enbe town proposal


CONTENTS

TITLE PAGEIntroduction 3A Town 4Investigation & Data Collection: Ancient City 8Investigation & Data Collection: Present City 11Investigation & Data Collection: Future City 17Introducing the New ‘X’ Town: Wolke 19Conclusion 30Reference list 30



Introduction

Every town will need to sustain itself. Just like any other living creature, a town is unique by itself. A better town of the future requires the knowledge of planning, constructing, elements of a town and also elements for a good town. The task given to every student is to pretend ourselves as the chairman of a town, and thus propose a better town for the future, because of the world we are now living is no longer liveable.

Students were given options to choose the theme as following:a. An underground townb. An underwater townc. An floating on water townd. A city in the air

e. On land next to a river or sea

We were also required to research on ancient towns, present towns as well as future towns in order to know better about town planning and also understand the content about a town as well as the natural environment. Through these researches, students will have to propose the new ‘X’ town.



1. A TOWN1.1 Definition

According to Oxford Dictionary, a town is a built-up area with a name, defined boundaries, and local government, that is larger than a village and generally smaller than a city. Towns are not made up of the boundaries or buildings but the people in them. The size definition for what constitutes a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world.

1.2 Difference between a Town and a CityPeople often got confused between the difference between a town and a city.

Before the research on town planning, a research on the difference between town and city was done. Cities are larger than towns and more densely populated. City sometimes may merge with their surrounding areas while towns do not. Most of the important administrative offices are situated in the cities. The centre power is normally situated in cities. A mayor is the head of a city corporation where a chairman is the head for the municipals of the town. In the US, ‘city’ is a legal term that means an urban area with autonomous power. In other countries, the word does not have a legal basis but refers to a large settlement. A town was a living space with a place of worship, like a Church, Mosque or Synagogue, a town square, a central market and a town hall while many large cities were encircled by walls.

1.3 Brief History of British and Irish TownsA town is not just an oversized village. It has its own economy. It has handmade

goods and trading markets. So, a good site might be anywhere near the river.The development of town is normally complicated. The growth from medieval

core can be traced through belts of Georgian, Victorian and modern buildings. The

greatness and beauty of churches, public buildings and places of entertainment give

other clues to the periods of greatest prosperity.



Australian geographer Thomas Griffith Taylor proposed a classification of towns based on their age and pattern of land use. He identified five types of town:

● Infantile towns - with no clear zoning● Juvenile towns - which have developed an area of shops● Adolescent towns - where factories have started to appear● Early mature towns - with a separate area of high-class housing● Mature towns - with defined industrial, commercial and various types of

residential area

1.4 Evolution of Town PlanningAlongside organic communities, planned cities and towns have also existed from

ancient times. They often follow a simple grid laid over the landscape with houses placed side by side along the streets. During the 15th century, rulers aimed to achieve great effects with bold geometry and large public areas while this tendency grew further during the Baroque era, which is the 17th century. The architectural and landscape ensembles were designed and built. Parks and recreational area were designed for citizen’s leisure during the 19th century where The Colonial Office produced plans to be imposed on the land, regardless of how well or how bad they suited a site. By the early 20th century, town planning was developing as a profession in its own right. Several schools of thought about civic design became influential.

1.5 Elements of a TownTown Planning is a process regarding the use of land and design of the

environment, including air, water passing into and out of the town, with infrastructure

such as transportation and distribution networks. Town planners ensure the orderly

development of satellite communities which commute throughout the town areas. It

concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, design, public

consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.

Town generally have a complex system for

● Sustainability

● Transportation

● Environmental factors

● Scope or zoning

● Utilities

● Water and sanitation infrastructure



Town usually is made up of

● Efficient road system

● Town hall and town centre

● Located in suburb

● Own attraction spot and religious place

● Less populated than cities

● Own business and food process technology

Before the 19th century, Town planning doesn’t consider as a particular

profession. There are, of course, differences from country to country. Town planning

was often focused on those processes by the town planners which created the plans.

