environment major changes in fuel & lubes

The Environment-major changes in last decade

Hussam Adeni

Hussam Adeni

[email protected]

Major changes in last decade- for the environment

• New Accords and Protocols

• Automobile Industry – Radical changes

• Environment restrictions

Hussam Adeni [email protected]

5 Major changes in the last decade

• Montreal Accord

• Euro IV and Euro V fuels

• Engine configurations

• Stringent API specifications

• Kyoto Protocol



• Montreal Accord• Largely for refrigerants

• Euro IV and Euro V fuels

• Sulphur reduction in fuels

• Engine configurations• Fuel injection mechanism

• Higher operating speeds and pressure



• Stringent API specifications• API CJ-4 specifications

• Kyoto Protocols

• Green House Gas (GHG) emissions


1. Montreal Accord – 1995/96

• Treaty structured around halogenated hydro carbons known to play a role in Ozone depletion

• Treaty deals with phase-out Management Plan for

1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s),

2. Carbon Tetra chloride (CCl4),

3. Hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFC’s)



• Treaty structured around widely used halogenated hydrocarbons now known to play a role in Ozone depletion

• Targets HCFC’s, CFC’s, CCl4 used as

1. Refrigerants,

2. Solvents,

3. Blowing agents for plastic/foam manufacture

4. Fire extinguisher.



• Update - 2006

• Largely implemented across the world

• R – 134 A successfully identified as alternative refrigerant.

• Widely used today in Air conditioners used in automobiles, in house and office AC’s and in industries.

• Montreal compliant solvents and fire extinguishers have been developed & are in use today in many applications


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels- Role of fuels

Three major function in an IC engine• Energy source to drive engine

• Coolant for injector

• It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors

In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system

• Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling.

• As a result, there will no leakage of fuels, gas & oil


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels- Environmental demands

Under the Clean Air Act –– Sulphur in fuels to be reduced 15 ppm

• Most developing countries: Sulphur in fuels approx. 2000 ppm till the early 90’s

• Many have now implemented 50 ppm sulphur in all fuels.

• Developed countries have progressively moved to 10 ppm Sulphur in Fuels


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels- Diesel


DieselEuro I1993

Euro II1996

Euro III 2000

Euro IV2005

Euro V2009

Poly aromatics -Vol%,Max

N/A N/A 11 11 11

Sulphur ppm, Max 2000 500 350 50 (10)*

19

Cetane number - Min 49 49 51 51 51

Density@15 ºC, kg/m² 35- 100 35-100 60-70 60-70 60-70

Distillation -79.5@ 15º C 370 370 360 360 360

Reduction of Sulphur results in reduction of aromatics, this robs the fuel of its lubricity. Damaging fuel injectors, whose replacement cost $ 100 each, there are 8 nos in an engine. Dosing with Fuel additives , a quick remedy

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels- Gasoline - Petrol


GasolineEuro I 1993

Euro II1996

Euro III2000

Euro IV2005

Euro V2009

Aromatics - Vol%, Max No limit No limit 42 35 35

Olefins - Vol %, Max No limit No limit 18 18 18

Benzene - Vol%, Max 5 5 1 1 1

Oxygen - Vol%, Ma 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.7

Sulphur – ppm,Max 1000 500 150 50 (10)*

10

RON - Min 91 91 91 91 91

RVP - kPa 35 - 100 35 - 100 60 - 70 60 - 70 60 - 70

Lead - g/Lt, Max 0.013 0.013 None None None

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsHydro treatment- Sulphur removal

•Sulphur in fuels is removed at the refinery by stripping

•Process of stripping of sulphur is called

• Hydrotreatment


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsPitfalls of - Sulphur removal

•Unfortunately - sulphur reduction also removes

• Natural lubricity compounds

• Natural conductivity properties

• It changes combustion properties

• Biocide property of sulphur


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication – loss of lubricity

• No protective barrier between

metal surfaces• Could lead to damage of vital engine

components

• Some vital components are• Fuel pump

• Fuel injectors

• Valves & ports

•Hussam Adeni [email protected]

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication – ASTM and lubricity

• In 2005, ASTM had put in a

lubricity specification• ASTM D 975 for middle distillates

• ASTM D 6079 is widely used for other fuels

• Wear scar value is 520 microns or less

• OEM’s in Europe suggested 420 or less

• Fully synthetic esters widely accepted component in fuel additives

•Hussam Adeni [email protected]

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication - Sulphur removal

•Natural conductivity properties• Conductivity is decreased

• Static charge may build up while fuel is being pumped

• Probably danger of ignition from static electricity

• Essential that fuels are dosed with special conductivity additives



• It changes combustion properties

• Hydro treatment may reduce Cetane in

diesel to the 40’s

• Modern Diesel engines are computer controlled and deliver optimal combustion in the range of 45 to 51.

