End-of-Course Test Study Guide

The Scientific Method & Nature of Biology1. List the steps of the scientific method, in order. Write a brief description of each step.

a. – State a Problem (After making observations & asking questions)b. – Form a Hypothesisc. – Set up a Controlled Experimentd. – Collect Data (record results)e. – Analyze Resultsf. – Draw a Conclusiong. – Publish Results

2. Define: a. qualitative data - Data involving observations recorded other than #’s (i.e. color, shape, sound, etc.)b. quantitative data – Data involving observations recorded in #’s or amounts (i.e. 2 meters, 500 lbs, etc.)

3. If you are conducting an experiment to see whether or not a particular brand of fertilizer is successful at making peach trees produce more peaches: If I add this brand of fertilizer, then the peach trees will produce more peaches

a. What is the independent variable? Brand of Fertilizer How do you know? If statementb. What is the dependent variable? Production of peaches How do you know? Then statement

4. What is a control (constant variables)? Part of an experiment that does not change ( i.e. type of plant used, amount of fertilizer

5. What is the difference between an inference and a conclusion? An inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge, while a conclusion is an explanation of an event, supported by recorded data.

6. Describe when you would use the following types of graphs:a. Line graph – Used for data that is collected over time (quantitative)b. Bar graph – Data found in categories or groups (usually comparing only one characteristic)c. Pie graph – Compares how parts are related to one whole; Uses fractions and/or percents.

7. List some common tools used by scientists to make observations. Microscope, Hand lens, electrophoresis gels, bacteria plates, etc.

8. Label the parts of the microscope. What is the function of each of the parts listed below (on next page a – d)?

4X

10X

40X

Eyepiece

Nosepiece

Ocular Lens

Low objective

Arm

StageMedium Objective

Coarse Adjustment

High objective

Fine Adjustment

Base

Stage Clips

Light

Diaphragm

a. Objectives – Lenses that magnify specimen (multiply objective X eyepiece = total magnification)b. Coarse adjustment – Used with low power obj. lens; Bigger knob = Bigger changes.c. Fine adjustment – May be used with any objective (after coarse adjustment); sharpens focusd. Diaphragm – Used to adjust amount of light allowed through the stage opening.

9. Metric System…complete the chart.

Convert the following:a. 531 kg = 53,100,000 cgb. 21 mm = 0.021 metersc. 0.02 hl = 20 dld. 2 g = 0.002 kge. 2 g = 2,000 mg

10. What is the metric unit for the following?a. length meter b. mass gram c. volume liter

11. What is the subject of each of the following branches of biology?a. Botany Plantsb. Ecology how organisms interact with each other in the environmentc. Genetics Study of heredityd. Microbiology Study of Microscopic organismse. Taxonomy Study of classificationf. Zoology Study of animals

12. List the 7 levels of classification in order from most broad to most specific. (Desperate King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti) Domain Kingdome Phylum Class Order Genus Species

13. The scientific name for humans is Homo Sapiens (write it properly).14. Humans would be most closely related to organisms with the same (Choose one K P C O F G S).15. Complete the following Kingdom Chart:

Kingdom Main characteristics Examples  Archaebacteria

unicellular, prokaryotic, heterotroph or autotroph, lives in harsh environment (& everywhere else)

 methanogens, halophiles

 Eubacteria 

unicellular, prokaryotic, heterotroph or autotroph, cell walls contain peptidoglycan

 E.coli, Streptococcus

 Protista 

 usually unicellular; eukaryotic; algae are autotrophs; protozoa are heterotrophs

 Amoeba, Paramecia, Volvox

 Fungi 

 usually multicellular; eukaryotic; heterotrophs (decomposers)

 yeast, mushrooms, bread mold

 Plantae 

 always multicellular; eukaryotic; autotrophs (photosynthetic)

 grasses, trees, flowers, fruits, vegetables

 Animalia 

 always multicellular; eukaryotic; heterotrophs  insects, sponges, squirrels, jellyfish

Ecology and the Environment1. The thin layer of land, air, and water where life on Earth exists is the biosphere.2. Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment3. A group of the same species of organisms living in an area is a population.

Prefix Symbol Multiple of base unit

Kilo k 1000hecto h 100deka da or D 10Base Base Unit 1Deci d 0.1Centi c 0.01milli m 0.001

4. A group of more than one type of species in an area is a community.5. Different species of organisms in an area, plus the nonliving parts of the environment make up the

ecosystem.6. Environmental factors that are living are referred to as biotic, while those that are nonliving are known as

abiotic. Plants, animals, and bacteria are examples of biotic factors. Four examples of abiotic factors are water, temperature, oxygen, and natural disasters.