However, sustainable development is a recent, controversial concept. Wheeler, in his

2004 book, defines sustainable urban development as "development that improves the

long-term social and ecological health of cities and towns." He sketches a 'sustainable'

city's features: compact, efficient land use; less automobile use, yet better access;

efficient resource use; less pollution and waste; the restoration of natural systems; good

housing and living environments; a healthy social ecology; a sustainable economy;

community participation and involvement; and preservation of local culture and wisdom.

1.6 Elements of a Good TownGood towns are the ones which applies a design strategy focused on walkable

public areas for people to hang out. A good town is also defines as a town which

contain original culture mixed with sustainable environments and the thirst to keep the

communities small but affluent.

A lot of town design and new component of town form were started from the theory of liveability. The elements of liveability include:



● Preservation of nature● Renewable energy used● Sufficient food and water supply● Strong medical support for citizen● Effective public transportation ● Strong education and business base● Various type of research centre for technology and nature● Organized water sewage and disposal system● Powerful security system● Equal distribution of wealth and income● Proper planning for town development● Green environment ● Disaster resistant building

1.7 The Future TownAs situations changes, we alter the way we live, our design, engineer buildings

and transportation networks. For instance, after the Tsunami occurred in 2004, the affected countries installed Tsunami early warning systems in and around the Indian Ocean. The most important element of the future town is not the appearance but its survivability. It should have its own food, water and energy supply to support the whole nation even if it’s cut off from the world.

Nobody knows what will happen in the future, but the reality is people are suffering from all sorts of pollution now and also overcrowded. Towns and cities from the ancient times were planned by people, but it should be constructing by ideas in the future, which is the sustainable concept.



The basic component of a sustainable town includes good town planning and also corporate with the nature. Go green should be the first and foremost motto for the town planner before a town was planned. The future city should include elements as following:

● Minimal traffic problem● Disaster proof technology● Renewable energy as main energy supply● Policies to cut waste and water consumption● Encourage higher education for citizens● Favours green technology● Encourage innovative economy● Municipals of town which acts as the lead example

2. INVESTIGATION & DATA COLLECTION: ANCIENT TOWNShibam,Yemen



2.1 Introduction to Shibam Shibam is a town located in Yemen with about 7000 citizen and it’s famous for its

mud brick-made tower houses. It is known as the Manhattan of the desert, this timeless town raises high on the southern tip of Arabian Peninsula with ancient structures which cohere with the landscape. The town originally backs up to a cliff in a fertile oasis in the heart of the Ramlat al-Sab`atayn desert in central Yemen, a flood-prone area which washed away much of the old Shibam in 1530s. So Shibam's inhabitants reconstructed the city on a raised plateau, the only area within the oasis at an elevation high enough to stave off another potentially catastrophic flood. The population began to grow and demand for space, where they have no real viable option to expand, so the architects built up.

Each major building is about the height from 5 to 11 stories, with each floor having one or two apartments, placing each in a unique position. Like the fortified wall that surrounds this fortress city, this building technique was implemented in order to protect the people from Bedouin attacks. The incredibly tall houses and buildings, combined with their awkward positioning on the side of the cliff, earned Shibam, as a town, earned the title of the oldest skyscraper in the world.

To protect the buildings from rain and erosion, the exterior walls are thickly coated and must be constantly maintained. The domestic architecture of Shibam including its visual impact rising out of the floodplain of the wadi, functional design, materials and construction techniques is an outstanding but extremely vulnerable expression of Arab and Muslim traditional culture. After the second great flood a system of dams was built to deflect future flood waters. The lowest was the Muza' dam, which has been continually repaired ever since, so that no major damage has been done by flood waters in the 16th century. The walled city is believed to have essentially retained its form since that time.



2.2 Significant elements of ShibamShibam is one of the oldest and best examples of town planning based on the

principle of vertical construction. ● Its plan is trapezoidal, almost rectangular.● It is enclosed by earthen walls within a block of dwellings which was laid

out on an orthogonal grid. ● Surrounded by a fortified wall to protect the citizens from rival attack● Strict rules remained in force until recently in an attempt to control building

within the area of the walls.● Well organised usage for each floor, such as the windowless lower floors

is used for grain storage.● High building was built to protect them from natural disaster.● The top one or two levels of all the buildings are protected from rain by

white lime plaster.● Continuous surface over all the roofs, parapets and outer walls, extending

downwards in some cases about 5 m from the top which makes the town looks neat.

