emission reductions through recovery of spent sulphuric acid · • the sulphuric acid recovery...

SSC-III.AI:

Emission reductions through recovery of

spent sulphuric acid

Annotation Agenda #33

SSC-III.AI: Emission reductions through recovery of spent

sulphuric acid

Baseline:

• Industries such as chemicals, dyes, pigments generate „spent sulfuric acid‟ (H2SO4);

– Spent acid needs neutralization with lime stone/hydrated lime;

– CO2 and solid wastes such as gypsum sludge needing landfilling are generated;

Project Activity:

• Through concentration and thermal cracking pure acid (>98% H2SO4) is recovered from spent acid ( average 35% H2SO4) and reused in the industries;

• Heat released during acid recovery is used for steam/electricity generation for captive use, supply to neighboring industries or export to the grid;

• CO2 release during neutralisation, fossil fuel use for heat/electricity generation avoided;

• Co benefits: avoided generation/landfilling of solid waste, avoided transportation and use of limestone, avoided use of sulfur for virgin acid production.

SSC-III.AI: Emission reductions through recovery of spent sulphuric acid

Pre- ConcentrationRegeneration

(thermal cracking)

Gas cooling,

cleaning, catalytic

conversion and

absorption

HP Steam

98%

H2SO

4

Fuel (NG)

Neutralization

Liquid effluent treatment for

COD removal and discharge

Long distance lime stone

transport from the quarries

Cogeneration (heat

& electricity)

Neighbouring

Industries

SO2

Reclaimed Acid

Chemical Industries

Baseline

Project

Weak acid

effluent

spent acid

~70% H2SO4

Solid waste landfilled

Chemical Industries

CO2 released

spent acid (avg 35%)

Grid

CO2


Technology/measures:

• There is no recovery of water or any other chemicals from the baseline neutralized effluent;

• The sulphuric acid recovery plant will process spent acid alone and will not consume other raw materials such as sulphur and sulphide mineral;

• The methodology is not applicable if the spent sulphuric acid in the baseline is being used in sulphuric acid producing plants as an additional source of sulphur;

• Local regulations do not require recycling of sulphuric acid from spent sulphuric acid;

• No relevant changes in greenhouse gas emissions other than CO2 occur as a consequence of the project activity and/or need to be accounted for, except for the possibilities of leakage.


yssatranspyvsatranspygryelecysteamylimetranspyneutry BEBEBEBEBEBEBEBE ,,,,,,,

BEneutr,y Baseline emissions from neutralization of spent

sulphuric acid with hydrated lime or lime stone

BEsteam,y baseline emissions from steam production at the

neighbouring industriesthat is displaced by the project

BEelec,y/

BEgr,y

baseline emissions from electricity consumption at the

neighbouring industry or electricity generation at the

grid that is displaced by the project

BEtransp Various transport related emissions


• The baseline ex ante based on the average of most recent 3

years vintage data;

• The ex post monitored data of quantity and concentration of

acid generated is used;

• Emission Factor for neutralisation calculated based on the

stochiometry; reactions between sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and

lime stone (CaCO3) or hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2);

• Emission factors used for Steam/electricity for captive

consumption or supply to third parties is in accordance with the

approach of AM0048; Grid emission factor is as per AMS-I.D

methods.


yrsatranspyssatranspynbccydecomthyneutry PEPEPEPEPEPE ,,.,.,

PEneutr,y Project emissions from the neutralization of weak acid

effluent with hydrated lime or lime stone or sodium

hydroxide

PEth.decom,y Project emissions from pre-concentration and thermal

decomposition of spent acid

PEnbcc,y

PEtransp

Project emissions from thermal decomposition of non-

biodegradable carbon content of spent acid

Various transport related emissions


• The CO2 emission from combustion of non-biodegradable

carbon content of spent acid in the thermal

decomposition process are calculated through quantifying

the total organic carbon (TOC) present in the spent

sulphuric acid generated.

• In some cases, project transportation emission can eliminate

its counterpart in baseline scenario, therefore both can be

neglected, e.g. transportation emissions of recovered

sulphuric acid are equal or smaller than transportation

emissions of virgin sulphuric acid

For Project Emissions calculation:

SSC-III.AJ:

Recovery and recycling of materials from

solid wastes


SSC-III.AJ: Recovery and recycling of materials from solid wastes

• Methodology is for Mechanical Recycling of materials in municipal solid wastes (MSW) i.e. Physical/mechanical processes to segregate recyclable materials in MSW e.g., HDPE and LDPE plastics:

– by separation, cleaning (e.g. washing of LDPE/HDPE plastics in hot water), drying, shredding and pelletizing.

