 108

03:00-04:00 90 40 20 150 108 20 30 158 90 45 25 160 45 26 10 81 81 25 15 121

04:00-05:00 78 45 36 159 90 25 25 140 75 40 15 130 30 30 25 85 96 16 20 132

05:00-06:00 96 37 42 175 75 32 32 139 60 32 20 112 75 42 32 149 105 22 25 152

06:00-07:00 75 40 45 160 126 35 47 208 108 35 36 179 96 47 45 188 120 37 36 193

Total

2130

1206

1357

4693

2721

1390

1355

5466

3063

2022

1598

6683

2805

2116

1766

6687

5211

2169

1567

8947





Page 85 of 195

Table 3.2.22 Traffic data Sampling Period: June

Locatio

ns Inter Ocean Shipping

Limited (T6) Mattancherry unction

(T7) St.Mary School (T8) Petta Junction (T9) Airport junction (T10)

Dates 15.06.2013 19.06.2013 22.06.2013 26.06.2013 28.06.2013

Time (Hrs)

PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU

HMV

LMV

Two Wheeler

Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

HMV

LMV

Two Wheel

er Total

07:00-08:00 54 35 27 116 75 45 32 152 105 52 45 202 120 52 43 215 156 56 43 255

08:00-09:00 72 56 45 173 126 56 48 230 156 84 70 310 144 98 76 318 249 80 76 405

09:00-10:00 96 72 68 236 114 74 64 252 141 113 83 337 138 124 106 368 288 145 95 528

10:00-11:00 75 88 74 237 138 86 75 299 135 125 96 356 153 130 108 391 312 156 84 552

11:00-12:00 108 76 65 249 135 65 87 287 120 104 85 309 141 114 95 350 264 114 78 456

12:00-13:00 126 74 72 272 96 62 96 254 159 93 78 330 159 105 110 374 285 125 88 498

13:00-14:00 102 65 68 235 132 58 72 262 126 87 82 295 165 110 115 390 246 134 82 462

14:00-15:00 81 58 74 213 168 68 78 314 114 90 75 279 144 125 118 387 258 110 95 463

15:00-16:00 114 48 76 238 129 74 82 285 123 105 84 312 126 132 120 378 342 128 106 576

16:00-17:00 138 56 68 262 120 80 105 305 135 124 90 349 141 145 113 399 318 132 90 540

17:00-18:00 156 68 73 297 174 96 124 394 168 138 95 401 168 168 130 466 372 156 87 615

18:00-19:00 141 72 64 277 186 114 114 414 159 145 106 410 156 152 126 434 309 145 98 552

19:00-20:00 129 63 56 248 144 105 95 344 129 124 93 346 135 142 102 379 246 124 105 475

20:00-21:00 81 48 42 171 126 82 64 272 108 102 78 288 108 118 85 311 225 106 83 414





Page 86 of 195

21:00-22:00 96 34 35 165 105 75 58 238 96 83 57 236 96 92 68 256 180 83 64 327

22:00-23:00 66 30 26 122 114 48 43 205 81 62 48 191 84 65 47 196 129 58 51 238

23:00-24:00 54 32 25 111 105 45 40 190 60 52 45 157 75 56 30 161 126 45 42 213

24:00-01:00 60 20 22 102 90 40 35 165 75 50 38 163 90 50 25 165 120 42 40 202

01:00-02:00 45 25 30 100 78 32 38 148 96 47 30 173 105 32 20 157 105 40 35 180

02:00-03:00 66 30 25 121 84 30 30 144 90 30 35 155 114 30 32 176 108 35 25 168

03:00-04:00 105 42 32 179 60 48 32 140 105 42 42 189 120 42 30 192 114 32 26 172

04:00-05:00 90 40 35 165 75 51 40 166 120 50 25 195 126 30 25 181 126 30 20 176

05:00-06:00 105 47 40 192 96 52 45 193 126 55 36 217 135 45 36 216 135 25 32 192

06:00-07:00 120 52 47 219 141 55 47 243 135 48 42 225 96 46 45 187 120 32 38 190

Total

2280

1231

1189

4700

2811

1541

1544

5896

2862

2005

1558

6425

3039

2203

1805

7047

5133

2133

1583

8849




Document No. A419-EI-1741-1401 Page 87 of 195

Table 3.2.23 Average Traffic data Sampling Period: March - June

Locations HMV LMV 2-Wheeler Total

At Refinery 245 92 82 419 NH49 Hill Palace 207 92 82 381 Puthencruz 186 84 80 350 NH47 Near Vytilla 231 112 90 433 NH17 at Eddapally 228 95 86 409 Inter Ocean Shipping India limited 92 51 53 196 Mattancherry Junction 115 61 60 237 St.Mary School 123 84 66 273 Petta Junction 122 90 74 286 Airport Junction 216 90 66 371

Fig 3.2.3 Representation of average traffic data March - June

3.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Studies on Water Environment aspects of ecosystem is important for Environmental Impact Assessment to identify sensitive issues and take appropriate action by maintaining „ecological homeostasis‟ in the early stages of development of the project. The objective of this report is to define the present environment in which the proposed action is to occur, to evaluate all possible eventualities, to ensure that all negative impacts are minimized, and to demonstrate that proposed project has been appropriately announced to all interested parties so that their concerns can be considered. Water quality studies have been carried out in the study area to understand the availability of water resources, possibility of water contamination and existing water quality.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

Total 2-Wheeler LMV HMV

Locations





Water Quality

Water of high quality is essential to human life, and water of acceptable quality is essential for agricultural, industrial, domestic and commercial uses; in addition, most recreation is water based; therefore, major activities having potential effects on surface water are certain to be of appreciable concern to the consumers. The present study is carried out to understand water quality of the area, so as to understand the impacts, prediction and evaluation.

3.3.1 Sample collection and analysis

The water resource in the study area may be classified into two major categories. viz., surface and ground water sources. Water samples were collected at 10 locations, out of which 6 samples from ground water sources and 4 samples from surface sources. All the samples were analyzed for parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, salts, conductivity, inorganic substance, heavy metals, coli forms (for Surface Water samplers) etc. Parameters like pH, conductivity, temperature and DO were analyzed at the time during collection. These parameters were analyzed as per the procedures specified in „Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater‟ published by American Public Health Association (APHA). Ground water samples results were compared with IS: 10500 specification and surface water samples results were compared with IS: 2296 and both ground and surface water samples were compared with Water Quality Criteria, published by CPCB for its suitability to drinking, outdoor bathing, drinking water after treatment, propagation of wild life, fisheries and irrigation purpose.

Method of Water Sampling

The following procedures were used while sampling

Washing the bottles/cans with distilled water prior to the sampling Before collection of water the bottles/cans are again washed 2-3 times with the

same water For surface water, Bottles were lowered to a minimum depth of 30 cm below

water surface At each point Different sets of water samples were collected so as to cover all the

parameters Meticulous attention is taken in proper numbering at the site Sterilized bottles were used for the samples that are to be analyzed for bacteria Civil supply water pipeline taps are sterilized before collection for bacteriological

analysis Parameters like pH, conductivity and temperature were analyzed in the field

conditions by using. There are specific instruments for measuring EC and pH in the field. These are portable. These instruments will be calibrated at laboratory before use. The results were reconfirmed after getting to the laboratory. DO is fixed and titrated in the field itself.

Appropriate preservatives are added, depending upon the elements to be analyzed and marked accordingly (IS: 3025 (part I) 1987)

All the water samples collected in the ice box, were immediately transported to the laboratory and free zed at <5oC analysis





Field observations were noted in the field notebook As far as possible photographs were taken in almost all sampling points

All the parameters have been analyzed as per APHA, 20th edition & IS: 3025 (Annexure page Nos.89 & 90).

Table 3.3.1 Parameters & Methodologies Adopted in Assessing Quality of Water

Quality Parameters Detection limit Instrument Method Instruments used IS Method

Physico-chemical

pH 0.5 pH meter pH electrode IS 3025 (part-11)

Electrical conductivity 1 µmhos/cm Field Method

Laboratory method Tracer Conductivity meter

IS 3025 (part-14)

Colour Hazen Visual Method -- IS 3025 (part- 04)

Odor -- Manual Method -- IS 3025 (part- 05)

Taste -- Taste Threshold Test -- IS 3025 (Part 8)

Temperature 10C Tracer Thermometer APHA, page 25-26

Turbidity 1NTU Nephelometric method Turbiditymeter IS 3025 (part-10)

Salinity g/l Electrical Conductivity Method Conductivity meter APHA,

page 99 Total Suspended Solids

0.1 mg/l Filtration & Evaporation method Balance IS 3025

(part-19)

Total Dissolved Solids

0.1 mg/l Evaporation method Balance IS 3025 (part-16)

Total Alkalinity 1mg/l Titration Method Burettes IS 3025

(part-23) Total Hardness 1mg/l EDTA Titrimetric

method Burettes IS 3025 (part-21)

Ca Hardness 1mg/l EDTA Titrimetric method Burettes IS 3025

(part-21)

Mg Hardness 1mg/l EDTA Titrimetric method Burettes IS 3025

(part-21)

Chlorides 2mg/l Argentometric method Burettes IS 3025 (part-32)

Sulphates 1mg/l Nephlometric method Turbiditymeter IS 3025 (part-24)

Sodium 1mg/l Flame photometric method Flamephotometer IS 3025

(part-45)

Potassium 1mg/l Flame photometric method Flamephotometer IS 3025

(part-45)

Copper 0.02mg/l Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

method AAS

IS 3025 (part-42)

Manganese 0.02mg/l APHA,





AAS

Mercury 0.001mg/l IS 3025 (part-48)

Selenium 0.01mg/l APHA, AAS

Arsenic 0.005mg/l IS 3025 (part-37)

Lead 0.05mg/l IS 3025 (part-47)

Zinc 0.01mg/l IS 3025 (part-49)

Chromium 0.1mg/l APHA

Nitrates 0.05 mg/l U.V.Spectrophotometric method

Spectrophotometer IS 3025 (part-34)

Total Phosphates 0.1 mg/l Spectrophotometer IS 3025

(part-31)

Total Nitrogen 1mg/l Kjeldhal Method Kjeldhal apparatus IS 3025 (part-34)

Total Phosphorus 0.01 mg/l U.V.Spectrophotometric

method Spectrophotometer IS 3025 (part-31)

Pesticides 0.05 mg/l GC-MS GC-MS APHA Anionic Detergents 0.5 mg/l Spectroscopic Method Spectrophotometer APHA

Dissolved Oxygen 0.1mg/l Winkler's method Burettes IS 3025

(part-38) COD 4 mgO2/l Open reflux method COD digester APHA

BOD5, mg/l 1mgO2/l Dilution & DO by Winkler's method

BOD bottles and burette

IS 3025 (part-44)

Biological Phytoplankton 1No/ml Plankton net followed

by Microscopic Observation

Microscope APHA:1002

Zooplankton 1No/ml Microscope APHA:1002

Bacteriological Coliforms 3MPN/100ml MPN method Microscope APHA

Reference: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater by APHA Methods (American Public Health Association).





Fig 3.3.1 Map Showing Ground & Surface Water Sampling Locations

Codes Locations Codes Locations Codes Locations

GW1 At Project Site bore well GW4 Pallikara Open

well S1 Chitrapura River Upstream

GW2 Irumpanam Bore well GW5 Udayamperoor

Open well S2 Chitrapura River Downstream

GW3 Sasthamukkal Open well GW6 Nettur Bore

well S3 Raw Water from Periyar River

S4 Chambakara River





3.3.2 Data Analysis

The pH of the water samples varying from 4.65 to 7.02 indicating slightly acidic to neutral in nature. Hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates are found to be below the prescribed limits. Ground and surface water results are given Table 3.3.2 & 3.3.7.

Table 3.3.2 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Ground Water

Sampling Date: March 2013

No. Parameters Units Sample Code GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6

1 pH -- 6.82 6.32 4.85 5.14 5.63 6.77 2 Colour Hazen 5 <5 5 <5 6 6 3 Odour -- Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. 4 Taste -- Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. 5 Temperature 0C 24.8 24.5 25.1 24.9 24.3 24.2 6 Turbidity NTU 4.5 5.4 8 3.2 9 5.0 7 Salinity g/l 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.04 0.72

8 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 7 8 10 5 14 8

9 E.C µmhos/cm 70 65 117 230 80 1484

10 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 46 42 76 149 57 965

11 Total Alkalinity mg/l 22 12 30 52 20 504 12 Total Hardness mg/l 26 24 46 80 30 536 13 Ca Hardness mg/l 10 16 20 28 12 314 14 Mg Hardness mg/l 16 8 26 52 18 222 15 Chlorides mg/l 8 12 18 40 12 132 16 Sulphates mg/l 2 3 3 6 3 50 17 Sodium mg/l 4 4 6 16 5 95 18 SAR meq/l 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.78 0.40 1.79 19 Potassium mg/l 0.5 0.8 0.5 12.1 0.4 10.2 20 Nitrates mg/l 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.3 0.9 21 Fluorides mg/l 0.35 0.42 0.66 0.48 0.65 0.53 22 Phenolic compounds mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 23 Total Phosphates mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 24 Total Nitrogen mg/l 2.0 1.6 2.6 1.5 2.8 1.5 25 Total Phosphorus mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 26 Copper mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 27 Manganese mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 28 Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 29 Selenium mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 30 Arsenic mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 31 Lead mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 32 Zinc mg/l 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.4 33 Chromium mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 34 DO mgO2/l 5.4 5.9 4.9 6.2 4.5 6.0 35 COD mgO2/l 7 5 10 <4 14 <4 36 BOD mgO2/l 2 <1 3 <1 4 <1 37 Pesticides mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 38 Mineral Oil mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 39 Anionic Detergents mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL





40 Total Coliforms MPN/100ml Absent Absent 13 9 6 Absent 41 Fecal Coliforms MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

Unobj. : Unobjectionable; Agree. : Agreeable; BDL: Below Detectable Limit

Codes

Locations Codes Locations Codes Locations

GW1 At Project Site Bore well

GW3 Sasthamukkal Open well

GW5 Udayamperoor Open well

GW2 Irumpanam Bore well

GW4 Pallikara Open well GW6 Nettur Bore well

Table 3.3.3 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Ground Water Sampling Date: April 2013


1 pH -- 6.79 6.23 4.77 4.91 5.23 6.25 2 Colour Hazen 5 <5 5 <5 6 6 3 Odour -- Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. 4 Taste -- Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. 5 Temperature 0C 25.8 27.2 26.4 25.2 25.4 26.2 6 Turbidity NTU 4.7 3.2 5 3.5 6 8 7 Salinity g/l 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.05 0.81


9 E.C µmhos/cm 74 68 115 245 96 1630

10 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 48 44 75 159 62 1060

11 Total Alkalinity mg/l 22 16 34 66 24 532 12 Total Hardness mg/l 28 24 44 86 38 594 13 Ca Hardness mg/l 8 10 12 24 16 356 14 Mg Hardness mg/l 20 14 32 62 22 238 15 Chlorides mg/l 10 10 15 36 15 154 16 Sulphates mg/l 1 4 3 5 3 64 17 Sodium mg/l 4 5 6 17 5 102 18 SAR meq/l 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 1.8 19 Potassium mg/l 0.6 0.9 0.3 14.7 0.3 13.6 20 Nitrates mg/l 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.8 1.5 0.9 21 Fluorides mg/l 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 22 Phenolic compounds mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 23 Total Phosphates mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 24 Total Nitrogen mg/l 2.1 1.5 2.5 1.8 3.0 1.5 25 Total Phosphorus mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 26 Copper mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 27 Manganese mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 28 Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 29 Selenium mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 30 Arsenic mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001





31 Lead mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 32 Zinc mg/l 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3 33 Chromium mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 34 DO mgO2/l 5.1 5.6 4.6 6.0 4.1 5.8 35 COD mgO2/l 8 <4 12 <4 16 <4 36 BOD mgO2/l 2 <1 4 <1 6 <1 37 Pesticides mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 38 Mineral Oil mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 39 Anionic Detergents mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 40 Total Coliforms MPN/100ml Absent Absent 14 8 9 Absent 41 Fecal Coliforms MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

Unobj. : Unobjectionable; Agree. : Agreeable; BDL: Below Detectable Limit

Codes Locations Codes Locations Codes Locations GW1 At Project Site Bore

well GW3 Sasthamukkal Open

well GW5 Udayamperoor

Open well GW2 Irumpanam Bore well GW4 Pallikara Open well GW6 Nettur Bore well

Table 3.3.4 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Ground Water Sampling Date: May 2013


1 pH -- 6.52 6.28 4.65 5.02 5.49 7.02 2 Colour Hazen <5 6 5 <5 5 7 3 Odour -- Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. 4 Taste -- Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. 5 Temperature 0C 25.1 24.8 25.5 25.1 24.6 24.8 6 Turbidity NTU 5.0 5.7 4.5 3.7 6.2 5.5 7 Salinity g/l 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.12 0.05 0.75


9 E.C µmhos/cm 76 73 124 235 87 1562

10 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 49.4 47.5 32 153 56.5 1015

11 Total Alkalinity mg/l 22 14 32 54 24 514 12 Total Hardness mg/l 30 26 48 76 30 572 13 Ca Hardness mg/l 10 18 16 22 12 324 14 Mg Hardness mg/l 20 8 32 54 18 248 15 Chlorides mg/l 10 12 18 40 12 148 16 Sulphates mg/l 2 4 4 7 2 56 17 Sodium mg/l 4 5 7 19 6 96 18 SAR meq/l 0.32 0.43 0.44 0.95 0.48 1.74 19 Potassium mg/l 0.6 0.9 0.5 12.9 0.4 10.5 20 Nitrates mg/l 1.3 0.9 1.5 0.8 1.4 0.9 21 Fluorides mg/l 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 22 Phenolic compounds mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 23 Total Phosphates mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 24 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.7 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.8 1.6





25 Total Phosphorus mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 26 Copper mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 27 Manganese mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 28 Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 29 Selenium mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 30 Arsenic mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 31 Lead mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 32 Zinc mg/l 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 33 Chromium mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 34 DO mgO2/l 5.4 5.5 4.1 6.2 3.8 6.0 35 COD mgO2/l 6 5 12 <4 14 4 36 BOD mgO2/l 2 <1 5 2 6 <1 37 Pesticides mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 38 Mineral Oil mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 39 Anionic Detergents mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 40 Total Coliforms MPN/100ml Absent Absent 13 8 7 Absent 41 Fecal Coliforms MPN/100ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent

Unobj. : Unobjectionable; Agree. : Agreeable; BDL: Below Detectable Limit Codes Locations Codes Locations Codes Locations GW1 At Project Site

Bore well GW3 Sasthamukkal Open

well GW5 Udayamperoor Open

well GW2 Irumpanam Bore

well GW4 Pallikara Open well GW6 Nettur Bore well

Table 3.3.5 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Surface Water Sampling Date: March 2013

No. Characteristics Units S1 S2 S3 S4 1 pH -- 6.15 6.77 6.94 6.25 2 Colour Hazen 12 12 10 16 3 Odour -- Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. 4 Taste -- Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. 5 Temperature 0C 23.9 24.0 24.5 24.2 6 Turbidity NTU 8 12 6 15 7 Salinity g/l 0.08 0.5 0.03 16.53 8 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 20 30 15 35 9 E.C µmhos/cm 175 1082 77 27500 10 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 114 713 51 17875 11 Total Alkalinity mg/l 28 90 16 174 12 Total Hardness mg/l 46 208 30 180 13 Ca Hardness mg/l 14 58 12 58 14 Mg Hardness mg/l 32 150 18 122 15 Chlorides mg/l 26 266 14 9475 16 Sulphates mg/l 22 75 3 205 17 Sodium mg/l 19 154 4 6240 18 SAR meq/l 1.22 4.65 0.32 202 19 Fluorides mg/l 0.72 0.80 0.75 1.00 20 Phenols mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002





21 Potassium mg/l 1.7 1.6 0.4 5.5 22 Nitrates mg/l 4.8 5.3 3.1 10.6 23 Total Phosphates mg/l 0.37 0.49 0.43 0.85 24 Total Nitrogen mg/l 5.2 8.4 3.5 12.8 25 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.14 0.19 0.10 0.25 26 Copper mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 27 Manganese mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 28 Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 29 Selenium mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 30 Arsenic mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 31 Lead mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 32 Zinc mg/l 2.0 1.5 1.7 2.2 33 Chromium mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 34 DO mgO2/l 4.2 3.6 5.5 <0.1 35 COD mgO2/l 20 32 6 760 36 BOD mgO2/l 6 8 2 228 37 Pesticides mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 38 Mineral Oil mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 39 Anionic Detergents mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 40 Total Coliforms MPN/100ml 415 532 305 1115 41 Faecal Coliforms MPN/100ml 35 50 106 210 42 Phytoplankton -- 8 7 6 10 43 Zooplankton -- 7 5 6 8

Unobj. : Unobjectionable; Agr. : Agreeable; BDL: Below Detectable Limit

Codes Locations Codes Locations S1 Chitrapura River Upstream S3 Raw Water from Periyar

River S2 Chitrapura River Downstream S4 Chambakara River

Table 3.3.6 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Surface Water Sampling Date: April 2013

No. Characteristics Units S1 S2 S3 S4 1 pH -- 6.12 6.2 8.02 6.8 2 Colour Hazen 12 15 8 18 3 Odour -- Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj.

