emerging issues in irrigation sector of andhra pradesh

8/8/2019 Emerging Issues in Irrigation Sector of Andhra Pradesh

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Emerging issues in irrigation sectorEmerging issues in irrigation sectorof Andhra Pradesh

Dr M Devender Reddy

,Water Technology Centre,ANGRAU Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

metukudevender mail.com

1 Presented in 18th Annual conference of AERA Special seminar on Reshaping trajectory of Agriculturalgrowth in Andhra Pradesh, held at NAARM, Hyderabad. Nov 18-20, 2010


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Andhra Pradesh Agriculture & Water ProfileAverage Annual Rainfall 500 mm from SE monsoon

1100 mm from NW monsoon

water

.

Ground and surface water 62.29 BCM

Total geographical area 27.5 m ha

Gross cro ed area 13.2 m ha

Net cropped area 11.5 m ha

Gross irrigated area 5.77 m ha

Net irrigated area 3.88 m ha

Sources of irrigation Canals

Tanks

Tube wells & others 53.0%

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AP - Surface water resourcesAP - Surface water resources

basin

BCM (TMC) BCM (TMC)

Godavari 41.90 (1480) 20.39 (720)

Krishna

Pennar 2.77 (98) 2.77 (98)

Others 10.12 (357) 3.51 (124)

. .

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Water requirement for various sectors(Milli C bi M t )(Million Cubic Meters)

Utilization (2000)

2025

Drinkin Water 601 3468

Irrigation 64252 108050Industries 288 1445

Power Generation 28 56

Total 65169 114101

Source: Water Conservation Mission Water Vision4


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Quantity of Water consumed by different cropsArea irrigated (ha) Water required

3 -1

Total water

Quantity of Water consumed by different crops

(Mm3

/28.32)kharif rabi Total kharif rabi kharif rabi Total

Rice 2151227 1075614 3226841 12000 15000 912 570 1481

Maize - 185726 185726 2000 4500 - 30 30

Chillies 152896 - 152896 4500 - 24 - 24

Groundnut - 259940 259940 1500 4500 - 41 41

Cotton 193206 - 193206 5500 - 38 - 38

Sunflower - 141000 141000 - 3000 0 15 15

Source: WTC, ANGRAU, 20095


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Irrigation Performance of Nagarjunasagar left canal (Rabi)and Jurala project (Kharif), WTC , ANGRAU 2010

majorJanpahadMajor

(Kharif 2009)

2009 2010 2009 2010 Right Left

Irri ationIntensit 92.39 93.17 116.38 123.19 67.92 87.61

Water

Utilization

Index

(haMcum 1) 121.65 86.04 148.96 117.7872.27 48.98

WaterUtilizationIndex (ha 3445.13 2436.65 4218.54 3335.53 2046.681387.1

TMC 1

Depthofwaterapplied(m) 0.82 1.16 0.67 0.85 1.38 2.04

Overallconsumptionrate 0.68 0.40 0.80 0.52 0.16 0.12

Relativewatersupply 0.513 0.753 0.419 0.540 2.17 3.20

Outputpercroppedarea

1

685 748 1673 18553.78 3.02

Outputpercommandarea

($ha 1)633 697 1947 2285

2.57

(t/ha)

2.65

(t/ha)

WaterProductivity(kgm 3)

(Volumeofirrigationwater

supplied)

0.286 0.196 0.433 0.335 0.273 0.148

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AP surface, lift irrigation projects on Godavari

an Kris na

Investment of more than Rs one lakh crores

Irrigation 2.0 2.4 million ha additionally

7


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Current Scenario of AP WaterM g tManagement

SurfaceWater

20-25% gap between irrigation potential created

the lanned command area and utilized actual

irrigated area).

.