● Ability to combine the town with surrounding, they’re basically attached to the side of the cliff.

● Uniform zoning of town, using the rectangular grid plan.

2.3 ConclusionShibam had proved itself for being the most well organised town with the used of

vertical construction. Shibam is often called the oldest skyscraper town with the present of its tallest mud buildings in the world, thus being the early high-rise apartment buildings. In order to protect the buildings from rain and erosion, the walls were routinely maintained by applying fresh layers of mud.

It combined itself perfectly with the side of the cliff in order to avoid the flood which can destroy almost everything in the town. Shibam has a unique architectural heritage where the master builders and craftsmen have learnt how to build to suit geography, location, the climate and available materials. For instance, Shibam is built solely of mud bricks made by hand and baked dry in the sun. Shibam’s architecture reclaims the steep mountainous terrain which makes the city blend naturally into the terrain it is situated on.

2.4 Elements which can be use for the Future TownShibam can be considered as the masterpiece of building architecture and

urbanism. The integration of Shibam with the surrounding environment as if it’s part of nature fully portrays the cordial and the dazzling relationship between nature and human culture.



● The layout of the buildings which are close together means they provide shade for one another and also shade the ravine like streets in between.

● The use of natural elements for building construction with the right combination of clay, silt and sand, forming the natural waterproof layer for the mud building.

● The use of renewable energy which is the solar energy during the construction process and after the building is redundant, it will naturally return to the Earth without leaving any pollution to it.

● Mud brick can be a better element to construct a building and also a more gentle way for the nature, it can be used to develop the modern world even better than human can think.

● The organized town zoning and a uniform layout using the rectangular grid.

3. INVESTIGATION & DATA COLLECTION: PRESENT TOWNVauban, Freiburg, Germany



3.1 Introduction to Vauban

Vauban is arguably the most famous eco-neighbourhood of Europe planned for

5,000 inhabitants to the south of the town centre in Freiburg, Germany. It was built as a

sustainable model district on the site of a former French military base. Low-energy

building is obligatory in this district; zero-energy and energy-plus building and the

application of solar technology are standard for most. Old trees were preserved as

much as possible by the government. The town consist of green spaces between

housing rows for good climatic conditions and they provide a play area for children.

Infrastructure was created parallel to private development, such as schools, youth

facilities, meeting places, market square and also recreational places. Vegetation-

covered flat roofs store rainwater, which is collected and re-used.



As radical when it comes to transport as it is when it comes to energy

consumption, the neighbourhood’s philosophy is based on a “car free” principle. The

neighbourhood area is traffic-calmed, with the majority of households not owning a car.

Private motor vehicles are parked in either of the two garages of the Quarter. Since

2006, the residential area has been linked to the city tram system, enabling 70% of

people gave up their cars, using local public transport or riding their bikes instead.

Among the residents living without a car, 81% had previously owned one. All placed

within walking or cycling distance of one another, everything is designed with cyclists

and pedestrians in mind. Residential streets are “stellplatz free” or “free from parking

spaces” – though pick up and deliveries are permitted.

Dr. Jörg Lange’s vision was for a ‘wastewater free’ house, in which organic and

human waste would become a source of energy and recovered nutrients rather than

merely a costly pollution problem. Vacuum toilets, which reduce the water usage by

nine tenths, were installed to transport human waste to an anaerobic biogas digester,

which produces liquid fertilizer (high in recovered phosphorus) as well as biogas to be

used for cooking. Grey water from showers, dishwashers and sinks is reused after

being cleansed in aerated sand filters and treated with UV rays. Rainwater flows

through gutters into bio-swales with gravel substrata, where it is filtered before leaching

into the groundwater



3.2 Significant elements of VaubanAt present, Vauban is home to nearly 5,100 residents. In addition to offering

varied housing options for a diversity of family needs, Vauban provides a complete range of shopping for everyday life as well as a large array of professional services. Altogether, there are some 600 jobs in the district, all of which can be easily accessed on foot or by bicycle. With connections by light rail and bus, as well as by walking trails and bike paths, to the rest of the city and the main train station.

