ENDOCRINE SYSTEM• Composed of gland in diff. part of body

• Secrete chemical substance called HORMONE

• Acts thru receptor present on the target tissue

• Thus function to maintain homeostasis

• Feedback control

Endocrine glandTissue/gland

Body cells

Hormone

Prostaglandins(PGs)

(tissue hormone)

Function

Contract uterus & intestine

↓BP

Platelet agglutination

↓acid secretion

Respiration

Nerve impulse

GIT Cholecystokinin Contracts GB

↑gastric secretion & pancreatic juice

Kidney erythropoietin ↑RBC

Pineal gland Melatonin Skin pigmentation

Skin Vitamin D Absorption of Ca+

Thymus Thymosin T-lymphocytes

Pitutary

(hypophysis)

Growth hormone

Prolactin

Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)

Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)

Adrenocorticotrophic(ACTH)

Melanocyte stimulating hormone(MSH)

Body growth

Milk production

Thyroid

Ovaries & testes

Adrenal glands

Skin pigmentation

Oxytocin(OXT) Uterine contraction,Milk injection

ADH(antidiuretic hormone) ↓urine output

Parafollicular cells Calcitonin Blood ca+ level

Parathyroid gland Parathyroid hormone Blood ca+ level

Adrenal gland aldosterone

Cortisol,corticosterone,cortisone

Gonadocorticoids

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

Water & electrolyte balance

Metabolism & stress buster

Estrogens & progesterone

Stimulates ANS

Pancreas Insulin

glucagon

↓glucose

↑glucose

Ovaries Estrogen

Progesterone

Feminization

Pregnancy maintenance

Testis Androgens Sperm

Secondary sexual characteristics

Pathological conditions & signs• Pitutary dwarfism• Acromegaly • Diabetus inspidus • Cretinism:dwarf & mental retardation• Myxedema:puffy face, ↑weight• Goiter enlarged thyroid: swelling over the neck area,treatment is thyroidectomy• Hyperthyroidism/graves disease:↑T3 & T4, wt loss, • Thyroid carcinoma:papillary/medullary/follicular• Exopthlamos :protruding eye ball due to thyrotoxicosis• Hypoparathyroidism: tetany, trousseau sign & chvostek sign• Addison’s disease:hypofunction of adrenal cortex, leads fatigue, hypnatremia• Cushing’s syndrome:hypersecretion leading to moon face, buffalo hump, pendulous abdomen,

HT• Adrenogenital sundrome:female virilization,gynecomastia• Pheochromocytomas:severe HT, sweating, flushing of face• Diabetes mellitus(DM):polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia Types:Type II /NIDD,non insulin dependent diabetes,type I/IDDM(insulin dependent

diabetes, gestational diabetes• Hyperinsulinism :↑insulin, hypoglycemia• SIADH: excessive secretion of ADH• Incedentolomas:tumour in gland seen on imaging

• Insulinoma

Lab test & procedures

• Blood sugar: fasting & post meal, random

• Urine analysis: sugar, ketone bodies,hormones

• Oral Glucose tolerance test(OGTT):30min, 1hr,2&3 hrs

• Radioimmunoassay(RIA)

• Thyroid function test: t3,t4, TSH

• HbA1c:control of sugar in blood by insulin

Procedures:

HRCT:high resolution computed tomography

Exopthalmometry

Thyroid scan

Radioiodine uptake scan

Skull xray

Drugs

• Thyroid supplements:thyroxine

• Antithyroid :propylthiouracil, I131

• Growth hormone replacement:somatropin

• Diabetus inspidus: vasopressin, desmopressin

• Diabetus mellitus:insulins-rapid,intermediate, long

DNA technique:huminsulin/insucare/insuman

Oral antidiabetic drugs:glipizide,chlorpropamide,gliperimide,

Rosiglitazone, glibenclamide, Acarbose

• Corticosteroid s:hydrocortisone,prednisolone,methylprednisolone,dexamethasone,triamcinolone,deflazacort

Abbreviations • ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete its

hormones. • HGh (Human growth hormone) also known as somatotrophic hormone is

responsible for the growth of long bones, muscles and viscera. • TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) influences the structure of the thyroid and

causes it to secrete thyroid hormone. • FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates female egg production or male

sperm production. • PRL (Prolactin) in females causes the corpus luteum the area around the mature

follicle to produce two important hormones: Oestrogen and Progesterone. During pregnancy PRL is also responsible for the development of the glandular tissues of the breast which produce milk.

• LH (Luteinzing hormone) works in conjunction with FSH in females to cause ovulation and prepares the uterus for pregnancy, in males the testes to secrete testosterone.

• ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) stimulates the smooth muscles, blood vessels and the intestine. ADH increases the kidney's permeability to water allowing the body to re-absorb water that would otherwise escape in urine.

• OT (Oxytocin) stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus during pregnancy, causing it to contract during labour. It also stimulates the lacteals (milk ducts) in the breast.

• DI Diabetes Insipidus • FMTC Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma• HCG Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hormone) • I-131 Radioactive Iodine• MEN Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia - (familial) a.k.a. FMEN