SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

RAWALPINDI ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

IN THE

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

July 2005

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 July 2005)

Currency Unit Pakistan rupee/s (PRe/PRs)

PRe1.00 = $ 0.0167 $1.00 = Pre60.00

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank BOD5 biological oxygen demand (5-day test) CDA Capital Development Authority EA executing agency EIA environmental impact assessment EMP environmental management plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPD Environmental Protection Department GIS geographic information systems IA implementing agency IEE initial environmental examination IR involuntary resettlement NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NGO nongovernment organization OHSP occupational health and safety plan O&M operation and maintenance PMU project management unit RCB Rawalpindi Cantonment Board RDA Rawalpindi Development Authority SEIA summary environmental impact assessment TMA Tehsil Municipal Authority WASA

WHO

Water and Sanitation Agency World Health Organization

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

oC degrees Centigrade cm/sec centimeters per second oF degrees Fahrenheit ha Hectare kg/day kilograms per day km Kilometer m Meter mm Millimeter m3/day cubic meters per day mg/L milligrams per liter

GLOSSARY

nullah naturally occurring storm water channel Tehsil a local government unit under a corporate municipal administration

NOTE

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government ends on 30 June.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. FY before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends.

CONTENTS MAP

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1 A. Environmental Sanitation 2 B. Improving Water Supply 3 C. Institutional Development 4

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 5 A. Physical Environment 5 B. Ecological Resources 6 C. Human and Economic Development 7

IV. ALTERNATIVES 8 A. With-Project and Without Project 8 B. Alternative Sewage Treatment Plant Sites 8 C. Alternatives for Wastewater Treatment 8 D. Alternatives for Sewage Transfer 9 E. Alternatives for Sludge Disposal 9

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS MEASURES 10 A. Physical Environment 10 B. Biological Environment 13 C. Sociocultural Environment 14

VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 15 A. Economic Benefits 15 B. Costs 15

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 16

VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE 17

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 18

APPENDIXES 1. Environmental Management Plan for the Sewage Treatment Plant 19 2. Environmental Management Plan for the Sanitary Landfill Site 35 3. Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards 46

Sutlej R

Ravi R.

Jhelum R.

Tarbela

Mangla

Chenab

R.Ind

us R.

Indus

R.

ARABIAN SEA

Soan

Rive

r

Kuran

g R.

Soan R

iver

Rawal Lake

ISLAMABAD

Karachi

Quetta

Lahore

Peshawar

Multan

HyderabadGwadar

JhelumRawalpindi

Sargodha

D.I. Khan

RAWALPINDI CITY

to Peshawar

to La

hore

B A L O C H I S T A N

P U N J A B

NORTH-WESTFRONTIER

S I N D H

PAKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

IRAN

INDIA

National CapitalProvincial CapitalCity/TownProposed Sewage Treatment PlantProposed Landfill SiteProposed SlaughterhouseProposed Outfall SewerMain Water PipelineNational RoadOther RoadRiverDistrict BoundaryProvincial BoundaryInternational Boundary

Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.

PAKISTANRAWALPINDI ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

N

05-3894a HR

73 00'Eo

73 00'Eo64 00'Eo

64 00'Eo

26 00'No 26 00'No

35 00'No

I. INTRODUCTION

1. This summary environmental impact assessment (SEIA) is based on the environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the proposed Rawalpindi Environmental Improvement Project. The project consists of (i) environmental sanitation, including a sewerage system, sewage treatment plant, solid waste management, slaughterhouse relocation, and public toilets; (ii) water supply improvement; and (iii) institutional development, comprising municipal management system development, environmental support services, asset management, and an urban development plan. The project falls under the Asian Development Banks (ADB) environmental category A, because of the environmentally sensitive component, the sewage treatment plant. A comprehensive EIA addressing all components has been prepared according to ADBs Environmental Policy Operation Manual Section F1; ADBs Environmental Assessment Guidelines and Environmental Guidelines for Selected Urban Services Projects; and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agencys Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports. 2. The objective of this SEIA is to provide stakeholders with a brief description of potential project impacts and proposed mitigation measures, as well as environmental management and monitoring plans and recommendations for project implementation. 3. National Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK) prepared the EIA on behalf of the Rawalpindi Development Authority (RDA), which is the executing agency. The EIA began on 15 April 2004, when almost all of the project components were still at the feasibility study stage. In January 2005, an additional study was undertaken to evaluate alternatives for the sewage treatment plant and sewerage system. The Environmental Protection Agency is expected to endorse the EIA by 31 July 2005.

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4. The main project objectives are (i) improving living conditions and quality of life of the people of Rawalpindi by improving the water supply and sanitation facilities, solid waste management, wastewater treatment, and slaughterhouse; and (ii) ensuring sustainable urban investments by strengthening institutional capacities of the Rawalpindi Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA) and Rawalpindi Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA), promoting policy reforms focused on greater devolution of authority, and involving all stakeholders in service delivery. 5. The project comprises the following components: (i) environmental sanitation; (ii) water supply services; and (iii) institutional development, including financial management system, database development for the TMA, RDA, WASA; asset management; project implementation support; and incremental administration support. 6. Most project components are located in Rawalpindi. The sewage treatment plant has been proposed to be located on the left bank of Soan River, 18 km away from the city near Jabbar Miana village. The project proposes shifting the existing goat slaughterhouse to the outskirts of the city. The project will also improve solid waste collection and disposal. A new 75-acre sanitary landfill site is proposed to be located in Mouza Losar, 30 km away from the city (see map). The project components are described below.

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A. Environmental Sanitation

1. Sewerage System

7. The sewerage system currently covers only 30% area of the city, which was laid in the satellite town and Khayaban-e-Sirsyed in the 1950s and in 1969, respectively. Inappropriate subdivision of urban lots and increasing population density, as well as corrosion and deterioration of pipes and seals, have caused the network pipes to leak continuously. The project will install major sewerage networks which include (i) laying of a 160 km sewerage network (trunk & area sewers) in the West 1 Sewerage District (west of Lai Nullah) over an area of 384 hectares (ha) to benefit a population of 190,000, and secondary and lateral sewers in the catchment of existing trunk sewers SW02 and SW03, (ii) construction of a 24.5 km transfer/outfall sewer to the sewage treatment plant, (iii) replacement of undersized sewers in identified areas, (v) environmental mitigation works upstream of Rawal Lake filtration plant, and (vi) procurement of sewer cleaning equipment and machinery. 8. The project will also remodel existing drains and construct new drains at selected areas such as Asghar Mall Road, Jamia Masjid Road, the bus stand, Nia Mohallah, and Eidgah Road. This component will also include bank protection works at critical locations of Lai Nullah to mitigate negative impacts from floods.

2. Sewage Treatment Plant

9. The sewage treatment plant will treat sewage generated from Rawalpindi and suburban areas, which it will receive through a 24.5 km box conduit (2.3 by 1.7 meters) along the Lai Nullah and Soan River including above ground laying at some sections to avoid localized pumping. Waste will be treated in stabilization ponds. The quantity of sewage from municipal- and TMA-controlled suburban areas (with about 1.3 million population) is 141,000 cubic meters per day (m3/day) and is expected to increase to 272,000 m3/day by 2025. The sewage treatment plant will be designed for projected demand in 2025, but plant construction in this phase will be for the year 2015 for a projected flow of 199,000 m3/day. Treated effluent will be disposed of in the Soan River. The effluent must comply with the Pakistans National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). About 250 ha will be required for the plant. Components will include inlet and outlet structures, forestation, laboratory, administration buildings, and protection bunds against the Soan River. The conceptual design and layout have been prepared for 4-meter-deep anaerobic ponds, 2.5-meter-deep facultative ponds, and 1.5-meter-deep maturation ponds (Appendix 1).

3. Stormwater Drainage

10. The stormwater drainage component includes (i) remodeling existing drains and construction of new drains at selected areas such as Asghar Mall Road, Jamia Masjid Road, the bus stand, Nia Mohallah, and Eidgah Road; and (ii) bank protection works at critical locations at Lai Nullah.

