Endocrine SystemEndocrine SystemChapter 11FChapter 11F

By: Candice ShermanBy: Candice Sherman

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

• Endocrine System is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones.

• The endocrine hormones of the regulate the body’s growth, metabolism and sexual development.

• Major glands are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal body and reproductive organs.

Suffixes from Endocrine Suffixes from Endocrine SystemSystem

• -emiaMeans blood or referring

to the presence of a substance in the blood.

• -uriaMeans condition of urine

and the presence of the urine

Examples of –emia Hypoatremia Hyperalemia Hypercalcemia

Examples of –uria Polyuria Glycosuria

HyponatremiaHyponatremia

• Your blood level of sodium is abnormally low

• Can be triggered from excessive water intake during endurance sports

• Underlying medical condition can be a factor.

• Depending on the cause simply cutting back on fluids can be a fix

Symptoms• Nausea and vomiting• Headache• Confusion• Fatigue• Lethargy• Appetite loss• Seizures• Decreased

consciousness or coma

Types of HyponatremiaTypes of Hyponatremia

• Hypervolemic hyponatremia-excess water dilutes the sodium concentration. May cause low levels of sodium. Can be a result of kidney failure, heart failure or even liver failure

• Euvolemic hyponatremia-normal levels combined with low sodium levels. Can be a result due to chronic conditions, certain medicines and cancer

• Hypovolemic hyponatremia-water and sodium levels both are low. May occur when there is a lot of exercising in the heat and not having enough fluids.

Causes of Hyponatremia• Consuming excessive

water during exercise. • Hormonal changes due to

adrenal gland insufficiency• Hormonal changes due to

an underactive thyroid• Water pills• The drug Ecstasy• Dehydration• Cirrhosis (liver disease)• Kidney problems

Risk Factors of Hyponatremia• Age (low blood sodium is

more common in older adults)

• Diet (if following a low-sodium diet)

• Intensive physical activities (drinking too much water while running marathons)

• Climate (new exposure to hot weather causing sodium loss through sweating

HyperalemiaHyperalemia

• Occurs when the level of potassium in your blood is higher than usual.

• Potassium is a very important nutrient that is critical to the function of the nerves and the muscles especially the muscles in heart.

Causes:• Acute kidney failure• Chronic kidney failure• Addison’s disease• Heavy drug use• Alcoholism• Destruction of red

blood cells due to injury

• Type 1 diabetes

Symptoms of HyperkalemiaSymptoms of Hyperkalemia

• Muscle fatigue• Weakness• Paralysis• Abnormal heart

rhythms• nausea

HypercalcemiaHypercalcemia

Definition: A condition in which

calcium levels in the blood is above normal.

Symptoms:• Frequent urination• Muscle and joint aches• Abdominal pain• Excessive thirst• Loss of appetite• Nausea and vomiting• Constipation• Lethargy and fatigue

Causes of HypercalcemiaCauses of Hypercalcemia

• Over activity of parathyroid glands- primary cause in one or more of the parathyroid glands

• Cancer- certain types of cancer may increase the risk

• Disease effects- some people that are ill and have to sit or lie down for a great deal of time

• Medications• Supplements- excessive intake of calcium and or

vitamin D • Dehydration

PolysuriaPolysuria

Definition: • Excessive volume of

urination • Abnormally large amounts

of urine each day• Common symptom is

usually noticed when you have to get up to use bathroom at night

Causes:• Drinking large amounts of

fluids containing alcohol and caffeine

• Certain medications• Diabetes mellitus• Diabetes insipidus• Kidney failure• Sickle cell anemia

GlycosuriaGlycosuria

Definition: The presence of simple

sugar in the urine. Urine contains no glucose

because the kidneys filter glucose back into the bloodstream

Causes: Diabetes-when there is too

much glucose in the body. Renal system is unable to remove the sugar which allows to be passed through the urine

Hyperthyroididm- thyroid gland produces organ function and metabolism.

Liver Problems Kidney Problems Pregnancy