● All houses are built to a low energy consumption standard, with 100 units designed to the Passivhaus ultra-low energy building standard.

● Other buildings are heated by a combined heat and power station burning wood chips, while many of the buildings have solar collectors or photovoltaic cells.

● Transportation is usually by foot or bicycle.● The use of fused grid to filter out cars which is accomplished by reducing

the number of streets that runs through the neighbourhood where most of the streets are crescents and cul-de-sacs like the diagram shown below.

Circulation in Vauban

● Most of Vauban's residential streets are described as stellplatz frei - literally "free from parking spaces".

● Promotes an integrated planning culture● Makes use of new forms of citizen participation which is the Baugruppen-

based process assured that citizens were interactive partners with the town and also as the primary housing developers.



3.3 ConclusionFrom the beginning, Vauban involved city administration, local politicians,

technical experts and representatives of citizen groups in the design and development of the district through a flexible and transparent process of continuous learning and ‘responsive planning’. It is clear that Vauban is quite successful for the sustainable town planning. It is the first housing community worldwide in which all the homes produce a positive energy balance. The solar energy surplus is then sold back into the city's grid for a profit on every home.

Vauban is known as the largest car free development in Europe. The city and individual Baugruppe have pushed the envelope on what it means to design, build and live in a renewable energy powered sustainable city. While still falling short of its most ambitious dreams, the district has pioneered a new paradigm for the collaborative development of sustainable communities.

3.4 Elements which can be use for the Future Town● Innovative transport policies complement physical design to make it

possible for residents to live ‘car-free’ in Vauban.

Efficient public transport used in Vauban

● Minimum standards for energy use, building quality and ecological landscape design that.

● Energy conserving and renewable energy technologies at all scales of environment.

● Highly efficient cogeneration plant (CHP) operating on wood-chips is operating since 2002 and connected to the district's heating grid.

● Solar collectors and photovoltaics are commonly used on the district's roofs.



Solar roofing used in Vauban

● Streets and other public spaces is playground for kids and places for social interaction.

Public playground for social interaction

● A school, kindergartens, a farmer's market, businesses, a shopping centre, a food coop, recreation areas, and approximately 600 jobs will all be within walking and cycling distance.

● Infiltration of rainwater into the ground: The system covers 80% of the residential area.

● New ecological sewage system within one pilot project through vacuum pipes. Faeces are transported into a biogas plant, thus generating biogas, which is used for cooking. Remaining waste water is cleaned in biofilm plants and returned to the water cycle.



4. INVESTIGATION & DATA COLLECTION: FUTURE TOWNCloud Nine

4.1 Introduction to Cloud NineCloud nine is the name Buckminster Fuller gave to his proposed airborne

habitats created from giant geodesic spheres, which might be made to levitate by slightly heating the air inside above the ambient temperature.

Geodesic spheres, structures of triangular components arranged to make a sphere, become stronger as they become bigger, due to how they distribute stress over their surfaces. He suggested that if the air inside such a sphere were heated even by one degree higher than the ambient temperature of its surroundings, the sphere could become airborne. If the internal air were heated by either solar energy or even just the average human activity inside, it would only take a 1 degree shift in Fahrenheit over the external temperature to make the sphere float. Since the internal air would get denser when it cooled, Bucky imagined using polyethylene curtains to slow the rate that air entered the sphere. He calculated that such a balloon could lift a considerable mass, and hence that 'mini-cities' or airborne towns of thousands of people could be built in this way.

Each sphere could accommodate a whole city and would connect to others. A cluster of spheres could create giant urban networks, nomadic and travelling over the earth, or tethered to mountains and other natural formations. By modulating the exposure to sunlight, and thus, direct thermal heat, a sphere could be raised and lowered at will. Fuller asserted that the possibility of these floating cities was contingent on their recycling and maintaining weight, by which he meant that the weight of the



structure, and everything in it including buildings, would be negligible compared to the air it enclosed. The 'cloud nines' could be tethered, or free-floating, or manoeuvrable so that they could 'migrate' in response to climatic and environmental conditions, such as providing emergency shelters.