4. Solid Waste Management

11. In order to improve solid waste collection, transportation, and disposaland to augment TMAs capacitya public-private partnership program has been proposed. This is an innovative approach that meets the governments goals of decentralization and devolution. Union Councils, with the help of experienced nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and private partners, will

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collect solid waste in their respective constituencies and dispose of it at designated transfer stations. TMA, with the assistance of private agencies, will be responsible for final disposal of solid waste at the landfill. The targets for solid waste management have been fixed at 80% collection and disposal for TMA, Union Councils, and participating NGOs. This component will consist of (i) institutional strengthening; (ii) procurement of vehicles and equipment; (iii) construction of solid waste transfer stations and provision of garbage bins throughout Rawalpindi City; (iv) development of a new lined uncovered sanitary landfill site with a leachate collection system in Mouza Losar, 30 km east of Rawalpindi; (v) preparation and implementation of a community participation program; (vi) establishing a solid waste recycling and composting program; (vii) development of licensing and institutionalizing of scavengers; and (viii) privatizing solid waste management systems. The 30-ha landfill site will replace the present temporary landfill site, located near central Rawalpindi. The new landfill site is expected to fulfill requirements until 2010-2011. Solid waste segregation is to be carried out at the community level. Bins and other adequate facilities will be provided for this purpose.

5. Slaughterhouse and Public Toilets

12. Two slaughterhouses currently exist in Rawalpindi. The goat slaughterhouse, located in the city center, is old and its sewerage and drainage facilities are inadequate. Waste from this slaughterhouse poses a health hazard and disturbs the adjoining areas. The other slaughterhouse, the Sihala slaughterhouse, in an industrial estate outside Rawalpindi, is jointly operated by Rawalpindi Cantonment Board (RCB), Capital Development Authority (CDA), and TMA. The project proposes to build additional hygienic, environmentally acceptable slaughterhouse facilities within the premises of the existing Sihala slaughterhouse. This would provide a cost-effective solution with no land acquisition costs. 13. Rawalpindi has very few public toilets and all are in a poor condition because of inadequate operation and maintenance (O&M) by the TMA. The project will construct at least 15 properly designed, suitably located public toiletsconnected to nearby sewer networknear shopping centers, bus stops, and densely populated areas. Regular water supply will be enhanced through overhead tanks. O&M of the toilets will be undertaken by the private sector and revenues collected through user fees. B. Improving Water Supply

14. This component will improve the service and quality of existing water distribution systems. It will increase revenues by updating consumer databases, converting illegal connections to registered accounts, detecting and repairing leaks, and monitoring water quality. Distribution systems will be extended or rehabilitated for poorly served low-income communities with scarce or brackish groundwater. This component will include (i) replacement of about 40 contaminated and/or inefficient tubewells1 and rehabilitation of an existing 35 tubewells; and (ii) construction or rehabilitation of distribution systems, including the rehabilitation of storage reservoirs and the supply and installation of 20,000 water meters. It will also include water quality and monitoring program to be conducted by WASA and the private sector. 15. As a matter of priority, all schools in the project area will be provided latrines and safe drinking water connections. Health and hygiene education will be promoted. The project will monitor the effects of improvements in water quality on health, especially on child stunting, by

1 A cease-use plan will be developed during detailed design.

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organizing a representative sample study and project performance management system (PPMS). C. Institutional Development

1. Municipal Management System Development

16. Planned interventions under the institutional development subcomponent will include (i) training in technical and financial management for TMA and WASA staff, including mapping and asset management; (ii) increasing public awareness on urban issues, water quality, sustainability of facilities, and options for improving the delivery of urban services; (iii) improving municipal financial management by introducing improved accounting procedures and management information systems that include budgeting, resource mobilization, enhanced O&M of assets, and improved billing, revenue collection, and reporting systems; and (iv) establishing regulatory systems to ensure that laws, standards, rules, and regulations are equitably and consistently applied. These are critical to long-term sustainability of urban centers. Wherever possible, technical training will be linked to measurable outputs. This will help determine whether skill levels have been achieved and technical training is applied.

2. Environmental Support Services

17. An environmentally sound urban development plan will be developed to ensure a well-managed urban expansion in a fast-growing city with high demand for housing. This will include preparation of base as well as geographic information systems (GIS) mapping of the specified area. 18. Land use, zoning, and building laws will also be revised and legislated both to control urban expansion and to monitor water and sanitation connections and charges. A comprehensive database will be available through this subcomponent to enable the asset management and billing departments of TMA and WASA to increase and maintain revenue, in addition to controlling and guiding urban development, and urban transport improvement.

3. Asset Management

19. WASAs and TMAs assets are scattered and no records are readily available. This subcomponent will also set up a separate asset management section to maintain, update, and record assets, resulting in greater transparency and sustainability.

4. Urban Development

20. A baseline survey and GIS mapping of additional specified areas are proposed under this subcomponent, as are detailed land use, housing, and consumer surveys. This will lead to the development of land use and urban housing databases to identify areas available for development. These are vital for both urban development and consumer records of water supply and sanitation.

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III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Physical Environment

1. Climate

21. Rawalpindis climate is subhumid to subtropical continental, receiving rainfall from both monsoon and western disturbances. The maximum rainfall occurs during the monsoon season from July to September. The average rainfall is about 1,044 millimeters per year, with more than 50% occurring in monsoon season. The mean maximum temperature ranges from 25.6oC to 39.4oC (78.1oF to 103oF) in June and the mean minimum temperature ranges from 3.2oC to 16.7oC (37.8oF to 62oF) in January. Temperatures in the project area vary from -1.1o C to 46.1 Co (30o F to 115o F). 22. Rawalpindi shows no prevailing wind directions in the mornings. Wind direction is evenly distributed throughout the year. In the late afternoons, winds are mainly from southwest, except in July and August when southeastern winds dominate.

2. Topography

23. Rawalpindi falls in the Salt range and Potohar plateau. The terrain surrounding the city is rolling to hilly, criss-crossed by ravines and nullahs running out from these hills. The highest areas are found in the northwestern and southeastern parts (1,043 and 660 m high above sea level, respectively). The terrain of Rawalpindi gradually falls off toward Lai Nullah in the west and the Kurang River in the east. Lai Nullah enters the city from the southwest and joins the Soan River in the southern side. Occasionally it overflows during the rainy season, causing considerable damage. The proposed site of the sewage treatment plant is mostly flat, sloping gently from Jabbar Miana village towards the Soan River. The land is fertile and is cultivated with vegetables and other crops.

3. Geology and Soils

24. The area in and around Rawalpindi has a complex geological history of mountain formation, alluvial-loessic depositions, and erosion cycles. In the west of the Potohar Uplands, the main depositions of loess are from the Pleistocene period. Streams and ravines cut the loess plain, affected by gully erosion and steep slopes. Such land is unsuitable for cultivation. The area is composed of sandstone and limestone. There is an extensive area with exposed bedrock and fragmentary, thin soil formations. 25. Important minerals like limestone, marble, and fire clay are found in the area. Limestone is found abundantly in the Margala Hills and marble in the western section of Margala Range. Limestone is common in the low hills in Rawalpindi tehsil, and deposits can also be found in the Kankar Plains. Clay soils in the district exhibit five distinct strata, from bottom to top: (i) coarse pebbles with sand or clay, (ii) an alluvial stratum deposited by an older river system in the Soan Basin, (iii) alluvial deposits of the present river system, (iv) an airborne top layer of silt or clay (loess), and (v) conglomerate and loose gravel deposits. 26. The geotechnical investigations, conducted under an additional study for the proposed sewage treatment plant site, revealed that the topsoil cover is formed by sandy silt in medium-dense form, with varying degrees of clay content and a thickness of 1.5 m. Silty, sandy gravel in a medium-dense to dense conditions exists below the topsoil cover of sandy silt, extending to

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the explored depth of 3.0m to 5.0 m below NSL. Permeability tests performed at the site indicated that the coefficient of permeability ranged from 1.4x10-5 cm/sec to 3.15x10-4 cm/sec in silty sand gravel. In sandy silt the coefficient of permeability was 2.36x10-5 cm/sec. Low values indicate the presence of excessive silt content in the substrata.

4. Surface Water

27. A number of streams originating from the Margala Hills join and form the Lai Nullah, the principal watercourse in Rawalpindi. It winds north to south through developed areas of the city and finally joins the Soan River. Lai Nullah carries rain runoff and sewage from a large part of Islamabad, and it also collects untreated local sewage. Domestic solid waste is also dumped in the nullah. It is a perennial surface water channel with occasional flooding during monsoon season. Reservoirs of the Rawal Dam and Khanpur Dam are the two major surface water bodies near the city, and they serve about 40% of present water demand. 28. The Soan River flows adjacent to the sewage treatment plant site. Penetration of untreated wastewater from Rawalpindi and Islamabad has severely depleted water quality and aquatic life. Investigation at the sewage treatment plant site shows fecal contamination. Total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand are in the ranges of 525-550, 20-30, and 72-120 mg/l in the Soan River near the sewage treatment plant site.