4 Taste -- Agree. Agree. Agree. Non-agree

5 Temperature 0C 24.5 25.2 24.8 23.2 6 Turbidity NTU 8 10 5 17 7 Salinity g/l 0.13 6.12 0.05 19.9 8 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 23 32 12 40 9 E.C µmhos/cm 174 1110 94 32900 10 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 113 722 61 21385 11 Total Alkalinity mg/l 44 92 22 200 12 Total Hardness mg/l 56 212 36 222 13 Ca Hardness mg/l 8 52 18 78





14 Mg Hardness mg/l 48 160 18 144 15 Chlorides mg/l 25 276 14 11025 16 Sulphates mg/l 8 72 5 242 17 Sodium mg/l 14 158 5 7472 18 SAR meq/l 0.8 4.7 0.3 218 19 Potassium mg/l 1.8 1.5 0.2 5.2 20 Fluorides mg/l 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.2 21 Phenols mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 22 Nitrates mg/l 5.4 6.3 3.5 10.2 23 Total Phosphates mg/l 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.8 24 Total Nitrogen mg/l 7.5 10.6 5.2 14.0 25 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.17 0.2 0.13 0.27 26 Copper mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 27 Manganese mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 28 Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 29 Selenium mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 30 Arsenic mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 31 Lead mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 32 Zinc mg/l 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.7 33 Chromium mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 34 DO mgO2/l 5.4 4.7 6.2 <0.1 35 COD mgO2/l 16 40 8 800 36 BOD mgO2/l 4 12 2 256 37 Pesticides mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 38 Mineral Oil mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 39 Anionic Detergents mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 40 Total Coliforms MPN/100ml 420 540 315 1120 41 Faecal Coliforms MPN/100ml 38 56 115 240 42 SW1 (Phytoplankton) -- 7 5 5 8 43 SW1 (Zooplankton) -- 5 3 4 5




Table 3.3.7 Water Quality - Physico-chemical Analysis of Surface Water Sampling Date: May 2013

No. Characteristics Units S1 S2 S3 S4 1 pH -- 6.02 6.75 6.89 6.19 2 Colour Hazen 10 8 7 12 3 Odour -- Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. 4 Taste -- Agree. Agree. Agree. Agree. 5 Temperature 0C 23.2 24.1 24.8 24.5 6 Turbidity NTU 6 8 5 15 7 Salinity g/l 0.09 0.56 0.03 18.05





8 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 15 25 10 35 9 E.C µmhos/cm 183 1097 84 28900 10 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 119 713 57 18785 11 Total Alkalinity mg/l 22 92 16 178 12 Total Hardness mg/l 44 216 32 186 13 Ca Hardness mg/l 8 52 12 62 14 Mg Hardness mg/l 36 164 20 124 15 Chlorides mg/l 30 254 15 9964 16 Sulphates mg/l 26 81 5 212 17 Sodium mg/l 22 153 5 6559 18 SAR meq/l 1.4 4.52 0.4 209 19 Fluorides mg/l 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 20 Phenols mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 21 Potassium mg/l 2.3 1.9 0.5 6.0 22 Nitrates mg/l 6.5 4.7 3.0 8.2 23 Total Phosphates mg/l 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.9 24 Total Nitrogen mg/l 10 12 7.5 10.0 25 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.16 0.20 0.11 0.29 26 Copper mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 27 Manganese mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 28 Mercury mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 29 Selenium mg/l <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 30 Arsenic mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 31 Lead mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 32 Zinc mg/l 1.8 1.1 2.1 1.4 33 Chromium mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 34 DO mgO2/l 5.2 5.0 6.2 0.3 35 COD mgO2/l 24 34 10 742 36 BOD mgO2/l 8 10 4 206 37 Pesticides mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 38 Mineral Oil mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 39 Anionic Detergents mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL 40 Total Coliforms MPN/100ml 404 528 296 1106 41 Faecal Coliforms MPN/100ml 30 49 115 216 42 Phytoplankton -- 10 7 8 12 43 Zooplankton -- 8 7 6 10








3.3.3 Conclusion

Ground water

Ground water samples are compared with the „Water Criteria Limits‟ (CPCB). All the ground water samples are falling under the „C‟ category (Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection). Surface water The surface samples collected from Chitrapura River Upstream & downstream, raw water from Periyar River are falling under the C category where as sample collected at Chambakara River is found to be saline in nature.

Table 3.3.8 Environmental Standards water quality criteria

Designated-Best-Use

Class

of water

Criteria

Drinking Water Source without conventional

treatment but after disinfection

A

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C 2mg/l or less

Outdoor bathing (Organised) B

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C 3mg/l or less

Drinking water source after conventional

treatment and disinfection

C

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days at 20°C 3mg/l or less

Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries D

pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less

Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled

Waste disposal E

pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm Max.2250 Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/l





3.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT

The various Land use /Land class cover classes in the area have been grouped into Agricultural, Built Up, Industrial, Waste lands, Water bodies and others. The remote sensing thematic maps for land use and drainage are given in Annexure-VII and Annexure VIII respectively.

3.4.1 Methodology of sample collection and analysis

For land Environmental studies 4 sampling sites were selected to understand physico-chemical and biological status of the soil. This will establish the baseline characteristics and will facilitate identifying the contamination if any due to the proposed project. Meticulous was paid to collect adequate amount of composite soil samples for analysis. The samples were packed in dependable, waterproof containers and marking specified accurately and distinctly and brought to the laboratory for testing. All the chemical parameters were analyzed as per „Soil analyses’ by Jackson, 1994 and ISO Standards Compendium „Environmental Soil Quality‟.





Fig 3.4.1 Map Showing Soil Sampling Locations

Code Station Name

S1 Barge Loading Area S2 Refinery Own Land S3 Refinery Acquired Land S4 Puthencruz





3.4.2 Soil Data analysis

Soil samples analyzed for all the four sampling sites were given in chapter 3.1 (Fig 3.1.4) and the general standard soil classification is given.

3.4.2.1 Soil

The texture of the soil is mostly Sandy Loam. Soil particle size directly involves in deciding soil texture, porosity and infiltration capacity.

Soil separate fraction name Size Coarse Sand 1.0 to 0.5 mm; Medium sand 0.5 to 0.25 mm;

Fine sand 0.25 to 0.10 mm; Very fine sand 0.10 to 0.05 mm;

Silt 0.05 to 0.002 mm; Clay <0.002 mm.

Fig 3.4.2 Soil texture diagram of the study area

Based on particle sizes of the samples collected from the site, they are mostly falling in Sandy loam and Loam category.

pH: The pH of the soil extract varied from 3.73 to 5.74. In terms of soil pH the characteristic of the soil is very low pH and acidic in nature.





E.C: The EC varied from 190 to 4750 µS/cm. The electrical conductivity is found to be average for all the samples except the sample collected at Barge loading area. In all the samples EC are ranging from 190 to 256 µS/cm, except the sample collected at Barge Loading Area which was found to be very high value of electrical conductivity (4750 µS/cm). Macronutrients: Nitrogen values ranged between 109 kg/ha to 425 kg/ha. Nitrogen in the soil is found better. The lower pH and higher concentration of Nitrogen at Barge loading area is due to the fertilizer industry present at the other side of the river flowing near to the sampling site. The Phosphorus levels ranged between 11 to 44 kg/ha indicating its presence is medium for Barge Loading area and Refinery own land and the concentrations are low at Refinery acquired land & Puthencruz village. Soil potassium varied from 90 to 256 kg/ha shows the samples have medium level of concentrations. The lower concentrations of nutrients at other places are due to the waste land coverage. The principle cash crops like coconut, banana and rubber trees constitute the agricultural sectors at refinery own land and refinery acquired land. Although there is a few crops growing in the study area, the soil quality have no significant nutrient value. The physio-chemical parameters of soil and the concentration levels are given in Table 3.4.1 to 3.4.3 & 3.4.4 below.

Table 3.4.1 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil

Sampling Period: March No Parameters Units S1 S2 S3 S4

1 Type of Soil -- Sandy Loam Loam Sandy

Loam Loam

2 pH -- 3.94 4.86 5.74 4.85 3 Bulk Density gm/cc 1.50 1.48 1.55 1.44 4 Porosity gm/cc 38 38 38 42 5 Soil Texture -- 6 Sand % 65.0 47.5 61.3 42.5 7 Silt % 20.0 38.7 28.7 41.3 8 Clay % 15.0 13.8 10.0 16.3 9 Organic Matter % 3.73 2.27 1.52 1.09 10 SAR meq/100g 1.8 2.6 2.8 2.3 11 Specific Gravity g/cm3 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4

12 Electrical Conductivity µmhos/cm 4750 256 205 247

13 Nitrogen as N Kg/Ha 413 252 170 119

14 Phosphorous as P2O5

Kg/Ha 43 27 18 13

15 Potassium as K2O Kg/Ha 95 251 261 150 Note: SAR: Sodium Adsorption Ratio





Code Station Name Code Station Name

S1 Barge Loading Area S3 Refinery Acquired Land S2 Refinery Own Land S4 Puthencruz

Table 3.4.2 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil Sampling Period: April

No Parameters Units S1 S2 S3 S4


Loam Loam

2 pH -- 3.73 4.26 5.02 4.40 3 Bulk Density gm/cc 1.42 1.44 1.57 1.43 4 Porosity gm/cc 40 45 42 47 5 Soil Texture -- 6 Sand % 71.3 45 63.8 42.5 7 Silt % 24.9 37.5 27.5 40.0 8 Clay % 3.8 17.5 8.8 17.5 9 Organic Matter % 3.79 2.24 1.55 1.03 10 SAR meq/100g 1.7 2.7 3 2.7 11 Specific Gravity g/cm3 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.4




Kg/Ha 44 26 18 12 15 Potassium as K2O Kg/Ha 90 246 256 125

Note: SAR: Sodium Adsorption Ratio

Code Station Name Code Station Name S1 Barge Loading Area S3 Refinery Acquired Land S2 Refinery Own Land S4 Puthencruz





Table 3.4.3 Physicochemical Parameters of the soil

Sampling Period: May No Parameters Units S1 S2 S3 S4


Loam Loam

2 pH -- 3.84 4.84 5.65 4.81 3 Bulk Density gm/cc 1.50 1.45 1.55 1.44 4 Porosity gm/cc 39 40 41 45 5 Soil Texture -- 6 Sand % 50.0 45.0 65.0 45.0 7 Silt % 37.5 38.0 24.5 37.5 8 Clay % 12.5 17.5 10.0 17.5 9 Organic Matter % 3.8 2.28 1.49 1.01 10 SAR meq/100g 1.9 3.0 3.1 2.8 11 Specific Gravity g/cm3 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.3




Kg/Ha 44 26 17 11 15 Potassium as K2O Kg/Ha 93 241 256 144

Note: SAR: Sodium Adsorption Ratio

Code Station Name Code Station Name

S1 Barge Loading Area S3 Refinery Acquired Land S2 Refinery Own Land S4 Puthencruz





Table 3.4.4 Concentration levels for Soil

Parameter Units Concentration Level

Electrical conductivity (uS/cm) Up to 1.00 Average 1.00-2.00 Harmful to germination 2.01-3.00 Harmful to Crops

Salinity Electrical conductivity (mmhos/cm) (1mmho/cm = 640 ppm)

Upto 1.00 Average 1.00 – 2.00 Harmful to germination

2.01 – 3.00 Harmful to Crops (Sensitive to salts)

pH --

<4.5 Very low 4.5 – 6.0 Low (Acidic) 6.0 – 7.0 Moderate (Normal) 7.0 – 8.3 High (Weakly alkaline) >8.3 Very High (Alkaline)

Nitrogen (N) (kg/ha) <100 Low >100-150 Good >150-300 Better

Phosphorus (P2O5) (kg/ha) 00-20 Low >20-50 Medium >50-80 High

Potassium (K2O) (kg/ha) 00-150 Low 151-300 Medium >300 High

Organic Carbon (%)

<0.4 Low 0.4-0.5 Medium 0.51-0.8 Average 2 Preferred

Ca:Mg ratio (meq/100g) 3 Preferred 3.5 Ecology Introduction

Coastal areas are the site of complex natural systems where intense interactions occur between land, sea and atmosphere. They comprise a variety of highly productive ecosystems that differ in nature, magnitude and importance from one another and from one coast line to the other. The estuaries are integral part of coastal ecosystem, biologically diverse and productive habitats. It receives enormous quantities of nutrients because of their location near terrestrial sources of sediments inhabited by its own characteristic fauna and flora and on top of that these doorway acts as a nursery ground for the larvae and juveniles of prawns and fish. In addition, they provide a suitable habitat for plankton, crabs and molluscs and a variety of plants. These wetlands support diverse ecosystems from which the inhabitants of coastal areas and beyond derive their livelihood. Considering the rich bio-diversity of organisms and their role in productivity and their importance in human livelihood, it is but natural and vital to protect and safeguard these dynamic fragile ecosystems from any kind of damage or degradation.





But the present estuarine scenario is quite different all over the world. Human impacts on coastal ecosystems are wide spread. Habitats are changed or lost by the urbanization, development of tourist facilities and industrial installations, land reclamation and conversion, dredging and mining operations. Land based and upstream activities alter the sediments and freshwater inputs in downstream estuaries and coastal biotopes. Contamination from domestic and industrial sewage disposal and from agricultural run-off is also rapidly increasing and leading to eutrophication and chemical pollution. Disposal of solid wastes not only causes a litter problem but also widespread mortality of a variety of organisms. Indiscriminate exploitation of living resources may damage habitats and alter food webs. Human activities have dramatically increased the intensity, pace and types of environmental changes with an impact upon the coastal habitats and the resources they sustain. These changes may lead to the drastic decline of coastal fisheries or loss of biodiversity. The root cause which drives these human activities lies in the exponential growth rate of human population, economic policies that fail to value the ecological services of the environment and its resources, insufficient knowledge and weakness in institutional and legal systems.

Figure 3.5.1 Thick green cover (mixed plantation with orchards) around BPCL Refinery





Figure 3.5.2: Agricultural fields surrounding 10 km radius of the study area

3.5.1 Objectives of Ecological Studies

The objective of the present study was undertaken with a view to understand the present ecosystem on the following lines:

To assess the distribution of vegetation in and around the proposed plant;

To assess the distribution of animal life in the proposed plant areas as well as surrounding areas;

To assess the biodiversity and to understand the resource potential; and

To understand the nature of pollution and the impact of pollution on the ecosystem. 3.5.2 Methodology Adopted for the Survey

To achieve above objectives a detailed study of the area was undertaken in 10-km radius area with the proposed project site as its centre. The different methods adopted were as follows:

Compilation of secondary data with respect to the study area from published literature and Government agencies;





Generation of first hand data by undertaking systematic ecological studies in the area;

Interviews with local people so as to elicit information for local plants, animals and their uses

The present report gives the review of published secondary data and the results of field sampling conducted during pre-monsoon season 2013.

Forest General

There are no forests within 10-km radius study area.

However, Ernakulam district has 695 sq.km of area under forest which accounts to 28.8% of the total area of the district (SFR, 2011). The forest wealth of the district is comparatively low as compared to other districts in the state. The forest of this district falls under Malayattur, Munnar and Chalakudy divisions.

Secondary data from Gazetteer of Kerala Terrestrial Ecology

Like other districts of Kerala, the flora of Ernakulam is characteristically tropical. Heavy rainfall combined with moderate temperature and fertile soil support luxuriant vegetation in the district. Physiographically, the district may be divided into three regions:

Lowland (Coastal Region)

This coastal region consists of estuarine and strand vegetation. Some of the constituent species of estuarine vegetation are: Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia officinalis, Cerebera odollam, Clereodendrom inerme, Cyperus javanicus, Derris trifoliata, Exoecaria agallocha, Scaevola sericea, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Xyris indica, Launea sermentosa, Ipomea prescarpe, Portulacca oleraceae, Hydrocotyle, Spinifex littoreus, etc. The Acrostrichum aureum, a member of polydicea is abundant along the bank of the backwater areas. Eichhornia officinalis and Macaranga indica are observed in backwaters of Chitrapuzha river.

Midland Region (Plain Land)

This is the most densely populated area and due to this, most of the natural vegetation has been replaced by plantations and paddy fields. It covers more or less, the major part of the area presenting an undulating topography. The natural flora of this area is that of the Artocarpus hirsutus, Areca indica, Anacardium occidentale, Albizia odoratissima and several varieties of annuals and perennials. Ageratum conyzoides, Anesomeles indica, Cleredendrum serratum, Crotalaria pallida, Desmodium tridlorium, Jatropha curcas, Leucas indica, Mimosa pudica, Naragamia alata, Rungia parviflora. Climbers and epiphyses are few. Calycopteris floribunda, Panthus scandens, and Smilax zeylanica are some of the climbers found in mixed deciduous forests. Dendrobium nahum and Vanda testatea and fern Drynaria circutously are common epiphytes in this region.





Highland (Mountainous) Region The lower slopes are under Tectona grandis and Hevia brasiliensis cultivation, fodder grass and essential oil yielding grasses, a variety of bamboos are commonly grown plants.

The major cereals and pulses like Arachis sativa, Eleuisine coracona, Cajanus cajan, Cicer arietinum and Vigna mungo are grown in the study area. The chief vegetables and fruits grown are Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Anacardium occidentale, Citrus lanatus, Colocasia esculenta, Lablab purpueus, Mangifera indica, Manihot esculenta, Musa paradisica and Artocarpus heterophyllus are cultivated in the region. The plantation crops such as Hevea brasiliensis, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinale and economically important plants like Areca catechu, Cocos nucefera and Sachhanarum officinarum are also grown in the study area.

Crytogamic Vegetation

The study area shows many algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes. Algal members are present in all types of environment such as fresh water, estuarine water and marine water. Fungi, particularly visible ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are located on ground and epiphytically. Presence of a variety of crustose, foliose and fruticose lichen types indicate that the area is rich in oxygen content in atmosphere due to the presence of good natural vegetation.