4.2 Significant elements of Cloud NineBuckminster Fuller theorized that if we could build a spherical structure large

enough, it could potentially float into the sky with some simple temperature adjustments. Not only would it hold its own weight, but these spheres could house people, their belongings and an entire infrastructure of buildings inside.

● Using temerity1 concept where the relationship between tension and integrity allows the geodesic dome, a building that looked like a sphere cut in half and composed of triangular supports, to support comparatively great weights.

● Displaced air were heated by only degree higher than the outside air, the structure would rise up into the sky, like a giant hot air balloon.

● Each sphere could accommodate a whole city and would, in turn, be connected to others. A cluster of spheres could create giant urban networks, nomadic and travelling over the earth, or tethered to mountains and other natural formations.

● By modulating the exposure to sunlight, and thus, direct thermal heat, a sphere could be raised and lowered at will.

4.3 ConclusionCloud nine is the name Buckminster Fuller gave to his proposed airborne

habitats created from giant geodesic spheres, which might be made to levitate by slightly heating the air inside above the ambient temperature.

Geodesic spheres, structures of triangular components arranged to make a sphere, become stronger as they become bigger, due to how they distribute stress over their surfaces. As a sphere gets bigger, the volume it encloses grows much faster than the mass of the enclosing structure itself.



Fuller suggested that the mass of a mile-wide geodesic sphere would be negligible compared to the mass of the air trapped within it. He suggested that if the air inside such a sphere were heated even by one degree higher than the ambient temperature of its surroundings, the sphere could become airborne. He calculated that such a balloon could lift a considerable mass, and hence that 'mini-cities' or airborne towns of thousands of people could be built in this way. The 'cloud nines' could be tethered, or free-floating, or manoeuvrable so that they could 'migrate' in response to climatic and environmental conditions, such as providing emergency shelters.

4.4 Elements which can be use for the Future TownThe progression of technical events alter all odd engineering concepts regarding

the relative increase in the overall weights of structures and the sky-floating tensegrity structures was designed.

● Tensegrity concept where two forces combined together and support great weights

● The technology where the town could float if the inner air is heated evenly by one degree higher than the ambient temperature.

5. INTRODUCING THE NEW ‘X’ TOWN - Wolke 5.1 Introduction to the New Town



Everybody prefers a better environment to live in. The world had been critically polluted and people were exposed to UV ray because there’s a huge hole in the ozone layer. The drastic climate change makes the world no longer liveable and people are striving for a better living environment. As the chairman of the town, I am responsible to propose a new town design for my people in order to save them.

The design purpose of Wolke is to survive in tough situations for a long time. The geodesic dome with a cloud-like base is decided, and thus the name Wolke is given to the town as Wolke is the German word for cloud. Geodesic domes are structures which look like half spheres made up of many triangular supports,

Geodesic domes enclose the biggest volume of space using the least amount of construction material. The lightweight yet strong materials are used to construct the structure to ensure that the dome is firm enough to support its own weight. The triangles that make up the structure make the domes durable where triangles are fixed angles which don’t distort easily and they can also work along with the strength of the strong arch shape.

The dome is known to have the strength to withstand natural disasters better than any other shaped structures. The town is built in the air, so a geodesic dome structure is needed for its strength and durability to sustain the town. The dome is also designed for the thinner air in the sky so that an independent environment is created in the dome due to the consideration of people will get dizzy when the air gets thinner, and the air will also get drier in the sky. The dome will also block the UV rays because there will be cloudless when the town gets higher and higher.

The new proposed town, Wolke, will have a total area of 40 km² with population of approximately 150,000 Malaysians. The town would drift at the altitude range of 1500 to 2200 feet above the sea level with a traveling speed of 120km/h and a maximum speed of 180km/h.

5.2 Reasons of choosing floating in the airWhen the buildings are redundant and the world is no longer liveable, people

would need somewhere which is totally different from the land we are living now. Therefore, a new town should be proposed in an inhabited place where people can live in a new environment without worrying the consequences of their living environment being polluted again. Hence, I hereby proposed a new town to be built in the air.

5.3 Important characteristics and features in the New TownAccording to the research I had done for the ancient, present and future town,

some significant aspect had been extracted and considered into the new town. These essential elements would be portrayed in the new town, Wolke.