5. Ground Water

29. Rawalpindi groundwater table is sharply depleting. The average depth of the water table was 12 m in 1980 and 52 m in 2003. About 250 tubewells are present in the city, catering for about 50% of present water demand. The groundwater is reported to be contaminated because of a lack of sanitation facilities. Water sampling for ground and surface water sources and from the existing distribution network shows that more than 70% of the tested tubewells and distribution network, and all samples taken from the catchment of the surface water supply at Rawal Lake, are highly contaminated with E. coli, fecal coliform, and other bacteria. Recent testing at the sewage treatment plant site, from three samples indicated fecal contamination in all samples. Tested tubewells near the sewage treatment plant site showed cadmium concentrations of 1.03 mg/L, significantly above the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of 0.002 mg/L. The suspected source of contamination is disposal of untreated waste by the informal industry upstream along the Soan River. B. Ecological Resources

1. Flora

30. Flora in Rawalpindi district varies with elevation. In the upper reaches of the Murree Hills, the main tree species include deodar (Cedrus deodara), biar (Pinus wallichiana), paludar (Abies smithiana), and barangi (Quercus lassiflora). Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) covers the lower hills, along with kao, or wild olive, phulai (Acacia modesta); (Cedrala toona); drek (Melia sempervirans); and sinetta (Dodona burmanniawa). Vegetation grows for the most part in scattered clumps. At lower elevations and in the plains, the most common trees are shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), toot (Morus alba), drek (Melia sempervirens), phulai, (Acacia modesta), ber (Zizyphus jujaba), pipal (Ficus religiosa), kikar (Acacia arabica). Non-timber forest products include floral buds of the kachenar, pomegranate, blackberries, raspberries, cranberries, and wild pears. Trees are rare along the field boundaries and in cultivated areas, but stunted trees are common in the ravines. No forests are present at the sewage treatment plant site. Trees at

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the site include sufaida (Eucalyptus sp.), neem (Azadirachta indica), shahtoot (Morus spp.), keekar (Acacia nilotica), shisham (Dalbergia sisso), jund, and poplar (Populas euphratica).

2. Fauna

31. No tigers or leopards are found in the forests of Rawalpindi district. Jackals are still common, however, and there are few wolves, foxes and bears. Deer and wild goats are occasionally reported in the lower Murree Hills. Hare are found on all the low hills and in most of the ravines. Birds called chikors are found hills and low spurs. Grey partridges are common, but black partridges are rare. Ducks are found along the rivers and marshes. Geese are found in the Soan Valley and quail are common in spring and autumn. Specific fauna around the sewage treatment plant site include jackals, foxes, pigs, and common birds. 32. Several kinds of fish such as rahu, mari, thaila, gulfam and daula fish can be found in the upper reaches of the Soan River. Only daula fish are reported downstream of Rawalpindi and at the confluence with the Lai Nullah. 33. No endangered or rare species of flora or fauna are present in the project areas. C. Human and Economic Development

34. Rawalpindi has experienced a rapid increase in population due to rural-urban migration. Unplanned urban growth has been rampant, particularly in areas where basic infrastructure is available. Inadequate urban servicesespecially sewerage, drainage and solid waste managementhave worsened quality of life and environmental conditions. Land use in the city center is divided between commercial and residential. Concentrated commercial activity and its linear growth have created complex problems such as inadequate parking, poor accessibility due to encroachments on road footpaths, and presence of vendors/ hawkers. 35. Socioeconomic surveys conducted under the project indicate that more than 90% of households have access to public transport, consisting of public bus services throughout the city and coaches and wagons along Murree Road, airport road and other minor roads. Traffic congestion is common because of narrow roads and car fleet growth. 36. Rawalpindi has more than 1,200 licensed industries. The major ones are located in the outskirts, while some older ones are located in the cantonment area. Industries include leather and tanning, shoemaking, food processing, plastics, polyethylene, paint manufacturing, plastic utensil manufacturing, firecracker workshops, dyeing, soaps, detergents, electronics, and fabric printing. Many of these create noise, air, and water pollution. None of the major industries exist within the command area of the proposed sewerage network or outfall sewer. Under national law, all industries are required to provide their own treatment facilities for effluents. Enforcement is weak, however. Rawalpindi has 15 inpatient hospitals, 4 of which belong to the military and 11 of which are civilian. Overall health facilities are inadequate and hospitals are not equipped with proper clinical waste disposal facilities. Recent reports indicate Rawalpindi Citys commitment to purchase 3 clinical waste incinerators. 37. There are two slaughterhouses serving Rawalpindi City. One slaughterhouse, managed by TMA, is in a very congested area of the city and suffers from a number of environmental, operational, and financial problems. A second slaughterhouse is outside the urban area in Islamabad Model Town Humak Industrial Area on Kahuta Road. This slaughterhouse was

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constructed in 1963-64. It is comparatively well planned and is being jointly operated by CDA, RCB, and TMA.

IV. ALTERNATIVES

A. With-Project and Without Project

38. Direct project benefits include expanding sewage collection, treatment, and sanitation in Rawalpindi to obtain a more hygienic environment. The project will also increase the citys capacity to handle rainwater through better drainage. The project will improve drinking water quality by protecting groundwater and surface water sources. The project will also promote a sound solid waste management system in which disposal will be conducted safely and hygienically, preventing blockage of drains and downstream pollution of the Soan River. The project will also improve the environment and public health in the project areas while promoting sustainable urban development. Without the project, environmental quality and public health in Rawalpindi will remain the same or worsen with a rapidly increasing population and associated unmanaged domestic waste. B. Alternative Sewage Treatment Plant Sites

39. In view of the environmental and social sensitivity of sewerage treatment facilities, five potential sewage treatment plant sites were considered. Site selection criteria included (i) minimizing energy requirements for pumping to avoid failure during blackouts; (ii) low population density to minimize nuisance, and land acquisition and resettlement impacts; and (iii) availability of a nearby water course to discharge the treated effluent. 40. Evaluation results of the five alternative sites may be summarized as follows:

(i) Site A, on the southern side of Peshawar Road, was relatively flat and was found inappropriate given its elevation (35 m above Rawalpindi), dense population, and the number of new developments taking place in the area, including those by CDA.

(ii) Sites B and C, located southwest of Rawalpindi on Dhamial Road, showed

inadequate rolling topography and absence of suitable land for a sewage treatment plant. No rivers were close to the site for disposing of treated effluent.

(iii) Site D, is located between Daghal and Gorakhpur villages on the north bank of

the Soan River. TThe site was not selected due to land acquisition problems. (iv) Site E, the selected site, is 3 km downstream of Site D on the left side of the

Soan River. A vast stretch of land is available, the elevation difference from Rawalpindi City is 63 m downward. The site has only a few environmental constraints as the open land is available without densely populated areas.

C. Alternatives for Wastewater Treatment

41. Waste stabilization pond technology was selected based on three major factors: (i) investment costs are one fourth of those estimated for an activated sludge process; (ii) reduced operating costs; and (iii) operation requiring fewer skills or replacement parts, issues at the root of failure at Islamabads four non-operating sewage treatment plants. Preliminary

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estimates also show the land requirements to be five times larger for waste stabilization ponds than for activated sludge technology. From an environmental point of view, the partly anaerobic treatment in the stabilization ponds would produce less sludge than the full aerobic treatment conducted in an activated sludge plant. Stabilization ponds are also expected to produce effluent that meets Pakistans effluent standards and standards/guidelines values (Table A1.2, Appendix 1). D. Alternatives for Sewage Transfer

42. No outfall sewer currently exists in the city. Four options were considered:

(i) Gravity transfer by tunnel along Adiala Road, through a 2-m-wide, 8.8-km-long tunnel, up to 40-meter deep at a gradient of 1:1,000. Although this was the preferred engineering option, environmentally it was found to pose severe problems given reported seismic activity and anticipated severe difficulties for maintenance and repair and therefore disregarded.

(ii) A combination of sewerage pumping and gravity, following a route close to the

Lai Nullah behind Ayub Park. The main disadvantage involves building a 2-km-long tunnel in a very steep section of the valley.