7. The place where an organism lives is its habitat, while it’s “job” or “way of life” is called it’s niche. 8. The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is the sun, but only 10% of this energy is transferred to the

next trophic level.9. Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs or producers. They are found at the bottom of the

energy pyramid.10. The path of energy from producer to consumer is a food chain. Make one containing at least four

organisms. (Word Bank: snake, grass, Rabbit, Hawk) grassrabbitsnakehawk11. Many interconnected food chains make up a food web.12. T or F. Energy is recycled in an ecosystem.13. T or F. Matter is recycles in an ecosystem.14. Water Cycle: Rain, snow, and sleet are examples of precipitation. When liquid water changes into the

gaseous state, it is called evaporation. When water evaporates from leaves into the atmosphere, it is called transpiration. When water changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state, it is called condensation.

15. Nitrogen Cycle: Bacteria are found in the root nodules of special plants called legumes; they convert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants. Animals get this nitrogen when they eat plants. When organisms die, nitrogen is returned to the soil.

16. Carbon Cycle: Carbon enters the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned, when organisms do cell respiration, and during volcanic eruptions. Carbon leaves the abiotic and enters the biotic parts when plants perform photosynthesis and when decomposers break down dead organisms.

17. Phosphorus Cycle: Plants get phosphorus from the soil. Animals get it when they eat plants. It is returned to the soil when plants and animals die.

18. When communities change over time, it is called ecological succession. There are 2 types. If NO LIFE existed there before, it is primary succession. The first organisms to colonize such an area are pioneer species, such as lichen. What types of organisms are next? Mosses Shrubs Pines Hardwood Trees

19. When there used to be life, but a disaster occurs, killing everything, secondary succession occurs. It is faster because soil is already present. This type usually begins with things like grasses.

20. A community that is relatively stable and unlikely to change is called a climax community.21. If the number of births equals the number of deaths in a community, zero population growth is the result.22. If the population grows exponentially because there are no limiting factors, the growth curve looks like the

letter J. The population size will rapidly exceed the carrying capacity and will likely crash.23. If the population levels off (stabilizes) at the carrying capacity, due to limiting factors, the curve is called

logistic, and is shaped like the letter S24. Some examples of limiting factors are food, space, interspecific competition, intraspecific competition,

disease, sunlight, etc. 25. A large region that has a certain climate and characteristic animals and plants is called a biome. The climate

is based on amount of precipitation and temperature.26. Review the following biomes (Know the climate, animals, and plants in area) Tropical Rainforest,

Savanna, Desert, Temperate Grassland, Temperate Forest, Taiga, Tundra.27. Aquatic environments: examples of standing water: lakes & ponds, examples of moving water: rivers &

streams. There is freshwater and saltwater. An estuary is a combination of the two.What are some ways humans have caused the extinction of species? Clear-cutting (habitat loss), pollution (habitat degradation), introduction of exotic species, building roads through habitat (habitat fragmentation)

28. A harmful product or waste product in the environment is a pollutant. Air pollution is caused from burning of fossil fuels. Examples of air pollutants are dust, smoke, ash, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides. A combination of smoke, gases, and fog is called smog. If it combines with water vapor, it produces acid rain.

29. If too much carbon dioxide is present in the atmosphere, it leads to the greenhouse effect. This is thought to contribute to global warming

30. What are some things that may cause water pollution? sewage, chemical wastes, fertilizer, dirty wash water31. What happens to the materials that are not recycled or cannot be recycled or reused? landfills32. What are two alternate sources of energy for electricity, instead of burning fossil fuels? solar power & wind

power

The Cellular Basis of Life1. List the 3 parts of the cell theory: Cell is the basic unit of life, all organisms are composed of cells,

all cells come from pre-existing cells.2. List the 7 characteristics of living things: made of cells, require food for energy to carry out life

processes, respond to stimuli in their environment, reproduce offspring, growth & development, maintain homeostasis, pass on genetic code.