5.3.1 The Exterior Geodesic dome

The geodesic dome is made up of two main elements which is the solar panel and louver.

o Louver

The louver used on the dome construction is horizontal slats that are angled to admit light and air, at the same time, allows rain to be directed into the dome at certain angle which would be adjusted by the auto-detecting operators and transmit the rain water into the rainwater harvest centre. It is also used as the ventilating system to maintain the temperature in the dome. The rainwater collected will be filtered and distributed for resident’s usage.

o Solar Panel

The solar panel used for the town is a set of large photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity for the town. It is installed across the dome and used as the main energy supply in Wolke. An operator is installed in the solar panel system where damaged can be detected and it contains a smart repairer which can repair the malfunctioned panels in time. Solar energy is a type of renewable energy which is eco-friendly and no pollution will be caused.



Process of generating energy

BaseThe concept of hot air balloon is used for the base of the town. Biomass served as the source of heat where the heated air inside the base makes it buoyant since it has a lower density than the relatively cold air outside which allow the dome to fly. The biomass energy is created by burning the domestic waste of the town where all domestic waste is directly transmitted to the base.

5.3.2 Zoning of the town


Government area

Recreational area

Residential area

Information area

Industrial area


A town will not be complete if there’s no proper zoning for it. A good town should have a proper zoning and organized sectors which are strategically planned. The town is mainly divided into 5 zones: Government area, Recreational area, Residential area, Information area, and also Industrial area.

Government area

The government area is located at the North-West of the town. The government area consists of the Town Hall, Divisional Office, Municipal Office, Town Square where the town monument will be located at, as well as a series of commercial block.

Recreational area

The recreational area is situated beside the government area. It consists of a Culture Village where all culture of different races will be brought together here as one. It also has a shopping centre surrounded by a huge recreational park. There is also a funfair behind the recreational park where small children can play in when the adults are shopping. There’s a sports centre beside the shopping centre.


Concept of shopping complex located at the middle of the park.

1. Town Hall2. Divisional Office3. Municipal Office4. Town Square5. Commercial block

6. Culture Village7. Shopping Complex8. Recreational Park9. Funfair10. Sports Center


Residential area

The residential area is surrounded by a series of climbers which acts as the buffer zone. It includes a religious area where the mosque, church, Chinese temple and also the Hindu temple are located at the same place. It also includes a fully equipped medical centre. Residential block is located at the middle of this area to ease the life of the residents. The market in this area consist of a variety of groceries choices for the residents daily life. The educational area includes the primary school and also secondary school while the university is situated beside the residential area. There is also a pedestrian walkway which is connected to the government and recreational area. It is a walkway decorated with green features along the road.


Concept of recreational park surrounding the shopping complex.

11. Religious Area12. Medical Centre13. Residential Block14. Market15. Educational Area16. Pedestrian Walkway21. University



The fully equipped medical centre which include the specialist service centre.

Residential block is built to accommodate more residents



The concept of pedestrian walkway with green features and shades.

others.


Information area

The information area is the combination of exhibition hall, museum and also the research centre. Exhibition hall is the place where researchers establish their new invention. Museum of Astronomy is located behind the hall where citizens can have further information about the planet. The greenhouse behind the research centre is actually the place where researchers research about those rare species of flora in order to avoid extinction. Tame animals can also be found there and visitors are allowed too. Greenhouse is connected to the research centre where visitors are not allowed to go in. The main feature of the research centre is to investigate about ways to conserve the environment and also invent more green technology for a better future.

Industrial area


others.

17. Exhibition Hall18. Museum of Astronomy19. Greenhouse20. Research Centre

Research centre for the invention of new technology.

Greenhouse for research purpose


The rainwater harvest centre serves as the main water supply in the town. It collects rainwater transmitted by the louver and processes it to become drinkable water. Farm and paddy field acts as the main supply for food in the town while the farm contributes domestic animals such as cows, lamb, etc. and the paddy field supplies the main food source. Palm oil is also planted in a large scale as it has a lot of uses.

5.3.3 Transportation System


22. Rainwater Harvest Centre23. Farm24. Paddy Field25. Palm Oil Field

The rainwater harvest centre as the main supply of water.


