endocrine system
DESCRIPTION
Endocrine System. SPECIAL THANKS: Dr. Ali Mohammed, PhD Rayan AlBallaa (427 Slides). HISTICS : Bilal M. K. Marwa AbdulWahhab Idrees Sarah Al-Morit نبع الوفاء. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Endocrine System
HISTICS:•Bilal M. K. Marwa•AbdulWahhab Idrees•Sarah Al-Morit• الوفاء نبع
SPECIAL THANKS:
•Dr. Ali Mohammed, PhD•Rayan AlBallaa (427 Slides)
![Page 2: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland that produces several hormones that are responsible for regulating growth, reproduction, and metabolism
• lies below hypothalamus and connected to it
• It has a rich vascular supply
![Page 4: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• It has two subdivisions, each has various regions having specialized cells that release different hormones:– Adenohypophysis
(anterior pituitary)• Pars distalis (pars
anterior)• Pars intermedia• Pars tuberalis
– Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
• Median eminence• Infundibulum• Pars nervosa
![Page 5: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pars Nervosa (from posterior pituitary
gland)• Function: stores hormones secreted
by the hypothalamus.• Contents:
– Axons of secretory neurons – paraventricular nerves: secrete oxytocin– supraoptical nerves: secrete ADH
• Their cell bodies lie in the hypothalamus• They are unmyelinated• No schwann cells (obviously as it is in CNS)• Store hormones
– 40% in axon terminal– 60% in lateral sacculations called herring
bodies)
![Page 8: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Pars Nervosa (from posterior pituitary
gland)• Also in Pars nervosa (other than
axons):
– Fenesterated blod capillaries– Pituicytes (neuroglial-like cells)
• No secretory cells• No cell bodies of neurons (just
axons of neurons of which the cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus)
![Page 9: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Pars Distalis (from anterior pituitary gland)
• Covered by a fibrous capsule• Formed of clusters or cords of cells
separted by reticular fibers, which also surround sinusoidal capillaries
• have secondary capillary plexuses which the endothelial is fenestrated
![Page 11: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cells in pars distalis
ChromophilsHave the affinity to be
stained
Chromophobes No staining
degranulated, degenerating, regenerating cells or
stem cells
Acidophils Basophils
Folliculo-Stellate
CellsSupport
• Round, vesicular nucleus
•Secretory granules
![Page 12: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Basophils– Thyrotrophs
(TSH)– Corticotrophs
(ACSH)– Gonadotrophs
(FSH, LH)
• Acidophils– Mammotrophs
(prolactin)– Somatotrophs
(growth hormone)
![Page 13: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pars Intermedia
• Contains cysts full of colloid, lined with cuboidal epithelium (rathke’s cysts)
• May contain cords of basophils that secrete melanin stimulating hormone
![Page 15: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pars Tuberalis
• Surrounds the hypophyseal stalk of neurohypophysis
• Mostly basophilic gonadotrophic cells– Arranged in cords separated by blood
capillaries of the portal system
• Pia arachnoid like C.T. seperates pars tuberalis from the infundibular stalk
![Page 16: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Thyroid Gland
CompositionComposition
Right lobeLeft lobe
Connected by isthmusConnected by isthmus
Some people have an additional lobe called pyramidal lobe
Some people have an additional lobe called pyramidal lobe
Surrounded by dense irregular collagenous connective tissue have septa subdivide the gland into lobules
Surrounded by dense irregular collagenous connective tissue have septa subdivide the gland into lobules
![Page 18: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cellular OrganizationCellular Organization
•Follicle that stores secretory substances.•Composed of simple cuboidal epithelium surrounding colloid filled lumen.
• Colloid مزيج rich in : protein called.thyroglobulin
• Thyroglobulin bound to hormonesT 3and T4• When the hormones are needed, the cells release thryoglobulin, which is endocytosed and hormones.are cleaved
•Follicle that stores secretory substances.•Composed of simple cuboidal epithelium surrounding colloid filled lumen.
• Colloid مزيج : rich in protein called thyroglobulin.
•Thyroglobulin bound to hormones T3 and T4•When the hormones are needed, the cells release thryoglobulin, which is endocytosed and hormones are cleaved.