Bryophytes include Riccia spp., Targionia hypophylla, Asterrela angustata, Plagiochorsma spp., Anthocerros and large number of mosses such as Funaria, Pogonatum spp., Polytrichum spp., Bryum, Tortella etc, are also observed in valley area of Bhramapuram and surrounding Hevia brazilenses gardens, Fern flora of the study area is Lycopodium, Lygodium, Athyrinum, Adiantum caudatum, Marselia quadrifolia, Pleopeltis membranacea, Peopeltis punctata and Cheilianthus farinosa in valley and shady area in the study area which also in rural and island area and some patches of Ernakulam rural environment.

Mangrove Forest

Mangroves are group of salt tolerant plant species which occur in the tropical and sub-tropical intertidal estuarine regions, sheltered coastline and creeks and are dominated by partly submerged sclerophyllous plant species which are from different origins. Mangroves constitute a dynamic ecosystem with a complex association of species both of flora and fauna of terrestrial and aquatic systems and vegetation presenting an evergreen type with varied life-forms. Salt tolerant plant associated or halophytes commonly growing on a relief that is situated above the tidal level and mostly remains dry in the mangrove ecosystem are usually seen in the families of Chenopodiaceae and Acanthaceae members. As a result of this convergent evolution due to habitat stress and they have similar physiology and structural adaptations.

Mangroves play a major role in soil formation by trapping debris. They serve as a sieve for rich organic soil washed down through river systems into sea to provide appropriate ecosystem and refuge for fish, marine invertebrates, molluscans and birds and contribute detritus enhancing the productivity of the ecosystem.

Mangroves, besides acting as stabilizers of wind and sea wave action along the coastal belts also help to dissipate the wave energy. The large portion of open sea fronts wherein mangroves could establish are converted into close placid-sea river





interphases. Mangroves in the estuarine interphase buffer high salinity, regulates rich organic laden water flows, stabilize the alluvial silt brought from the river systems, and fix the sediments of the sea with detritus, thus producing one of the richest productive ecosystems. Mangroves also act as a buffer against the oil slicks washed down from the sea.

Mangrove trees have significant role in production of food for fishes on the coastal waters. It has been established that mangrove tree produce about 8 metric tonnes of dry organic matter per hectare per year in the form of biomass. The biomass in the form of decayed organic matter forms a food for small fishes and other small organisms which in turn form food for large fishes in food chain. The shallow water is protected by the inter-twining prop roots of the mangrove trees form an ideal nursery ground for young fish.

Destruction of mangrove forests will lead to reduction of fish production. The mangrove forest could be seen in Chitrapuzha river mouth near Maradu, Udayamperoor Cheppanam, Khaltapuzha Khayal, Amada Madayan near islands near Port Kochi, Mangalvanam in the study area. Methodology

Floral diversity The study was aimed at enumeration of the available plant resources and obtaining a broad representation of the existing floristic variations in and around the proposed project site. The site was surveyed through random sampling and the floristic diversity was enumerated. All floral elements encountered in the field were photographed. All the species encountered were identified with the help of local authenticate published flora.

Faunal diversity Random walk and opportunistic observations were used for documenting the birds. With the aid of a pair of binoculars the bird sampling were carried out during morning (06:00 to 10:00 hrs) and evening (17:00 to 19:00 hrs) hours. Point count methods were used for enumerating the avifauna in mudflat areas. Birds were monitored by road transects up to 200 metres distance to obtain information on population. Data on fishes were collected from secondary sources and interview with fisher folk of the area. During the present study period, both direct and indirect methods (tracks & signs and visual encounter survey) were used to document the mammals occurring in the area. Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method was followed for the survey of the herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) in the study area during the present study. VES is a method one in which field personnel walk through an area or habitat for a prescribed time period systematically searching for animals.

Floral diversity The area falling under the 10 km radial distance is surrounded by both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Diverse systems such as dense and open forest, cultivated lands, sand dune vegetation, wetlands and human habitation were present in the study area that supported diverse floral species.

A total of 375 species of plants (including wild, ornamental and cultivated plants) belonging 82 plant families were documented and identified in the 10 km radial distance from the proposed project sites of the study area. The identified plant species with scientific name, family, habit, habitat and type are given in Table 4.5.1





Table 3.5.1 Distribution of plants in the study area and its surrounding

Sl. No.

Plant Name Family Habit Habitat Type

1 Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 2 Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 3 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 4 Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn

ex Benth. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic

5 Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 6 Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic 7 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)

Willd. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

8 Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 9 Acalypha indica L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 10 Acanthospermum hispidum

DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

11 Achras sapota Linn. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 12 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 13 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Rutaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 14 Aeluropus lagopoides (Linn.)

Trin. ex Thw. Poaceae Grass Semi-

aquatic Wild

15 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Simaroubaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 16 Alangium salviifolium (L.f.)

Wang. Alangiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

17 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 18 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Aloeaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 19 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 20 Alternanthera paronychioides

A. St.-Hilaire Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

21 Alternanthera pungens Kunth Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 22 Alternanthera sessilis (L.)

R.Br. ex DC. Amaranthaceae Herb Aquatic Wild

23 Alternanthera tenella Colla. Amaranthaceae Herb Semi-aquatic

Wild

24 Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 25 Alysicarpus rugosus DC. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 26 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 27 Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 28 Ammannia baccifera Linn. Lythraceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

29 Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 30 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Bromeliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 31 Andropogon pumilus Roxb. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 32 Anisomeles indica (L.) Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild





Sl. No.


Kuntze 33 Anisomeles malabarica (L.)

R. Br. ex Sims. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

34 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 35 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 36 Anthocephalus cadamba

(Roxb.) Miq. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated

37 Arachis hypogaea Linn. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 38 Argemone mexicana L. Papaveraceae Herb Terrestrial Exotic 39 Aristida adscensionis L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 40 Aristida funiculata Trin &

Rupr. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

41 Aristida hystrix L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 42 Aristida setacea Retz. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 43 Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 44 Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)

Fosberg Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

45 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae

Tree Terrestrial Wild

46 Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 47 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 48 Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 49 Avicennia marina (Forsk.)

Vierh. Acanthaceae Tree Semi-

aquatic Wild

50 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 51 Azima tetracantha Lam. Salvadoraceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 52 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Balanitaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 53 Bambusa arundinacea

(Retz.) Willd. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

54 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl.

Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Ornamental

55 Barleria buxifolia L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 56 Barleria prionitis L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 57 Bassia latifolia Roxb. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 58 Bauhinia purpurea L. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 59 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 60 Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 61 Biophytum reinwardtii

(Zucc.) Klotzsch. Oxalidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

62 Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 63 Blainvillea acmella (L.)

Philipson Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

64 Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Heyne ex Roth

Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild





Sl. No.


65 Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 66 Blumea lacera (Burm.f) DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 67 Blumea mollis (D.Don) Merr. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 68 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 69 Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 70 Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 71 Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 72 Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A.

Camus Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

73 Bougainvillea spectabilis Comm. ex. Juss.

Nyctaginaceae Straggler Terrestrial Ornamental

74 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston

Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

75 Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 76 Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.)

C.B. Clarke Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

77 Callophyllum inophyllum L. Clusiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 78 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 79 Canavalia cathartica Thouars Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 80 Capparis sepiaria L. Capparidaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 81 Capparis zeylanica L. Capparidaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 82 Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 83 Cardiospermum halicacabum

L. Sapindaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

84 Careya arborea Roxb. Barringtoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 85 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 86 Caryota urens L. Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 87 Casearia rubescens Dalz. Flacourtiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 88 Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 89 Cassia siamea Lam. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 90 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casurinaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 91 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombacaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 92 Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 93 Cenchrus ciliaris L. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 94 Chloris barbata Sw. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 95 Chloris dolichostachya

Lagasca Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

96 Chloris tenella Koen. ex Roxb.

Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

97 Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson

Asteraceae Shrub Terrestrial Exotic

98 Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 99 Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Rutaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild





Sl. No.


100 Cleome aspera Koen ex. DC. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 101 Cleome monophylla L. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 102 Cleome viscosa L. Capparidaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 103 Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 104 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 105 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 106 Cocculus pendulus (Forst.)

Diels Menispermaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild

107 Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 108 Combretum albidum G.Don Combretaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 109 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 110 Commelina clavata Clarke Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 111 Commelina longifolia Lam. Commelinaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 112 Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 113 Corchorus aestuans L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 114 Corchorus tridens L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 115 Corchorus trilocularis L. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 116 Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 117 Cordia myxa L. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 118 Cordia sebestena L. Boraginaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 119 Crotalaria pallida Dryand.

var. pallida(G.Don) Polhill Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

120 Croton bonplandianum Baill. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 121 Cryptolepis buchananii

Roem. & Schult. Asclepiadaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild

122 Cucumis melo L. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 123 Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 124 Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 125 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 126 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 127 Cynoglossum zeylanicum

(Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm.

Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

128 Cyperus articulatus L. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild 129 Cyperus difformis L. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

130 Cyperus exaltatus Retz. Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild 131 Cyperus iria L. Cyperaceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

132 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 133 Dactyloctenium aegyptium

(L.) Willd. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

134 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted





Sl. No.


135 Datura metal L. Solanaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 136 Delonix elata (L.) Gamble Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 137 Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook)

Rafin. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

138 Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth.

Fabaceae Climber Semi-aquatic

Wild

139 Derris trifoliata Lour. Fabaceae Climber Semi-aquatic

Wild

140 Desmodium laxiflorum DC. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 141 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.)

Wight & Arn. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

142 Dicoma tomentosa Cass. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 143 Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 144 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Dilleniaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 145 Diospyros montana Roxb. Ebenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 146 Diplocyclos palmatus (L.)

Jeffrey Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

147 Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) K.Schum.

Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

148 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Poaceae Grass Semi-aquatic

Wild

149 Echinops echinatus Roxb. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 150 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

151 Elaeocarpus serratus L. Tiliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 152 Embllia ribes Burm.f. Mysinaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 153 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 154 Eragrostis nutans (Retz.)

Nees ex Steud. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

155 Eragrostis pilosa P. Beauv Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 156 Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.)

Nees ex Steud. Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild

157 Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin.


158 Erythrina stricta Roxb. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 159 Eucalyptus teriticornis Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 160 Euphorbia geniculata Ortega Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 161 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 162 Euphorbia nivulia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 163 Euphorbia rosea Retz. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 164 Euphorbia thymifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 165 Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 166 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 167 Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild





Sl. No.


168 Ficus arnottiana Miq. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 169 Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 170 Ficus microcarpa var.

microcarpa L.f. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

171 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 172 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 173 Filicium decipiens (Wight &

Arn.) Thw. Sapindaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

174 Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl.

Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

175 Fimbristylis argentea (Rottb.) Vahl.

Cyperaceae Herb Aquatic Wild

176 Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl.

Cyperaceae Herb Semi-aquatic

Wild

177 Fimbristylis ovata (Burm. F.) Kern.

Cyperaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

178 Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

Flacourtiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

179 Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. Clusiaceae

Tree Terrestrial Wild

180 Glinus lotoides Linnaeus Aizoaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 181 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)

Kunth ex Walp. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic

182 Gloriosa superba L. Colchicaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 183 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 184 Gomphrena serrata L. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 185 Goniogyna hirta (Willd.) Ali Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 186 Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. Tiliaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 187 Grewia villosa Willd. Tiliaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 188 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.)

R.Br. ex Schult. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

189 Haldinia cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd.

Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

190 Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 191 Hedyotis corymbosa (L.)

Lam. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

192 Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 193 Heliotropium curasavicum L. Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 194 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.

Br. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

195 Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv


196 Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Malvaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 197 Hibiscus vitifolius L. Malvaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild





Sl. No.


198 Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G.Don

Apocynaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

199 Holigarna arnottiana Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 200 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.)

Planch. Ulmaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

201 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 202 Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.)

R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

203 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.


204 Indigofera caerulea Roxb. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 205 Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 206 Indigofera linnaei Ali Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 207 Indoneesiella echioides (L)

Nees. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

208 Ipomoea alba L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 209 Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Convolvulaceae Climber Aquatic Wild 210 Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Convolvulaceae Shrub Aquatic Wild 211 Ipomoea hederifolia L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 212 Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 213 Ipomoea pres-caprae Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 214 Ipomoea quamoclit L. Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Ornamental 215 Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &

Schultes Convolvulaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

216 Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr.


217 Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Sm. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 218 Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 219 Jasminum scandens Vahl Oleaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 220 Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted 221 Jatropha gossypifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 222 Justicia adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental 223 Justicia betonica Linn. Acanthaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 224 Lagascea mollis Cav. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 225 Lagerstroemia microcarpa

Hance Lythraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

226 Lagerstroemia reginae Roxb. Lythraceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 227 Lannea coromandelica

(Houtt.) Merr. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

228 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Shrub Terrestrial Exotic 229 Launaea sarmentosa (Willd.)

Schultz-Bip.ex Kuntze Asteraceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

230 Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted 231 Leea indica (Burm.f) Merr. Vitaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild





Sl. No.


232 Leptadenia reticulata Wight & Arn.

Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

233 Leucaena leucocephala (L.) Gills

Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Exotic

234 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 235 Ludwigia perennis L. Onagraceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

236 Ludwigia peruviana (L.) Hara Onagraceae Herb Semi-aquatic

Wild

237 Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Solanaceae

Herb Terrestrial Cultivated

238 Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg.

Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

239 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke

Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

240 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 241 Manilkara zapota (L.)

P.Royen Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

242 Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou

Celastraceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

243 Memecylon talbotianum Brandis

Melastomaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

244 Memycylon umbellatum Melastomaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 245 Merremia tridentata (L.)

Hall.f. Convolvulaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

246 Millingtonia hortensis L.f. Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 247 Mimosa hamata Willd. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 248 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 249 Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.)

Korth. Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

250 Momordica dioica Roxb. ex. Willd.

Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

251 Morinda pubescens J.E. Smith.

Rubiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

252 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 253 Morus alba L. Moraceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 254 Moullava spicata (Dalzell)

Nicolson Fabaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

255 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 256 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.

Roem. Cucurbitaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

257 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 258 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Rutaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental 259 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 260 Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated





Sl. No.


261 Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 262 Nothapodytes foetida (Wight)

Sleumer Icacinaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

263 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Oleaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 264 Ocimum canum Sims. Lamiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 265 Oldenlandia umbellata L. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 266 Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Cactaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 267 Parkinsonia aculeata L. Fabaceae Tree Semi-

aquatic Wild

268 Parthenium hysterophorus L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Exotic 269 Pavonia odorata Willd. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 270 Pavonia procumbens (Wall

ex Wight & Arn.) Walp. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

271 Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 272 Pedalium murex L. Pedaliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 273 Peltophorum pterocarpum

(DC.) Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

274 Pentatropis microphylla L. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 275 Pergularia daemia (Forrsk.)

Chiov. Asclepiadaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

276 Peristrophe bicalyculata (Forssk.) Brummitt.

Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

277 Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm

Lauraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

278 Phoenix loureirii Kunth. Arecaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 279 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 280 Phyllanthus acidus (L.)

Skeels Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

281 Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 282 Phyllanthus emblica L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 283 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis

L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

284 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 285 Phyllanthus urinaria L. Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 286 Physalis minima Linn. Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 287 Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 288 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)

Benth. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

289 Plumeria alba L. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 290 Plumeria rubra L. Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 291 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonner.)

Thw. Annonaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental

292 Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam.

Caryophyllaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild





Sl. No.


293 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 294 Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 295 Portulaca quadrifida L. Portulacaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 296 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 297 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Cultivated 298 Pterolobium hexapetalum

(Roth.) Sant. & Wagh Fabaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild

299 Punica granatum L. Punicaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 300 Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. Amaranthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 301 Quisqualis indica L. Combretaceae Climber Terrestrial Ornamental 302 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.)

Benth. ex kurz Apocynaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

303 Ruellia tuberosa L. Acanthaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 304 Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae Grass Semi-

aquatic Wild

305 Salicornia brachiata Miq. Chenopodiaceae Shrub Semi-aquatic

Wild

306 Sapindus emarginatus Vahl. Sapindaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 307 Sapium insigne (Royle)

Benth. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

308 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken

Sapindaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

309 Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae Herb Semi-aquatic

Wild

310 Sebastiania chamaelea (L.) Muell.-Arg.

Euphorbiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

311 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Ornamental 312 Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild 313 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 314 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 315 Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae Shrub Terrestrial Cultivated 316 Sesbania sesban (Jacq.)

W.Wight Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

317 Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv Poaceae Grass Terrestrial Wild 318 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 319 Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 320 Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 321 Sida rhombifolia L. var.

rhombifolia Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

322 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild 323 Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solanaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 324 Sonchus oleraceus L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 325 Spermacoce hispida L. Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 326 Spermacoce ocymoides Rubiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild





Sl. No.


Burm.f. 327 Spinifex littoreus (Burm.f.)

Merr. Poaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

328 Sterculia foetida Linn. Sterculiaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 329 Sterculia urens Roxb. Sterculiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 330 Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 331 Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze Scrophulariaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 332 Strychnos nux-vomica L. Strychnaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 333 Suaeda nudiflora (Willd) Moq. Chenopodiaceae Herb Semi-

aquatic Wild

334 Synadenium grantii Hook.f. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Terrestrial Planted 335 Synedrella nodiflora (L.)

Gaertn. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

336 Syzigium caryophyllatum L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 337 Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 338 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 339 Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 340 Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth Bignoniaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 341 Tectona grandis L.f. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 342 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 343 Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 344 Terminalia alata Heyne ex

Roth Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

345 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.

Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted

346 Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

347 Terminalia catappa L. Myrtaceae Tree Terrestrial Ornamental 348 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 349 Terminalia paniculata Roxb. Combretaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 350 Theobroma cacao L. Sterculiaceae Tree Terrestrial Planted 351 Thespesia populnea (L.)

Soland ex Correa Malvaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild

352 Thevetia peruviana K.Schum Apocynaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 353 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. Acanthaceae Straggler Terrestrial Ornamental 354 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)

Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. Menispermaceae Climber Terrestrial Wild

355 Trewia nudiflora L. Euphorbiaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 356 Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 357 Trichodesma indicum (L.) R.

Br. Boraginaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

358 Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 359 Trigonella foenum-graecum

L. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated





Sl. No.


360 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Tiliaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 361 Typha angustifolia L. Poaceae Grass Aquatic Wild 362 Urena lobata L. subsp. lobata Malvaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 363 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 364 Vigna mungo (L.) Wilczek Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 365 Vigna radiata (L.) Verdc. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Cultivated 366 Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 367 Vitex altissima Linn.f. Verbenaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 368 Waltheria indica L. Sterculiaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 369 Xanthium indicum Koen. Asteraceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 370 Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. Fabaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 371 Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild 372 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Tree Terrestrial Wild 373 Ziziphus nummularia

(Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Rhamnaceae Shrub Terrestrial Wild

374 Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Straggler Terrestrial Wild 375 Zornia gibbosa Span. Fabaceae Herb Terrestrial Wild

3.5.3 Habitat wise representation

Based on habit types, among the 360 plant species, herbaceous plants were dominant in the study area and was represented with 130 species, followed by trees (121 species), shrubs (49 species) grasses (26 species) and climbers/stragglers with 49 species (Figure 3.5.3).

Figure 3.5.3 Habit wise representation of plants from the study area

Climber10% Grass

7%

Herb35%

Shrub13%

Straggler3%

Tree32%

Climber

Grass

Herb

Shrub

Straggler

Tree





Fruit yielding plants Most of the backyard gardens of Kochi having a number of fruit yielding plants. Some of the noticed plants are given below.

