Emotional and Emotional and Social Social

Development of Development of InfantsInfants

Emotional and Emotional and Social Social

Development of Development of InfantsInfants

Chpt 8Chpt 8

Sect 1 Understanding Emotional Dev of Infants

p253

Objectives: • Compare and contrast emotional and

social development.• Explain the importance of attachment

to emotional development.• Relate the care an infant receives to

emotional development.• Analyze people according to different

temperament traits.• Explain how the emotional environment

in the home can affect a baby’s development

Key Terms• Emotional dev• Social dev• Attachment• Failure to thrive• Temperament• Colic • Reflux

Emotional Dev

The process of learning to recognizeand express feelings and establish aunique personal identity.• Helps you be confident

Social Dev The process of learning self

expressionand how to interact with others.

• Helps you communicate with others, • Helps you listen to different views

before acting, • Helps you show tolerance for others

Influences on Emotional and Social Dev

• The bond between caregiver and child

• The temperament of the child• The atmosphere of the home

Emotions in Infancy p254

Develop gradually5 Basic emotions• Interest 1 month• Sadness 1 ½ months• Disgust 5 months• Joy 5 ½ months• Anger 9 ½ months

Building Bonds of Attachment p255

• Attachment = bond between child and caregiver

• Physical contacts help build attachments (holding, cuddling, being near you)

• Crucial to emotional dev

Study with monkeys by Harry Harlow

Made 2 monkey-shaped formsout of chicken wire and softcloth.The baby monkeys clung to the“mothers” made of soft cloth,even if the chicken wire

“mothers” had their bottles.

.

Harryrry

Harry Harlow

• Conclusion

• Monkeys need to feel physical closeness as well as receive feedings

• Attachment requires more than physical contact.– As the baby monkeys grew, they didn’t

know how to relate to other monkeys (normal social relationships)

• Inability to interact normally is caused by lack of interaction with mothers

Erik Erikson, psychologist

• The first year of life is when infants learn to trust or mistrust the world.

• Love and affection from caregivers create a sense of trust

• Healthy attachments helps children have healthy, loving relationships later in life

• The first few months are the most important in forming attachments but they continue to grow until about age 2.

Something to Ponder

• What about children adopted after age 2?

• What kind of attachment do they have to their adoptive parents?

• Why are adoption agencies taking so long to place children?

Communication p256Signs of growing attachment to

caregivers• Respond to caregiver’s voice • Respond to facial expressions• Maintain eye contact• Stop crying when needs are met: food,

water, diaper change, warmth, cuddling• Gaze into the eyes of caregivers• Track movements of caregivers• As they mature, they respond verbally to

caregivers and hug caregivers• Eventually crawl or walk to caregivers

Lack of Contact p256Failure to thrive = condition in which

babiesfail to grow and develop properly• If their emotional and physical needs

are not met, they fail to thrive• If left alone except for basic physical

care, they may not respond to people – Cries weaken– Smiles fade– Become withdrawn– May even have a blank look– As adults – may be unable to develop

caring, meaningful relationships

Lack of Contact Affects Brain Development

Neglected children who did not receive love, touch, and opportunities for learning had brains 20-30% smaller than the average

Lack of Contact p256Affects Response to Stress• Cortisol, a hormone released in stressful

situations.• Infants who are given loving care

produce a lower amount of cortisol when faced with a frightening or confusing situation than those who had not been raised in a comforting environment.

• What inferences can you made about emotional development based on this info?

Lack of Contact p256Romanian Orphanage• 1990s children were suffering from

failure to thrive. • They received little personal

attention and were rarely touched in a caring way.

• They improved when placed in loving homes

Building Trust Through Care p258

• If needs are met and baby has bonding contact with adults, they feel the world is a comfortable place and feel secure.

Things that don’t make infants feel comfort,

trust:

• Being made to conform to a rigid schedule of feedings

• Crying brings no comfort • Caregivers aren’t consistent in

responses• Schedules that change too often• Caregivers are impatient one time

and patient the other

To develop trust:• Follow a predictable routine (don’t have to be

rigid)• Get to know the baby

– Nurture– Hold– Learn the likes and dislikes– Anticipate hunger, tiredness, boredom

• Bond with the baby– Talk in a soft, positive tone– Smile and establish eye contact

• Meet baby’s needs– Physical, social, emotional

•

Temperament p258

• A person’s unique nature that determines how you react to others and the world.