3. A unicellular organism has to perform all metabolic activities within one cell.4. A multicellular organism has specialized cells that perform certain jobs.5. In multicellular organisms, a group of related cells makes up tissues, which makes up organs,

which are grouped into organ systems, which work together to make up the organism.6. A prokaryotic cell does NOT contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.7. A eukaryotic cell does have a nucleus and other organelles.8. Passive transport: does not require energy. There are 3 examples:

a. diffusion - movement of materials from high to low concentration.b. osmosis - movement of water from high to low concentration.c. facilitated transport- movement of materials from high to low, with the help of a transport

protein.9. Active transport: does require energy input from the cell because materials are moving against

the concentration gradient, from low to high.10.Large particles may be engulfed into the cell by endocytosis; while they are removed from the cell

by exocytosis. Both of these require energy.11. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink. Remember,

water also goes from high to low.12. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water will enter the cell, causing it to burst/ swell.13. If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net movement of water because

dynamic equilibrium has already been reached.

Label the following solutions as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic. Use arrows to indicate the direction water will move.

hypertonic (water leaves) hypotonic (water enters) isotonic (water moves in & out equally)

10% NaCl 5% NaCl 5% NaCl 15% other 5% other 15% other 75% water 90% water 80% other

5% NaCl15% other80% water

5% NaCl15% other80% water

5% NaCl15% other80% other

Define the function of the following organelles – you may choose from the definitions below:

14._e_plasma (cell) membrane15._j__chloroplast16._f__nucleus17._a__nuclear membrane18._c__cytoplasm19._b__cell wall20._i__Golgi body21._k__endoplasmic reticulum22._d__ribosome23._l__chromatin/chromosome24._h__vacuole25._g__mitochondria

a. Boundary that surrounds the nucleusb. Found in plants for support & protectionc. Gel-like material where organelles are foundd. Makes proteinse. Gatekeeper; controls what comes in & out of cellf. Control center of cell; where DNA is foundg. Powerhouse; where energy is made from foodh. Stores substancesi. Packages proteinsj. Site of photosynthesis in plant cellsk. Distributes proteins like a roadwayl. Structure inside nucleus that contains genetic code

The Chemical Basis of Life

1. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. The 3 states are solid, liquid, and gas.2. The atom is the building block of all matter. There are 3 particles. Inside the nucleus are the protons,

which have a positive charge, and the neutrons, which have no charge. Surrounding the nucleus are the negatively-charged electrons.

3. Electrons found in the outermost shell are called valence electrons. When this shell is full, the atom is stable and does not bond with others. There can only be w electrons in the first shell, 8 in the second shell, and 8 or 18 in the third shell.

4. The atomic number tells you the number of protons, which equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.  The atomic mass minus atomic number tells you the number of neutrons.

5. Draw the atomic structure for boron.6. An element is a substance made up of all the same kind of atoms. The most

common ones found in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.

7. There are 3 types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and hydrogen.a. ionic bond : electrons are transferred, resulting in charged atoms that are held together because

opposites attract. Ex- NaCl (sodium chloride)b. covalent bond : electrons are shared. Ex- CO2

c. hydrogen bond : weak attractions between polar molecules. Ex- holds water molecules to other water molecules; holds nitrogenous bases together in a DNA molecule

8. A chemical reaction is when chemical bonds are broken and new bonds form.9. An organic compound always contains carbon and comes from living things.10. An inorganic compound does not contain carbon and comes from nonliving things.11. The most important inorganic compound for living things is water. It is polar (the hydrogen side is

positive while the oxygen side is negative). It is a great solvent (it can dissolve most things), necessary for most chemical reactions in living things.

12. The four basic types of organic compounds found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

13. Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements: C, H, and O. Carbs provide a major source of energy. Monosaccharide example: glucose polysacchararide example: starch and cellulose

14. Three types of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. The building blocks of lipids are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains. Uses in the body: insulation; waterproof skin (& plant leaves); cover neurons to insulate current; found in phospholipid membranes

15. Proteins contain these elements: C, H, O, N, and sometimes P. The building blocks are amino acids. They are used for growth and repair. A special type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction is called an enzyme.

16. Nucleic acids contain an organism’s genetic code. The building blocks are nucleotides.  Ex: DNA & RNA

17. When cells break down glucose to make energy, they are carrying out cellular respiration. Plants get this food by performing photosynthesis.

18. Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration:  Circle the reactants, underline the products. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2

19. Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis:  Circle the reactants, underline the products. 6H2O + 6CO2→C6H12O6 + 6O2

20. The molecule that cells use to carry out cellular activities is called ATP. Energy is released when one phosphate is removed, forming ADP.

21. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? sunlight22. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? aerobic uses oxygen; anaerobic does

not

23. What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration? lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation How many net ATPs are produced in each? 2  How many net ATPs are produced in aerobic respiration? 36

DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation

24. What 3 things make up a nucleotide? phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base25. How do the nitrogenous bases pair up? A-T, C-G26. What is it called when DNA is copied? replication Where does it take place? nucleus27. What would the complementary strand of DNA look like for: A T T C G C A T G?            