– further processing to intermediate/finished products to substitute virgin raw materials in an industrial production chain e.g. plastic resins, plastic bags, garbage bags.

• ER is on account of difference in energy use for production of HDPE/LDPE from virgin inputs versus recycled materials;

• Presently only recycling of HDPE and LDPE plastics covered( potentially could be extended to glass, paper, aluminium etc.);

• Definitions:

– Recycling facility: Facility (ies) where the recyclables in the MSW collected are sorted, classified and prepared into marketable commodities for processing/manufacturing in single or multiple locations.

– Processing/Manufacturing facility: includes industrial processes to transform recyclable materials obtained from recycling facility into intermediate or finished products e.g., plastic resin.


Important applicability conditions:

• ER will accrue to the recycling facility and materialssupplied from the recycling facility are used for Processing/Manufacturing and not for other purposes such as a source of fuel;

• 3 years historical data to show HDPE/LDPE finished products in the host country were either– From in country HDPE/LDPE resin manufacturing facility; or

– HDPE/LDPE resin imported from another non-annex I country;

• Solid wastes containing recyclable materials are procured within 200 km from recycling facility;

• Processing/manufacturing facility is located within 200 km from recycling facility;

• Plastics already segregated from the rest of the waste and transported over 200 km distance are not eligible under this methodology.


Baseline emissions:

• Energy consumption for production of HDPE/LDPE pellet from virgin materials.

• Conservative default values taking into account PP, Public and expert inputs besides literature e.g. IEA publications.

– Pellet production involves steps such as ethylene production from naptha cracking, polymerisation, melting, shaping and compounding

– Process energy for thermal cracking of naptha to produce ethylene is from natural gas; default 15 GJ/t specific energy consumption;

– Polymerization under high pressure is using electricity; default 3 GJ/t (0.83 MWh/t) and 6 GJ/t (1.67 MWh/t) for HDPE and LDPE respectively;

– The remaining steps i.e. melting and shaping, pelletizing, compounding require negligible amounts of energy and hence ignored.

• Net to gross adjustment factor to cover degradation in material quality and material loss in production of final product using the recycled material (default value 0.75)


Project emissions

– Monitored electricity and fuel consumption of recycling facility

• As a conservative approach, all project emissions allocated to

recycled plastic:

• Alternatively, Allocated to each mass unit of segregated material by

market prices, i.e., apportioning the emissions proportional to the

market prices of plastics, metals, organics, glass, paper etc; The

market prices either monitored ex post or determined once for the

crediting period (rule applied only if transparent and reliable

information on market prices is available);

– Default value for specific electricity consumption of

processing/manufacturing of 0.5 MWh/t (1.8 GJ/t)


Recycling Facility:

Washing/Drying

Segregated

HDPE/LDPE for

recycling

Fossil fuel/

Electricity

PROJECT

BASELINE

MSW procured

(< 200 km)

Intermediate or finished

plastic products

Processing/

manufacturing

(< 200 km)

Ethylene

productionManufacturingPolymerization

Electricity

HDPE/LDPE

pellets

Finished plastic

products (e.g. bags)Natural gas

for cracking

Not included

Other segregated

materials with a

market value

Call for public inputs


Top down development of

methodologies: Call for public inputs• Meth 1: Demand-side activities for outdoor and street efficient lighting

technologies

– In the priority sector of the Board i.e. energy efficiency

– Applicable for replacing existing street lighting and outdoor lighting equipment with efficient ones; includes lamp fixture combinations, not applicable to lighting controls to reduce operating hours

– Rated lifetime and lumen equivalence as per a national or international standard

– In the footsteps of AMS II J;

• operating hours based on control mechanisms employed i.e. set timer, sunset-sunrise for ambient light sensors

• Monitoring every 3 years/30% of the elapsed lifetime

• Questions for public input

– Appropriateness of applicability conditions, possible measures to broaden e.g. for new constructions

– Means to determine the operating hours, laboratory tests/standards to determine lifetime

– Practical monitoring methods


methodologies: Call for public inputs• Meth 2: Solar thermal domestic water heating systems

– In the EB priority sector ( household energy supply/renewable energy generation)

– For displacing fossil fuel/electricity use in domestic water heating

– Applicable for retrofit and new constructions (baseline as per combined tool steps for the latter)