• 9 Temperament traits:(Each child has each trait to a greater or lesser degree)

Temperament Traits1. Intensity

– Highly intense – cry loudly, powerful responses,

– Less intense - opposite

2. Persistence (How determined are they to complete an action)Persistent children – May be upset if they can’t finish a project

Less persistent children – Can easily be persuaded to start a new

activity– Accepts “no” for an answer

Temperament Traits

3. SensitivityHighly sensitive may be: – Fussy eater, – May complain about uncomfortable

clothing, – May be bothered by sights, sounds

Temperament Traits4. Perceptiveness

Perceptive children – Are aware of all that is around them.– Can be easily distracted– Have a hard time following directions

that involve several steps

Less perceptive children– Less likely to notice what is going on

around them– Can follow through with tasks

Temperament Traits

5. AdaptabilityLow adaptability– Resist change

High adaptability– Aren’t bothers by surprises

Temperament Traits

6. Regularity (Do they follow regular patterns?)Highly regularity– Get tired and go to sleep at the same

time each evening– Go to the bathroom at about the

same time– Get hungry at about the same time

Low regularity– Each day’s schedule is different

Temperament Traits

7. EnergyHigh-energy– Physically active– Squirm when sitting– Prefer running

Low-energy– Move less

Temperament Traits

8. First Reaction• Some dive right in and are open to

new activites• Some hold back and watch what

others do first. They are less comfortable in unfamiliar situations.

Temperament Traits

9. Mood• Cheerful• Cranky• Positive • Negative• If the parent’s temperament is opposite

the child’s you have to find creative ways to deal with it.

Research birth order.• Find out the characteristics of

children who are born first, middle, and last.

• Do you believe your birth order as affected your emotional development? Why or Why not?

Crying and Comforting p261

Check the following:• Hungry• Wet/dirty• Hot/cold• Needs burped• In pain

If none of the above are a problem try the following • Cuddle with baby • Rock• Change the baby’s position• Talk softly or sing to the baby• Offer a toy to distract baby• Stroke or gently rub baby’s back

Colic • Condition where the baby cries and cries• Occurs between 6 pm and midnight• Worse at about 6 weeks• Not sure what causes but might be related to

food• Simethecone is a medicine they give babies to

soothe them• Rules of 3 ( docs diagnose based on the

following)• Cries inconsolably 3 times a week• For more than 3 hours a day• For 3 weeks

Reflux • Colic-like condition where food rises in

the throat• Cries continually• Simethecone may be used• Elevating the head of the bed may help• Don’t turn baby upside down• Don’t bounce baby too much• May sure they are at a 45 degree angle

Thumb Sucking and Pacifiers p264

• Babies usually stop sucking thumbs around 7 months old or when teeth appear

• Can cause problems in the development in the roof of the mouth if goes on too long

• American Academy of Pediatrics think pacifiers are ok– Use correct size and shape based on age– Wash frequently– Never tie around baby’s neck or hand– Use for self-soothing not food

Section 2 p266

Understanding SocialDevelopment of Infants

Objectives:• Identify signs of social

development in infants.• Describe how social behavior is

learned.• Explain the importance of play and

how it affects social development• Analyze the relationship of play

and exploration.

Key Terms• Stranger anxiety• Play environment• Cause and effect

Signs of Social Dev

• As with physical dev there are developmental milestones / steps etc

• See chart on page 268-269

Stranger AnxietyFear of unfamiliar people, usuallyexpressed by crying, pouting, worriedlook.• Develops between 6-12 months of

age• It may be toward people they

haven’t see at all, people they haven’t seen in awhile, or people they see in an unusual place

Ways to handle stranger anxiety

• Act welcoming toward the new person• Encourage friends and relatives to

speak softly to the baby and let them get used to them.

• Never force a baby to be held by an unfamiliar person

• Stay close to the baby• Let the baby set the timetable for

adjusting to a stranger• Have people approach slowly• Keep the baby’s routine as regular as

How Behavior is Learned p270

• They learn better with positive responses– Ex: Smiles bring hugs

• Clear consistent messages• Don’t laugh at things they

shouldn’t be doing because they are “cute”

• Don’t frown when expressing love

Social Dev Through Play p270

• Play strengthens all areas of dev• Find age appropriate play / toys /

activities or baby may be frustrated or uninterested

Play

• Play Environment = comfortable space with no dangers and with safe and interesting toys

• Wash new toys and wash them often

Play & Exploration

• Different Between Exploration and Play p273

• Cause and Effect = one event (effect) is caused by another

• Babies do a lot of this– Examples:

• Emptying drawers• Dropping things on the floor repeatedly• Repeating actions over and over

• Review • Chpt Test