Table 3.5.2 Fruit yielding plants from the study area

Species Name Vernacular name English name Family

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Koolakam Wood Apple Rutaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Kasumavu Cashew Anacardiaceae Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Annarachakka Pineapple Bromeliaceae Annona reticulata L. Manilanilam Custard apple Annonaceae Annona squamosa L. Aathi Custard apple Annonaceae Artocarpus altilis Kadaplavu Bread fruit Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Plavu Jack Fruit Moraceae Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Anjili Wild Jack Moraceae Averrhoa carambola L. Annapulinchi Carambola apple Oxalidaceae Borassus flabellifer L. Ampana Palmyra palm Arecaceae Carica Papaya L. Omaikka Papaya Caricaceae Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Cherunaregam Lemon Rutaceae Cocos nucifera L. Thenga Coconut Arecaceae Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. Korakkapuli

Malabar Gamboge Clusiaceae

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Thakkali Tomato Solanaceae Mangifera indica L. Mavu Mango Anacardiaceae Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Manilakkara Sapodilla Sapotaceae Musa paradisiaca L. Kadalivazha Banana Musaceae Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Sheema nelli Star gooseberry Euphorbiaceae

Phyllanthus emblica L. Nelli Indian Gooseberry Euphorbiaceae

Psidium guajava L. Pera Guava Myrtaceae Punica granatum L. Atthazhachakka Pomogranate Punicaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Perinnaral Black Plum Myrtaceae Tamarindus indica L. Puli Tamarind Fabaceae Theobroma cacao L. Kokko Cocoa Tree Sterculiaceae

Endangered plants

Floristic studies were conducted during April 2013 to know the presence of any endangered/threatened/endemic plant species in and around proposed plant area and surrounding 10 km radius. The study area did not record the presence of any critically threatened species.

National Park/Sanctuary

As per Ministry of Environment & Forests Notifications and local forest notifications, there are no wildlife/bird sanctuaries/national parks/ biospheres in 10-km radius from plant site.





However, Mangalavanam bird sanctuary is situated in the heart of Ernakulam city, which is about 11-km from plant on WNW direction.

Avifauna

A total of 78 species of birds were observed during the present survey in the 10 km radial distance from the proposed project sites. The habitat types of the area include agricultural land, scrub jungle, dense forest, plantation, coastal area, wetlands, marshlands and fallow grasslands. The common wetland or wetland associated species of the area include Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Oriental White Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Common Sandpiper (Charadrius dubius), Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea), and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea). The common terrestrial species of the area include Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata), Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis), Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis) and Red vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer). The list of avifauna is presented in the following Table 4.5.3.

Table 3.5.3 List of birds documented during the study period

S.No Common Name Scientific Name Family Migratory

Status 1 Asian Koel Eudynamys

scolopacea Cuculidae R

2 Asian Openbill-Stork

Anastomus oscitans Ciconiidae R

3 Asian Paradise-Flycatcher

Terpsiphone paradisi Muscicapidae R

4 Asian Pied Starling

Gracupica contra Sturnidae R

5 Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus

Sturnidae R

6 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus Ploceinae R 7 Black Drongo Dicrurus

macrocercus Dicruridae R

8 Black Kite Milvus migrans Accipitridae R 9 Black-shouldered

Kite Elanus caeruleus Accipitridae R

10 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus

Recurvirostridae M

11 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia Columbidae R 12 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Accipitridae R 13 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae R 14 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Upupidae R 15 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae R 16 Common

Sandpiper Charadrius dubius Scolopacidae M

17 Common Swallow

Hirundo rustica Hirundinidae M

18 Darter Anhinga melanogaster

Anhingidae R

19 Domestic Gallus gallus Phasianidae R





S.No Common Name Scientific Name Family Migratory Status

Chicken domesticus 20 Eurasian Collared

Dove Streptopelia decaocto Columbidae O

21 Golden Fronted Leafbird

Chloropsis aurifrons Chloropseidae R

22 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Cuculidae R 23 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Meropidae R 24 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Ardeidae M 25 House Crow Corvus splendens Corvidae R 26 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeridae R 27 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Cuculidae R 28 Indian Pond-

Heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae R

29 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata Muscicapidae R 30 Indian Roller Coracias

benghalensis Coraciidae R

31 Intermediate Egret

Mesophoyx intermedia

Ardeidae R

32 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos

Corvidae R

33 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Phalacrocoracidae R 34 Little Egret Egretta Garzetta Ardeidae R 35 Oriental Magpie-

Robin Copsychus saularis Muscicapidae R

36 Oriental White Ibis

Threskiornis melanocephalus

Threskiornithidae R

37 Pied Crested Cuckoo

Clamator jacobinus Cuculidae M

38 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Muscicapidae R 39 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Ardeidae R 40 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica Nectariniidae R 41 Purple-rumped

Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica Nectariniidae R

42 Red Whiskered Bulbul

Pycnonotus jacosus Pycnonotidae R

43 Red-rumped Swallow

Hirundo daurica Hirundinidae R

44 Red-vented Bulbul

Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae R

45 Red-wattled Lapwing

Vanellus indicus Charadriidae R

46 Rose-ringed Parakeet

Psittacula krameri Psittacidae R

47 Small Blue Kingfisher

Alcedo atthis Alcedinidae R

48 Spotted Dove Streptopelia Columbidae R






chinensis 49 White Wagtail Motacilla alba Motacillidae R 50 White-breasted

Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedinidae R

51 White-breasted Water hen

Amaurornis phoenicurus

Rallidae R

52 Yellow Wattled Lapwing

Venellus malabaricus Charadriidae R

53 Watercock Gallicrex cinerea Rallidae R 54 Common Red

Shank Tringa totanus Scolopacidae M

55 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis Scolopacidae R 56 Common Green

Shank Tringa nebularia Scolopacidae M

57 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Scolopacidae R 58 White-cheeked

Barbet Megalaima viridis) Megalaimidae O

59 Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker

Dinopium benghalense

Picidae O

60 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia Aegithinidae R 61 White-headed

Babbler Turdoides leucocephala

Timaliidae R

62 Blyth's Reed-Warbler

Acrocephalus dumetorum

Acrocephalidae R

63 Common Tailorbird

Orthotomus sutorius Cisticolidae R

64 Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus Phylloscopidae R 65 Loten's Sunbird Cinnyris lotenius Nectariniidae R 66 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus Dicruridae R 67 Greater Racket-

tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus Dicruridae O

68 Indian Shag Phalacrocorax fuscicollis

Phalacrocoracidae O

69 Chestnut Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus

Ardeidae O

70 Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis Ardeidae O 71 Little Ringed

Plover Charadrius dubius Charadriidae R

72 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida Sternidae R 73 Brown Fish Owl Bubo zeylonensis Strigidae R 74 Mottled Wood

Owl Strix ocellata Strigidae R

75 House Swift Apus nipalensis Apodidae R 76 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Cerylidae R






77 Large Pied Wagtail

Motacilla maderaspatensis

Motacillidae R

78 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Motacillidae R Note: R-Resident; M-migratory, O-Occasional

Butterflies A total of 27 butterfly species belonging to 6 families were recorded during the present study period (Table 3.5.4). At family level, the family Nymphalidae is the dominant one with 16 species followed by Pieridae with 4 species, Lycaenidae with 3 species and Papilionidae with 2 species. The family wise distribution of butterflies is given in Table 3.5.5. Species such as Chocolate Pansy, Common Jezebel, Plain Tiger, Common Crow, and Common Grass Yellow were commonly seen in and around the proposed project site. Crimson Rose, Danaid Eggfly and Common Pierrot are protected under schedule-I of Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Blue Mormon and Crimson Rose are endemic species found occurring in the present study area, the distributions of which are restricted to the Peninsular India and Srilanka (Kunte, 2000).

Table 3.5.4 List of butterflies in and around the study area

S.No Common Name Scienticfic Name Family 1 Blue Pansy Junonia orithya Nymphalidae 2 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Nymphalidae 3 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita Nymphalidae 4 Common Baron Euthalia garuda Nymphalidae 5 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno Lycaenidae 6 Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Pieridae

7 Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Pieridae

8 Common Indian Crow Euploea core Nymphalidae

9 Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Pieridae 10 Common Leopard Phalanta phalanta Nymphalidae 11 Common Mormon Papilio polytes Papilionidae 12 Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon Lycaenidae 13 Common Sailor Neptis hylas Nymphalidae 14 Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector Papilionidae

15 Danaid Egg fly Hypolimnas misippus Nymphalidae

16 Glassy Tiger Parantica algea Nymphalidae 17 Gram Blue Euchrysops cnejus Lycaenidae 18 Great Egg fly Hypolimnas bolina Nymphalidae 19 Grey Pansy Junonia atlites Nymphalidae 20 Indian Skipper Spialia galba Hesperiidae 21 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Nymphalidae





S.No Common Name Scienticfic Name Family 22 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana Nymphalidae 23 Pioneer Anaphaeis aurota Pieridae 24 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus Nymphalidae 25 Plum Judy Abisara echerius Riodinidae 26 Striped Tiger Danaus genutia Nymphalidae 27 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta Nymphalidae

Table 3.5.5 Family wise distribution of butterflies in the study area

Family No of Species

Nymphalidae 16

Pieridae 4

Lycaenidae 3

Papilionidae 2

Hesperiidae 1

Riodinidae 1

Grand Total 27

Amphibians Based on field observations and the available secondary information, a total of 7 species of amphibians could be recorded from the study area as given in the following Table 3.5.6.

Table 3.5.6 List of amphibians recorded in the study area

Sl No Common Name Scientific Name Family 1 Asian Common Toad Bufo melanostictus Bufonidae 2 Beddome's Leaping Frog Indirana beddomii Ranidae 3 Common Tree Frog Polypedates maculatus Rhacophoridae

4 Indian Skipper Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Ranidae

5 Indus Valley Toad Duttaphrynus stomaticus Bufonidae

6 Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog microhyla ornate Microhylidae

7 Paddyfield Frog Fejervarya limnocharis Dicroglossidae





Mammals

There are no major wild animals in the study area of 10 km radius and other minor wild life present in study area is presented in Table-3.5.7.

Table-3.5.7 Mammals recorded in the study area

Sr. No. Common Name Zoological Name 1 Rat Rattus sp. 2 Hare Lepus nigricollis 3 Jackal Canis auries 4 Squirrel Funambulus palmarum 5 Field mouse Rattus norvegicus 6 House rat Rattus rattus 7 Bat Rhinolopus spp. 8 Bat Hipposiderus spp. 9 Common mongoose Herpestes edwardii 10 Bandicoot rat Bandicota indica 11 Bandicoot Bandicota bengalensis 12 Porcuppine Hystrix indica





Little Cormorant Pond Heron

, White-browed Wagtail Grey Heron

Figure 3.5.4 Fauna Plate





Annas comosus Piper nigrum

Myristica fragans Havea brasiliensis

Quarry site filled with water Chitrapuzha river

Figure 3.5.5 Flora & landscape Photographs





3.6 Socioeconomic Environment 3.6.1 Socioeconomic Structure

The baseline data for socio-economic shall include the following: Demographic profile (Population, human settlements, male/female ratio, literacy,

occupational pattern (Main Workers, Marginal workers and Non workers). Infrastructure resource base (medical, education, water resource, power supply etc.). Economic resource (Agriculture, industry, forest etc.). Cultural and Aesthetic attributes.

Village/town wise Population, Households, Occupation and Literacy status, Forest land and Irrigated land distribution have been collected based on Census, 2001 in the following pattern.

1. Total population 07. Total worker males (main + marginal) 2. Population (0-6 years) 08. Total worker females (main + marginal) 3. Literacy rate (Persons) 09. Main workers (Persons) 4. Literacy rate (Males) 10. Marginal workers (Persons) 5. Literacy rate (Females) 11. Main workers (Persons) 6. Total worker persons (main +

marginal) 12. Non workers (Persons)

Population and households Population breakup within 10 km radius of the plant as per 2001 census is 2204880 male and 2247499 female which makes up a Total population about 4452379 respectively, with 9.0 % of SC and 0.3 % of ST Population. The summarized population data is given in Table 3.6.1.

Table 3.6.1 Population Composition

Name No.

HH

Population( Total)

SC Population

ST Population

t

Total

M

Male

F

Female

t

Total

M

Male

F

Female

t

Total

M

Male

F

Female

Edathala (CT) 1

4420 6

7754 3

3604 3

4150 6

827 3

353 3

474 1

56 7

7 7

9

Kizhakkambalam 4

702 2

2222 1

0740 1

1482 1

991 1

005 9

86 7

5 3

3 4

2

Thekkumbhagom 2

390 1

1026 5

560 5

466 1

225 5

99 6

26 7 7 0

Pattimattom 4

145 1

9711 9

537 1

0174 2

055 1

042 1

013 0 0 0

Aikaranad North 4

395 1

8940 9

413 9

527 3

036 1

521 1

515 5

6 2

9 2

7

Aikaranad South 4

651 1

9950 1

0009 9

941 2

414 1

200 1

214 1

24 7

0 5

4

Vadavukode 5

29 2

287 1

143 1

144 2

87 1

44 1

43 0 0 0

Ramamangalam 2

390 9

999 5

070 4

929 1

166 5

59 6

07 7 4 3

Thiruvaniyoor 5

570 2

4158 1

2033 1

2125 2

869 1

387 1

482 7 5 2

Maneed 3

825 1

6456 8

196 8

260 2

994 1

486 1

508 1 0 1

Kanayannur 1

80530 7

90212 3

90875 3

99337 6

3963 3

1423 3

2540 1

929 9

89 9

40

Mulamthuruthy 5

550 2

3615 1

1667 1

1948 2

764 1

333 1

431 4

5 1

9 2

6





Kureekkad (CT) 2

309 9

725 4

772 4

953 1

298 6

25 6

73 1

7 7 10

Amballur 2

688 1

1757 5

763 5

994 1

180 5

70 6

10 2 1 1

Thiruvankulam

(CT)

5217

21717

10774

10943

3987

1954

2033

63

30

33

Kumaramputhur 2

815 1

5346 7

442 7

904 2

942 1

418 1

524 0 0 0

Elappully-II 4

633 2

1826 1

0756 1

1070 3

976 1

994 1

982 2

4 8 16

Elappully-I 3

431 1

5929 7

837 8

092 2

382 1

182 1

200 0 0 0

Brahmakulam

(CT)

2782

13027

6108

6919

1287

633

654 0 0 0

Chittanda 1

413 6

649 3

157 3

492 1

242 6

05 6

37 0 0 0

Pariyaram 7

560 3

1615 1

5663 1

5952 4

831 2

336 2

495 1

049 5

20 5

29

Panangad 3

164 1

4527 6

866 7

661 1

761 8

52 9

09 0 0 0

Ernakulam 6

93161 3

105798 1

538397 1

567401 2

63518 1

29706 1

33812 1

0046 5

079 4

967

Irapuram 4

138 1

8139 9

104 9

035 2

168 1

085 1

083 4

5 2

2 2

3

Eloor (CT) 6

994 3

0094 1

5080 1

5014 3

043 1

519 1

524 2

57 1

27 1

30 Thrikkakara

(N)(Part)

117

420

197

223 8 4 4 0 0 0

Kalamassery (M) 1

4206 6

3116 3

1919 3

1197 5

309 2

664 2

645 2

85 1

63 1

22

Kakkanad (OG) 5

088 2

2486 1

1172 1

1314 4

299 2

116 2

183 3

2 1

7 1

5

Puthencruz

5649

23878

12026

11852

4577

2276

2301

123

49

74

Total 9

98462

4

452379

2

204880

2

247499

3

99399

1

96591

2

02808

1

4350

7

256

7

094

*As per 2001 census HH- Households CT- Census Town OG- Out Growth

Fig 3.6.1 Population composition

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

Others SC ST

Nu

mb

er

Category

Population Status

Total

Male

Female





3.6.2 Occupational structure Occupational structure is divided in to 3 categories viz., Main workers, Marginal workers and other workers. The criteria of dividing type of workers are as follows: Main workers: Those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period (i.e. 6 months or more) are termed as Main Workers. There are 1321793 total main workers in this area. Marginal workers: Those workers who have not worked for the major point of the reference period (i.e. less than 6 months) are termed as marginal workers. The total marginal workers are 274868. The summarized occupation data is in Table 4.6.2. Non workers: All workers, i.e., those who have been engaged in some economic activity during the last one-year, but are not cultivators or agricultural laborers or in Household Industry, are 'Other Workers (OW)'. The type of workers that come under this category of 'OW' include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc. In effect, all those workers other than cultivators or agricultural laborers or household industry workers are other workers.

Fig 3.6.2 Occupational Status

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

Total Main Marginal Non

Nu

mb

er

Category

Occupational Details

Total

Male

Female





Table 3.6.2 Occupational Structure Name

Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Worker

T M F T M F T M F

Edathala (CT) 22301 17684 4617 19142 15577 3565 3159 2107 1052 45453 Kizhakkambalam 8876 6200 2676 7772 5599 2173 1104 601 503 13346 Thekkumbhagom 4209 3228 981 3352 2662 690 857 566 291 6817 Pattimattom 7883 5411 2472 6335 4553 1782 1548 858 690 11828 Aikaranad North 7673 5327 2346 6121 4522 1599 1552 805 747 11267 Aikaranad South 8141 5637 2504 6264 4798 1466 1877 839 1038 11809 Vadavukode 808 567 241 699 512 187 109 55 54 1479 Ramamangalam 4300 2962 1338 3270 2437 833 1030 525 505 5699 Thiruvaniyoor 8679 6630 2049 6718 5305 1413 1961 1325 636 15479 Maneed 6521 4621 1900 4339 3482 857 2182 1139 1043 9935 Kanayannur 276715 212283 64432 239450 187241 52209 37265 25042 12223 513497 Mulamthuruthy 8398 6300 2098 6363 4964 1399 2035 1336 699 15217 Kureekkad (CT) 3403 2576 827 2703 2107 596 700 469 231 6322 Amballur 3942 2983 959 3144 2449 695 798 534 264 7815 Thiruvankulam (CT) 7750 5856 1894 6432 4902 1530 1318 954 364 13967 Kumaramputhur 4233 3477 756 3553 3020 533 680 457 223 11113 Elappully-II 9808 6219 3589 7474 5053 2421 2334 1166 1168 12018 Elappully-I 7257 4706 2551 6646 4469 2177 611 237 374 8672 Brahmakulam (CT) 3666 2856 810 3048 2391 657 618 465 153 9361 Chittanda 2153 1592 561 1792 1383 409 361 209 152 4496 Pariyaram 12777 8879 3898 10361 7511 2850 2416 1368 1048 18838 Panangad 4803 3378 1425 4013 2903 1110 790 475 315 9724 Ernakulam 1117091 847818 269273 915756 726400 189356 201335 121418 79917 1988707 Irapuram 7299 5184 2115 6412 4797 1615 887 387 500 10840 Eloor (CT) 10133 8237 1896 8472 7053 1419 1661 1184 477 19961 Thrikkakara (N) (Part) 131 90 41 126 88 38 5 2 3 289 Kalamassery (M) 21366 16710 4656 18562 14768 3794 2804 1942 862 41750 Kakkanad (OG) 8283 6035 2248 6410 4791 1619 1873 1244 629 14203 Puthencruz 8062 6571 1491 7064 5832 1232 998 739 259 15816

Total

15

96

66

1

12

10

01

7

38

66

44

13

21

79

3

10

41

56

9

28

02

24

27

48

68

16

84

48

10

64

20

28

55

71

8

Literacy A person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding any language has been taken as literate. It is not necessary for a person to have received any formal education or passed any minimum educational standard for being treated as literate. People who were blind and could read in Braille are treated to be literates. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is treated as illiterate. All children of age 6 years or less, even if going to school and have picked up reading and writing, are treated as illiterates. The number and the percentage of literates within the study area is as mentioned in Table 3.6.3, which is 83.1 % for the total study area as the Total literate population is 3701823 among the Total population 4452379 and the Total population of illiterates is 750556.