T  A  A  G  C  G  T  A  C28. Name 3 ways that DNA and RNA differ. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA is double-

stranded, RNA is single-stranded; DNA has thymine; RNA has uracil29. What are the 3 types of RNA and what do they do? mRNA- brings copy of instructions from DNA in

nucleus to the ribosomes; rRNA- along with proteins, makes up ribosomes; tRNA- brings amino acids to the ribosome to build proteins

30. What is it called when DNA is used to make mRNA? transcription31. 32.  Transcribe the following A T T C G C A T G U  A  A  G  C  G  U  A  C32. Three bases in a row make up a codon. This matches to the anticodon found on the tRNA. The tRNA

carries the appropriate amino acid to build a protein. This occurs at the ribosomes. The process is called protein synthesis, or translation.

33. What shape does a DNA molecule have? double helix

Genetics & Patterns of ChangeThe Cell Cycle

1. The 3 stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, & cytokinesis.2. Interphase is the longest phase. What 3 things happen during this phase?

a. G1: cell growsb. S: DNA is replicatedc. G2: cell prepares to divide

3. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.4. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.5. The two resulting cells are identical and are called daughter cells.6. The four phases of mitosis are (include a description of each):

a. prophase: duplicated chromosomes become distinct & spindle fibers radiate across the cell b. metaphase: duplicated chromosomes line up randomly in the center of the cell between the

spindlesc. anaphase: duplicated chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. The number of

chromosomes at each end will be the same as the original numberd. telophase: a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell. spindle

fibers disappear and the chromosomes disperse and become less distinct.

Draw out the stages of mitosis in the space below:

      metaphase           anaphase                 telophase              prophase                    interphase

Order: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase 

7.      The difference between animal cell division and plant cell division is animal cells pinch in and separate, but plant cells have cell walls that are too rigid to pinch, so a cell plate forms to divide them.

8.      Cell division is necessary in order for a cell to reproduce for growth and repair.9.      Mitosis makes diploid cells, which means there are 2 of each chromosome (pairs). In humans, these cells

have 46 chromosomes. Since the 2 chromosomes in the pair are similar, they are referred to as homologous.10.  Meiosis is how sex cells are formed (also called gametes). They have half the number of chromosomes and

are therefore referred to as haploid cells.11.  In meiosis, 4 cells are formed, all of which are different. In egg production, only 1 egg forms, along with 3 

polar bodies. It makes 4 sperm.

Word Bank for #’s 8-11

Reproduce for growth & repair, 4, 4, 1, 3, haploid, different, polar bodies, sex, homologus, 46, gametes, diploid

Genetics:12. Genetics is the study of heredity. The father of genetics was Gregor Mendel, who did his research on pea

plants.13.  A characteristic a person receives from his/her parent is a trait. The instructions for them are carried on

genes, which are found on chromosomes.14.  A person gets one gene for each trait from each parent. The alternative versions of genes are known as

alleles. If the two alleles are identical, the pair is homozygous, if the pair is different, it is heterozygous, or hybrid. The combination of alleles is called the genotype, while the physical appearance is the phenotype.

15.  The allele that shows up is dominant, while the one that is hidden is recessive.16.  Mendel’s work is summarized in 3 laws:

a.       Law of Dominance: the dominant allele will prevent the recessive allele from being expressed. The recessive allele will appear when it is paired with another recessive allele in the offspring.

b.      Law of Segregation: gene pairs separate when gametes are formed, so each gamete has only one allele of each gene pair.

c.       Law of Independent Assortment: different pairs of genes separate independently of each other when gametes are formed

17.  A genetic cross involving only one trait is a monohybrid trait. If it involves 2 traits, it is a dihybrid trait. The cross is done on a Punnett square.

18.  Black fur is dominant to white fur in rabbits. If a heterozygous rabbit is crossed with a white rabbit, what will the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring be?

Bb  x  bb                                                                                                  B        b     Genotypic ratio: 50% Bb, 50% bb    Phenotypic ratio: 50% black, 50% white                                              b                                                                                                                b

 19.  The sex chromosomes in males are sperm, while females have eggs.20.  Some traits are carried only on the sex chromosomes. These are called sex-linked, or X-linked traits.

Usually, they are on the X chromosome, so are more common in males since males only have one X chromosomes.