• Cetane boosting additives now essential for peak performance



•Biocide property of sulphur

• Widely used today as antiseptic

• Used in many drugs and medicines

• Sulphur controls fungal growth in fuel tanks.

• Fuels now need to be treated with biocides to prevent fungal growth in fuel storage tanks


3. Engine configuration- Radical changes

Three major function in an IC engine• Energy source to drive engine

• Coolant for injector

• It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors

In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system

• Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling.

• As a result there will be no leakage of fuels, gas & oil


3. Engine configuration- Radical changes

Evolution of fuel/injector/exhaust mechanism

• Naturally aspirated (NA)

• Turbo charged

• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

• Direct injection (DI)

• Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI)


3. Engine configurationRadical changes - psi

Dramatic increase in Operating pressures

– Early diesel engines – 600 psi

– Current CRDI – 30,000 psi


3. Engine configurationRadical changes – Cat. converter

Engine manufacturers proposed reduction of treat level of Zinc-Phosphate and Calcium sulphonates

– Engine manufacturers sought extension of life

for catalytic converters

– Research showed interference to life of catalytic converters from additives in lubes

– ZDDP – Anti wear

– Over based Calcium – Detergency


4. API CJ-4 requirementsHistory of Lube additives

Since 1975 triboapplications utilized solid boundary additive in the carrier oil acting as a barrier of molecules between moving parts with the following:

1. ZDDP (Zinc Di Thiophosphates)

2. Phosphorous

3. Sulphur

4. Calcium sulphonates


4. API CJ-4 requirementsUsed oil disposal issues

These additives had the disadvantage of being:

• Highly toxic – difficult to dispose

• Sacrificial – Deplete on use

• Inert – Do not react with metal alloys

• Become acidic – due to oxidation and water

• Also corrosive – furthering micro-pitting


4. API CJ-4 requirements

API CJ-4 demands

• Lube manufacturers use up to 1% ZDDP

• Zinc-Phosphate levels at 1% are for all practical purposes negligible

• Treats of 1% ZDDP packages likely to have little impact on reducing wear


4. API CJ-4 requirements

Alternative EP additives consisting of Graphite, Molybdenum have come into prominence

• Graphite & Molybdenum have little lubricating value as they are not reactive

• Under heavy pressure will press out

• Will lead to metal to metal contact

• Research is going on for alternative compounds for use as anti wear additives


5. Kyoto Protocol

• Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG)

• Major constituent of GHG identified

• Major sources for GHG emitters identified

• Incentive for reduction of GHG


5. Kyoto Protocol

• Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG)• Country wise and industry wise data

collated.

• Reduction targets – broadly agreed upon

• Major constituent of GHG identified• Carbon dioxide – CO2

• Nitrogen Oxides - NOx


• Incentive for reduction of GHG


5. Kyoto Protocol

• Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG)• Country wise and industry wise data

collated.

• Reduction targets – broadly agreed upon

• Major constituent of GHG identified• Carbon dioxide – CO2

• Nitrogen Oxides – NOx


5. Kyoto Protocol


• Aviation Industry

• Power Plants

• Auto Industry


5. Kyoto Protocol

• Incentive for reduction of GHG• To users who register, document and reduce

GHG emissions

• ISO 14064 initiated to document reduction

• Tradable “Carbon Credits” to offset bulk GHG emitters

• Bulk users in Auto related industry likely to be major beneficiary


Hussam Adeni

Thank you

[email protected]

environment major changes in fuel & lubes

Documents

euro v fuels role

euro v fuels sulphur

euro v fuels pitfalls

euro v fuels gasoline

euro iieuro

refrigerants euro iv

euro v fuels implication

euro iveuro v1993