english reformation c.1530-1660
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English Reformation c.1530-1660. How to Interpret English Reformation. Major Historical Questions Reformation(s)—fast or slow? Force of change—from above or below?. Pre-Reformation English Church. Isolated from Rome Sacramental society with emphasis on penance and Eucharist - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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English Reformationc.1530-1660
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How to Interpret English Reformation
• Major Historical Questions1.Reformation(s)—fast or slow?2.Force of change—from above or
below?
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Pre-Reformation English Church
•Isolated from Rome•Sacramental society with emphasis on penance and Eucharist•Call for reform of personnel and institutions (not theology)•Heresy put down
PEOPLE GENERALLY CONTENT WITH RELIGIOUS PRACTICE
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Beginning of Change: Henry VIII (r.1509-1547)
Defender of the Faith•Protestant ideas Break with Rome (1533)•Succession crisis•Help from reformersUnification Church of Crown•Act of Supremacy = monarch is supreme head of English Church•Crown controls church administration and defines doctrine•HINT: This is significant
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Changes to religious beliefs and practice?
• Pope = foreign power & Catholicism threat
• Dissolution of monasteries
• Vernacular Bible• Doctrinal conservatism:Clerical celibacyTransubstantiation
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Reformation Enacted: Edward VI (r.1547-53)
•Continued succession crisis because of youth and poor health•Surrounded by influential Protestants1.John Knox2.Thomas Cranmer, AB of Canterbury3.Martin Bucer & Peter Martyr Vermigli•Reformation arrives in local parishes and laypersons start to experience changes •HINT: This is significant
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Changes of Doctrine and Practice
BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER (BCP)•1549—bridged gap between Catholic practice and Protestant theology•1552—more ProtestantDOCTRINE:•Justification by faith•Supremacy of Scripture•Two sacraments•Denies transubstantiation•Denounce radical AnabaptismPRACTICE:•Role of priests modified•Vernacular services•Images and alters removed
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Tradition Restored: Mary I (1553-1558)•Catholicism restored•Why did ruling elite want her?•Marian Exiles•Persecution—”Bloody Mary”Changes:•Papal sovereignty•Retraining priests•Church property?
What is significance?
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Moderation: Elizabeth (1558-1603)
Big Question: What did it mean to be Christian and English?
•Repeals Mary’s legislation•Excommunication 1570•Marian exiles return and demand changes—Calvinists in Geneva stripped worship and replaced episcopacy with presbyters/elders
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Elizabethan Settlement•Moderation--Recognizes two religious confession exists in realm•Conformity--Act of Supremacy & Act of Uniformity•Controversial traditions 1.Clerical vestments2.Kneeling at Communion3.Making sign at baptism4.Bowing at name of Jesus5.Wedding ring in marriage ceremony6.Ringing church bells
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Catholics and Puritans
Catholics• Modification of ritual• Jesuit MissionariesPuritans• Presbyterianism = synod run by clergy & laymen• Main Conflicts1. Emphasized preaching—prophesyings2. Extremely anti-Catholic3. Disapproved ‘superstitious’ rituals4. Placed predestination at center of theology5. Sabbatarianism = Strict observance of Lord’s Day (Sunday)
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Cracks Appear: James I (1603-25)
•Clear legitimate heir—but Scot•Only unites Crowns—so three confessions•Millenary Petition (1603) & Hampton Court Conference (1604)•Dissatisfaction with strict predestination•Arminianism: Christ died for all—free will to resist/accept God’s grace•Gunpowder Plot (1605)—rampant paranoia•Book of Sports (1618)
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Return of Catholicism?: Charles I (1625-42)
Unpopular Politics and Religion•Absolutist ruler•King = God’s representative and people should follow commands unless they directly contradict Scripture•French Catholic wife•Catholicism ‘permissible’ •Book of Sports (1630s)
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Archbishop Laud, AB of Canterbury
•Laudian Reforms = Return to true church?•Arminian theology•Beauty of Holiness•Uniformity of practice•Dismissed noncorformists•Suppressed Puritan lectureships•Prevent gentry from appointing private chaplainsCI’s ‘tyranny’ + Laudian reforms = gentry and Puritans unite because body of xns hold power as representative body
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Christian Freedom?: Civil War & Commonwealth (1642-59)
Anything Goes (Toleration): •Presbyterians = national church controlled by gentry & synods•Independents (including Baptists) = gather voluntarily in autonomous congregations•Quakers Handful 1653 & 40,000 by 1660Reject established churchKnowledge from divine inspirationAnyone can preach
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HELP!!!!: Restoration of Charles II (1660)
•Too much freedom of religion •1662 Act of Uniformity•No toleration for nonconformists•Catholics still despised