– Four options for baseline (Computer simulation, System metering method, Control group method, Deemed saving method)

• Computer simulation method

– Modeling the baseline and project systems: inputs include baseline system efficiency and storage tank characteristics, inlet/outlet water temperatures, water consumptions, solar collector technical and thermal performance e.g. based on solar rating and certification corporation, solar insolation data, back up system characteristics

– Statistically valid sampling, Biannual monitoring of operation of systems


methodologies: Call for public inputs

Meth 2: Solar thermal domestic water heating systems

• System metering method

– Flow rate and temperature of water in project system measured hourly (baseline system efficiency used to determine baseline fossil fuel/electricity consumption)

– Storage system ignored for conservativeness

– Statistically valid sampling

• Control group method

– Sample households with project solar water heater installed and baseline control group without solar water heater and with fossil/electricity system are monitored on hourly basis

• Deemed saving method

– Annual kWh or kJ savings of electricity or thermal energy

– A set of minimum criteria defined to be eligible e.g. size, quality/operational characteristics of the system


methodologies: Call for public inputs

Meth 2: Solar thermal domestic water heating systems

• Questions for public input:– changes to improve accuracy and usability

– Inputs on field verification (frequency, sampling attributed etc.)

– Modelling input parameters

– Parameters to meter

– Deemed saving criteria

– Consideration of unmet demand

Top down improvement of existing

methodologies: Call for public inputsModifications to Small scale energy efficiency lighting

methodologies (AMS II J and AMS II C)

• Questions for public input:

– How can AMS II J broadened to include other efficient residential lighting technologies e.g. LED lighting?

– Conservative default operating hours for project/baseline lamps

– Methods to establish service level equivalence( lumen equivalence)

– Quality attributes of lighting equipment e.g. minm power factor

– Practically feasible methods to establish rated lifetime

– Field verification of continued operation of lamps

– Debundling check

– Should efficient lighting technologies be excluded from AMS II C?

Simplified modalities for additionality of

SSC projects: Call for public inputsPara 24 CMP.5 : Requests the Executive Board, starting at its next meeting, to

further work and report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on the enhancement of objectivity and transparency in the approaches for demonstration and assessment of additionality and selection of the baseline scenario by means of the following activities………………

c. Establishment of simplified modalities for demonstrating additionalityfor project activities up to 5 megawatts that employ renewable energy as their primary technology and for energy efficiency project activities that aim to achieve energy savings at a scale of no more than 20 gigawatt hours per year;

Revision of AMS-III.D:

Methane recovery in animal manure

management systems


Revision of AMS-III.D:

Methane recovery in animal manure management systems

Proposed revisions include:

• Situations where a longer period of storage of manure after removal from the animal barns can not be avoided is covered; proposed method discounts the methane producing potential according to time elapsed and conditions during the storage period, consistent with the methods of AM0073;

• Optional use of a default value 60% for methane content in the biogas included

– computed based on extensive measured data from a number of AMS-III.D projects in addition to published literature;

• Monitoring requirements for the flow rate of biogas clarified i.e. the biogas recovered can be considered as the summation of the two fractions of biogas flared and combusted (fuelled), such that recovered biogas need not be monitored separately;

• Further clarifications on destruction efficiency for the portion of biogas fed for gainful use, i.e. a default of 100% can be used in such a case;

• Editorial corrections

Revision of AMS-III.H:

Methane recovery in wastewater treatment


Revision of AMS-III.H: Methane recovery in wastewater

treatment

Proposed revisions include:

• Modifications in model correction factor in baseline and project emission calculations as per 2006 IPCC Guidelines (clarified at SSC WG 22, SSC_333);

• Changes to confidence level requirements when methane content is determined though sampling, i.e. a confidence/precision level of 90/10 can be used for sampling (clarified at SSC WG 23, SSC_360);

• Clarification on monitoring of flow rate of biogas, i.e. the biogas recovered can be considered as the summation of the two fractions of biogas flared and combusted (fuelled), such that recovered biogas need not be monitored separately (clarified at SSC WG24, SSC_376);

• Further clarifications on destruction efficiency for the portion of biogas fed for gainful use, i.e. a default of 100% can be used (clarified in SSC_324, fast track);

• Editorial correction.