(iii) A combination of pumping and gravity transfer along Adiala Road. Pumping will

take place through a 4.7-km-long, 1,050-mm-diameter rising main from Moti Mahal pumping station to a discharge chamber. From the discharge chamber, a 2,000 mm diameter gravity sewer, at a minimum gradient of 1:1,000 would follow Adiala Road for 8.45 km and then be directed towards the sewage treatment plant. A standby generator will be provided to maintain power supply during load shedding. The main disadvantage is that the system will have to pass through the cantonment area which has been cited as a security concern by the Government.

(iv) The selected option is gravity transfer through a sewer to be laid along Lai Nullah

and Soan River through a 24.5 km box conduit (2.3 by 1.7 meters). The system though having some construction difficulties, will be placed on the right-of-way along the Lai Nullah and Soan River so as not to cause resettlement impacts. Placement along the right-of-way will also ensure access for O&M.

E. Alternatives for Sludge Disposal

43. Alternatives considered for the disposal of sludge generated in the sewage treatment plant include agricultural reuse and sanitary landfilling. The most appropriate choice will be finalized following site startup, where sludge sampling and testing will show whether dried material fulfills agricultural reuse requirements. Failing to do so, landfilling will have to be accommodated in Rawalpindis new landfill site. Safe underground disposal will be carried out if tests show the material contains toxic elements.

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V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS MEASURES

A. Physical Environment

1. Groundwater and Surface Water

a. Construction Phase

44. The groundwater table in Rawalpindi has sharply depleted over the past 20 years. Provision and rehabilitation of new tubewells shall consider the overall impact that further water extraction would have on the local water table and existing tubewells. Detailed engineering design will undertake modeling and provide calculations to establish an optimal extraction rate. 45. The ground water table at the sewage treatment plant site is shallow. Its close proximity to the surface (3 m deep) may result in water contamination due to seepage of sewage from the ponds. This factor is important and requires mitigation at the design stage. Lining and sealing of the base and sides of the ponds with high-quality, impermeable material will be ensured during the detailed design and subject to ADB approval. 46. The sewage treatment plant site is located immediately adjacent to the Soan River in a flood-prone area. Flooding occurs regularly during the rainy season. A flood modeling study for Soan River near the sewage treatment plant site was carried out for 25, 50 and 100 years return periods. The natural surface level at the site is around + 400 m above mean sea level. Based on the study, for a 100-year flood, the top water level will reach a height of 399.2 m above mean sea level. Flood protection bunds of 4m above natural surface level with a length of 5.1 km is proposed for the site to prevent flooding of the sewage treatment plant and sewage overflow from the stabilization ponds. Further study will be undertaken during detailed design stage. Flood-warning systems will be developed for the area and an emergency flood plan formulated. 47. The outfall sewer will require strict construction standards and a plan for operations and maintenance. An environmental management plan will be developed during detailed design stage. 48. Risks to the groundwater table due to the sewage treatment plant are: (i) contamination from minor spillages at contractor camps or construction materials at the site; (ii) disturbances in soil physical properties, temporary increasing chances of seepages of fecal material and other contaminants; and (iii) increased potential mixing of contaminated surface water flows with those of the shallow aquifer. These impacts are, however, not expected to be significant. Proposed mitigation measures include an environmental plan with material and chemical handling procedures as part of contractors bidding documents, provision of designated areas for chemical and oil storage, mapping of water facilities and water courses to prevent accidental mixing, and determining aquifer depth at selected construction areas before work begins.

b. Operation Phase

49. Groundwater supply systems to be provided to various city areas, and in particular to slum and poorer areas, shall address evaluation of aquifer resources prior to extraction to prevent depletion. Selected aquifers should be suitable for water consumption and contain sufficient resources. Water testing shall be undertaken in all cases by the Public Engineering Health Department to confirm that all extracted water is safe for human consumption.

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Appropriate labeling will inform the public if the water is unsafe for consumption. Depending on the level and type of contamination, water can be used for alternative uses, instructions provided for further treatment, or the well can be abandoned. 50. Effluent from the proposed sewage treatment plant is designed to meet Pakistans NEQS discharge standards. A comprehensive water quality monitoring plan to measure various different parameters has been addressed and onsite laboratory facilities and human resources have been accounted for in the project. Irrigation water for affected villages has been considered in the project and conceptualization will be finalized during detailed engineering design. 51. The sewage treatment plant is designed to treat municipal sewage from the city. Its operational efficiency and life could be seriously affected by the ingress of any industrial/hazardous waste. Although Pakistans environmental legislation prohibits such practices, implementation and monitoring are weak. Municipal authorities have committed to address this issue by preventing the issuance of sewage discharge permits, exerting tight control, and issuing heavy fines to violators. Any industrial waste entering the municipal sewerage must have been properly pre-treated. 52. Construction and operation of a larger slaughterhouse will generate additional biological waste, which, if improperly managed, could contaminate watercourses and spread communicable diseases such as typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera, and dysentery. Collection, treatment, and disposal systems for different types of slaughterhouse wastes including separate arrangements for blood, internal organs, wastewater, and animal excreta are an integral part of the design. This will include a wastewater treatment plant and a hygienic solid waste disposal system. Environmental monitoring and compliance mechanisms will be built into the structure of the slaughterhouse management and a waste management plan developed during detailed design will be endorsed and implemented prior to slaughterhouse operation. 53. As part of the measures provided for ensuring that no water or ground contamination takes place, the sanitary landfill system will include (i) a leachate treatment plant, (ii) a number of groundwater monitoring well strategically located to detect contamination of groundwater and (iii) a gas collection and flaring or venting system. Lining of the landfill site shall be addressed during engineering design. Soil studies showing low soil permeabilities may also ensure no groundwater contamination by leachate.

2. Air Quality

a. Construction Phase

54. Unmanaged air pollutionespecially from particulate and gaseous emissions generated by construction machinerymay create nuisance and, in extreme cases, adverse health impacts and property damage. Construction will require breaking up, digging, crushing, transporting, and dumping of large quantities of dry material and will generate dust in and around construction areas. This impact will occur in all project locations, but may be more significant in city areas where densely packed buildings restrict air movement. Mitigation measures will include (i) operating construction vehicles within agreed time periods, (ii) covering wagons and skips, (iii) enclosing demolition sites, (iv) spraying dusty roads, (v) maintaining moisture on construction materials, (vi) covering transportation and garbage vehicles, (vii) controlling vehicle speed, (viii) selecting transportation routes to minimize impact on sensitive receptors, (ix) covering exposed soil or storage areas, (x) limiting excavation and land

12

leveling works to rainy season, and (xi) minimizing the onsite storage time of construction material. 55. All vehicles and construction machinery shall be operated in compliance with prescribed vehicle emission standards and engines shall be properly maintained to reduce air pollution from exhausts and oil spills.

b. Operation Phase

56. The proposed landfill is expected to produce certain amounts of gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Other gases such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia may also form in small quantities as a result of solid waste decomposition. These are toxic gases that could create nuisance and health hazards for nearby communities if they are not appropriately controlled. Several villages and hamlets are located near the site, about 1.5 km away. People immediately affected by the presence of the landfill involve nine brick kilns, where some laborers and their families live. The landfill may also affect vegetation in the area. Mitigation measures proposed to minimize the negative impacts include provision of proper soil cover, buffer zone, plantation and an adequate gas control system. Reusing methane to produce power may also be considered in the detailed engineering design. Methane monitoring will be essential, especially considering the close proximity of the brick kilns. 57. Odor from open stabilizations ponds will disturb the neighboring areas when the plant is operating, affecting neighboring villages. Odor control measures will be based on the impact assessment during detailed design. Proper O&M of the plantand mitigation measures such as tree planting and development of a greenbelt as a buffer zonewill be required to minimize odor. The impact of odor from the STP will be assessed during the design stage through using a suitable simulation model. 58. Controlled sewage disposal in a properly designed network will significantly improve air quality and sanitation in Rawalpindi, where all sewage is disposed in open drains and natural channels. Well-organized solid waste collection and disposal will improve air quality.

3. Geology and Soils

a. Construction

59. The main impact-generating activities during construction are clearing, cutting, filling, blasting, dismantling, and digging. Rawalpindis topography will change little; however, the topography of the sewage treatment plant and landfill sites will be substantially modified. Changing the landscape requires few mitigation measures, but the project design will ensure against soil erosion and damage to water quality resulting from construction works by immediate resurfacing and stabilizing newly exposed surfaces and cuts. Consultants shall include these measures in the contractors obligations included in the detailed design. 60. Excavation during the project may produce surplus earth and spoil material, and Rawalpindi authorities are finalizing plans for its use or disposal. Wherever possible, surplus material will be used to produce bricks, to mix with cement, or to build embankments for the sewage treatment plant site. Surplus material shall only be appropriately disposed of in designated areas.