Table 3.6.3 Literacy Levels

Name Literates Illiterates

Total Male Female Total Male Female

Edathala (CT) 54025 27775 26250 13729 5829 7900 Kizhakkambalam 18151 8981 9170 4071 1759 2312 Thekkumbhagom 8768 4560 4208 2258 1000 1258 Pattimattom 15890 7971 7919 3821 1566 2255 Aikaranad North 15655 7992 7663 3285 1421 1864 Aikaranad South 16373 8447 7926 3577 1562 2015 Vadavukode 1920 989 931 367 154 213 Ramamangalam 8257 4311 3946 1742 759 983 Thiruvaniyoor 20105 10304 9801 4053 1729 2324 Maneed 13462 6914 6548 2994 1282 1712 Kanayannur 672242 339001 333241 117970 51874 66096 Mulamthuruthy 19918 10108 9810 3697 1559 2138 Kureekkad (CT) 8305 4152 4153 1420 620 800 Amballur 9752 4918 4834 2005 845 1160 Thiruvankulam (CT) 18562 9411 9151 3155 1363 1792 Kumaramputhur 11668 5819 5849 3678 1623 2055 Elappully-II 14454 7867 6587 7372 2889 4483 Elappully-I 11467 6134 5333 4462 1703 2759 Brahmakulam (CT) 10872 5202 5670 2155 906 1249 Chittanda 5256 2576 2680 1393 581 812 Pariyaram 24732 12765 11967 6883 2898 3985 Panangad 12082 5880 6202 2445 986 1459 Ernakulam 2578813 1307846 1270967 526985 230551 296434 Irapuram 15099 7751 7348 3040 1353 1687 Eloor (CT) 25394 13032 12362 4700 2048 2652 Thrikkakara North

(Part) 382 176 206 38 21 17

Kalamassery (M) 52607 27332 25275 10509 4587 5922 Kakkanad (OG) 17978 9227 8751 4508 1945 2563 Puthencruz 19634 10233 9401 4244 1793 2451 Total 3701823 1877674 1824149 750556 327206 423350

*As per 2001 census

Fig 3.6.3 Literacy levels

0 2000000 4000000

Literates

Illiterates

Number

Cat

ego

ry

Literacy status

Female

Male

Total





3.6.3 Amenities

Education, Medical, Water availability, Post & Telegraph, Communication, Banking facilities and Power supply, Forest land distribution, Irrigation area are considered for the study. List of amenities are given in table 3.6.4 to 3.6.7 (as per 2001 Census).

Table 3.6.4 Amenities (Educational facilities)

Name E.Fac P.Sc M.Sch S.Sch S.S.Sch C I.S T.S

ADLT.Lit

.C O

Kizhakkambalam 1 8 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vadavukode 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Thekkumbhagom 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kodanad 1 7 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Irapuram 1 5 4 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 Pattimattom 1 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 Puthencruz 1 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 0 0 Thiruvaniyoor 1 5 5 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 Thrikkakara

North 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kumbalam 1 7 4 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 Kanayannur 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 Mulamthuruthy 1 10 6 4 0 0 1 0 4 0 Amballur 1 7 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Marady (PART) 1 5 5 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 Ramamangalam 1 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0

Maneed 1 7 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Aikaranad North 1 7 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 Aikaranad South 1 9 5 2 1 1 0 1 0 0

Marampilly 1 3 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 Chittanda 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pariyaram 1 10 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 Padiyam 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Karikkad 1 9 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Thirumukkulam 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kodannur 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Pallippuram 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Panangad 1 4 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 Elappally 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Kudayathoor 1 6 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Karikkode (part) 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Muttom 1 5 3 2 1 0 2 0 3 0 Arakkulam 1 4 5 4 0 1 0 0 0 0

E.Fac Educational Facilities S.S.Sc Senior Secondary School P.Sc Primary School C College M.sch Middle School I.S Industrial School S.Sc Secondary School T.S Training School ADLT.Lit .C Adult Literacy Class/Center O Other Education Facilities





Table 3.6.5 Amenities Medical facilities

Village Name

A.H

AY.

H

U.H

H.H

A.D

A.Y

.D

U.D

H.D

M.C

M.H

C.W

H.C

P.H

.C

P.H

.S

F.W

.C

TB.C

N.H

RM

P

SMP

CH

W

O.M

Kizhakkambalam 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 2 2 4 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 Vadavukode 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thekkumbhagom 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 4 0 Kodanad 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Irapuram 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Pattimattom 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 15 0 20 0 Puthencruz 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 Thiruvaniyoor 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 6 1 3 0 Thrikkakara North 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 1 0 Kumbalam 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 5 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Kanayannur 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 Mulamthuruthy 3 0 0 0 4 3 0 6 1 1 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 7 0 10 0 Amballur 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Marady (Part) 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ramamangalam 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maneed 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aikaranad North 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 Aikaranad South 1 1 0 0 2 2 0 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 0 0 8 0 3 0 Marampilly 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chittanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 Pariyaram 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Padiyam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 Karikkad 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 Thirumukkulam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Kodannur 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 Pallippuram 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Panangad 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Elappally 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kudayathoor 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Karikkode (Part) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 Muttom 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 10 0 12 0

Arakkulam 3 0 0 0 7 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

Medical Facilities

A.H Allopathic Hospital H.C Health Centre Ay.H Ayurvedic Hospital P.H.C Primary Health Centre U.H Unani Hospital P.H.S Primary Health Sub Centre H.H Homeopathic Hospital F.W.C Family Welfare Centre A.D Allopathic Dispensary TB.C T.B. Clinic AY.D Ayurvedic Dispensary N.H Nursing Home U.D Unani Dispensary RMP Registered Private Medical Practitioners H.D Homeopathic Dispensary SMP Subsidised Medical Practitioners M.C Maternity and Child Welfare Center CHW Community Health Workers M.H Maternity Home O.M Other Medical Facilities C.w Child Welfare Center





Table 3.6.6 Amenities (Water, Post & Telegraph, Communication, Banking and Electricity)

Village Name DWF T W T.K T.W H.P R C L S O PO TO P&T PH D Ag O.P A.P BS RS NWW B.F.A C.B Ag.c.s No.AC OCS

Kizhakkambalam 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 1 1 680 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 0 Vadavukode 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 55 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 Thekkumbhagom 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 750 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 Kodanad 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 500 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 Irapuram 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 895 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 10 1 Pattimattom 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 522 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Puthencruz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 6 0 1 999 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 1 Thiruvaniyoor 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 710 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Thrikkakara

North 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 60 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

Kumbalam 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 900 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 Kanayannur 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1050 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Mulamthuruthy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 2 2 1000 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 6 1 2 1 Amballur 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 950 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 Marady (PART) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 415 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Ramamangalam 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1123 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 Maneed 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 975 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 Aikaranad North 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 4 3 3 822 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 Aikaranad South 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 6 1 1 1126 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 Marampilly 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 696 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 Chittanda 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 150 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Pariyaram 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 9 1 1 1200 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 3 0 0 Padiyam 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 150 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Karikkad 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 486 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Thirumukkulam 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 364 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 Kodannur 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 235 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Pallippuram 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 313 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 Panangad 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 697 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 Elappally 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 75 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Kudayathoor 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 260 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Karikkode (PART) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 964 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Muttom 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 1 961 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 1 Arakkulam 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 2 954 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

*As per 2001 census

Water Facilities Post and Telegraph Communication

DWF Drinking water Facility T Tap Water PO Post Office BS Bus Services W Well Water TO Telegraph Office RS Railway Services T.K Tank Water P&T Post and Telegraph NWW Navigable Water Way T.W Tube Well Water PH Telephone Connections B.F.A Banking Facilities H.P Hand Pump Electricity C.B Commercial Bank R River Water D Domestic Use Ag.C.S Agricultural Credit Societies C Canal Water Ag. Agricultural Use No.A.C Non Agricultural Credit Societies L Lake Water O.P Other Purposes OCS Other Credit Societies S Spring Water A.P All Purposes O Other Drinking Water Resources





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Table 3.6.7 Amenities (Forest and Irrigation land use)

Name T.Area I.Forest T.Irrig. Un.Irr. Cu.waste Anac

Kizhakkambalam 2281.00 0.00 450.00 1614.70 0.00 216.30 Vadavukode 250.00 0.00 220.17 0.00 0.00 29.83 Thekkumbhagom 613.00 0.00 255.98 211.34 0.00 145.68 Kodanad 1941.00 63.00 1021.00 0.00 0.00 857.00 Irapuram 2428.00 0.00 1070.00 1358.00 0.00 0.00 Pattimattom 2135.00 0.00 602.00 1310.00 0.00 223.00 Puthencruz 2810.00 0.00 776.34 717.34 0.00 1316.32 Thiruvaniyoor 2677.00 0.00 570.00 1950.00 0.00 157.00 Thrikkakara North 582.00 0.00 501.60 0.00 80.40 0.00 Kumbalam 2079.00 0.00 1980.26 1.38 48.58 48.78 Kanayannur 738.00 0.00 0.00 705.19 0.00 32.81 Mulamthuruthy 2148.00 0.00 102.01 2043.22 0.56 2.21 Amballur 1082.00 0.00 541.22 460.00 0.00 80.78 Marady (part) 1793.00 0.00 418.43 0.00 1374.57 0.00 Ramamangalam 1408.00 0.00 488.95 815.00 2.05 102.00 Maneed 2620.00 0.00 459.87 56.65 155.42 1948.06 Aikaranad North 2404.00 0.00 185.30 2011.37 28.00 179.33 Aikaranad South 2254.00 0.00 654.03 1599.97 0.00 0.00 Marampilly 924.00 0.00 786.60 137.40 0.00 0.00 Chittanda 587.00 0.00 442.26 76.74 38.00 30.00 Pariyaram 35867.00 32634.59 1705.13 1508.60 0.00 18.68 Padiyam 551.00 0.00 202.34 210.98 40.47 97.21 Karikkad 666.00 0.00 314.99 238.03 61.55 51.43 Thirumukkulam 1055.00 0.00 676.14 175.10 24.50 179.26 Kodannur 503.00 0.00 273.72 200.06 3.61 25.61 Pallippuram 627.00 0.00 28.00 150.00 0.00 449.00 Panangad 768.00 0.00 462.60 305.40 0.00 0.00 Elappally 2687.00 0.00 60.20 2220.61 0.00 406.19 Kudayathoor 2093.00 0.00 0.00 1350.00 0.00 743.00 Karikkode (part) 1852.00 8.30 16.08 1667.62 0.00 160.00 Muttom 2544.00 15.70 404.90 1597.73 0.00 525.67 Arakkulam 4135.00 1214.05 6.07 2308.83 0.00 606.05

*As per 2001 census

T.Area Area of the village (in Hactares) I.Forest Irrigated Forest land T.Irrig. Total Irrigated land Un Irrig. UnIrrigated land Cu.waste Cultivable waste land Anac Area not available for cultivation

3.6.4 Site Specific Studies

The following site specific features have been given with respect to the socio economic impacts linked to economic, environmental and health.





Page 142 of 195

3.6.4.1 Population Demographic Details

The population composition with in the vicinity of the project site is mentioned in the Table 3.6.8.

Table 3.6.8 Population Demographic distribution

No. Name of the village Population Total Male Female 1 Thekkumbhagom 5560 5466 11026 2 Aikaranad South 10009 9941 19950 3 Vadavukode 1143 1144 2287 4 Kureekkad (CT) 4772 4953 9725 5 Thiruvankulam (CT) 10774 10943 21717 6 Brahmakulam (CT) 6108 6919 13027 7 Pariyaram 15663 15952 31615 8 Ernakulam 1538397 1567401 3105798 9 Eloor (CT) 15080 15014 30094 10 Puthencruz 12026 11852 23878

11 Kakkanad (OG) - Ward No.70 11172 11314 22486

12 Thekkumbhagom 5560 5466 11026

3.6.4.2 Industries

Availability of facilities like electricity, water, Kochi and Kodungalloor backwaters, banking, Kochi port, presence of Kochi harbour terminal, International Airport are some of the factors which accelerated the industrial growth in the district. In addition to this an export- processing zone is situated at Kakkanad. The industries of various sectors are given below.

Table 3.6.9 List of Industries

Sr. No. Industry Name 1 Info Park, Kakkanad 2 Track Cables 3 Hindustan Organics

Limited,Ambalamugal 4 FACT Cochin division 5 Carbon & Chemicals 6 Apollo Tyres Kalamassery 7 HMT, Kalamassery

3.6.4.3 Diseases in the area

There is a better health indicators and maintenance of records in terms of death rate, Infant mortality and life of birth. The data derived from the working group on Medical and Public Health states that the risk factors are due to the communicable disease and life style disease (such as high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer) in the state.





Page 143 of 195

CHAPTER – 4

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

& MITIGATION MEASURES





Page 144 of 195

4.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT Project activities and their impact on various environmental parameters have been identified in this chapter. The impacts could be positive (beneficial) or negative (detrimental) and may be for a short or long term. For example, most of the impacts during the construction phase will be short term and reversible in nature whereas the impacts due to the residual process emissions may last till the operational life of the plant. In this chapter the likely impacts have been assessed and evaluated. This chapter assesses the impact on the identified parameters taking into consideration the various steps envisaged by the project for their mitigation.

4.1 METHODOLOGY

The methodology adopted for assessing the potential positive and negative environmental impacts from the proposed project is described below. Step1: Identification of environmental impacts All potential releases (emissions to air, generation of noise, effluent discharge, etc.) from the construction & operation phases of the proposed project are identified. The potential positive and negative environmental impacts from these releases and other activities of the project have been identified. Step2: Environmental impact assessment The Significance (S) of the Environmental Impacts is identified and assessed by the following characteristics:

Intensity (I) of the environmental impact; Spatial extension (Sp) of the environmental impact; Temporal duration (T) of the environmental impact;& Environmental Vulnerability (V) of the impacted area.

Determination of Impact Intensity (I) Impact Intensity has been assessed based on the following criteria: H (High):

- Emissions/generation of highly pollutant substances, emissions/generation of

high quantity of pollutant substances and/or high noise emission - High consumption of resources (such as energy, water, land, fuel, chemicals) - Felling of large of trees or death of fauna

M (Medium):

- Emissions/generation of moderately pollutant substances, emissions/generation of moderate quantity of pollutant substances and/or moderately high noise emission

- Moderate consumption of resources (such as energy, water, land, fuel, chemicals)

- Felling of few trees or physical damage of fauna





Page 145 of 195

L (Low):

- Emissions/generation of low pollutant substances, emissions/generation of low quantity of pollutant substances and/or low noise emission

- Low consumption of resources (such as energy, water, land, fuel, chemicals) - Damage to few trees or disturbance/ disorientation of fauna

N (Negligible):

- Emissions/generation of very low pollutant substances, emissions/generation of very low quantity of pollutant substances and/or very low noise emission

- Very low consumption of resources (such as energy, water, land, fuel, chemicals)

- No measurable damage to flora/fauna Determination of Impact Spatial extension (Sp) and Spatial Criteria (Is) Impact Spatial extension has been assessed based on the following criteria:

H (High): the impact extends in a wide area outside the site (about 10 km or more)

M (Medium): the impact extends in a restricted area outside the site (< 10 km)

L (Low): the impact extends inside the site. N (Negligible): the impact extends in a restricted area inside the site.

The product of Impact Intensity and Impact Spatial extension gives the impact evaluation as per Spatial criteria (Is).

Table 4.1: Matrix for Evaluating Spatial criteria

HIGH MEDIUM LOW NEGLIGIBLE

HIGH H H H H

MEDIUM H M M M

LOW M L L L

NEGLIGIBLE N N N N

Impact Spatial extension (Sp)

Impa

ct Int

ensit

y (I)

Impact evaluation as per SPATIAL CRITERIA (Is)





Page 146 of 195

Determination of Impact Temporal duration (T) and Temporal Criteria (It) Impact Temporal Duration has been assessed based on the following criteria:

H (Very High): the impact has an important long-term effect (> 5 years) H (High): the impact has an important long-term effect (1-5 years) M (Medium): the impact has a medium-term effect (1 week – 1 year) L (Low): the impact has a temporary and short-term effect (1 day – 1 week) N (Negligible): the impact has an immediate effect and it is solved in a very

short time. The product of Impact Temporal duration and Spatial criteria gives the impact evaluations as per Temporal Criteria (It).

Table 4.2: Matrix for Evaluating Temporal criteria

Determination of Environmental Vulnerability (V) and Significance (S) Environmental Vulnerability has been assessed based on the following criteria: H (High): Particular interesting area from the environmental, historical, social

point of view. Parks, natural reserves and / or special areas of conservation. Contaminated areas in which a further impact may generate non-compliance with local environmental limits.

M (Medium): Interesting area from the environmental, historical, social point of views. Residential areas with low population density. Agricultural areas, forests, public parks.

L (Low): Industrial and commercial areas. The product of Vulnerability and Temporal criteria gives the Significance of the impact.

VERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW NEGLIGIBLE

HIGH H H H H H

MEDIUM H M M M L

LOW M M L L L

NEGLIGIBLE N N N N N

Impact evaluation as per TEMPORAL CRITERIA (It)

Impa

ct Is

Impact Temporal duration (T)





Page 147 of 195

Table 4.3: Matrix for Evaluating Significance

The Impact Significance (S) levels obtained from the above-matrix are defined as follow: H (High): Causes severe and acute effects to receptors, severe and irreversible

deterioration of the quality of environment, and irreversible modification of landscape or of ecological equilibrium.

M (Medium): Causes moderate effects to receptors, reversible deterioration of the quality of environment, and reversible modifications of landscape or ecological equilibrium.

L (Low): Causes limited effects to receptors, quickly reversible deterioration of the quality of environment, and slight and reversible modification of landscape or ecological equilibrium.

N (Negligible): Causes negligible or no effects to receptors, slight and reversible deterioration of quality of the environment, no measurable changes at landscape or ecological level.

The assessment has been carried out for each of the potential environmental impacts during both construction and operation, and has been discussed in this chapter.

4.2 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The environmental impacts associated with the proposed project on various environmental components such as air, water, noise, soil, flora, fauna, land, socioeconomic, etc. has been identified using Impact Identification Matrix (Table 4.4).

HIGH MEDIUM LOW

HIGH H H M

MEDIUM H M M

LOW M M L

NEGLIGIBLE L N N

Impact evaluation as per VULNERABILITY

CRITERIA (SIGNIFICANCE S)

VULNERABILITY (V)

Impa

ct It





Page 148 of 195

Table 4.4 Impact Identification Matrix

Physical Biological Socio-economic

Activities

Am

bien

t air

qual

ity

Gro

und

/ sur

face

w

ater

(qua

ntity

/ qu

ality

)

Am

bien

t noi

se

Land

(lan

d us

e,

topo

grap

hy &

dr

aina

ge, s

oil)

Flor

a

Faun

a

Live

lihoo

d &

oc

cupa

tion

Infr

astr

uctu

re

CONSTRUCTION PHASE Site clearing (Demolition works & clearing of vegetation)

* * * * * *

Burning of waste, refuse * * Civil works such as earth moving and building of structures

* * * *

Heavy equipment operations

*

Disposal of construction wastes

* *

Generation/disposal of sewerage

*

Transportation of materials

* *

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE Feedstock and product handling and storage

*

Process units, utilities and offsites

* *

Waste management- liquid and solid waste/Incineration

* *

Transportation of products * *

4.3 AIR ENVIRONMENT 4.3.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Construction activities are anticipated to take place over a period of at least three years. Following mechanical completion, Commissioning and production ramp-up leading to 100% capacity utilization will be achieved in the third year.

The construction phase will include the following steps, in chronological order (with likely overlaps between different steps throughout the construction phase):

Construction of access routes to the proposed location(s) of the construction

camp(s) and the construction site;





Page 149 of 195

Clearing and leveling of construction camp(s) and construction site surfaces („mass earthworks‟);

Installation of temporary construction facilities, including construction camp(s),

domestic Undertaking „cement work‟ : building foundations and piling at the site, building

concrete surfaces for plant process areas and other concrete-floored facilities (e.g. temporary wastes storage facility), building tarmac surfaces where relevant;

Delivering plant equipment on site, and undertaking equipment and networks /

electrical works assembly for the smelter facilities, power plant and port installations – including production equipment (e.g. pots), services and utilities (e.g. power handling and distribution yards, emissions treatment systems, pumps etc), cladding of process buildings etc;

Finalizing the construction of operational and service buildings, landscape area,

car parks etc prior to site commissioning; and Reclaiming areas and facilities setup for the construction phase camp(s),

warehouses, assembly and maintenance workshops, wastes management facilities; and reinstating any land used for the footprint of the construction facilities but not included in the final project boundary to a quality consistent with its original or planned future use.

