energy policy and sustainable development

1. ENERGY POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BAHARUDIN BIN YATIM Puri Pujangga Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) National University of Malaysia 16TH June 2014 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy SCHOOL OF APPLIED PHYSICS FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

2. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Lecture Content What is Policy? Why create a Policy? How to make a Policy? What is Sustainability? How does Energy Use Impact Sustainability? What is Climate Change? How does Energy Use Contribute to Climate Change? The Energy Challenge? Some thoughts on the Way Forward 2

3. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 DEFINITION OF POLICY Statement of our desire Guide for our actions What to do Who is to do it How is it to be done For whom is it done 3

4. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Policy is a Guide for Action The policy: States an intention to do something Outlines the rules Provides principles that guide actions Sets roles and responsibilities Reflects values and beliefs Monitors progress 4

5. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Why Create or Change a Policy Basic needs are not being met People have been treated unfairly Current policies or laws are not enforced or effective Proposed changes in policies and laws would be harmful Existing or emerging conditions pose a threat to public health, safety, education or well-being 5

6. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Making a Public Policy Identification of the Problem Set the objectives or outcomes Plan the strategies Obtain Legal Mandate Establish a Task Force 6

7. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Policy Tools Methods for implementing a Policy: 7 Information Education Legislation Regulation Guidelines Standards Procedures Programs Grants Subsidies Expenditures Taxes Public Ownership

8. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Policy Tools (Malaysia) Policy Tools Acts, Ordinances, Enactments Administrative Circulars General Orders, Treasury Instructions Program Strategies, Project Plans 8

9. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 9 SUSTAINABILITY Energy Sustainability issues: What is sustainability? How does energy use impact sustainability? What are the problems with present energy use? What are global challenges for the future of energy use?

10. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 What is Sustainability? The ability of humanity to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs [Bruntland, 1987] Preservation of productive capacity for the foreseeable future [Solow, 1992] Biophysical sustainability means maintaining or improving the integrity of the life support system of earth [Fuwa, 1995] A dynamic harmony between the equitable availability of energy-intensive goods and services to all people and the preservation of the earth for future generations [Tester, et al. 2005] We can simply say: Not running out of things and not harming anything 10

11. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 The Three Dimensions of Sustainability Economy Social Development Trade-Offs And Synergies Environment 11

12. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 How Does Energy Use Impact Sustainability Some Benefits: Energy is critical to human survival and development Fossil fuels are plentiful and convenient to use Energy is key to industrialization and transportation Energy facilitates economic growth and globalization Some Problems: Rapid growth in fossil fuel use raises concerns about: Security of supply (over-dependence?) Environmental impacts Societal conflicts over inequitable distribution of resources Depletion of critical resources 12

13. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Energy Sources, Conversion and Use 13 OTEC

14. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 What are the Problems with the Present use of Energy? 14

15. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Climate Change Concerns Global energy demand is growing and over 80% of primary energy is supplied by fossil fuel today Combustion of fossil fuel generates greenhouse gases predominately CO2that can lead to global warming and associated impacts (melting of glaciers and polar ice, sea level rise, changes in local rainfall and climates, increases in storm severity, impacts on biosphere and agriculture, changes in ocean circulation, etc.) Methane, CH4, is also a GHG and reaches the atmosphere through agricultural activities and leakage There is no real replacement for fossil fuels (in the short term) 15

16. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Economic Impacts and Costs Cost associated with unabated climate change are estimated to be at least 5% of GDP/year. Other impacts such as economic impact on human life and the environment could raise the estimate to 20% of GDP/year or more. Each tonne of CO2 emitted now causes damage worth at least US$ 85. Many emissions reduction opportunities available now cost less than US$ 25 per tonne of CO2. Tackling climate change soon is a long term growth path. Inaction will ultimately undermine economic growth. (Stern Review Report, 2006) 16

17. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Policy Changes for Effective Response Stern Report Recommends: Carbon pricing (taxation, emission trading, regulation) to build a common global carbon price that includes full social cost of use. Technology policy to drive development and large-scale deployment of low- carbon and high efficiency products. Policies that remove barriers to energy efficiency, and Inform, educate and persuade individuals on they can do to bring the change. So: Need consistent global policy with long-term goals and strong framework for international cooperation Kyoto Protocol, GEF 17

18. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 The Energy Challenge If we have to change our energy technologies over a relatively short period of time, where are the best alternatives? How should we invest in developing better alternatives? What are the drivers that will encourage timely development and market penetration of these technologies? 18

19. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 The Energy Challenge Gaming Wait for the other guy: Developed countries go first; Kyoto modest start Each country wishes to preserve or improve economic status US administration backed away from the Kyoto Protocol and looks to a variety of voluntary initiatives Result UNFCC is tied down BUT: Evidence of climate change is increasing and public awareness is rising, even in the US 19

20. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 The Energy Challenge As populations and incomes grow, so does the demand for energy. Our thirst for energy services is one of the biggest challenges to mitigating climate change and building a greener future. While the global community wrestles with climate change, it must also grapple with a host of issues resulting from current patterns of energy consumption, including energy security, pollution, and enduring energy poverty. The current fossil fuel-heavy energy system is not only environmentally unsustainable, but also highly inequitable, leaving some 1.4 billion people without access to electricity. Moreover, much of this growing energy demand is occurring in developing countries, where rising fossil fuel prices and resources constraints are putting additional pressure on the environment and the economy. UNEP 20

21. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Consequences of Inaction Climate change: Shifting regional weather patterns impacting ecosystems, agriculture, water, storms, floods, etc. Impacts of warming about double the average at the poles Most human impact on the poor wealthy countries can better afford mitigation Poverty: Subhuman living conditions for many; ill-health, addiction, crime, mass migration, etc. Loss of human capital and environmental degradation Major societal inequities: Economic conflicts and disruptions Institutional instabilities Fortress Worldfor the rich? - *Terrorism? Wars? 21

22. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Points to Ponder There is no right or wrong it is a matter of balance Each one may contribute in a different way Selfishness and materialism are OK in moderation, but may block other rewarding human values like being of service to others, feeling part of a community, self respect, love, and compassion We can only control our behavior not other peoples (though it is possible to be an example) 22

23. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 What is its Worth Perhaps a better quality of life with enough to meet our needs not our wants! A different business paradigm not mass production, but life cycle service production with careful regard for externalities Greatly reduced social inequity and improved societal stability Appreciation and care for nature and diversity, both human and environmental A balance between self-care and the good feeling from giving our share as part of a healthy community and world 23

24. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 Ask what we can do In our daily living? In choosing careers? In our professional lives? As private citizens? As national citizens? As global citizens? How much are we willing to do for the future of the human species on this earth? 24

25. Baharudin Bin Yatim 7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 THANK YOU HAVE A NICE DAY 25