13

61. The contractor shall provide satisfactory treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes at the work site and workers camps to prevent soil degradation, pollution, and abuse of natural resources. The contractor shall provide satisfactory treatment and disposal of solid and liquid (e.g. regularly maintained septic tanks) from the camps. A service to adequately monitor and mitigate complaints from the community shall also be provided. Skilled and unskilled workers may be hired from the local community.

b. Operation Phase

62. The sewage treatment plant site slopes from Jabbar Miana toward the Soan River. Stormwater and sewage from upper areas, including the village of Jabbar Miana, naturally drains towards the river across the proposed site, where construction and the embankment will obstruct it. A drainage system for upper areas will be provided during detailed design. Sewage collection and treatment facilities for Jabbar Miana have been incorporated in the design. 63. Inadequate sludge disposal may pollute the environment. After drying, sludge will be sampled and tested to ensure compliance with agricultural standards before it is used as fertilizer, manure or agreeing sales to the fertilizer industry. If toxic materials are found in the dry sludge, municipal authorities must consider safe underground disposal and the significant cost increases associated with treatment. B. Biological Environment

1. Change in Land Use

64. Most project subcomponents will be conducted in Rawalpindi or its immediate surroundings, but the sewage treatment plant and landfill sites are proposed in rural areas. The proposed site for the sewage treatment plant is currently used to grow food crops and vegetables, with some of the land lying fallow. The land is fertile and scenic. The proposed sewage treatment plant requires a large surface area and will significantly change the present land use, degrade aesthetics of the area, and depress property value. These impacts will be permanent, but intensity may be minimized with suitable landscaping, planting, and vegetation. The proposed landfill site is uncultivated and has no specific economic use. No significant negative impacts are anticipated from the change in land use.

2. Ecosystems

a. Construction

65. Sediment from transport, storing, filling of sandbags, and dumping may affect aquatic habitats at the sewage treatment plant site during construction of protection works. Slope preparation may be necessary at some stretches, and could spread sediment. The expected increase in sediment concentration is not expected to be significant.

b. Operation

66. The project will not encroach on significant terrestrial habitats. After completion of protection work at the sewage treatment plant site, the embankment may prevent some animals from reaching the river to drink. The remaining sites are urban, so impact on terrestrial ecosystems is expected to be minimal. Construction noise may disturb wildlife and birds. Measures to minimize impacts to human settlements will also minimize effects on ecosystems.

14

67. The project will significantly improve aquatic environments by treating sewage. 68. Tree plantation at the proposed landfill and sewage treatment plant sites will be undertaken to enhance the appearance of the sites and provide a natural buffer. This will enhance soil retention and erosion control, providing an aesthetic and visual screen against sound, dust, toxic emissions, night glare, and pollution of watercourses. Preference will be accorded to indigenous species to ensure their adaptability to the natural ecosystem. C. Sociocultural Environment

1. Land Acquisition and Resettlement

69. The project minimizes land acquisition and resettlement. However, a minimum of 250 ha will be required for sewage treatment plant construction. That land is owned by as many as 1,200 individuals (census 1998) and requires relocation of 73 tubewells, 8 cattle sheds and godowns, and 27 open wells. There are also an estimated 500 trees. 70. Approximately 28 houses will need to be fully or partially dismantled for the storm drain component. The sewerage network will partially affect 370 houses (2,960 persons). A comprehensive compensation program has been produced in conjunction with an entitlement matrix to ensure that involuntary resettlement provides compensation for lost assets, livelihood, and income; assistance for relocation sites with appropriate facilities; and services and assistance for rehabilitation to the same level of well-being. ADBs Involuntary Resettlement Policy will be observed and complied with.

2. Cultural and Religious Sites

71. No archeological or cultural sites will be affected by the Project.

3. Community Impacts

a. Construction Phase

72. Reduced vehicle accident risk and disturbance prevention, resulting from increased traffic volume, will be enforced through a sound traffic management plan promoting traffic flow and focusing on the highly populated areas and schools. Public interaction will be encouraged through continuous dialogue and information exchangeestablishing a procedure for recording and dealing with complaintsand worker training. Good workplace health and hygiene practices and reduced work accidents will be achieved through an occupational health and safety plan (OHSP), which will include emergency plans, personnel basic training, first aid provisions, a comprehensive domestic solid waste management plan, and sanitation facilities for the construction camp. Most of these measures will also be enforceable during operation. 73. Construction of the water supply network, sewer networks, and drainage system will involve urban road excavation and possible interference with other utilities. Coordination and mapping of utilities must be arranged prior to design and construction to avoid damage or adverse environmental impacts such as broken pipes or overflow. Construction shall be properly planned to avoid unnecessary crossings under buildings, channels, and important roads. Emergency measures will be developed as part of the contractor responsibilities in consultation with the city authorities.

15

74. Construction of access roads for the outfall trunk sewer may cause disruptions if not properly planned. Construction management plans will be developed during detailed design and will be included as part of contractor responsibilities. Existing roads leading to the sewage treatment plant and landfill sites will be improved within the right-of-way to minimize impacts on communities.

b. Operation Phase

75. It is also envisaged that traffic loads in the area approaching the landfill site may increase because of the movement of transfer vehicles, affecting the community and causing nuisance and health risks. Mitigation measures will include transportation of waste during low traffic times to minimize gas emissions in busy areas, provision of a traffic management plan and close coordination between municipalities and traffic police for smooth execution. 76. Silt and/or solid waste may obstruct drains, resulting in overflow or flooding and polluting areas along the drains. Municipalities must make provisions for cleaning and desilting. Drain design must also consider accessibility. 77. The operation of the landfill site may create a suitable habitat for breeding epidemics of flies and rodents. Mitigation measures will include regular monitoring and control of insects, pests and rodent proliferation on site; regular check of workmen's health and provision of vaccinations to prevent the spread of any diseases. These will be integrated within the occupational health and safety plan to be prepared by the TMA for protection of workers and neighboring areas. Moreover, the impact of odor generated in landfill operations will be assessed by modeling during engineering design.

VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

A. Economic Benefits

78. Economic benefits resulting from the project include (i) improved health conditions in Rawalpindi and surrounding areas, particularly digestive, intestinal, and skin conditions; (ii) a reduction in waterborne diseases affecting humans and cattle; (iii) improved air quality resulting from collection and removal of solid waste often burnt in the city center, helping reduce reported cases of respiratory disease; and (iv) reduction and control of pests arising from properly indisposed waste. All of these will significantly reduce medical costs, cattle loss, veterinary fees, and pest control expenditure. 79. Economic benefits will also result from (i) a reduction in water loss (currently accounting for 30% of the total water supply) and an improved water delivery and accounting system; (ii) treatment of the 75,000 kg/day of pollution load in the form of sewage entering the Soan River; (iii) improved groundwater quality resulting from pollution prevention; (iv) improved surface water quality providing a better habitat for fish and other aquatic species; and (v) improved downstream land value given improved water quality and aesthetic conditions. B. Costs

80. The total project cost is estimated at $85.7 million equivalent, including taxes and duties. Of that amount, $11.2 million equivalent, or 13.1%, is denominated in foreign exchange and includes $1.16 million in interest charges during construction. The remaining $74.5 million equivalent (86.9%) is in local currency.

16

81. The total estimated mitigation and monitoring costs per component are presented in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Mitigation and Monitoring Costs

Component Mitigation Cost (Rs million)

Monitoring Cost (000 Rs/yr)

Sewage Treatment Plant 44.30 1,000

Landfill Site 17.65 2,500

Outfall and Sewer Tunnel 85.10 1,000

Slaughterhouse 4.00 500

Stormwater Drains 4.00 500

Water Distribution Network 7.00 2,500

Sewerage Network 4.00 500

166.05 8,500 Rs = rupees, yr = year. Source: Asian Development Bank estimates.

82. To recover costs of the water supply facilities and services, monthly user tariffs will be applied based on flat fees and connection charges. Water tariffs will take affordability into account. Water fees are assumed to increase by 5% per annum to cover water supply expenses such as inflation, O&M, equipment and building depreciation, and replacement of equipment. O&M costs include expenditures for salaries, power, chemicals, spare parts, and miscellaneous expenses. An action plan will be prepared for implementing financial reforms, including the rationalization of the existing low water tariffs to cover O&M, more efficient collection of water and sewerage tariffs, and incremental tariff revisions over a specified timeframe and with improved service delivery. Such plan, supported by the tehsil councils, will be approved by ADB.

