Entomology Lab Syllabus Teaching Assistant: Eric Youngerman

226 SB Phone: 801-587-5683 Office hours: by appointment

Texts: Whitfield, J. M. & A. H. Purcell III. 2013. Daly and Doyen’s Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity. 3rd Ed. Oxford

University Press.

Borror, D.J. and R.E. White. 1970. A Field Guide to the Insects of America North of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin. Course Web site: http://courses.biology.utah.edu/feener/5445/ Lab meets: Tu 12:25-2:55 pm or 3:05-5:35 pm, JTB 230 Field Trip (Required): 12-14 September. Rio Mesa Center, Utah Grading: Based on a total of 300 points allocated as follows:

2 Lab practical exams (50 points each) 5 Lab quizzes (10 points each) 2 Lab reports (25 points each) 1 Insect collection (100 points)

Lab quizzes and practical exams will test your practical knowledge of Entomology. Exams will consist of a series of stations at which you will be asked to identify anatomical features of the organism at the station, identify the organism itself on the spot to order or family, or use a key to make the identification. Laboratory reports will be in the style of a scientific paper and will be based on the results of the experiments conducted during the two following labs (invertebrate systematics and insect flight lab). Every student is expected to put together a small insect collection. Evaluation of each collection will be based on number of insect/arthropod families included, correctness of identifications, completeness of the collecting information on the labels, and proper presentation of the specimens. Students will be provided with all necessary equipment to make their collection.

Entomology Lab Syllabus (Cont.) Exams will be graded as quickly as possible and returned to you in class. There will be no makeup exams. In the event of a true emergency (e.g., you are hit by a car on the way to the exam and are in the process of a blood transfusion during the scheduled exam period), OBTAIN WRITTEN DOCUMENTATION of the emergency and contact me as soon as you are able and I will try to work something out with you. You can arrange to take an exam early if you have a legitimate scheduling conflict, but you cannot take an exam after it is given to the class. Regrade policy: Lecture and laboratory exams are graded with care against a predetermined key, which will be presented in class at the time exams are returned to you. Keys are for learning purposes only, and are not available for regrading. We will correct any addition errors on exams, but we will NOT regrade exams. Course Drop Policy: The course withdrawal policy is the same as the University of Utah policy described in the Class Schedule. Wednesday, September 3 is the last day to drop with no tuition and no notation on the transcript. Monday, September 8 is the last day students can elect the CR/NC or audit option. Friday, October 24 is the last day students can withdraw from classes, but tuition will be assessed. Friday, December 5, is the last day to reverse a CR/NC option. Withdrawal from the course after October 24 requires special permission from the instructor. It will NOT be allowed except in cases of significant medical or personal emergency that must be documented by a medical professional or other relevant person. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): The University of Utah Department of Biology seeks to provide equal access to its programs, services and activities for people with disabilities. If you will need accommodations in this class, reasonable prior notice needs to be given to the instructor and to the Center for Disability Services, http://disability.utah.edu/, 162 Olpin Union Bldg, 581-5020 (V/TDD) to make arrangements for accommodations. This information is available in alternative format with prior notification..

Entomology  Lab  Schedule

Date Topic/Activity Assigned Reading Aug 26 Tu Introduction to lab, use of keys, major groups of

Arthropods Sep 2 Tu Gross morphology of insects and their relatives WP chapter 2

9 Tu Quiz 1; Classes Parainsecta and Entognatha, WP chapters 17-19 subclass Apterygota

12 - 14 Required field trip to Rio Mesa Center 16 Tu Insect orders Ephemeroptera, Odonata, WP chapters 20-21;

Plecoptera, Embiidina 27-28 23 Tu Quiz 2: Local collecting (Red Butte Canyon) 30 Tu Local collecting (campus); insect orders WP chapters 22-26;

Blattodea, Mantodea, Isoptera Orthoptera, 29-30 Dermaptera, Grylloblattodea, Phasmatodea

Oct 7 Tu Invertebrate systematics WP chapters 15-16 12 - 19 Fall break 21 Tu Quiz 3: Insect orders Zoraptera, Psocoptera, WP chapters 31-35

Phthiraptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera 28 Tu 1st Lab Practical Exam; Report 1 due

Nov 4 Tu Insect orders Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, WP chapters 36-39; Megaloptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, 45-46 Lepidoptera

11 Tu Quiz 4; Insect flight lab 18 Tu Insect orders Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera, WP chapters 41-44

Hymenoptera 26 Tu Curate collection; Report 2 due

Dec 2 Tu Quiz 5: Curate collection 9 Tu 2nd Lab Practical Exam; collection due

•  Scientists have used morphological features to determine phylogenetic relatedness between organisms for a long time. •  Why? Is it accurate? Is there anything else that we could be using?