Potential emissions sources during construction phase include the following:

Operation of construction equipment and machinery for earth-moving, grading and civil works at proposed petrochemical plant.

Storage and handling of construction material (e,g. sand, cement) at proposed petrochemical plant.

Operation of temporary Diesel Generator (DG) sets Movement of vehicles carrying equipment, construction material and project-

related personnel The impacts are described below:

Dust will be generated from earth-moving, grading and civil works, and movement of vehicles on unpaved roads.

PM, CO, NOx, & SO2 will be generated from operation of diesel sets and diesel engines of machineries and vehicles.

The significance of the impacts of air emissions on ambient air quality during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.5.





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Table 4.5: Impact of air emissions (construction phase)

Factors of

assessment Value of

assessment Justification

Intensity Low Emissions of low quantity/Low consumption of power

Spatial Low Impact extends inside the site Temporal Low The impact has a temporary and short term

effect Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors

as per methodology given in Section 4.1 Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors as

per methodology given in Section 4.1 Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)

Low By combining It and Vulnerability factors as per methodology given in Section 4.1

Mitigation Measures

Preventive maintenance of vehicles and equipment. Vehicles with valid Pollution under Control certificates to be used. Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized. Implementing dust control activities such as water sprinkling on unpaved

sites. Controlled vehicle speed on site vehicle to be covered during transportation of material Providing dust collection equipment at all possible points

4.3.2 OPERATION PHASE

As is clear from Chapter-2, there shall be emission from following waste incineration unit, The composition of off gases/liquid waste to be incinerated in the above units is given in table 2.9 and 2.10 of chapter 2. Emissions have been worked out with low sulphur fuel oil combination firing. The emission summary from these stacks considered for modeling is given below IN Table 4.6.





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Table 4.6: SO2 and NOx emission data

Unit Stack height

(m)

Exit velocity

(m/s)

Stack Diameter

(m)

Flue gas flow rate (Nm3/hr)

Pollutant concentration SO2

(kg/hr) NOx

(kg/hr) Acrylic acid

process (off gas)

30 8-10 1.650 108540 21.7 12.72

Acrylates process

(Effluent gas) 30 8-10 1.650 108540 21.7 12.72

Considering the above inputs and the meteorological data collected during the period, modeling was carried out using ISCST 3 Air quality model using CALPUFF Software. The isopleths showing the max. 24 hour Ground Level concentrations (GLC) for SO2 and NOX are given in Annexure XIV and values are given in Table-4.7 & 4.8

TABLE 4.7 – Predicted values of GLC for SO2

SO2 (24 hourly maximum)

Maximum GLC

(due to proposed facilities)

(a) g/m3

Maximum GLC From Centre of

complex (0,0) Co-ordinates

(m)

Location from the complex

Centre (m)

Maximum 98th

Percentile Baseline

Value (within 10 km radius)

(b) g/m3

Maximum Resultant

GLC Value

c = (a + b) g/m3

Release of emission from

proposed PDPP

24.45 150, 85 Inside project boundary 12.3 36.75





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TABLE 4.8 – Predicted values of GLC for NOX

NOX (24 hourly maximum)

Maximum GLC

(due to proposed facilities)

(a) g/m3

Maximum GLC From Centre of complex (0,0) Co-ordinates

(m)

Location from the complex

Centre (m)

Maximum 98th Percentile Baseline

Value (within 10 km radius)

(b) g/m3

Maximum Resultant

GLC Value

c = (a + b) g/m3

Release of emission sources

proposed PDPP

14.33 150, 85 Inside project

boundary 24.8 39.13

The significance of the impacts of air emissions on ambient air quality during operation phase is summarized in Table 4.9.

Table 4.9: Impact of air emissions (operation phase)

Mitigation measures

Developing peripheral green belt. Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment. Monitoring of air polluting concentrations

Factors of assessment

Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low There are only two stacks of Incinerators in PDPP and emission from the same are within the standards. Resultant baseline concentrations for SO2 & NOx are found well within prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

Spatial Low

Dispersion of these emissions leading to Ground level concentration (GLC) lies inside the site.

Temporal High

the impact has an important long-term effect (1-5 years)

Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors as

per methodology given in Section 4.1 Impact(It) Medium

By combining Is and temporal factors as per methodology given in Section 4.1

Overall Significance Value of Impact(S)

Medium

By combining It and Vulnerability factors as per methodology given in Section 4.1





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4.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT

4.4.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE The thematic map of water bodies indicating open area, rivers etc within study area super imposed with project boundary is given in Annexure V. From the map, it can be observed that, there is no water body present within the project boundary. The river is situated at a distance of ~ 0.7 Km from the plant boundary towards western side. During construction phase, raw water will be required for the following purposes:

Civil works ( such as cement preparation, curing) Hydro testing ( of tanks and associated piping and pipeline) Domestic use (such as bathing, washing, laundry etc.) Water sprinkling on site for dust abatement

Raw water required for the above mentioned uses will be sourced from existing refinery sources. All potable water requirements will be met from BPCL Refinery. Based on the above, there will be minimal and reversible impact on water environment. The significance of the impact of raw water consumption on local water resources during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10: Impact of water consumption (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Raw water requirement is met from already permitted quantity for Refinery.

Spatial low The impact extends in a restricted area within the site

Temporal Medium The impact has a temporary and short term effect

Vulnerability Low Designated Industrial area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact(S)

Low By combining It and Vulnerability factors

The effluent streams that will be generated regularly during construction stage include the following:

Sewage and grey water from construction camps and work sites Cleaning and washing water for vehicle and equipment maintenance area. During construction phase, used construction water is the only effluent

generated due to construction activities and most of the effluent generated will be so small that it will either get percolated to ground or get evaporated.





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During construction, waste materials would contribute to certain amount of water pollution. But these would be for a short duration. All liquid waste will be collected and disposed to identify water impoundment within the construction site. This shall ensure prevention of pollution to water bodies. Later at frequent intervals the same shall be disposed through tankers using gully suckers to common waste treatment facility located in BPCL-KR. The significance of the impact of waste water generation during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.11.

Table 4.11: Impact of effluent generation (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Low Impact extends in a restricted area outside

the site (< 1 km) Temporal Low The impact has a temporary and short term

effect (1 day – 1 week) Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact(S)


Mitigation Measures Monitoring water usage at construction camps to prevent wastage. Ensuring there are no chemical or fuel spills at water body crossings. The STP at construction camps/ sites and the proposed facilities are properly

designed to handle peak waste water load and properly maintained. Supply of temporary/ portable toilets for construction staff.

Operation Phase

Impact Evaluation The impact on water environment during the operation phase of the proposed changes shall be in terms of water consumption and waste water generation due to process activities. 391 m3/hr net raw water is required for PDPP complex. This shall be met from BPCL Kochi Refinery for which authorization has already been obtained by BPCL-KR. The impact of water consumption on local resources during operation phase is summarized in Table 4.12.





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Table 4.12: Impact of water consumption (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Sourced from already available approved quantity

Spatial low the impact extends in a restricted area within the site

Temporal Medium the water required for PDPP will be sourced from the allocated quantity of Refinery which is already sanctioned by State government

Vulnerability Low Designated Industrial area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


There shall be 35 m3/hr of waste water that will be generated from the proposed facilities. The same shall be routed to BPCL KR ETP for final treatment. The impact of effluent generation during operation phase is summarized in Table 4.13.

Table 4.13: Impact of effluent generation (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity

Spatial Low Impact extends in a restricted area outside the site (< 1 km)

Temporal Low The impact has a temporary and short term effect (1 day – 1 week)

Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors

Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors

Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


Mitigation Measures

Tracking of consumption and installing water meter from BPCL Refinery.





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Installation of rainwater harvesting structures to collect and use rainwater, thereby reducing abstraction. A general arrangement of rain water pits is shown in Annexure VI.

4.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 4.5.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The main sources of noise during construction will be caused by:

Site grading activities including rock cutting, blasting, filling and leveling; Foundation works including excavation, sheet piling, auger piling, then construction

and assembly work, Services and utilities – such as traffic of heavy vehicles and personnel transportation

vehicles, and generators. Construction noise levels associated with typical machinery based on “BS 5228: 1997 Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Operation Sites” are summarized in the table 4.14.

Table 4.14: Sound Pressure (noise) levels of Construction Machinery

Item Description Noise Level dB(A) Reference

Distance Earth Movers Front Loaders Backhoes Tractors Scrapers, Graders Pavers Trucks

72-84 72-93 72-96 80-93 86-88 82-94

0.9 m

" " " " "

Material Handlers Concrete Mixers Concrete Pumps Cranes (movable) Cranes (derrick)

75-88 81-83 75-86 86-88

0.9 m

" " '

Stationary Equipment Pumps Generators Compressors

69-71 71-82 74-86

0.9 m

" "

The impact of noise emission on ambient noise levels are summarized in Table 4.15:





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Table 4.15: Impact on ambient noise (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Medium Impact extends in a restricted area

outside the site (< 1 km) Temporal Low The impact has a temporary and short

term effect (1 day – 1 week) Vulnerability Low Open area

Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial

factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors

Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


Mitigation Measures

Preventive maintenance of equipment and vehicles Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized (e.g. equipment with

intermitted use switched off when not working) DG sets to be provided with acoustic enclosures and exhaust mufflers


During operational phase of the proposed project, the noise shall be caused due to various rotating equipment viz. Pumps, Compressors & Mixers, and Cooling Tower etc. The Table 4.14 gives the listing of various noise generating sources along with their design noise level considered. The impact of these noise emissions during operation is summarized in Table 4.16.

Table 4.16: Impact on ambient noise (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Low The impact extends inside the site. Temporal High The impact has an important and long term

effect (1 – 5 years) Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Medium By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)

Medium By combining It and Vulnerability factors





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Mitigation Measures Avoiding continuous (more than 8 hrs) exposure of workers to high noise areas. Provision of ear muffs at the high noise areas Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment.

4.6 LAND ENVIRONMENT

The thematic map of Land use indicating buildup, Agriculture, Industrial, Residential, Commercial etc within study area super imposed with project boundary is given in Annexure VII. From the map it can be noted that the proposed project location is situated at industrial area. The land required for the project area has been completely acquired by Kerala State Revenue authorities on behalf of BPCL and suitable compensation was paid as per government norms. Drainage Pattern of Study Area

The thematic map of Drainage pattern indicating rivulets, rivers etc within study area super imposed with project boundary is given in Annexure VIII. From the drainage map it can be observed that, project location is situated transversely along the path off runoff on both sides of the plant boundary. Thus there will not be any obstruction causing impounding of water on both sides (Length & Breadth) of plant boundary. However there will be limited diversion of runoff along the breadth of the plant boundary. Geology The thematic map of Geomorphology indicating geological features within study area super imposed with project boundary is given in Annexure XIII. As per the map, the site is of lower plateau lateritic type of ground sloping gently towards west.

4.6.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The impact on land environment during construction phase shall be due to generation of debris/construction material, which shall be properly collected and disposed off. However, being the modifications limited to existing area, the generation of such waste shall be minimal. During construction, there will be no routine discharge or activity potentially impacting soils and groundwater.

The impact on land use and topography during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.17.





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Table 4.17: Impact on land use & topography (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Solid waste is generated only during the maintenance period and the same shall be disposed through authorized agencies.

Spatial Low The impact extends inside the site. Temporal Medium the impact has a medium-term effect

(1 week – 1 year) Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


There is potential for impact on soil quality due to project-related spills and leaks of fuel and chemicals and uncontrolled disposal of wastes and wastewater. Care will be taken to avoid spills and leaks of chemical substances and all project-related wastes. Littering of sites and areas beyond the site will be controlled. The impact on soil quality during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.18.

Table 4.18: Impact on soil quality (construction phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Low The impact extends inside the site. Temporal Medium the impact has a medium-term effect



Mitigation Measures

Sufficient protective measures shall be adopted to avoid soil erosion during construction in the rainy season.

Restricting all construction activities to the maximum possible extent inside the project boundary.

The top-soil soil stock pile is not contaminated with any type of spills. Any material resulting from clearing and grading should not be deposited on

approach roads, streams or ditches, which may hinder the passage and/or natural water drainage.

Restoration of construction camp sites before abandonment.





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After final site grading is complete, ensuring that the excess excavated material is not dumped indiscriminately but used for filling low lying areas construction by locals.

Developing project specific waste management plan Developing and maintaining dedicated waste storage areas


The impact on land environment during operational phase shall be due to disposal of solid and hazardous waste generated during operation. The solid waste that will be generated from the proposed PDPP complex is given chapter 2 of section 2.6.3. The impacts on soil quality during operation phase are summarized in Table 4.19.

Table 4.19: Impact on soil quality (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity Spatial Low The impact extends inside the site. Temporal Medium the impact has a medium-term effect



Mitigation Measures

Developing and maintaining dedicated waste storage areas, Disposing of hazardous wastes to vendors authorized by the concerned authorities

4.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.7.1 Construction phase Impact Evaluation

The initial construction works at the project site involves land clearance, cutting, filling and leveling. These activities result in loss of vegetation to some extent.

The removal of vegetation from the soil and loosening of the top soil generally causes soil erosion. However, such impacts will be primarily confined to the project site during initial periods of the construction phase and will be minimized through adoption of mitigative measures like paving and surface treatment, water sprinkling and appropriate plantation program. The project site will be extensively landscaped with the development of greenbelt consisting of a variety of species, which would enrich the ecology of the area and add to the aesthetics.

Most of the labour force is from local area and as such no considerable increase in fuel demand is anticipated. Hence, no additional demand is envisaged for felling of trees for fuel requirements in the region.





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The project site does not harbor any fauna of importance. Therefore, the impact of construction activities on fauna will be insignificant. The impacts on flora and fauna during construction phase are summarized in Table 4.20. Table 4.20: Impact on Biological Environment (construction phase) Factors of assessment

Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Medium Felling of trees Spatial Low Impact extends inside the site Temporal Medium The impact has medium term effect (1

week– 1 year) and plants will be restored with green belt development

Vulnerability Low Industrial area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Medium By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Medium By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)

Medium By combining It and Vulnerability factors

Mitigation measures

Avoid cutting of tress wherever possible, especially the endangered species observed in the study area.

Exploring opportunities for conservation of endangered species. Closing of trenches as soon as possible of construction. Prevent littering of work sites with wastes, especially plastic. Training of drivers to maintain speed limits and avoid road-kills.

4.7.2 Operation phase

Impact Evaluation The impacts due to proposed project activities during operation phase shall be limited

to long run impact of emissions and traffic movement.

Impacts on Flora & Fauna during operation phase are summarized in Table 4.21.

Table 4.21: Impact on Biological Environment (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Releases of low quantity and plants will be restored with green belt development

Spatial Low Impact extends inside the site Temporal Low Impact has an temporary and short term effect Vulnerability Low Industrial area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)






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Mitigation measures Maintain the greenbelt already developed Plant additional trees during operation phase

4.8 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Presently BPCL-KR contributes towards social development of the areas in the

vicinity of refinery in sectors namely education, health, water management, support to specially-abled, information/basic amenities for public, housing, women empowerment etc. BPCL-KR will continue its efforts towards social development in the context of present project development. A detail of contribution of BPCL-KR in various sectors of social elements is given in Annexure- XVIII.

4.8.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE The issues need to be addressed during the construction phase of the project include

the effect of employment generation and additional transport requirements on local infrastructural facilities. These are only short term impacts lasting during the construction phase of the project, say for about two years.

4.8.1.1 Employment Generation

The construction phase is expected to span for three years. In this phase, facilities for the processing, storage and distributional facilities of the proposed plant have to be constructed. During this phase, the major socio-economic impact will be in the sphere of generation of temporary employment of very substantial number of personnel. Based upon the information on the construction of other similar plants, it can be observed that the number of personnel needed for the proposed project during the construction phase will be peak of about 2000 – 4000 people per day. At any time, the share of managerial, skilled and unskilled people can be taken to be 20%, 25% and 55% respectively. Even though PDPP is located in industrial area, its surrounding is an established habituated area. It is understood that sufficient construction labourers (floating, if not locals) are already available in the impact area who can be utilise during the construction phase of the proposed plant. In this regard, maximum utilisation of locals, for all types of labour needs of construction is being done.

4.8.1.2 Effect on Transport

Transport requirements will arise during the construction phase due to the movement of both the personnel and materials. The site is well connected to direct road on four sides

(a) Transport of Personnel

Transport of the managerial personnel is likely to increase the vehicular traffic on the roads connecting the proposed site to the city. The incremental traffic for the additional 300 people would be about 50 cars.





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(b) Transport of construction materials The transport of construction materials to the project site will result in increased traffic in the impact area. The constructions of capital intensive structures such as reactors and columns require iron and steel, heavy construction equipment and other construction materials. They will have to be transported to the site using trucks. Roughly, on an average of approximately 10 trucks per day will be needed for transporting the construction materials.

(c) Effect on local traffic The incremental daily traffic during construction phase works out to be about 15 trucks, 10 buses and 20 cars. Buses and cars will be on road in the morning and evening hours resulting in an increased hourly traffic of about 10 buses and 20 cars. Assuming that the truck traffic is uniformly distributed throughout the day, incremental truck traffic of about 2 per hour is expected. Thus the incremental heavy vehicle traffic per hour of the day during the construction phase is about 12, and the incremental car traffic per hour during mornings and evenings is about 20.

4.8.1.3 Effect on Other Local Infrastructure

The majority of skilled and unskilled labourers are available in the impact area itself, the incremental effect on housing during the construction phase will be minimal. But, during the working hours of the day, the demand for food, water, sanitation and health facilities at the construction site will go up. Though the truck drivers appear to form a floating population, there will be a general flow of this group throughout the duration of the construction phase. There will be an impact on basic necessities like shelter, food, water, sanitation and medical facilities for the truck drivers.

The impact of construction activities on socio-economic environment during construction phase is summarized in Table 4.22:

Table 4.22: Impact on Socio-Economic Environment (construction phase)

Factors of assessment Value of

assessment Justification

Intensity Low Involvement of labour, infrastructure and other utilities in marginal quantities/Nos.

Spatial Medium Impact extends in a restricted area outside the site (< 1 km)

Temporal Medium The impact has an medium term effect (1 week – 1 year)

Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial

factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact(S)






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Mitigation Measures Training contractors on company safety policy requirements Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles within the project area Determine of the safe, legal load limits of all bridges and roads that will be used

by heavy vehicles and machinery. Determining allowable traffic patterns in the affected area throughout the work

week will be made based on community use, include a consideration of the large turning requirements of certain vehicles/machineries that might increase congestion and traffic hazards

Upgrading local roads, wherever required, to ensure ease of project activity and community safety

Consolidating deliveries of materials and personnel to project sites, whenever feasible, to minimize flow of traffic

Minimizing interruption of access to community use of public infrastructure Providing prior notice to affected parties when their access will be blocked, even

temporarily. Monitoring construction camp safety and hygiene Preventing use of drugs and alcohol in project-sites Preventing possession of firearms by project-personnel, except those responsible

for security Project-related waste and wastewater is disposed in a responsible manner

4.8.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE

Operational phase of the plant covers the entire life span of the plant. Hence the impacts of the operational phase extend over a long period of time. These impacts include employment generation, effects on transport and other basic infrastructure.

Employment Scenario

It is expected that employment for approx. 180 people will be generated during operational phase (operation, maintenance and support functions).

Effect on Transport

Transport requirements will arise due to the movement of both the personnel and

materials. (a) Transport of Personnel

There shall be increase in additional load on traffic due to transport of personnel.