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

83. Environmental management plans (EMPs) have been formulated for the sewage treatment plant and landfill site (Appendixes 1 and 2, respectively). They will serve as guidelines for municipal authorities, including TMA and WASA, as well as for the selected contractors and other parties involved in mitigating potential environmental impacts. 84. Regular environmental monitoring will be carried out and the results will be used to evaluate the actual extent of the environmental impacts, performance of the environmental protection, prevention and mitigation measures, compliance with rules and regulations, and overall EMP effectiveness. A comprehensive EMP has been prepared for every component. During review missions, ADB will assess environmental compliance by the project management unit (PMU), authorities, and communities. 85. To ensure that contractors comply with the EMP, the following specifications should be incorporated in all construction bidding procedures: (i) a set of environmental prequalification conditions for potential bidders, (ii) a list of environmental items to be budgeted by the bidders in

17

their proposal, (iii) environmental evaluation factors for bid reviewers, (iv) environmental clauses for contract conditions and specifications, (v) full EIA for compliance, and (vi) ADBs environmental procurement guidelines. 86. The executing agency for the project will be the RDA under the overall control of the TMA, Rawalpindi. The executing agency will establish a PMU, headed by the project director and located at WASA. The PMU, comprising professional staff and supported by a team of consultants, will assist the TMA, RDA, and WASA in providing policy guidance and implementing the project components. The PMU will also support monitoring and evaluation. The TMA will associate its solid waste management unit with the PMU to execute the solid waste management and slaughterhouse components. The PMU will implement the project, a project implementation review committee will oversee it at the tehsil level, and a project steering committee at the provincial level. The PMU shall be responsible for overall coordination, planning, implementation, and management of all project activities. 87. Private contractors will execute subprojects and be responsible for implementing environmental mitigation measures. PMU, with the assistance of the environmental consultant, will supervise and monitor compliance. Upon completion of the project, the PMU will be merged into WASA. The project components for landfill site and slaughterhouse will be handed over to TMA, while the rest of the subprojects upon their completion will be operated by WASA. During the operation phase, TMA will be responsible for compliance and monitoring of environmental mitigation measures for the proposed slaughterhouse and landfill site while WASA will ensure compliance and monitoring of mitigation measures for the remaining subprojects. 88. The Punjab Environmental Protection Department (EPD) is mandated to oversee and regulate environmental compliance. EPD may check at any point whether activities comply with national environmental legislation and monitor enforcement of recommendations for environmental mitigation measures as prescribed in the EIA. The district officer (environment) for Rawalpindi will work on behalf of EPD. 89. As part of the consulting services provided to the PMU under this project, an environmental engineer with good knowledge of water treatment, disposal, and solid waste management will be engaged on a full-time basis for the duration of the project. In addition, environmental monitoring and occupational health and safety services training will be provided as part of the training requirements provided in the EMP.2 90. The government of Punjab is committed to providing at least one environmental engineer and one environmental scientist for the sewage treatment plant every shift of operation. The engineer will undertake environmental compliance and day-to-day running of the wastewater treatment plant and effluent the scientist will conduct discharge analysis and general environmental onsite monitoring.

VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE

91. General public, elected representatives, local councilors, and informal community leaders including members of NGOs and womens groups were requested to express their perceptions and priorities for improving urban environmental infrastructure. Inquiries were also made regarding specific living areas and likely project impacts during construction and operation. Frequent field visits, interviews, and three consultative workshops were held.

2 See report and recommendation of the President (RRP) for detailed information.

18

92. The project preparatory technical assistance (PPTA) consultants organized three public consultation workshops (i) to obtain suggestions regarding project design, including components and implementation arrangements, and to finalize project scope according to their requirements; and (ii) to obtain feedback on issues relating to environmental sanitation, including the sewerage system and the sewage treatment plant. The first workshop was held on 8 September 2003 at the inception of the feasibility study, the second on 3 December 2003 at the midterm stage, and the third on 15 March 2004 at the final stage of the study. The workshops were widely attended by the public representatives from the district, tehsil, and union councils; officials of provincial and federal governments agencies and departments; representatives of various NGOs; officials of TMA, RDA, and WASA; and Rawalpindi residents. Formal meetings were held with public representatives at the PPTA consultants office, as well as informal focus group discussions with residents at sewage treatment plant site.

93. Results of the socioeconomic survey and consultative workshops conducted in selected areas of the city showed respondents unanimously agreed on expected negative impacts such as dust, noise, traffic problems, and access to buildings. The same survey, however, showed respondents had a very positive stance on the overall project impact once completed. 94. Villagers in the areas near the sewage treatment plant and landfill sites were consulted throughout the project preparatory phase. The villagers were very positive with regard to project benefits, in particular about the potential water provision for irrigation from the sewage treatment plants effluent. NESPAK noted that some concerns were expressed during the consultation process on proposed project activities, and worked with the local population to identify suitable measures to mitigate environmental impacts and minimize nuisance. The consultation process will continue throughout the design process.

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

95. The development of water, sanitation, and solid waste management infrastructure under this project aims to enhance the overall urban environmental quality and public health of Rawalpindi and its surroundings. Environmental benefits include improved ground and surface water quality, as well as improved solid waste and sewage collection and treatment. This will significantly improve health and quality of life in Rawalpindi, as well as agriculture and fishing in the Soan River downstream. 96. Predicted adverse significant impacts have been identified during construction and operation. Some impacts have been identified as minor and easily mitigated, whereas others could potentially be significant, long-term, and irreversible if the suggested mitigation measures and monitoring plans are not enforced. Draft EMPs and associated monitoring plans have been developed for this purpose. These EMPs will be finalized during detailed design, based on, but not limited to, results of the surveys and studies recommended in the SEIA, scheduled public consultations, and finalized designs and various plans recommended in the SEIA. ADB will review the finalized EMP. The detailed engineering design will carefully address these problems and minimize potentially adverse impacts. Continued monitoring of EMP implementation is essential. Through monitoring, unexpected and unforeseen impacts could also be identified and necessary remedial actions provided. 97. Since all project components are still at the preliminary design stage, the EIA and EMP need to be updated if the final engineering design leads to changes from the existing project scope. The revised EIA and EMP will therefore need to be submitted to ADB for concurrence.

Appendix 1 19

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

RAWALPINDI ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

IN THE

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

JULY 2005

20 Appendix 1

CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 22 II. SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 22 III. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 22 IV. RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS 22 V. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING 23 VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION 23 MAPS

Appendix 1 21

I. INTRODUCTION

1. An important objective of the environmental assessment is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures and monitoring requirements approved during the environmental compliance review will be carried out in subsequent stages of the project. 2. The environmental management plan (EMP) for the sewage treatment plant covers all phases from preconstruction to operation and maintenance (O&M), and aims to ensure the monitoring of environmental impacts and the implementation of environmental mitigation measures. This EMP will be finalized during detailed design, based on, but not limited to, results of the surveys and studies recommended in the summary environmental impact assessment (SEIA), scheduled public consultations, and finalized designs and various plans recommended in the SEIA.1 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) will finalize the EMP.

II. SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

3. Potential impacts resulting from the construction and operation of the sewage treatment plant site and proposed mitigation measures are summarized in Table A1.1.

III. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

4. Table A1.2 outlines the monitoring protocols, parameters, and expected frequencies required to be observed during project implementation and operation. 5. A monitoring program has been prepared for the sewage treatment plant site. This program provides complete details regarding monitoring parameters, monitoring location, number of tests and/or samples, methods and equipment for testing, as well as frequency and responsibility for monitoring and preliminary costs. Environmental monitoring reports for the site will be prepared on monthly basis and complete record will be maintained at the site office. Monitoring reports will be submitted to the Punjab Environmental Protection Department (EPD) on a quarterly basis.

IV. RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

6. The executing agencyRawalpindi Development Authority (RDA) under the overall control of Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA), Rawalpindiwill establish a project management unit (PMU) in RDAs Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA). The PMU will implement the project, which will be overseen by a project implementation review committee (PIRC) at the tehsil level and a project steering committee (PSC) at the provincial level. The PMU, headed by the project director, shall be comprised of professional staff and supported by a team of consultants. It shall be responsible for overall coordination, planning, implementation and management of project activities.