The renovation of canals, distributions and field

.WUAs for administrative mechanism to improve

wa er use e c ency an pro uc v y

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Rotational water supplyRotational water supply Rotational water su l at wider intervals 5-15

days) at less critical stage and adequate watersupply at critical stages improve irrigation wateruse

crisis management of 1986 in Nizam sagar,

1987 in Krishna delta,

2000 01and 2008-09, 09-10 in Godavari delta, 1995 under Sri Ram Sagar Project and

-

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Project irrigation efficiency (PIE) ofl t d j t i A dh P d hselected projects in Andhra Pradesh

Pro ect* Water Total net Pro ectreleased(Mcm)

irrigationrequirement

(Mcm)

irrigationefficiency

(%)

Nagarjunasagar (NSRC) 5715 1291 23

Nagarjunasagar (NSLC) 5180 1718 33

Sriramsa ar SRSP 1600 270 17

Tungabhadra (TBP LLC) 730 337 46

Tungabhadra 545 260 48

ageRajolibanda (RDS) 395 125 32

Kadam 285 131 46

Source : AP Water Vision, 200310


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Assessment of MI use and perceptions byfarmers about it under AMR lift irrigation project

Create awareness among the farmers

supply is needed and to avoid misuse ofr in h h d r h

Need technical suggestions as and whenneeded

Provision of maintenance cost andmaintenance b the overnment

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Tanks1960s and the 1970s Major source of irrigation

In 1980s and 1990s, share of irrigation by tanks gonedown.

In areas not suitable for well irrigation, severe

drou ht in mid-sixties contributed to rowth of

well irrigation (2.4 million)

groves including mangroves lead to decline in

.

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Minor irrigation (Tanks / Lakes) Andhra Pradesh - 80,000 tanks filled once in 5-10

.

Inadequate supply of water from tanks results in Mono cropping with emphasis on rice,

Salinity and alkalinity in the command area

Farmers wait for the rains and filling of the tankor ra s ng r ce ns ea cu va on o crops.

In and around the big cities and towns the tanks /l k r in ll d d r l f f lorganic and inorganic pollutants.

Further, eutrofication is also observed in most ofthe lakes and reservoirs.

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Irrigation management issues in AndhraPradesh Surface irrigationPradesh Surface irrigation

Nagarjuna Sagar, Sri Ram Sagar , Tungabhadra, and Srisailam

ro ems en e gap in irrigation potential created and utilized

Growing of rice in place of ID crops

water logging and Salinity

Poor maintenance of distributaries and tail end problems

Low ro ect efficiencies and Siltin

Needs studies Reservoir siltation and canal irrigated area loss

Potential artificial recharge from thousands of AP tanks Implications of water demand due to cropping pattern changes Implications of crop diversification on the livestock economy Water demand of domestic, industrial, environmental sectors

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Ground water resourcesOver exploitation and depletion

Frequent poor and erratic rainfall

Indiscriminate tapping Unregulated pumping of wells

Depth to water level fell by 2.97 M during 1998-2002

Increase in no. of wells (2.4 million) and increase in area

.

ground water resources

-waste generated from industries, agriculture &

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Ground water basins in A.PProject area

t ze

having 60% ground water resources

Non project area

Utilized 80%

Having 40% ground water

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Ground Water ExploitationG ou d ate p o tat oLevel of round water No.of round Percent of

exploitation %water basins state area

90-100 Critical 82 6

70-90 Semi critical 203 15

< 70 Safe 757 707 7 0

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Disadvantages with ground waterDisadvantages with ground waterirrigationCostly to develop and to maintain

Area cannot be extended beyond its

ca acitCropped area gets limited and the

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Cropped Area under Wells in A P ( lakh ha)Cropped Area under Wells in A.P.( lakh ha)Crop Tube well/ Open dug Total

bore wells wells

Paddy 5.49 4.92 10.41

Maize 0.48 0.66 1.14

Chillies 0.39 0.72 1.11

Turmeric 0.20 0.33 0.53

. . .