Phylogenetic context

•  Well, since morphological features are inherited genetically, “the tree of life” also represents a tree depicting evolutionary trends through time

How do we organize different groups of organisms in terms of relatedness? •  The Linnaean hierarchy has been adopted by general agreement for zoological classifications and which is the basis for the zoological nomenclature. •  This hierarchy was mainly developd in the 17th and 18th century and reached nearly definitive form in the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae published by Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Linnaeus) in 1758.

Linnaean hierarchy

•  The sequence from top to bottom and the indentations indicate inclusiveness of the previous levels •  The number of organisms to be classified has now become so enormous that seven levels are not enough and so additional levels have been added (i.e. super- lying above the various basic levels and sub- and infra- lying successively below them).

Jointed Legs

Phylum: Arthropoda

Myriapoda: Chilopoda

Insecta: Hymenoptera Crustacea: Isopoda

Chelicerata: Arachnida

Which animals are included in Arthropoda?

•  Subphylum: Trilobitomorpha •  Trilobites (extinct)

•  Subphylum: Chelicerata •  Class: Arachnida (Spiders, Ticks, Mites, Scorpions) •  Class: Merostomata (Horseshoe crabs and Eurypterids) •  Class: Pycnogonida (Sea spiders)

•  Subphylum: Crustacea •  Class: Branchiopoda (fairy shrimp, water fleas) •  Class: Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps) •  Class: Malacostraca (isopods, amphipods, krill, crabs, shrimp, lobsters) •  Class: Maxillopoda (copepods, barnacles) •  Class: Remipedia (Remipedes)

•  Subphylum: Atelocerata or Labiata •  Superclass: Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes) •  Superclass: Hexapoda (insects, proturans)

Arthropods: Characteristics Arthropods are closely related to mollusks (e.g. octopuses, snails, clams) and annelids (earthworms, leeches) Characteristics shared with Annelida:

•  Triploblastics (three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)

•  Coelom (fluid filled cavity formed within the mesoderm)

•  Bilateral symmetry (Only sagittal plane divides an organism into mirror image halves)

•  Metamerism (homonomous metamery in Annelida and heteronomous metamery in Insecta)

•  Ventral nervous system (in contrast to Chordates that have a dorsal nerve cord)

Characteristics unique to Arthropoda:

•  Jointed appendages (usually used for locomotion)

•  Tagmosis (fusion and modification of segments specialized for different functions)

•  Exoskeleton (chitinous cuticle)

•  Ecdysis (molting)

•  Compound eyes (consists of many individual photoreceptor units called ommatidia)

•  Open circulatory system (the hemolymph bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients)

•  Reduced coelom (the principal body cavity is the hemocoel)

•  Respiration (tegument, gills, or tracheae)

Insects

•  Appeared around 400 MYA

•  1 million species described (estimated 2 to 30 million)

•  Great adaptive radiation (found in almost every medium)

• Chitinous exoskeleton

•  Uniramous jointed appendages

•  Respiration (tracheae and spiracles)

•  Excretion (Malpighi tubules)

•  Mouthparts (mandibles, maxillae, and labium)

•  Body divided into three parts (head, thorax and abdomen)

•  Head with two compounds eyes and usually 3 ocelli

•  Two antennae

•  Each thoracic segment with a pair of legs (last two usually with wings)

•  Gonopores in segment 7,8 or 9 of the abdomen

•  Cerci (paired appendages on the last segment – not in Protura and Collembola)

•  Direct development with gradual (Ametabolous and Hemimetabolous) or abrupt changes (Holometabolous)

8-­‐  Endopterygota  Holometabola:  Complete  metamorphosis    7-­‐  Hemipteroids:  Piercing-­‐sucking  mouthparts.    6-­‐  Orthopteroids:  Concentra6on  of  abdominal  ganglia.    5-­‐  Neoptera:  Wing  folding  mechanisms.    4-­‐  Paleoptera:  Primi6ve  wing.    3-­‐  Exopterygota:  Simple  metamorphosis.    2-­‐  Ectognathous:  Mouthparts  external  and  visible,  adapted  for  either  sucking  or  chewing.    1-­‐  Entognathous:  Mouthparts  inconspicuous,  more  or  less  internal,  party  hidden  by  oral  folds  or  cheeks.  

1  2  

3  4  

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6  7  

8  

Insect  diversity  

Keys •  These consist of a series of numbered dichotomies or two-way choices. •  A pair of choices is called a couplet.

•  Each half of a couplet leads either to a subsequent couplet (as indicated by the appropriate number) or to the name of a taxon (order, family), which is then identified.

•  If a couplet lists more than one feature, the primary, or most diagnostic, character is compared first. Secondary characters that follow should be used to confirm identifications made with the primary character, or as alternatives when primary characters are missing or damaged.

•  Numbers in parenthesis indicate the couplet immediately preceding, so that the keys can be worked backward or forward (see page 326).

Show pages of the book that the students will be needing

Material that they can look at

Explain what they are going to do in this lab and the next

Dissection kit

They can look at the collection of orders that we have

I will try to get graduate students that work with insects to give a short presentation