Revision of AMS-I.E:

Switch from Non-Renewable Biomass for

Thermal Applications by the User


Revision of AMS-I.E• Restrictions in terms of applicability to „small thermal appliances‟ and „end

user technologies‟ removed;

• project boundary: now “physical, geographical site of the use of biomass or the renewable energy” before it was “area of the use of non renewable biomass”

• Biomass (used, saved etc.) : Only woody biomass is considered e.g. for the quantity of biomass saved by the project (husks, leaves etc excluded from both the baseline and the project)

• Baseline stove efficiency:

– New addition: “use weighted average values if more than one type of systems are encountered”

– A new option added: option 1: measured using sampling methods; option 2: based on referenced literature values; option 3: use default values

– 0.10 default value may be optionally used if the replaced system is the three stone fire or a conventional system lacking improved combustion air supply mechanism and flue gas ventilation system i.e., without a grate as well as a chimney; for rest of the systems 0.2 default value may be optionally used.

• Differentiation between Non-renewable and Renewable woody biomass:

– NRB= Qty of woody biomass used in the baseline (By) minus the DRB component, so long as at least two of the following supporting indicators are shown to exist:

Revision of AMS-I.EPPs shall determine the share of renewable and non-renewable woody biomass in [deleted: the

total biomass consumption] By (the quantity of woody biomass used in the absence of the project activity) using nationally approved methods (e.g., surveys or government data if available) and determine fNRB,y. The following principles shall be taken into account:

Non-renewable woody biomass (NRB) is the quantity of woody biomass used in the absence of the project activity (By) minus the DRB component, so long as at least two of the following supporting indicators are shown to exist [ deleted: A single indicator may not provide sufficient evidence that biomass in the region is non-renewable and therefore more than one indicator may be used]:

Trend showing increase in time spent or distance travelled by users (or fuel-wood suppliers) for gathering fuel wood or alternatively trend showing increase in transportation distances for the fuel wood transported into the project area;

Survey results, national or local statistics, studies, maps or other sources of information such as remote sensing data that show that carbon stocks are depleting in the project area [deleted as issue is covered in earlier paragraphs: Inference derived from historical data may also be used if available for this purpose]

Increasing trends in fuel wood price indicating scarcity;

Trends in the type of cooking fuel collected by users, suggesting scarcity of woody biomass.

Demonstrably Renewable woody biomass (DRB): Definition of renewable biomass is same as before except that consideration of biomass residues and non fossil fraction of the municipal solid waste has been removed both from the baseline and the project.

Revision of AMS-I.E• Sampling: Sample size chosen for 90% confidence interval and 10% margin of

error for parameter values used to determine emission reductions, in cases where survey results indicate that 90/10 precision is not achieved the lower bound of a 90% confidence interval of the parameter value may be chosen as an alternative to repeating the survey efforts to achieve 90/10 precision.

• Leakage under POAs: Estimation if required on a sample basis using 90/30 precision for selection of samples:

– Use of non-renewable woody biomass saved under the project activity to justify the baseline of other CDM project activities can also be potential source of leakage. If this leakage assessment quantifies a portion of non-renewable woody biomass saved under the project activity that is used as the baseline of other CDM project activity then By is adjusted to account for the quantified leakage.

– Increase in the use of non-renewable woody biomass outside the project boundary to create non-renewable woody biomass baselines can also be potential source of leakage. If this leakage assessment quantifies an increase in use of non-renewable woody biomass outside the project boundary then By is adjusted to account for the quantified leakage.

Revision of AMS-I.E

• Monitoring shall ensure that:

– Either the replaced low efficiency appliances

are disposed off and not used within the

boundary or within the region; or

– If the baseline stoves usage continues,

monitoring shall ensure that the wood fuel

consumption of those stoves is excluded from

By in equation 2.

Combination of approved methodologies

AMS-III.R with AMS-I.C for application in

CPAs of a programme of activities (PoA)


Combination of AMS III R and AMS I C in

Hunan biogas digester PoA• Project avoids coal used in cooking and methane emissions from

swine manure management by installing small scale biogas digesters in 210 000 households in Hunan Province, China

• Intends to apply AMS-I.C “Thermal energy production with or without electricity”, and AMS-III.R “Methane recovery in agricultural activities at household/small farm level”

• In the baseline pig manure is stored in a deep pit before applied on the fields

• Request to use combination of meths made as per Annex 31 of EB 47.

• AMS III R and I C are natural combinations: III R states “This project category is only applicable in combination with AMS I.C”

• SSC WG 24 recommended approval of the combination

emission reductions through recovery of spent sulphuric acid · • the sulphuric acid recovery...

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