(b) Transport due to movement of materials

During the operational phase, pipelines are not expected to affect the socio-economic fabric of the regions through which they are passing. However, it is necessary to follow strict risk avoidance methods which will minimise the apprehensions of local people.





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(c) Effect on local traffic

The incremental traffic during the operational phase works out to be about 5 trucks 3 buses and 20 cars per day. Buses and cars will run in the morning and evening hours resulting in an increased hourly traffic of about 3 buses and 20 cars. Thus the incremental heavy vehicular traffic per day during the operational phase is about 5, and the incremental car traffic per hour during mornings and evenings is about 20.The impact of these activities on socio-economic environment during operation phase is summarized in Table 4.23:

Table 4.23: Impact on Socio-Economic Environment (operation phase)


Value of assessment

Justification

Intensity Low Involvement of labour, infrastructure and other utilities in marginal quantities/Nos.

Spatial Medium Impact extends in a restricted area outside the site

Temporal Medium The impact has an medium term effect Vulnerability Low Open area Evaluation of factors Impact(Is) Low By combining intensity and spatial factors Impact(It) Low By combining Is and temporal factors Overall Significance Value of Impact (S)


Mitigation Measures

Extending reach of CSR Program Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles within the project area.

4.9 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS:

Based on the above evaluation the significance value of impact on various components of environment during construction and operation phases is summarized and is given in Table 4.24.

Table 4.24: Summary of Impact Evaluation in terms of Significance Value

Environmental component Construction Operation Air Low Medium Water Consumption of Raw Water Low Low

Generation of Effluent Low Low Land Land use & Topography Low -

Soil Quality Low Low Noise Low Medium Biological Medium Low Socio-Economic Low Low





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CHAPTER – 5

ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAM





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5.1 Introduction

This effectiveness of mitigation measures described in Chapter- 4 will be

monitored through a well-defined environmental monitoring programme. This will

be done by direct measurement of parameters related to environmental quality,

emissions, discharges etc.

5.2 Objectives of Monitoring

The objectives of monitoring are:

To check effectiveness of mitigation measures To evaluate the adequacy of

Environmental Impact Assessment

To assess status of compliance to legal requirements

To assess if the Environmental Management Plan needs revisions/ updation.

5.3 Environmental Monitoring Program

The proposed environmental monitoring program during both construction and

operation phases of the project are given in Table 5.1 and Table 5.2 below:

Table 5.1: Environmental monitoring program (construction phase)

Sl. No.

Component Location Parameters Frequency

1 Ambient air quality Boundary of construction sites and camps

Ambient air quality parameters as per NAAQS viz. PM10, PM2.5,SOx, NOx, CO

Once in a month

2 Ground water quality (used as source of domestic water)

Point of abstraction Parameters listed in ISO:10500

Once in a month

3 Water consumption Construction sites and camps

Consumption by volume Once in a day

4 Effluent quality Discharge header of waste water

According to general discharge standards

As per requirement

5 Waste Construction sites and camps

Quantity/ volume generated and disposed

Once in a day

6 Ambient noise levels Boundary of construction sites and camps

Ambient noise levels (Leqday & Leqnight)

Once in a month





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Table 5.2: Environmental monitoring program (operation phase)

S.No Component Location Parameters Frequency

1 Stack emission characteristics

Stacks attached to emission sources (e.g. Incinerators)

Stack monitoring for PM, SOx, NOx and HC

Continuous online monitoring.

2. Ambient air quality

Within PDPP complex/ Within the existing refinery boundary towards eastern direction

Ambient air quality parameters as per NAAQS viz. PM10, PM2.5,SOx, NOx, CO

Ambient air quality stations will be established, with online monitoring facilities.

3. Ground water quality (used as domestic water)

Point of abstraction Parameters listed in ISO:10500

Once in 6 months identified bore wells will be analysed.

4. Effluent quality Discharge header of effluent pipeline

According to inlet quality requirement to IREP ETP

Once in a shift

5. Waste (including hazardous)

Waste generation point

Quantity/ volume generated and disposed

Spent Catalyst as and when generated shall be sent to vendor for metal recovery or secure land fill

6. Source noise emissions

Noise level monitoring in dB(A) near noise generating equipments , e.g. pumps

Noise level monitoring in dB(A)

Once in a month

7. Ambient noise levels

Ambient noise levels (Leq day & Leq night) at fence-line of PDPP

Ambient noise levels (Leq day & Leq night)

Once in a month

8. Greenbelt development

Plant density, health, growth and survival rate at all facilities

Plant density, health, growth and survival rate in additional greenbelt development

Continuous Greenbelt management





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CHAPTER – 6

ADDITIONAL STUDIES





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6.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 6.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Based on the directive from Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC)-Industry, Ministry of Environment & Forest in their meeting held during 5th March to 7th March 2013 and vide their minutes for the said meeting dated 30th April 2013, BPCL-KR made the draft EIA report and submitted an application to Kerala State Pollution Control Board, Thiruvananthapuram for organizing public hearing for BPCL-KR. The State Pollution Control Board advised the Regional office Ernakulam to conduct the public hearing.

Public consultation for the proposed Propylene Derivatives Petrochemical Project (PDPP) was held on 23.12.2014 at the Collectorate Conference Hall, Ernakulam. The press notification indicating date and venue of the public hearing was issued by Member Secretary, State pollution control Board, Kerala and the same was published in news papers namely Mathrubhoomi ( in Malayalam) and The New Indian Express (in English) on 21st November 2014 inviting suggestions, views and objections on matters relating to environmental aspects of the proposed project. Public hearing was commenced at 11 .20 am. In the absence of the District Collector, the hearing was presided over by the Additional District Magistrate Sri. B. Ramachandran. Smt. M.S. Mythili, Chief Environmental Engineer, Kerala State Pollution Control Board, Regional Office, Ernakulam welcomed all the participants. The Additional District Magistrate Sri. B. Ramachandran explained the importance and proceedings of the public hearing and requested everybody to express their views with clarity and transparency. Thereafter representative of the company Sri. Prasad K. Panicker, Executive Director gave an introduction to the project and Sri. George Paul, Deputy General Manager gave a power point presentation. The minutes of the public hearing along with the press notification is enclosed as Annexure XVI. Details of public concerns are presented in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Public Hearing issues

Sr No

Name of person Issue Raised

1 Sri Muraleedharan Resident at Kakkad

There are industries such as HOCL, FACT-CD,KRL and PCBL within I km radius of the project area. The heat emanating from the companies make life miserable

Pollution of different types is experienced Chances of low rainfall due to rise in temperature Chances of low rainfall due to rise in temperature Chances of high water exploitation The quantity of water usage revealed by the company is wrong

Chance of Chitrapuzha river to get polluted More pollution in rainy season Pollution due to automobiles may increase

2 Sri M.T. Varghese Secretary Ernakulam District Residents Association

No difference between industrial area and residential area

Hardship of the nearby residents increases due to





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different factories

No adequate care to reduce the existing pollution The pollution in Chitrapuzha River that occurs continuously is not controlled

The people around the factory are sick Chances of natural calamities and its dangerous effects

Smooth movement of pedestrians is hindered The absence of an emergency evacuation route will make rescue operations difficult

3 Sri M.K. Viswanathan Resident at Kakkad

The selection by EIL for Environment Impact Assessment is said to be 10 km but it does not say the impact on environment at specific distances

More green belt shall be provided 4 Sri Pankajakshan

District Secretary , Janeekaya Samithy

House is situated at 5m Proud of the development of the factory. Congratulates all

The people who gave land to the factory earlier are deceived

Even the educated among the locals were not considered for factory jobs

Safety measures are not in the right direction Fish kill happens No scheme for drinking water No action for acquisition of land of 35 families in Ayyankuzhi despite requests

The utilization of the welfare fund is not proper 5 Sri Pramod

Resident Association Ambalamugal South West

Argued that the EIA report is wrong with power point presentation

The project area selected was declared by the MoEI as a Critically Polluted Area

Chance of more pollution due to more factories coming in the area

Rehabilitation of the local residence is necessary The following points were brought to the notice to show

that the EIA report is misleading It says the nearest highway is at 4 km whereas it is at 1km areal distance

It is wrong that there is no archeological museum Numerous residences within 100 km The nearest residence is at 17.2 km. It is covered up in the report

The report does not say about the deer park There are administrative buildings at 15 km and 17 km

The smart city is at 3 km The Chitrapuzha river’s branch is shown within the plant in the map

Defence Depot (NAD) situates 6 km is covered up The law says such projects shall not be implemented if there is a population of 3 lakhs within 50 km radius

No escape route for emergency evacuation of the





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people

The land around 500m shall be acquired and the residents may be evacuated

6 Sri Joji Resident at Mamala

Projects using Propylene and Propylene Oxide may cause cancer

Factories that produce chemical causing danger to Kidney shall not be permitted in residential areas

Chitrapuzha is being polluted day by day The project area is a haven of rare species of animals and birds

7 Sri. Saji Resident at Ayyankuzhi

The atmospheric pollution due to IREP make life miserable

Traffic congestion is increasing Children of 35 families are shifted to far away schools due to air pollution

8 Sri. N.I. Jose President Karshakasangam , Chitrapuzha , Irumpanam

The paddy fields where 3 crops were cultivated in a year area now barren

This paddy field may be acquired and converted into a parking area so that traffic congestion may be avoided

A bridge can proposed from the Irumbanam-Chitrapuzha Road

9 K.K. Rameshan Ambalamugal Action Council

The organization, functioning for the last 20 years welcomes the project

Precautionary measures shall be taken since there are residences close to it

No emergency exit routes. Separate roads shall be constructed

No drinking water Lung disease are common

10 Sri. M.S. Nair Regional Secretary Thiruvankulam

Petro coke storage is close to Chitrapuzha, This is a residential area

Chance of Chitrapuzha gets polluted The EIA proposal by EIL is against facts

11 Sri. Sreenivasan Resident at Venmani

The factory is at 50 m from home On 09.12.2010 in the leadership of MLA Kunnathunadu and the District collector proposal was made to acquire land , but not fulfilled

Flare stack affects peaceful life The tar plant nearby also causes problems

12 Sri. Ayyappan

Block Panchayat Member Vadavucode

The light from the flare stack at Mattankuzhy and the tremors from them make problems

The local residents are prove to diseases The earlier promises of the company are not kept An integrated Health insurance project may be implemented

13 Smt. Rema President Vadavucode Puthencruz Grama Panchayat

The KRL shall acquire the whole ward XVI of the Grama Panchayath

Urgent steps to be taken to repair the damaged roads





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14 Sri. Sinu C. Jacob The green belt area shall be enhanced

Priority shall be given for giving employment for the local residents

15 Sri. Biju C. John Resident at Kakkad

Enhance the green belt area Acquire more land

16 Sri. Sasi Resident at Ambalamugal

Several survey numbers of the acquired land is seen in the report, but my land having Survey No 290 is seen deleted. This shall also be included

17 Sri. Thomas Block Panchayath Member

Certain dwelling areas have become pockets due to the factory expansions. These pockets may also be acquired. People may be rehabilitated

18 Sri. Venugopal Chairman Thripunithura Muncipality

The people concerns over pollution problems due to the expansion works shall be addressed

The expansion of the company is welcomed. But along with the development, action may be taken to rehabilitate the local people

19 Sri. Shinil Abraham Secretary Venmany Action Council

The people concerns over the issues of land acquisition for IREP shall be addressed

Safety measures may be revealed. Evacuation routes shall be constructed for accidents and emergencies

Future projects shall have clarity It is of concern that the company goes backward from the former agreements. Acquisition does not take place even from the priority list. Land value only may not be made the yard stick.

20 Sri. M.K.Jose Ambalamugal

Reside in front of the KRL factory Though a representation was submitted to the Panchayat , no action for acquisition of land for the project

21 Sri. C.P. Geevarghese

A proper green belt of atleast 500m shall be provided On acquiring land the existing pharmacy college may be exempted

22 Shri K Kuriachan, Ambalamugal

Adoor area has become barren It is ambiguous that land acquisition is not done as per the decision in 2013

A total area of 200 Acre is enough Land acquisition of consentees may be made fast Proper green belt may be provided

23 Shri Radhakrishnan, President, Janakeeya Samithi, Ayyankuzhi

Normal life is disrupted due to the security cameras Nonkeralite workers cause pollution and other problems

Basic amenities are not improved Hospitals having inpatient facility shall be built and maintained

Public road is closed. Transportation facility is being reduced.

24 Shri George, Local Committee Secretary, CPI(M), Ambalamugal

The decision of 2010 are not yet implemented The functioning of EIL & PCB are not transparent Treatment facility shall be provided for both APL & BPL

Land acquisition shall be scientific 25 Smt. Lalitha, Ward Konathumoola, Venmoney, areas were proposed in





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Member,

Thiruvaniyoor Grama Panchayat

the land acquisitions but seen to be avoided for other areas and this is not scientific

Treatment may be given to those become ill due to the factory expansion

26 Shri M P Salim, Congress (I), Madalom President

Chitrapuzha – Irumpanam road is not suitable for vehicular traffic.

Pollution is severe Concrete batching plants cause severe pollution

27 Shri Ravi, Ambalamugal

The project shall be approved only after solving the problems of nearby residents.

28 Shri Sabu George Described the sufferings of the future generation due to the industry expansion quoting the mathrubhoomi daily.

29 Shri V P Sajeendran, MLA, Kunnathunadu

The delay in implementing former decision is a matter of concern among the people.

The project shall not be lost The land value causes problems to land acquisitions Solutions to the problems may be found by collective negotiations.

After the discussions, the ADM invited the company representatives for replying the queries. Shri Prasad K Panicker replied as follows:

Safety, pollution and land acquisition are the main concerns of the participants. In all these areas measures as per law will be implemented with the directions of the authorities concerned. Land acquisition for the project has been completed.

This project envisages to reduce the quantity of sulphur in line with global trend and no burning of sulphur is proposed.

For water consumption, 74 mld from the Periyar river is sanctioned from Government but only 30 mld is used at present. This will not be increased.

Since latest technologies like reverse osmosis is included treated water will be reused.

For preventing the effects of earth quake, construction methods suitable for zone 3 are proposed.

As per the CSR activities land will be given to four line road from Irumbanam to KRL gate.

Discussions will be held with the Tripunithura Municipality for bypass road Only land required for the project can be acquired as per Government norms. In the

future expansions, land acquisitions request will be considered. If the land acquired before 5 years is not utilized, the same will go the land bank.

Hence only required land can be acquired. The company’s plant will be 60 m away from the boundary and the tanks will be kept

at 30 m from the boundary. The projects area has been exempted from critically pollute area and there is

notification to this effect. Only after this notification, the expansion projects are started.

Pet coke has enclosed conveyor system and enclosed storage area. Hence this waste will not pollute Chitrapuzha river. The hearing came to an end at 2.55 pm





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6.2 RISK ASSESSMENT

Engineers India Limited (EIL), New Delhi, has been appointed by M/s Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited- Kochi Refinery (BPCL-KR) to carry out Risk Analysis for Propylene Derivatives Petrochemical Project (PDPP) of BPCL.

The Risk Analysis study has been performed with PHAST 6.7 (Software by DNV) and this report documents the consequence results with hazard contours superimposed on the layouts/ maps to create awareness about the extent of impact.

The detailed Risk Assessment report is attached as Annexure XVII.



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CHAPTER – 7

PROJECT BENEFITS



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7.0 PROJECT BENEFITS This project, besides general economic desirability, would result in substantial socioeconomic benefit to the country in general and more specifically to the region. Setting-up of this project will be a boon to this region and is bound to improve living conditions and thereby result in further reduction of population below poverty line, which is one of the prime policy objectives of the Government. It is expected that by creation of employment potential, the poor/weaker section of the society will see an upliftment in their living conditions. The identified products are predominantly imported into India.

7.1 SUPPLY CHAIN

The proposed Petrochemical Project is the first project of its kind in India producing niche chemicals such as Acrylic acid, Oxo-alcohols, and Acrylates. Worldwide, the major players that manufacture these niche petrochemicals are BASF, Dow Chemical, Arkema, Nippon Shokubai, StoHaas and LG Chem. These 6 manufacturers account for over 70% of the world capacity.

The finished products from the Petrochemical complex are utilized by a large number of domestic and industrial manufacturers of commodities such as, paints and other products. Among Acrylic Esters, the products in the order of greatest demand are Butyl Acrylate (BA) and 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate (2-EHA). Ester grade Acrylic Acid is used in Detergents, water treatment, pulp and paper, textiles & surface coatings. The next largest market for Ester grade Acrylic Acid (EAA) is Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP). SAP is a cross linked poly acrylic acid salt that can absorb 100~1000 times its own weight in water. Future provision in terms of plot area is being provided in the PDPP complex to manufacture Glacial Acrylic Acid (GAA) an intermediate produced by processing EAA required to produce SAP. Huge potential in India has been established through an independent market survey. Additionally, availability of local source of feedstock is expected to provide tremendous opportunity for growth in downstream industries, which is expected to further boost the employment potential.

7.2 INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

BPCL has embarked upon a major project for capacity expansion of its Kochi Refinery from 9.5 to 15.5 MMTPA (Million Metric Tons per Annum), named as Integrated Refinery Expansion Project (IREP). The proposed IREP facilities include a Petro-FCCU from which about 500 kTPA (kilo ton per annum) polymer grade Propylene would be available. Therefore BPCL intends to establish a Propylene Derivatives Complex at Kochi, India that shall consume approximately 250 kTPA of polymer grade Propylene, derived from IREP to manufacture niche Petrochemical products. Various utilities like water, waste water, environmental management systems etc will be integrated for both existing BPCL-KR facilities and PDPP project thus leading to integrated and sustainable development. Synergy with Kochi Refinery/BOO (being set up as part of IREP) has been envisaged for feedstock supply, utilities, offsite and other support facilities.

7.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The proposed project would generate some direct and indirect employment opportunities during construction and operation phases, which will benefit the local economy.



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Preference will be given to the project affected people and local people for employment. The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program of BPCL-KR will be extended to the new project areas. So, improvement in the overall socio-economic status of the new project areas, in the thematic areas of health, education, livelihood and infrastructure is expected. Government of Kerala (GoK) has provided exemption of Works Contract Tax (WCT) and deferment of Central Sales Tax (CST), Kerala Government Sales Tax (KGST), Value Added Tax (VAT) for IREP and PDPP promoted by BPCL.



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CHAPTER – 8

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN



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8.1 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is planning and implementation of various pollution abatement measures for any proposed project. The EMP lists out all these measures not only for the operational phase of the plant but also for the construction phase and planning phase. The EMP is prepared keeping in view all possible strategies oriented towards the impact minimisation. The EMP for the proposed project is divided into two phases i.e. Construction and Operational phase. The planning phase lists out the control strategies to be adopted during the design considerations. The construction and operational phase details the control/abatement measures to be adopted during these phases.

8.2 Environmental management Plan

The mitigation measures for the potential negative impacts anticipated from the proposed project and environmental monitored schedule are described in this chapter.

8.2.1 Air environment

Construction phase (Impact significance: Low)

Preventive maintenance of vehicles and equipment. Vehicles with valid Pollution under Control certificates to be used. Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized. Implementing dust control activities such as water sprinkling on unpaved sites. Controlled vehicle speed on site vehicle to be covered during transportation of material Providing dust collection equipment at all possible points


Developing peripheral green belt. Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment. Monitoring of air polluting concentrations

8.2.2 Water environment

Construction phase (Impact significance: Consumption of water - Low)

Sewage and grey water from construction camps and work sites Cleaning and washing water for vehicle and equipment maintenance area. During construction phase, used construction water is the only effluent generated

due to construction activities and most of the effluent generated will be so small that it will either get percolated to ground or get evaporated.

