paleoptera: ephemeroptera and odonata. iii. insect classification ectognatha entognatha pterygota...
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Paleoptera: Ephemeroptera and Odonata
III. Insect Classification
Ectognatha
Entognatha
Pterygota
Neoptera
Endopterygota (complete metamorphosis)
Poly-phyletic
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
- Most have two pairs of wings, with the hind wings greatly reduced in size in some groups (even absent). The wings are held upright; and the wings have many veins.
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
- The abdomen has 10 segments and is fairly long, with 2 caudal filaments (the cerci) or 3 (like larvae).
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. Morphology
- The forelegs are often long, as well; particularly in the male where they can be as long as the body. In some families, pairs of legs may be vestigial.
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- aquatic larvae – feed on algae and detritus - larvae have leaf-like gills on abdominal segments
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- aquatic larvae – feed on algae and detritus - larvae have leaf-like gills on abdominal segments - larvae usually with three caudal appendages
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- aquatic larvae – feed on algae and detritus - larvae have leaf-like gills on abdominal segments - larvae usually with three caudal appendages - larvae may take 1-2 years to develop, usually longer at higher latitudes
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- molting occurs on surface of the water - subabult (subimago) flies to shoreline
Subadult has hairs along wing margins
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- molting occurs on surface of the water - subabult (subimago) flies to shoreline - mayflies are UNIQUE in that they are the only insects to molt once as winged
adults; this usually occurs the next day, and it lives as a reproductive adult for 1-2 days at most.
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- molting occurs on surface of the water - subabult (subimago) flies to shoreline - mayflies are UNIQUE in that they are the only insects to molt once as winged
adults; this usually occurs the next day, and it lives as a reproductive adult for 1-2 days at most.
- adults lack mouthparts and do not feed
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- males of many species form swarms; females enter and pairs fly off; mating in flight with oviposition shortly thereafter
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- males of many species form swarms; females enter and pairs fly off; mating in flight with oviposition shortly thereafter
- swarms off the great lakes (Erie in particular were HUGE, but lake pollution has reduced their abundances) … bodies piled up to 1.2 m Illinois (1953)
swarms
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- eggs laid on surface of water
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- Eaten by fish and terrestrial animals; important link in aquatic food chains
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- Eaten by fish and terrestrial animals; important link in aquatic food chains - sensitive to pollutants (soft bodies?) – many are indicator taxa of clean water
(EPT score = abundance and diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera)
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic BiologyC. Major Families
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic BiologyC. Major Families
1. Baetidae (135 species):adults small (front wings 2-12 mm and elongate-oval)hind wings very small or absent, and the only family with small
hind wings and only 2 caudal filaments. Eyes turbinate
Baetidae
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic BiologyC. Major Families
1. Baetidae:2. Ephemerellidae 3. Heptageniidae (127):
sprawling nymphs; flattenedadults with 2 caudal filaments
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic BiologyC. Major Families
1. Baetidae:2. Ephemerellidae 3. Heptageniidae 4. Leptophlebiidae (66):
3 caudal filamentsWing (4-14mm) have strongly bent Cu-P vein and no free
veinletsForked gills on larval abdomen
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic BiologyC. Major Families
1. Baetidae:2. Ephemerellidae 3. Heptageniidae 4. Leptophlebiidae5. Ephemeridae (13)
medium to large (wings 10-25mm); larvae tusked
Hexagenia limbata
2006 hatch on radar
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
All are fairly large and have 4 wings; in damselflies the wings are held over the back at rest, in dragonflies to the side.
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
Small antennae, large eyes
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
Prothorax small; thoracic segments tipped forward for grasping prey in flight
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. Morphology
Abdomen long; male cerci short and modified to grasp females behind pronotum.
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- Larvae predaceous; have jointed, ‘elbowed’ mentum
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- Larvae predaceous; have jointed, ‘elbowed’ mentum - External Gills in Zygoptera (Damsels), Anal Gills in Anisoptera (dragons)
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- Larvae predaceous; have jointed, ‘elbowed’ mentum - External Gills in Zygoptera (Damsels), Anal Gills in Anisoptera (dragons) - may live as larvae for 1 year, 2 years, or 10 years depending on species and
latitude.
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- Larvae emerge from water; adults emerge from larval skin
video
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
- Larvae emerge from water; adults emerge from larval skin - “teneral” until wings harden
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
Males have two sets of sex organs – one at end make sperm, that is transferred to the penis at front of abdomen
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
males grasp females behind prothorax – “in tandem”
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
female reaches up and under, contacting her genitalia with penis of male – “in wheel”
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic Biology
female stores sperm in ‘spermatheca’ – last sperm in is used, so selection has favored mate guarding by males, who guard females until she lays her eggs; sometimes staying in tandem.
Paleoptera
I.Ephemeroptera: Mayflies
II.Odonata: Dragonflies
A. MorphologyB. Basic BiologyC. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
1. Calopterygidae (8):
Larvae with long antennae and long legs;Adults are largest damsels, and most have darkening in wing
C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
1. Calopterygidae 2. Lestidae (18): Spreadwings
- Larvae with very narrow labium - adults with hanging wings
C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: Damselflies
1. Calopterygidae 2. Lestidae3. Coenagrionidae (93): Pond Damsels
All the Rest!
C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: DamselfliesSuborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae (38): Darners
Large; eyes meet along dorsal seam; triangles same
C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: DamselfliesSuborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae (8): Biddies
- Eyes meet at one point; triangles same
C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: DamselfliesSuborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae 3. Gomphidae (93): Clubtails
- Eyes separate; triangles same
C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: DamselfliesSuborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae 3. Gomphidae (93): Clubtails4. Libellulidae (93): Skimmers
Triangles different; : toe in hind wing anal loop
C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: DamselfliesSuborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae 3. Gomphidae4. Libellulidae5. Corduliidae (50): Emeralds
Triangles differ; leg but no toe
C. Classification
Suborder Zygoptera: DamselfliesSuborder Anisoptera: Dragonflies
1. Aeshnidae2. Cordulegastridae 3. Gomphidae4. Libellulidae5. Corduliidae 6. Macromiidae (10): Cruisers
Triangles differ; anal loop rounded – no leg