21.  During meiosis, homologous chromosomes may cross over, resulting in a new combination of genes.22.  Changes in the genetic code of an organism result from mutations, which may be spontaneous or caused by

a mutagen.23.  Sometimes during meiosis, homologous pairs do not separate, so the resulting sperm or eggs will have

either one extra or one missing chromosome. This is called nondisjunction and can lead to genetic disorders called trisomy or monosomy. An example of a trisomy of the 21st chromosome is Down Syndrome.

24.  Genetic engineering has lead to many advances in medicine and agriculture. Bacteria have been produced that can make insulin, thanks to recombinant DNA.

25.  When a species changes over time, it is referred to as evolution. This occurs due to natural selection. This theory was proposed by Charles Darwin.

26.  According to natural selection, organisms that are more suited to their environment will survive and reproduce, therefore passing on their traits.

27.  Evolution that occurs within the species level is called microevolution.28.  Evolution that occurs between different species is called macroevolution.

Microorgansims: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

Viruses:

1.      Viruses are [living, nonliving]. They are composed of an outer protein coat, with nucleic acid inside. They must replicate inside of a host (where).

2.      When a virus injects its DNA into the host cell, it hijacks the host, forcing it to make copies of viral DNA. Once the viral proteins are assembled, the cell ruptures, releasing the viruses. This is referred to as the lytic cycle.

3.      If the viral DNA is not immediately copied, it becomes integrated within the host's DNA. When the host cell divides, the daughter cells produced will also contain copies of the provirus. The virus may be dormant for several years in this state, but it is being spread. This is called the lysogenic cycle. After time the lytic cycle will take over.

4.      Some common diseases caused by viruses are AIDS, chickenpox, hepatitis, herpes, influenza, measles, mumps, polio, rabies, smallpox.

5.      Viruses do not respond to antibiotics. The body produces interferons to help fight viruses. Animals can receive immunity from viruses through vaccines, which is when the animal is injected with dead or weakened viruses so that antibodies will be produced against it.

Bb

Bb

bb

bb

Bacteria6.      Bacteria belong to the Kingdoms Archaebacteria & Eubacteria. They are single-celled organisms [with,

without] a nucleus. Therefore they are referred to as prokaryotes.7.      Most bacteria are heterotrophs because they must get food from an outside source. However, blue-green

bacteria are autotrophs who do photosynthesis. Some perform chemosynthesis, getting food from chemical compounds.

8.      The three shapes of bacteria are coccus (which is round/spherical), bacillus (which is rod-shaped), and spirilla, (which is spiral-shaped).

9.      The circular DNA of bacteria is called a plasmid. Some bacteria also have a tail, called a flagellum. Some bacteria form endospores, in which the DNA is protected in a coating until conditions are favorable. The process whereby bacteria reproduce is referred to as binary fission. They cannot do mitosis, since there is no nucleus.

10.  In what ways are bacteria beneficial to us? decomposing dead organisms, nitrogen fixation in root nodules, live in intestines & help break down food/make vitamins, clean up oil spills

11.  What are some foods produced with bacteria? cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, soy sauce, pickles, sourdough bread...

12.  Some common diseases caused by bacteria are cholera, diptheria, leprosy, Lyme disease, meningitis, plague, pneumonia, syphilis, tetanus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever

13.  Some bacteria cause disease by releasing toxins, while others cause disease by breaking down tissues for food. Bacterial diseases can be transmitted by air, in food or water, direct contact, or vectors (like ticks, fleas, lice, raccoons, etc.). To fight bacterial infections, antibiotics may be taken.

14.  Some ways to prevent bacterial infection are skin & surfaces should be washed, food should be cooked thoroughly, contaminated water should be boiled.

Protists: Make sure you also review your notes for the different types of Protists

15. Kingdom Protista is composed of mostly single-celled organisms that all have a membrane-bound nucleus. Thus, they are referred to as eukaryotes.

16.  Plant-like protists are known as algae; animal-like protists are referred to as protozoa, while fungus-like protists are just fungus-like protists!