Construction phase (Impact significance: Generation of effluent - Low)

Monitoring water usage at construction camps to prevent wastage. Ensuring there are no chemical or fuel spills at water body crossings. The STP at construction camps/ sites and the proposed facilities are properly

designed to handle peak waste water load and properly maintained.



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Supply of temporary/ portable toilets for construction staff.

Operation phase (Impact significance: Consumption of water - Low, Generation of

effluent - Low)

Tracking of consumption and installing water meter from BPCL Refinery. Installation of rainwater harvesting structures to collect and use rainwater,

thereby reducing abstraction. A general arrangement of rain water pits is shown in Annexure VI.

8.2.3 Land environment Construction phase (Impact significance: Land use & topography - Low, Soil quality -

Low)

Sufficient protective measures shall be adopted to avoid soil erosion during construction in the rainy season.

Restricting all construction activities to the maximum possible extent inside the project boundary.

The top-soil soil stock pile is not contaminated with any type of spills. Any material resulting from clearing and grading should not be deposited on

approach roads, streams or ditches, which may hinder the passage and/or natural water drainage.

Restoration of construction camp sites before abandonment. After final site grading is complete, ensuring that the excess excavated material

is not dumped indiscriminately but used for filling low lying areas construction by locals.

Developing project specific waste management plan Developing and maintaining dedicated waste storage areas

Operation phase (Impact significance: Soil quality - Low)

Developing and maintaining dedicated waste storage areas, Disposing of hazardous wastes to vendors authorized by the concerned

authorities 8.2.4 Noise environment


Preventive maintenance of equipment and vehicles Unnecessary engine operations to be minimized (e.g. equipment with intermitted

use switched off when not working) DG sets to be provided with acoustic enclosures and exhaust mufflers.


Avoiding continuous (more than 8 hrs) exposure of workers to high noise areas. Provision of ear muffs at the high noise areas Ensuring preventive maintenance of equipment.



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8.2.5 Biological environment Construction phase (Impact significance: Medium)

Avoid cutting of tress wherever possible, especially the endangered species observed in the study area.

Exploring opportunities for conservation of endangered species. Closing of trenches as soon as possible of construction. Prevent littering of work sites with wastes, especially plastic. Training of drivers to maintain speed limits and avoid road-kills.

Operation phase (Impact significance: Low)

Maintain the greenbelt already developed Plant additional trees during operation phase

8.2.6 Socio-economic environment


Training contractors on company safety policy requirements Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles within the project area Determine of the safe, legal load limits of all bridges and roads that will be used

by heavy vehicles and machinery. Determining allowable traffic patterns in the affected area throughout the work

week will be made based on community use, include a consideration of the large turning requirements of certain vehicles/machineries that might increase congestion and traffic hazards

Upgrading local roads, wherever required, to ensure ease of project activity and community safety

Consolidating deliveries of materials and personnel to project sites, whenever feasible, to minimize flow of traffic

Minimizing interruption of access to community use of public infrastructure Providing prior notice to affected parties when their access will be blocked, even

temporarily. Monitoring construction camp safety and hygiene Preventing use of drugs and alcohol in project-sites Preventing possession of firearms by project-personnel, except those

responsible for security Project-related waste and wastewater is disposed in a responsible manner

Operation phase (Impact significance: Low)

Extending reach of CSR Program Monitoring speed and route of project-related vehicles

8.3 MEASURES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The baseline flora and fauna has been depicted in Chapter-3. In addition to paddy cultivation, luxuriant growth of cash crops like coconut, pepper, bananas, rubber and other fruits like mango, jackfruit and cashew nuts are also observed in the study area.



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The resultant ambient air quality levels after the operation of the plant will be within the prescribed limits; impact on flora and fauna is not envisaged. The following recommendations are suggested for further implementation:

Clearing of existing vegetation should be kept to minimum and should be done only when absolutely necessary;

Plantation programme should be undertaken in all available areas. This should include plantation in the expanded areas, along the roads, on solid waste dump yards etc;

Use of biogas, solar energy, should be encouraged both at individual and at society levels; and

Plantation should be done along the roads, without affecting plant operational safety. This will not only improve the flora in the region but will add to the aesthetics of the region.

8.3.1 Greenbelt development

EIL has made a detailed greenbelt plan and suggested plant species for plantation purpose. BPCL will plant and look after the planted species taking suggestions of appropriate consultant for greenbelt development. The State Forest Department and other scientific institutions will be consulted for conservation planning and greenbelt development programme.

8.3.2 Guidelines for Plantation

The plant species identified for greenbelt development will be planted using pitting technique. The pit size will be either 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm or 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm. Bigger pit size is preferred on marginal and poor quality soils. Soil proposed to be used for filling the pit will be mixed with well decomposed farm yard manure or sewage sludge at the rate of 2.5 kg (on dry weight basis) and 3.6 kg (on dry weight basis) for 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm and 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm size pits respectively. The filling of soils will be completed at least 5 - 10 days before the actual plantation. Healthy seedlings of identified species will be planted in each pit.

8.3.3 Species Selection

Based on the regional background and soil quality, greenbelt will be developed. In greenbelt development, monocultures are not advisable due to its climatic factor and other environmental constrains. Greenbelt with varieties of species is preferred to maintain species diversity, rational utilization of nutrients and for maintaining health of the trees. Prepared in this way, the greenbelt will develop a favorable microclimate to support different micro- organisms in the soil and as a result of which soil quality will improve further. During the course of survey, it has been observed that the soil quality of the plant site is fairly good and can support varieties of dry deciduous plant species for greenbelt development. Manure and vermin-compost may be mixed with the soil used for filling the pit for getting better result for survival of plant species. Adequate watering is to be done to maintain the growth of young seedlings. Based on the regional background, extent of pollution load, soil quality, rainfall, temperature and human interactions, a number of species have been suggested to develop greenbelt in and around PDPP. These species can be planted in staggering arrangements within the plant premises. Some draught resistant plant species have been identified which can be planted for greenbelt



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development if sufficient water is not available. The suitable species for greenbelt development program are given in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1: List of tree species suggested for green belt development

Sl. No. Binomial name Family Type of planting

1. Anthocephalus cadamba

Rubiaceae All areas

2. Theobroma cacao L. Sterculiaceae Township

3. Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Township

4. Bambusa arundinaceae Poaceae Plant Boundary limits

5. Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Plant Boundary limits

6. Calophyllum inophyllum Clusiaceae All areas

7. Couroupita guianensis Lecythidaceae All areas

8. Filicium decipiens Sapindaceae All areas

9. Hibiscus tiliaceous Malvaceae All areas

10. Lagerstroemia reginae Lythraceae All areas

11. Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae All areas

12. Bassia latifolia Sapotaceae All areas

13. Ailanthes excelsa Simaroubaceae Avenue trees

14. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Avenue trees

15. Manilkara hexandra Sapotaceae All areas

16. Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae All areas

17. Plumeria acuminata Apocynaceae Plant Boundary limits

18. Plumeria alba Apocynaceae Plant Boundary limits

19. Plumeria rubra Apocynaceae Plant Boundary limits

20. Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae All areas

21. Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Avenue trees

22. Terminalia catappa Combretaceae All areas

23. Thespesia populnea Malvaceae All areas

24. Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Avenue trees

25. Ficus religiosa Moraceae Avenue trees

26. Ficus racemosa Moraceae Avenue trees

27. Ficus microcarpa Moraceae Avenue trees



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Sl. No. Binomial name Family Type of planting

28. Murraya paniculata Rutaceae Township

29. Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae All areas

30. Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Avenue trees

31. Cassia siamea Caesalpiniaceae Avenue trees

32. Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Township

The species suggested here are commonly seen in and around the project area, fast growing and drought resistant. Seedlings / saplings of these species can be easily procured from local nurseries. The selection of plant species for the green belt development depends on various factors such as climate, elevation and soil. The plants suggested for green belt were selected based on the following desirable characteristics.

Fast growing and providing optimum penetrability. Evergreen with minimal litter fall. Wind-firm and deep rooted. The species will form a dense canopy. Indigenous and locally available species. Trees with high foliage density, larger of leaf sizes and hairy on surfaces. Ability to withstand conditions like inundation and drought. Soil improving plants, such as nitrogen fixing plants, rapidly decomposable

leaf litter. Attractive appearance with good flowering and fruit bearing. Bird and insect attracting plant species. Sustainable green cover with minimal maintenance Species which can trap/sequester carbon

In addition, a lawn and floral garden with the varieties of small flowering plants may be developed near the office site for aesthetic value of the entire complex. For other buildings and sites which are away from the reactor at a distance of 50 meters, suitable sector belts on area available towards BPCL Project may be developed with the same conceptual species placements. The above mentioned trees are recommended towards the boundary of BPCL site for greenbelt of 200 m width.

8.3.4 Phase wise Greenbelt Development Plan

Greenbelt will be developed in a phase wise manner right from the construction phase of the proposed project. In the first phase along with the start of the construction activity all along the plant boundary, open space areas, and major roads will be planted. In the second phase the office building like Canteen, Administrative building, Fire Safety office area and other constructed buildings will be planted. In the third phase when all the construction activity is complete plantation will be taken up in the gap areas of plant area, around different units, in stretch of open land and along other connecting roads, parks and residential quarters. The total construction period is 36 months from the date of starting of construction. The first phase of the plantation programme will start immediately with the start of construction and run upto 12th months. The second phase will start after 12 months and



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continue upto 24th months. The third phase will start after 24th months and continue upto 30th months or the end of construction which is earlier.

8.4 ENVIRONMENT CELL

A Plant Safety & Environment Department under its technical services department, which consists of well-qualified and experienced technical personnel from the relevant fields, will be in place to look after Environment cell.

8.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN BPCL will engage EPC contractors for the proposed project. All such contractors will be obliged, as part of contract, to ensure best standards in environment management and meet all commitments of BPCL in this regard. All the mitigation measures planned during construction phase and described in section 8.2 of this Chapter will be controlled and managed by the Project Manager of the EPC Contractor through a dedicated Project HSE Team. The EPC Contractor will develop site/project specific HSE Plan for complete EPC phase of the project, which will be reviewed and authorized by BPCL. The HSE Plan will describe the environmental management and monitoring plans to be implemented by the EPC Contractor and will be in line with the EIA-EMP commitments and the relevant regulations. The Project HSE team will be supervised by BPCL HSE Team.

The following procedures for environmental management will be developed by the EPC Contractor as part of the HSE Plan.

Procedure for waste and waste water management Procedure for handling of hazardous materials Procedure for cleaning of spills Procedure for restoration of sites

The following records will be maintained by the EPC Contractor as part of the HSE Plan.

Inventory of waste generated and disposed Inventory of water consumption and chemical use

The budget for air and noise pollution control by design, preventive maintenance and restoration is also considered in project cost, An estimated budget for implementation of environmental management plan is given in Table 8.2 & 8.3.

8.6 BUDGET OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The technology being considered for the manufacture of Acrylic Acid, Acrylates and Ox-alcohol, requires investment in pollution control, treatment and monitoring systems, which have been considered in the Inside Battery Limit (ISBL) Costing. About 4 Crore towards recurring cost is envisaged for pollution control measures.



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Table 8.2: Proposed Capital Investment for Pollution Control Measures

System Cost (Rs. Crores)* Time Frame Cost of pollution control

equipment/Management facilities 200 Along with the project

Table 8.3: Proposed Recurring Cost for Pollution Control Measures

System Cost (Rs. Crores)*

Cost to be borne by PDPP for ETP services provided by BPCL IREP / Third party solid waste disposal

4

Note: (*) Costs considered both (Capital/Recurring) is tentative and subject to change post licensor selection and detailed engineering. Costs indicated are inclusive of installation costs, auxiliaries & piping and are exclusive of applicable taxes.





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CHAPTER – 9

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION





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9.1 SUMMARY

The summary of the environmental impact assessment report is presented as Summary – EIA in the beginning of the report. This Summary – EIA has been prepared for its circulation in the public domain as per requirement of the MoEF, Notification No. S. O. 1533, 14th September, 2006 on Environmental Clearance / Public Hearing.

9.2 CONCLUSIONS

The present report is based on the work carried out by EIL on environmental aspects as well as baseline data collection carried out by M/s Pragathi Labs and Consultant Private Limited, Secunderabad. The EIA report contains in-depth study on environmental quality and Comprehensive Environmental Management Plan to mitigate the impacts including Rapid Risk Assessment and Social Welfare Commitment. The project is technically, environmentally and socioeconomically viable and is beneficial at local level, state level and national level.

9.3 MANAGEMENT OF RELEASES OF POLLUTANTS

BPCL is committed to the guidelines and standards given by CPCB, Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), Kerala Pollution Control Board. The design of the project activities will be done according to the guidelines of CPCB to keep atmospheric discharges in air, water and land below the stipulated levels during normal operation. This is achieved by proposed elaborate treatment for active gaseous waste, active liquid and solid waste before discharges. Some amount of conventional pollutants like dust and gaseous pollutants are produced for a short construction period, for which proper management plan has been prepared. The conventional pollutants releases from the plant during operation stage will be insignificant. Onsite recycle/reuse potential of treated water for dust suppression at sites, watering greenbelts and/or flushing of toilets will be assessed and optimal recycling will be done. The soak pit and septic tanks at the construction sites will be designed in accordance with the relevant Indian Standards considering peak load. Noise pollution will be reduced by development of different barrier i.e. acoustic covering of noise generation machineries, specially designed building in which the plant is enclosed. Occupational exposure of noise will be reduced by providing protective gadgets to the workers working in the high noise zone.

9.4 RISK ASSESSMENT

Rapid Risk Analysis Study has been performed with PHAST 6.7 (Software by DNV) and it documents the consequence results with hazard contours superimposed on the layouts/ maps to create awareness about the extent of impact.

9.5 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF BPCL

The policy of BPCL towards social welfare and community development aims at strengthening the bond between Project Authorities and local population in the vicinity of project. In line with this policy, BPCL planned to implement social and





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community welfare measures aiming at improving the infrastructural facilities

including education, health, employment and women & Children welfare.

9.6 REMARKS

The foregoing discussion indicates that the project is planned in such a way that it will improve the environmental quality and uplift the socio economic environment of the region. The safety measures inbuilt in the design of the project will minimize the hazard if any. The safety analysis considers the worst case scenarios for risk assessment. There will be continuous monitoring of environment, review and corrective action, development of greenbelt programme. The local people will be immensely benefited due to social welfare schemes which would get implemented by BPCL, and will result in the improvement in the quality of life.




Document No.

A419-EI-1741-1401

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CHAPTER 10

DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS


Document No.

A419-EI-1741-1401

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10.1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Name of Organization: Engineers India Limited Address: Mr. J.K. Joshi

Head (Environment), Tower-II, 4th floor, Environment Division, R&D centre, Engineers India Limited, Gurgaon (On NH-8), Haryana-122001 Telephone Nos. : 0124-3803509 Fax: 01242391413 Email: [email protected]

10.2 ESTABLISHMENT

Engineers India Limited (EIL) was established in 1965 to provide engineering and related services for Petroleum Refineries and other industrial projects. Over the years, it has diversified into and excelled in various fields. EIL has emerged as Asia's leading design, engineering and turnkey contracting company in Petroleum Refining, Petrochemicals, Pipelines, Onshore Oil & Gas, Mining & Metallurgy, Offshore Oil & Gas, Terminals & Storages and Infrastructure. EIL provides a wide range of design, engineering, procurement, construction supervision, commissioning assistance and project management as well as EPC services. It also provides specialist services such as heat & mass transfer equipment design, environment engineering, information technology, specialist materials and maintenance, plant operations & safety including HAZOPS & risk analysis, refinery optimization studies and yield & energy optimization studies. Engineers India has earned recognition for jobs executed in India and several countries of West Asia, North Africa, Europe and South East Asia including Algeria, Bahrain, Kuwait, Korea, Malaysia, Norway, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, UAE and Vietnam. EIL is diversifying into the areas of Water & Waste Management, Nuclear Power, Thermal and Solar Power and City Gas Distribution. EIL has its head office in New Delhi, regional engineering offices in Chennai, Kolkata and Vadodara and a branch office in Mumbai. It has inspection offices at all major equipment manufacturing locations in India and a wholly owned subsidiary Certification Engineers International Ltd. (CEIL) for undertaking independent certification & third party inspection assignments. Outside India, EIL has offices in Abu Dhabi (UAE), London, Milan and Shanghai and a wholly owned subsidiary, EIL Asia Pacific Sdn. Bhd. (EILAP) in Malaysia. EIL has also formed a joint venture Jabal EILIOT with IOTL & Jabal Dhahran for tapping business opportunities in Saudi Arabia. Backed by its unmatched experience, EIL enjoys a high professional standing in the market and is known as a versatile and competent engineering company that can be relied upon for meeting the clients' requirements. Quality Management System with respect to EIL's services conforms to ISO 9001:2008 The Design Offices are equipped with state-of-the-art computing systems, design tools and infrastructure.

10.3 EIL’s Vision

To be a world-class globally competitive EPC and total solutions Consultancy Organization.


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10.4 EIL’s Mission

Achieve ‘Customer delight’ through innovative, cost effective and value added consulting and EPC services.

To maximize creation of wealth, value and satisfaction for stakeholders with high standards of business ethics and aligned with national policies.

10.5 CORE VALUES OF EIL

Benchmark to learn from superior role models. Nurture the essence of Customer Relationship and bonding. Foster Innovation with emphasis on value addition. Integrity and Trust as fundamental to functioning. Thrive upon constant Knowledge updation as a Learning organization. Passion in pursuit of excellence. Quality as a way of life. Collaboration in synergy through cross-functional Team efforts. Sense of ownership in what we do.

10.6 QUALITY POLICY OF EIL

Enhance customer satisfaction through continuous improvement of our technologies, work processes, and systems and total compliance with established quality management system. Consistently improve the quality of products /services with active participation of

committed and motivated employees and feedback from stakeholders. Provide added value to customers through timely and cost effective

services/deliverables. Ensure total compliance with applicable health, safety and environment

requirements during design and delivery of products to enrich quality of life.

10.7 HSE POLICY OF EIL

Ensure compliance with requirements of health, safety and environment, during design and delivery of products/ services as per applicable National and International codes, standards, procedures, engineering practices, and statutory requirements including customer's requirements. Ensure safety and health of employees, personnel of clients and associates. Create awareness on health, safety and environment aspects for all employees and associates.

10.8 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF EIL

Ensure compliance with applicable environmental requirements/ regulations

during design and delivery of products / service and our operations. Consider environmental impact in decision making processes. Promote/develop green technologies for sustainable development. Promote environmental awareness among all employees. Adopt the adage-reduce, reuse and recycle in all our operations.


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10.9 RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY OF EIL

EIL is committed to effective management of risks across the organization by aligning its risk management strategy to its business objectives through instituting a risk management structure for timely identification, assessment, mitigating, monitoring and reporting of risks.

Risk management at EIL is the responsibility of every employee both individually

as well as collectively. The present EIA report has been prepared by EIL, an engineering and consultancy organization in the country. EIL has been preparing regularly EIA / EMP reports for different projects. The environmental Engineering Division of EIL has carried out more than 300 numbers of Environmental Impact Assessment projects. National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) - under the Accreditation Scheme for EIA Consultant Organizations has accredited EIL as EIA consultant for 11 EIA Sectors, vide NABET notification dated 29.09.14. The list of sectors for which the accreditation has been accorded by NABET is given in Fig 10.1. The same can be referred from the NABET website “www.qcin.org/nabet/about.php“, by following the link - EIA Accreditation Scheme – Accreditation Register – Accredited Consultant.


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Fig. - 10.1- EIL Accreditation by NABET

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Regd. Office : Engineers India Bhawan, 1, Bhikaiji Cama Place , New Delhi – 110066

environmental impact assessment report -...

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