•Connective tissue surrounds the follicle.•Connective tissue contents:1.Reticular fibers2.Rich capillary plexuses•Separated from the cells by basal lamina.•Sometimes the basal lamina is absent in case of the cells become in contact with each other
•Connective tissue surrounds the follicle.•Connective tissue contents:1.Reticular fibers2.Rich capillary plexuses•Separated from the cells by basal lamina.•Sometimes the basal lamina is absent in case of the cells become in contact with each other
![Page 19: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Parafollicular cells(C cells)Parafollicular cells(C cells)
•Pale staining.•Lie singly or in clusters.•Do not reach the lumen of the follicle.•Larger than follicular cells.•Secretes calcitonin.
•Pale staining.•Lie singly or in clusters.•Do not reach the lumen of the follicle.•Larger than follicular cells.•Secretes calcitonin.
![Page 22: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Location: attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
• Number: usually 4, 2 on each thyroid lobe.
• Enclosed in a C.T. capsule (each)
• Contains several adipose cells
![Page 24: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Parathyroid cells are present in clusters of epithelial cells around fenestrated capillaries, supported by reticular fibers.
• Function: Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which maintains Ca2+ levels, acting on:– Bone– Kidney– Intestine
![Page 25: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Two Types of Cells present:
1. CHIEF CELLS– Numerous– Acidophilic variable-sized cytoplasm– Large nuclei– Glycogen– Secretory granules (containing PTH)
![Page 26: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2. OXYNTIC CELLS– Fewer and larger than chief cells.– Pale acidophilic, more deeply stained with
eosin than chief ells.– Abundant mitochondria– Formed of degenerated, regenerated or
degranulated cells.
![Page 27: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Number: 2 (left and right)• Location: on the superior pole of each kidney.• Surroundings:
– Embedded in adipose tissue– Covered by a capsule of C.T. (irregular dense fibrous)
• Parts:– Cortex on the outside– Medulla on the inside Different histologically and functionally (both are endocrine, but each performs a different role)
![Page 29: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Consists of 3 Zones (C.T.) :
1. Zona Glomerulosa(outermost layer, thickest, forms
the identifying feature of the cortex)
2. Zona Fasciculata(thickest layer, lies in the
middle)
3. Zona Reticularis(innermost layer, forms the
boundary between the cortex and the medulla)
![Page 31: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Features of adrenal cortex Features of adrenal cortex cellscells
• Function of cortex cells: syntehesize & secrete steroid hormones (under control of ACTH)
• They have the features of steroid secreting cells (including all zones)– Acidophilic (ligher in fasciculata,
darker in reticularis) – Mitochondria with tubular cisternea – Rounded nucleus– Extensive SER, but no abundant
RER– No secretary granules (vesicules)– Lipid droplets in cytoplasm (more in
fasciculata)
![Page 32: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Zona Glomerulosa
• Outermost and thinnest layer of the adrenal cortex
• Composed of small columnar cells:-– Dark nuclei
• cells are arranged in clusters or cords.
• Secrete: mineralicoticoids (e.g. aldosterone)
![Page 33: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Zona Fasciculata
• Largest zone of the cortex• Spongiocytes: Polyhedral
cells that are arranged in straight radial columns, seperated by CT and capillaries.– Many lipid droplets in the
cytoplasm• Spongiocytes are larger
than those in glomerulosa• Contains sinusoidal
capillaries• Secrete: glucocorticoids
(e.g. cotrisone)
![Page 34: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Zona Reticularis
• Innermost zone of the cortex
• Cells are smaller than those of fasciculata, and they form anastomosing cords.
• Secrete: sex hormones (e.g. androgens)
– may secrete small amounts of glucocorticoids.
Cells in reticularis
Dark:degenerating
Pale:active
![Page 35: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Not separated from cortex by C.T.
• Cells have the features of protein-secreting cells
• Fenestrated Capillaries
• Two types of cells:
Cells in medulla
Chromaffin cells
SympatheticGanglion Cells
![Page 37: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Chromaffin Cells
• Modified sympathetic ganglion cells, lacking dendrites and axons.
• Arranged in clusters or small cords.• Function: synthesize and store epinephrine and
norepinephrine in cytoplasmic granules– Granules stain brown in with chromic acid and salts
![Page 38: Endocrine System](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062315/56815015550346895dbdfbd8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Sympathetic ganglion cells
» May accumulate lipofusin pigments in aging