1 The finalized EMP will provide: the responsibilities for reporting, (ii) the work plan, (iii) the procurement plan,

(iv) detailed cost estimates, and (v) mechanisms for taking corrective action.

22 Appendix 1

A. Implementation of Environmental Mitigation Measures

1. Construction Stage

7. A private contractor will execute the subproject and be responsible for implementing of environmental mitigation measures during construction. The PMU, with the assistance of the environmental consultant, will supervise and monitor compliance of mitigation measures.

2. Operational Stage

8. WASA will operate and run the system on completion. WASA will also be responsible for implementing and monitoring environmental mitigation measures during operation.

3. Punjab Environmental Protection Agency (EPD)

9. EPD will act as a regulatory authority. EPD may verify that various project activities comply with national environmental legislation and the recommendations for environmental mitigation measures as prescribed in the environmental assessment report. The district officer for the environment in Rawalpindi will work on behalf of EPD in this regard. B. Environmental Monitoring

10. PMU, with the assistance of consultants, will implement the environmental monitoring plan to be enforced during construction. During landfill operation, TMA will be responsible for implementing the monitoring program. Consultants will train PMU and TMA staff to perform environmental monitoring. The EPD may externally monitor various project activities in order to ensure that operations comply with national environmental legislation.

V. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING

11. PMU and WASA staff lack experience and capability to implement environmental mitigation measures or monitor various environmental quality parameters. They will require training and expertise assistance to perform the environmental management and monitoring and to implement the EMP. They will need the assistance of environmental consultants in recordkeeping, sampling, testing, analysis, and use of environmental monitoring equipment. They will also be briefed about prevailing environmental legislation and standards. 12. The proposed training program for different staff is provided in Table A1.3, as is on-the-job training provided by the environmental consultants. 13. Adequate funds for implementation, monitoring and training are needed to ensure effective implementation of environmental mitigation measures. Total cost for these items has been estimated in the attached tables (Table A.1.1)

VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION

14. PPTA consultants organized three public consultation workshops (i) to obtain suggestions regarding overall project design, including its components and implementation arrangements, and to finalize the project scope in accordance with their requirements; and (ii) to obtain feedback on issues relating to environmental sanitation, including the sewerage system and the sewage treatment plant. The first workshop was held on 8 September 2003, at the

Appendix 1 23

inception of the feasibility study; the second, on 3 December 2003, at the midterm stage, and the third on 15 March 2004 at the final stage of the study. The workshops were widely attended by representatives from district, tehsil, and union councils; officials of provincial and federal governments agencies and departments; representatives of various nongovernment organizations (NGOs); officials of TMA, RDA, and WASA; and Rawalpindi residents. Formal meetings were held with the public representatives in TA consultants office, as well as informal focus group discussions with the residents at sewage treatment plant site. 15. Major comments received in workshops include:

(i) Raw sewage, being disposed off in nullahs, is not desirable.

(ii) A participatory and sustainability approach for the provision of sewerage network is required.

(iii) Areas deprived of sewerage system should be provided with this facility. (iv) All sewerage works should be executed in consultation with the elected

members, community citizens boards (CCBs), and NGOs.

(v) Sewerage and stormwater drainage system should be separated.

(vi) Community awareness programs on the use of the sewerage and drainage system should be launched.

(vii) During construction, sometimes the contractors throw debris and spoil material

into sewers and drains. This damages the system. (viii) Suitable vacant land could be acquired to treat wastewater.

(ix) Communities in some areas have laid street sewers, but disposal of wastewater

is not possible because there are no trunk sewers.

(x) CCBs should be authorized to collect the user fees for O&M of the sewerage works.

(xi) Minimum disturbance to the general public should be ensured during

construction works. 16. People residing in villages close to the sewage treatment plant site were concerned about issues including odor, dust, noise, traffic, and loss of cultivated land and natural vegetation. C. Proposed Consultation Process

17. The following are suggested guidelines for public consultation during detailed engineering design, construction, and operation:

(i) Consultation workshops should be ensured during the planning, design, execution, and monitoring stages of the project.

24 Appendix 1

(ii) All the stakeholders should be invited to participate in the consultation workshops.

(iii) Suggestions from the general public may be sought through the press or other

mass media when necessary.

(iv) Local NGOs, particularly working in the sector of environmental sanitation, may actively be involved in public representation.

(v) CCBs should frequently be contacted on matters concerning the progress,

adverse impacts, and mitigation measures. Proposed Public Consultation Schedule Phase Stakeholders Consulta-

tion Level Type of Consulta-tion

Topics of Consultation Frequency of Consultation

Preconstruction Public representatives, nazims, councilors of Union Councils, Government officials, representatives of various NGOs, TMA officials, Rawalpindi residents Nazim, councilors, NGO representatives Project-affected persons, residents of nearby villages

City Union Council Village

Workshop Meetings/ structured interviews Focus group discussions/ structured survey

Problems in sewerage system, existing wastewater disposal facilities, demand and supply, operation and maintenance efficiency, provision of additional sewerage facilities in unserved or poorly served areas, linking community-laid street sewers with trunk sewers, quantity of wastewater and design requirements of sewage treatment plant. Design requirements of the proposed sewage treatment plant, impacts and measures to overcome impacts. Peoples perceptions about wastewater disposal; the nature and extent of wastewaters effects on their lives, livelihood, environment, etc.; and measures to minimize these effects.

Once before undertaking the design of sewage treatment plant. Once at draft design stage. Once at final design stage.

Kurang

River

Soan

Soan

River

River

Lai N

ullah

Khawaja Corporation

Chang

New Lalazar502

Fauji Foundation

Attock Oil

COD PakistanRailway Station

Moti MahalPump Station

Murree Roa

d

Dhagal Village

Jabbar Miane

PROPOSEDSEWAGE

TREATMENTPLANT SITE

Prop

osed

Rou

teof

Outfa

ll Sew

er

Railway

Adiala Road

PROPOSED ROUTE FOR OUTFALL SEWER FROMMOTI MAHAL TO THE PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

05-3804b HR

Appendix 1 25

Soan River

SEWAGETREATMENT

PLANTSITE

JABBAR MIANA

GORAKHPUR

Trunk Sewer

Outlet Structure Chlorination

Standby Pumping Station

Inlet Structure1. Laboratories2. Administration3. Guard Room

Afforestation Buffer Zone

Anaerobic PondFacultative PondMaturation PondFlood Protection EmbankmentAfforestation Buffer ZoneRoadsRiver

LAYOUT OF THEPROPOSED SEWAGE

TREATMENT PLANT PROJECT

N

05-3804c HR

26 Appendix 1

Appendix 1 27

Table A1.1: Summary of Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Project Stage Project Activity

Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibilities

Cost Estimates (Rs)

Preconstruction

Location and Design Location and Design Site Location and Design Land Acquisition and Resettlement

Aesthetics/Loss of Trees. Flooding Odor To acquire 250 ha agricultural land, remove 73 tubewells, remove 8 cattle sheds and godowns, remove 27 wells.

Landscaping and plantation Undertake detailed flood modeling study for Soan river. Development of buffer zone must be included in detailed design and construction contract. Compensation of land plus livelihood as per ADB policy.

Design consultant/ PMU Design consultant/ PMU Designer/PMU PMU

500,000 1,000,000 Included in project cost Already included in cost of land acquisition and resettlement for the sewage treatment plant

Design Design Design Design

Chance of groundwater contamination. Drainage of upstream area may be obstructed. Sewage treatment plant may be affected due to flooding in Soan River. Environmental enhancement

Lining/sealing of bases and sides of ponds should be included in detailed design. Provision of stormwater diversion arrangement. Provision of protection embankment must be included in the contract during detailed design. Provision of sewerage system in nearby village.

PMU PMU PMU Designer/PMU

Included in project cost 2,000,000 It will be a part of the project and its cost is included in the project. 2,000,000

Project Stage Project Activity

Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibilities

Cost Estimates (Rs)

Construction Movement of Vehicles/ Machinery

Nuisance to people in surrounding of site due to dust, noise, and smoke.

- Regular air testing - Vehicle noise and smoke tests.

PMU

Cost included in monitoring table

Excavation Contractors Camp Contractors Camp

Soil erosion and damage to water quality in river.

Pollution due to wastewater and solid waste.

Health and safety of workers can be affected.

- Improvement of approach roads Immediate resurfacing and

stabilization of excavated surface.