The Wolke town has 2 major transportation systems which is the Panotram and also Vidrio.

Panotram

Panotram is the public transport for the main route, the T shape at the middle of the town, which will go back and forth with the speed of 16km/h. The total time for one whole round is approximately 15 minutes. There are a total of 4 stations for this Panotram which is located at the government area, recreational area, residential


Panotram route

Vidrio route


area and information area. The concept of this transport is to communicate with the nature; hence the cabin is designed to be transparent.

Vidrio

Vidrio is the Spanish word for glass. Hence, Vidrio is basically a glass ball taxi which transport people from one place to another. It can access to anywhere in the town by just swiping the access card and type the destination into the smart GPS system. It can accommodate for maximum 6 people and it is anywhere in the town.

CONCLUSION

Throughout the research for ancient, present and future town, I had learnt that sustainability is the most important factor for town planning. It is important for a town to sustain itself for a very long time even in harsh conditions. For a good town planning, wise energy usage and supply, appreciation of the nature, efficiency of transportation system is the most solid examples for the sustainable efforts which should be implemented.

During the planning process, I learnt that a town planner should always learn from the past and current situations so that we can provide a better environment for the future ones. As long as it is carefully planned and organized, I believe that Wolke can be a real town floating in the air for the future ones.

REFERENCE LIST

1. http://www.idealcity.org.au/town_planning-1.html 2. http://www.buildinghistory.org/towns.shtml


http://www.buildinghistory.org/towns.shtml

http://www.idealcity.org.au/town_planning-1.html


3. http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-between- city-and-town/

4. http://media.wix.com/ugd/3919c1_612afe155b954f5ea228c6d2c481b117.pdf 5. http://www.vagabond-unlimited.co.uk/#!future-towns/c19bv 6. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/192 7. http://www.weather.com/travel/shibam-hadhramaut-manhattan-desert-yemen-

201310288. http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/mud-brick-architecture-of-yemen 9. http://www.shibamonline.net/eng/wadi12.php 10.http://www.fwtm.freiburg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1174690_l2/index.html 11.http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/explore-more/

initiatives-around-the-world/vauban-a-pioneering-sustainable-community-in-germany

12.http://www.academia.edu/7662360/ THE_SUSTAINABLE_URBAN_DISTRICT_OF_VAUBAN_IN_FREIBURG_GERMANY

13.http://www.solaripedia.com/13/95/vauban_community_(germany).html 14.http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/transport/

vauban---an-environmentally-friendly-and-almost-car-free-city/15.http://www.citylab.com/design/2011/11/ctiy-sky/527/ 16.http://www.geniusstuff.com/blog/flying-cities-buckminster-fuller/ 17.http://butterflyofdream.wordpress.com/cloud-nine/


http://butterflyofdream.wordpress.com/cloud-nine/

http://www.geniusstuff.com/blog/flying-cities-buckminster-fuller/

http://www.citylab.com/design/2011/11/ctiy-sky/527/

http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/transport/vauban---an-environmentally-friendly-and-almost-car-free-city/

http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/transport/vauban---an-environmentally-friendly-and-almost-car-free-city/

http://www.solaripedia.com/13/95/vauban_community_(germany).html

http://www.academia.edu/7662360/THE_SUSTAINABLE_URBAN_DISTRICT_OF_VAUBAN_IN_FREIBURG_GERMANY



http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/explore-more/initiatives-around-the-world/vauban-a-pioneering-sustainable-community-in-germany



http://www.fwtm.freiburg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1174690_l2/index.html

http://www.shibamonline.net/eng/wadi12.php

http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/mud-brick-architecture-of-yemen

http://www.weather.com/travel/shibam-hadhramaut-manhattan-desert-yemen-20131028

http://www.weather.com/travel/shibam-hadhramaut-manhattan-desert-yemen-20131028

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/192

http://www.vagabond-unlimited.co.uk/#!future-towns/c19bv

http://media.wix.com/ugd/3919c1_612afe155b954f5ea228c6d2c481b117.pdf

http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-between-city-and-town/

http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-between-city-and-town/

enbe town proposal

Education

town planning

town square

town hall

underwater town

underground town

good town

report better town

new x town