17.  Protozoa are classified based on their method of locomotion.18.  Algae contain chlorophyll and accessory pigments in order to do photosynthesis. They must live in a moist

environment. They are generally classified based on the color pigments they contain. 19.  How are protists beneficial? food chain in aquatic ecosystems, oxygen source, used in soups and salads,

used to thicken foods, like ice cream, pudding, and soups, used in medicines, used to make agar, used to make plastics and paints

20.  What are some diseases caused by protists? Malaria, African sleeping sickness, giardia21.  What is an algal bloom? when algae reproduce rapidly. it causes a decrease in nutrients in the water, which

results in death and decomposition, which depletes the oxygen in the water.22.  What causes red tides? Massive blooms of dinoflagellates. They produce toxins that become concentrated in

shellfish and can kill fish and make people sick.Fungi22.   Fungi are usually multi-celled organisms that must decompose to get energy. Unlike plants, they DO NOT

perform photosynthesis.23. Fungi are made of filaments called hyphae, which intertwine into a tangled mass known as a mycelium.

Their cell walls are composed of chitin.24. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. They are classified based on the way they form spores

25. How are fungi beneficial? break down organic material, thereby recycling nutrients; make antibiotics

26. What are some foods produced with fungi? bread, alcoholic beverages, some cheeses, edible fungi: morels, mushrooms, truffles

27. What are some diseased caused by fungi? ringworm, athlete's foot, thrush, yeast infection in animals.  in plants: wheat rust, food mildew, corn smut...

28. What are some negative effects of fungi? attack food, clothing, and paper

Plants & Animals

1.      All plants are [unicellular, multicellular] and are [eukaryotes, prokaryotes].2.      Plant cells contain 2 things not found in animal cells: chloroplasts & cell walls.3.      The cell walls are made of cellulose, which is a type of carbohydrate.4.      Some small plants transport water and food only by diffusion. These are nonvascular plants. Larger, more

complex vascular plants have conductive tissue for this job.5.      Bryophytes (2 examples: mosses & liverworts) are nonvascular plants that reproduce by producing spores.

-found in moist/damp environment.6.      Plant life cycles are referred to as “alternation of generations”, cycling between haploid (_1_N,

gametophyte) and diploid (_2N, sporophyte) generations. Which generation is most recognizable in mosses? gametophytes

7.      Alternation of generations: the haploid gametophyte generation produces gametes (eggs & sperm) by mitosis. They come together to form a zygote, which is the sporophyte. The sporophyte then produces spores by meiosis. They develop into the gametophyte.

8.      The two types of vascular tissue are xylem (which transports water up from the roots to the rest of the plant) and phloem (which transports food/glucose from the leaves to the rest of the plant). In these plants, the sporophyte generation is most recognizable. Some only produce spores (3 examples: club mosses, horsetails, & ferns), while others produce seeds.

9.      The seed of a plant contains the embryo and a food supply (cotyledon) surrounded by the seed coat.10.  Seed-producing plants are divided into 2 groups: gymnosperms (naked seeds, often in cones) and

angiosperms (flowering plants). Examples of gymnosperms are pines, junipers, and redwoods. Examples of angiosperms are grasses, fruit trees, and flowers.

11.  In flowers, the seeds (used to be ovules) are protected within a fruit (an enlarged ovary). They are further divided into 2 groups: monocots (one cotyledon, ex-corn, iris) and dicots (2 cotyledons, ex-maple, rose, beans).

12.  The three main organs of a plant are the leaf, stem, and root.13.  Three jobs of roots: anchor the plant, absorb water & minerals, and storing food. Two kinds of roots: taproot

& fibrous root.14.  Two jobs of stems: support & transport.15.  Main job of leaves: photosynthesis16.  Seed plants can reproduce without water. What may carry their pollen? wind, water, or animals.  Pollen is

really plant sperm!17.   Under the right conditions, seeds will sprout, or germinate.

Phylum Name Common Name Reproductive Structure Examples Ascomycota  sac fungi ascospores produced in

ascus (sac-like structure)cup fungi, yeasts, mildew

 Basidiomycota club fungi basidiospores produces in basidium (club-like structure)

mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts

 Deuteromycota imperfect fungi no sexual phase known Penicillium, ringworm, athlete's foot fungus

 Zygomycota common molds conjugation (the fusion of two nuclei from different mating strains)

Rhizopus (black bread mold)

18.  What are some ways that humans use plants? food, building supplies (furniture, houses), clothes (cotton), rope, medicines, perfumes

19.  Label the parts of the flower. Look at your flower dissection lab to see if you labeled the flower correctly.

20. Animals with a backbone are vertebrates; those without are invertebrates.21. Comparative Invertebrate Survey Review Survey & Notes for Inverts.22. Vertebrates are part of the phylum Chordata22. All vertebrates have bilateral symmetry, a [true coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom] and an [endoskeleton, exoskeleton].23. Review all of your notes for Vertebrates.

Word Bankpistil petalstamen stigmaovary ovulefilament styleanther sepal