Cotton 0.53 1.19 1.72

Groundnut 1.45 1.73 3.18

Vegetableand others

2.99 2.71 5.70

Total 13.42 13.02 26.44Sss

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Water quality deterioration due to increased depth of

water Floride in 83 wells out of 83 wells tested in a watershed

area of 512 ha

-5.00

0.00

)Mean Ground water level (m)

-15.00

-10.00

ble

level(

-25.00

-20.00

Watert

-30.00

ug,08

pt,08

ct,08

ov,08

ec,08

,2009

eb,09

ar,09

pl,09

ay,09

ne,09

ul,09

ug,09

ep,09

ct,09

ov,09

ec,09

,2010

eb,10

ar,10

pl,10

ay,10

ne,10

A S Ja JA

Ja J

Month/YearSource: WTC, annual report, 201020


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Comparison of Incomes from Ground waterand Surface water irrigated areasand Surface water irrigated areasGross income generated

s , aunder ground water

Rs 47,506/ha SRSP canal command withconjunctive use of ground and surface water

Water roductivit Rs/ m3

Higher with cotton and maize over rice during

Kharif(rainy season) and potato and flora bean than

rice in Rabi (rain free period) with groundwater. Higher with turmeric and maize over rice in

aran groun nut ur ng ra an sesame n

summer over rice under canal command.21


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W t h tiWater harvesting

Most of the water availability assessments arebased on the assumption of 30% run-off

Several conservation practices and watershed

ro rammes besides non-recei t of run-offcausing rains resulted in low run-off thereby non-filling of the irrigation projects and tanks

Scientific assessment of run-off yield in basins inrelation to water conservation techniques

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Land and Water Management Programstaken up in Andhra Pradesh

Watershed managementNeeru-Meeru program

Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring

Project Tank command areasAndhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project

AP Well

JalaYagnam

ponds23


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Peoples institutionsPeople s institutionsThe Govt. romoted

- Water Users Associations

a ers e ssoc a ons

Vana Samrakshana SamitisWater Conservation and Utilization

Committee

To achieve a sustainable use of water

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Wet lands Andhra Pradesh contains 259 coastal wetlands covering an

area of 18,552 km2 out of which 88 are manmade.

The principal threat is the continued expansion ofagricultural activities in wetland areas.

A spurt in the volume of agricultural and industrial

effluents entering in a lake is causing rapideutrophication, and pollution with pesticides is

becoming a serious problem

onservat on measures were ta en up are o erulake, Pakhala lake, Neelapattu tank, Krishna

,

etc.25


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Water QualityWater Quality Musi, Krishna, Godavari rivers and their tributaries arePolluted with faecal/toxins

Godavari river water quality is within the safe limitsuntil Manchir al but olluted further down stream.

Most Polluted is Musi River (upto 100 Km)

Industries in and around Hyderabad and other major cities arepolluting the drinking water sources causing health problems

to human beings, livestock and agricultural crops.

Only water source available during the short and

un redictable monsoon season.

Decreasing groundwater levels due to drought and low

rainfall.26


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Water qualityroun wa er

GW in 0.5 M ha is of poor quality - due to geological salts

(industries & aquaculture farms)

,

the potable limits, but deteriorates rapidly with depth

In 36 mandals East Godavari 6 West Godavari 17 and

Krishna 13) of the State, GW quality is unsuitable even for

irrigation

Localized poor GW quality areas are found in

Anantapur, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Nellore, Guntur and

Visakhapatnam districts when considering the drinking

water.27


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The problems identified and issueswith waste water irrigationwith waste water irrigation

Degradation of soil - accumulation of salts, micronutrients, toxic metal ions and change in microbialactivity

Ground water contamination besides public health

Health hazards due to human contamination with

wastewater and agricultural produce Meager database on different livelihood activities with

use of wastewater in the river belt area

ssess ng e qua y o was e wa er an ugges ons orits improvement and reuse for agriculture and allied

activities

Quantification of salinity ingression due to restriction of

water flow in the rivers and rivulets in coastal areas.28


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In equal development of water resources -

(Political & Economic scarcity)

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Drought ManagementDrought Management,

during SW monsoon season cause severe croploss or total cro failure

Analysis of data

To develo indices to forewarn and monitorthe drought

To minimise its effect by using the approaches

and drought indicesTo develop long-term drought proofing

strategies

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Critical areas that require immediateattention

a er resource managemen

Water infrastructure

Water efficient technologies

Cro researchEducation and enhancement of skills

levels in the use of latest tools

, ,

irrigation)31


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emerging issues in irrigation sector of andhra pradesh

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