environmental challenges - international civil aviation...
TRANSCRIPT
© Wilmsmeier 2014
environmental challengesenergy consumption and efficiency in ports and terminals
Gordon WilmsmeierInfrastructure Services Unit (ISU), Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division (NRID)UN-ECLAC, Santiago, Chile
Seminario Transporte Aéreo
CEPALJune, 2015
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let me take you to a journey to another mode…
… to discover differences and similarities
global changes and current trends
the challenge
measuring energy consumption
emerging issues
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trade structure and logistics chains
global changes and current trends
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demand:How is China’s meat consumption related to energy consumption
container terminals?
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diversification:evolution of exports of perishable goods from South America,
1995-2012
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millon
es de tone
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millions of U
SD
Value (million USD) volume (million tons)
Source: Author, based on ECLAC’s International Transport Database (BTI) 2014
Breaking point betweenvalue and volume
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reefer slots on vessels
Source: Wilmsmeier, based on CompairData, Lloyds List and Marine Traffic various years
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global reefer trade
• 2013– ca. 95 million tons in 2013. = 14,800 laden conventional reefer ships of 500,000-cu.ft average= 3.1 million 40’ full High Cube reefer containers. = 2.5% of the worldwide seaborne trade of dry cargoes of all kinds
• reefer capacity on container ships in LAC– >1000 TEU– ca. 20% of ship capacity
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why should energy consumption be discussed in ports/ terminals?
sustainability of infrastructure and logistic chains
increasing energy costs
infrastructure investment
carbon footprint
efficiency and competitiveness
investment into energy
infrastructure
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literature review
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Scarce literature
• Gerlings and Van Diun (2011) - A new method for assessing CO2-emissions from container terminals: a promising approach applied in Rotterdam
• Yang and Change (2013) – Impacts of electric rubber-tired gantries on green port performance
• He et al. (2015) - Integrated internal truck, yard crane and quay crane scheduling in a container terminal considering energy consumption
• Projects:– Green Efforts (FP7)– Green Cranes (TEN-T)– GLEC terminals working group
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a changinggeography of trade
a changingstructure of trade
(reefer)
energyconsumptionin maritimetransport
energyconsumptionin terminals
energy efficiencyand carbon footprint
in maritime logistics chains
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energy consumption container ports and terminals
the challenge
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energy consumers and type of energy in container terminals
Source: Spengler and Wilmsmeier 2015
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an activity based approach to allocate energy consumption
Source: Spengler and Wilmsmeier 2015
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process cluster s and type of energy consumption
Source: Spengler and Wilmsmeier 2015
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goal
• creating an uniform and globally accepted terminal operation terminology and statistical method to measure energy performance
• identifying and rewarding best practices • annually measuring container terminal performance in terms of energy
consumption and efficiency
container terminals are multi product operations
• differentiation necessary between:– container types (i.e. dry, reefer)– transhipment and impo/expo cargo– full and empty
Source: Spengler and Wilmsmeier 2015
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results
measuring energy consumption
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type of terminals and regions covered
river
gas
oil
dry bulk
container
sector/region
South America
CA & Carib Europe Asia North
America Africa MiddleEast
container
sector/
regionSouth America
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energy fact sheets: feedback to the terminals
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energy consumption in container terminalsper type of energy consumed (in%)
Source: Wilmsmeier based on ECLAC Energy Efficiency Questionnaire 2014
A complete electrification of ports would mean an average increase of 62%of electricity consumed and, thus increasingly straining national electricitynetworks in esp. developing countries
0%
20%
40%
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100%
2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
AFR ASIA EUR CA‐CAR SA
Gas (kWh) Diesel (kWh) Electricity (kWh)
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structure of energy consumption in container terminals, 2012
Source: Wilmsmeier and Zotz, based on ECLAC Energy Efficiency Questionnaire 2014
The storage of reefer consumes 16% on average of total energyconsumption in LAC
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
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100%
Petrol (kWh) Diesel (kWh) Gas (kWh) Reefer cooling buildings other electricity consumption lightning
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comparison of energy consumption (kWh) between handling of one dry TEU and one reefer TEU
Source: Wilmsmeier and Zotz, based on ECLAC Energy Efficiency Questionnaire 2014
6466 66
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2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
DRY TEU REEFER TEU
kWh
ARG 1 ARG 4 ARG 5 CHL 2 CHL 12 MEX 2 PER 2 URU 1 ASIA 2 Latam Average
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energy consumption (kWh) of one reefer Box per storage day
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2011 2012 2013
Source: Wilmsmeier based on ECLAC Energy Efficiency Questionnaire 2014
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reefer energy consumption
• average consumption per reefer container (chilled and frozen) is 53 kWh/day (ECLAC survey)
• an average person in Colombia consumes 1123 kWh/year (electricity)
= ca. 20 storage days of a reefer
• a sample container terminal in Colombia consumes 58 mill kWh= annual energy consumption of 48 000 Colombians
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energy consumption (kWh) STS cranesper operating hour
Source: Wilmsmeier based on ECLAC Energy Efficiency Questionnaire 2014
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2010
2011
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energy consumption (kWh) STS cranesper operating hour per move
Source: Wilmsmeier based on ECLAC Energy Efficiency Questionnaire 2014
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2011 2012 2013 Gerlings & van Duin (2011)
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energy consumption and efficiency in logistics chains
general goal: Reduction of SCOPE 3 (“Supply Chain Emissions)
= “Supply Chain Emissions” = 74% of emissions on average(GHG Protocol) Though 95% of the exports from South America are exported via ports:
Ports are neither included in carbon footprint calculations of logistic chains nor are they analysed
? + ? = ?
Companies have to start to collaborate along the whole logisticschain with all stakeholders involved
Our approach: Reduction of carbon footprint in logistic chains via increased energy efficiency
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transferability to airports
emerging issues
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• Seasonality of exports and thus, energy demand
• Technological renewal
• Link between energy consumption and carbon footprint
• Implications for the relationship between airports and their surrounding cities – less pollution (+), installation of renewable energy sources
challenges of increasing energy efficiency
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TEUkW
h
Reefer troughput (TEU)
City and Port of Hamburg
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a developing and needed research agenda
• developing proposal of energy efficiency indicators for terminals
• simulation of future energy consumption in infrastructure
• modelling of energy consumption pattern of maritime supply chains (esp. perishables)
• analysing policy tools to improve promote energy efficiency in infrastructure
• analysing the need/possibility for energy indicators in future concession contracts
contact: Gordon [email protected]
… many issues are about awareness, knowledge sharing, collaboration and
cooperation
the need to understand the “why’s” and “how’s” to makethe right policy decisions and
to shape the future of our mobility