Treatment of wastewater and

disposal of solid waste at dumping site approved from TMA.

- Occupational health and safety

plan to be developed. Training of contractors crew

about first aid, health, and safety procedures.

- Establish a dispensary with

qualified doctor, assistant, and sufficient medicine and equipment.

PMU During detailed design this instruction must be added in the construction contract. This aspect must be added in construction contract. This item must be added in construction contract. PMU

10,000,000 500,000

Operation and Maintenance

WASAs staff and labor on sewage treatment plant

Any chance of accident at sewage treatment plant or health problem of workers.

- Occupational health and safety plan to be developed.

- Maintain and operate

dispensary established during construction stage (cost is for 10 years).

WASA

2,000,000

Total = Rs. 41,800,000

28 A

ppendix 1

Appendix 1 29

Table A1.2: Environmental Monitoring

Sr. No

Monitoring Parameter Monitoring Location

No. of Samples

Method/ Equipment

Standards/ Guidelines Frequency

Responsibility

Cost/year

(Rs)

A. Construction

1. Dust Construction site Contractor's camp

site Nearest settlements

outside the site boundary

1 1

4

Particulate matter

measurement

150 g/m3 Daily PMU 50,000

2. Noise a) Ambient Construction site Nearest settlements

outside the site boundary

b) At source Vehicles and

equipment

3 4

4

Noise meter

Noise meter

Appendix 3

NEQS Appendix 3 Appendix 3

Monthly

Monthly

PMU

PMU

66,000

3. Vehicular Emissions

Vehicles at the construction site

Gas analyzer/ detector as per NEQS

NEQS, Appendix 3

Monthly

PMU 36,000

Smoke 3 CO 3 B. Operation

4. Gaseous Emissions Ambient Air

At the sewage treatment plant site

Gas analyzer Appendix 3 Monthly

TMA 36,000

CH4 1

30 Appendix 1

Sr. No

Monitoring Parameter Monitoring Location

No. of Samples

Method/ Equipment

Standards/ Guidelines Frequency

Responsibility

Cost/year

(Rs)

CO 1 NH3 1 At Source Vehicular emissions

Gas Analyzer/

Smoke 3 As per NEQS NEQS, Monthly TMA 36,000 CO

3 NEQS

5.

Groundwater contamination pH phosphates arsenic barium cadmium lead mercury nickel fecal coliform

From existing boreholes around the site

3 From outsource laboratory

Values observed at the start of the filling operation shall be taken as reference and compared with NEQS Annex-I

Monthly

TMA 360,000

6. Treated effluent BOD5 COD pH oil and grease TSS TDS Cl Mg nematode eggs fecal coliform SO4

At sewage treatment plant site

1

From outsource laboratory

20 mg/L 200 mg/L 6-9 mg/L 10 mg/L 35 mg/L 600 mg/L 600 mg/L 100 mg/L 1 egg/L 1000 MPN/100 ml

Daily

Weekly

PMU

PMU

480,000

Appendix 1 31

Sr. No

Monitoring Parameter Monitoring Location

No. of Samples

Method/ Equipment

Standards/ Guidelines Frequency

Responsibility

Cost/year

(Rs)

SO3 500 mg/L 1 mg/L

7. Treated sludge1 nematode eggs coliform arsenic cadmium chromium lead

At sewage treatment

plant site

From outsource laboratory

1 egg/100gm 1 MPN/100 ml 1 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 1000 mg/kg 750 mg/kg

Every batch

PMU

10,000

Total = Rs. 1,074,000/year BOD5 = biological oxygen demand (5 day test), Cl = chlorine, CO = carbon monoxide, COD = chemical oxygen demand, Mg = Magnesium, NH3 = ammonia, PMU = Project Management Unit, TMA = Tehsil Municipal Administration, TSS = total suspended solids, TDS = total dissolved solids, SO4 = sulfate

1 Following site startup, sludge sampling and testing will be undertaken to show whether dried materials fulfill agricultural reuse requirements. Otherwise, landfilling

or safe underground disposal (if test show the sludge contains toxic elements) will be undertaken.

32 Appendix 1

Table A1.3: Training Program

Sr. No. Persons to be Trained

No. of Persons Duration Subject

1 Construction staff of PMU and contractor

2 3 days Occupational health and safety procedures. Implementation of environmental mitigation measures

2 Operation and maintenance staff of TMA

2 3 days/ year

Occupational health and safety procedures

3 Environmental monitoring staff of PMU

2 5 days/year

Sampling, testing, and use of environmental monitoring equipment, recordkeeping

4 Environmental monitoring staff of TMA

2 5 days/year

Sampling, testing, and use of environmental monitoring equipment, recordkeeping

Appendix 1

33

Work Plan Work Plan of Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring is shown in Table A1.4

Table A1.4: Scheduling and Reporting

YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 Sr.# Activity Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

1 Mitigation Measures Preconstruction - Landscaping and plantation

- Land acquisition and

resettlement

- Preservation and moving of a shrine, a funeral site, and some graves

- Lining/sealing of bases and sides of ponds should be included in detailed design

- Provision of stormwater diversion arrangement in detailed design - Provision of protection

embankment must be included in detailed design, provision of

sewerage system in nearby village.

Construction - Construction of separate

approach road to site

- Immediate resurfacing and stabilization of excavated surface

- Wastewater and solid waste from contractors camp treated and disposed of at site approved by TMA

- Contractors crew trained in first aid, health, and safety procedures

34 Appendix 1

YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 Sr.# Activity Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

- Establish a dispensary with qualified doctor & his assistant and with supply of sufficient medicine & equipment

Operation and Maintenance - Maintain and operate dispensary

established during construction stage.

- Training of WASA staff 2 Monitoring Construction - Dust - Noise - Vehicular emissions Operation and Maintenance - Gaseous emissions - Groundwater - Treated effluent - Treated sludge 3 Training - Training to staff relating to sewage

treatment plant activities

***Q1 = first quarter, Q2 = second quarter, Q3 = third quarter, Q4 = fourth 9quarter

Appendix 2 35

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN LANDFILL SITE

RAWALPINDI ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

IN THE

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

JULY 2005

36 Appendix 2

CONTENTS MAP I. INTRODUCTION 43 II. SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 43 III. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 43 IV. RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS 43 V. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING 44 VI. PUBLIC CONSULTATION 44

to Chakwal

to Mouza Losar Village

Watch & WardTowerWatch & Ward TowerWatch & Ward Tower

Watch & Ward Tower Watch & Ward Tower

Watch &Ward Tower

Watch &Ward Tower

D U M P I N G S I T E

Main Gate

Water Tank

Leachate CollectionTreatment and Disposal

Under GroundWater Tank

Security Fence

Security Fence

Guard Room

Office Building

Septic Tank

Soakage Pit

WorkshopRamp

Parkin

g LotsParkin

g Lots

RAWALPINDI ENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Landfill Site Mouza Losar

05-3804d HR

Appendix 2 37

38 Appendix 2

I. INTRODUCTION

1. An important objective of the environmental assessment is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures and monitoring requirements approved during the environmental compliance review will be carried out in subsequent stages of the project. 2. The environmental management plan (EMP) for the landfill site covers preconstruction to operation and maintenance (O&M) and aims to ensure the monitoring of environmental impacts and implementation of environmental mitigation measures. This EMP will be finalized during detailed design, based on, but not limited to, results of the surveys and studies recommended in the summary environmental impact assessment (SEIA), scheduled public consultations, and finalized designs and various plans recommended in the SEIA. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) will review the finalized EMP.1

II. SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

3. Potential impacts resulting from the construction and operation of the landfill site and proposed mitigation measures are summarized in Table A2.1.

III. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

4. Table A2.2 outlines the monitoring protocols, parameters, and expected frequencies required during project implementation and operation. 5. A monitoring program has been prepared for the landfill site. This program provides complete details regarding monitoring parameters, location, number of tests and samples, methods and equipment for testing, frequency and responsibility for monitoring, and preliminary costs. Environmental monitoring reports will be prepared monthly and complete record will be maintained at the site office. Monitoring reports will be submitted to EPD quarterly.

IV. RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION AND MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

6. The executing agency of the entire project will be Rawalpindi Development Authority (RDA) under the overall control of Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMA), Rawalpindi. The executing agency will establish a project management unit (PMU) in RDAs Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA). The PMU will implement the project, which will be overseen by a Project Implementation Review Committee (PIRC) at the tehsil level and a project steering committee (PSC) at the provinc