efficient intermodal wagons - intermodal- · pdf file• conclusions and benefits ......
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Page 2 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
• Good practice form• Introduction (summary)• Starting position (gaps and challenges)• Concept and components• Application cases • Conclusions and benefits• Further exploitation• Contact• Disclaimer
Contents
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Page 3 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Good practice name Efficient intermodal wagonsfor continental and maritime traffic
Type (3) CT wagons
Involved actors (1) Intermodal operator(2) Railway operator
Commercial / Functional application area
Intermodal transport rail/road
Geographical application area Europe
Status / Time period In operation
COSMOS contact Klaus-Uwe Sondermann (KombiConsult)email [email protected] +49 69 244 32 93 172
Good practice form
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Page 4 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
The intermodal wagon is an essentialasset for the efficient transport of loadingunits between intermodal terminals. Theaccess to wagons is assured by purchase(from the manufacturers), lease (fromleasing organisation) and hire (fromrailways) for a shorter period of time.
Even if new roles (e.g. wagon keeper) haveappeared by change of legal framework, thefundamental question has to be answered:Which is the most efficient wagon for acertain rail transport?
The present “good practice” investigates thedriving principles and provides practicalexample cases. The basic analysis wasfinanced by the UIC in the scope of theDIOMIS project (www.uic.org/diomis).
Introduction (summary)
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Page 5 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
• Market develops from integrated railways to specialised undertakings or business units
• Knowledge about growth potential and shortfall of resources is fragmented between various companies
• Time period from identification a capacity or technical need to market is too long (e.g. lack of wagon experienced 2007)
• Investments are large and long lasting (~ 25 years), while transport contracts are short (~ 1 year) and thus creating a financial barrier for small and medium companies
• Regulative changes at EU and multi-national level generate new roles, responsibilities and issue (wagon noise)
Starting position – challenges of the intermodal wagon market
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 6 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Fundamental knowledge for the availability and efficiency of different types of intermodal wagon shall be provided in the following charts.
* Owner or long-term user according to GCU (General Contract for the use of freight wagon)
Starting position – development of asset ownership/stakeholders
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Wagon
Railway Undertakings
Intermodal Operators
LessorsRailways
Manager
„Wagonkeeper“*
Year ~1965 ~ 1990 ~2005
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Starting position – dimensions of intermodal loading units (LU)
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 8 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – intermodal wagons / loading units
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Characterisation (overview)
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 9 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
• 2-axle-wagonslength: 40’
• 4-axle-wagonslength: 40’, 52’, 60’ (most common wagon type), 73’, 80’ (new)
• 6- & 8-axle-wagonslength: 80’, 90’, 104’
Standard intermodal wagon
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 10 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
• Low-loader-wagons “Multifret”, or “Megafret”2-axle or 4-axle, often 2 wagons with permanent coupling
• Pocket wagons for semi-trailers4-axle wagons for one trailer or 6-axle wagons for 2 semi-trailers
• Dual-use wagons , i.e. flat wagons with stanchions that are suitable for the transport of, containers and swap bodies, wood, steel, other goods to be carried on flat wagons
• Other , e.g. RoLa, ACTS, Modalohr, trailer trains
���� Focus on standard and pocket wagon
Special intermodal wagon
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 11 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Basic characteristics of intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 12 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
* The highest combined performance is located in the top right corner of the diagram.
Key performance indicators* of intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 13 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Calculation based on 600m wagon train length
Utilisation of maximum train length by loading unit type
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 14 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
2,6
2,9
4,4
5,0
3,1
3,8
3,0
4,3
3,8
3,2
2,8
3,5
3,2
3,2
3,2
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0
Lgns 40'
Sgkkmss 45'
Sgmns 45'
Sdgmns 45'
Sgjs 60'
Sgns 60'
Sggns 73'
Sggrss 80'
Sggmrss 90'
Sggmrss 104'
Sffggmrrss 104'
Sdggmrss 104'
Sdggmrss 104'
Sdggmrss 104'
Sdggmrss 104'
t/m
104‘ wagon
80 / 90‘ wagon
60‘ wagon
45‘ wagon
Efficiency of wagon (payload/loading-m)
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 15 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
• Given Train length: 600 m− 43 wagons of 40’ ⇒ 86 TEU per train− 30 wagons of 60’ ⇒ 90 TEU per train− 22 wagons of 80’ ⇒ 88 TEU per train− 20 wagons of 90’ ⇒ 80 TEU per train
• Conclusions− By choosing “right” wagon one can gain 10 TEU− 60’ wagons provide best utilisation of train length for the transport of standard
20’, or mix of 20’ and 40’ Ct− 90’ wagon are becoming interesting for 45’ Ct (and SB)− A mix of 60’ and 90’ wagon is of best practical use
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Utilisation of train length for 20’/40’/45’ contain ers (ct)
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 16 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
• Given Train length: 600 m− 36 wagons of 52’ � 36 A- / 72 C-type SB per train− 30 wagons of 60’ � 30 A- / 60 C-type SB per train− 20 wagons of 90’ � 40 A- / 40 (80) C-(7.15) type SB− 17 wagons of 104’ � 34 A- / 68 C-type SB per train
• Conclusions− By choosing “right” wagon one can gain 10 LU A-Type
or 12 LU C-Type − 90’ wagons provide best utilisation of train length only for the transport of A-type
SB / and 45’ Ct− 52’ and 104’ wagons provide best utilisation of train length for the transport of
C-type (i.e. 7.82 m) swap bodies, and ST
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Utilisation of train length for swap bodies (sb)
Page 17 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
• Wagon type for best utilisation of train length depends on the mix of type of swap bodies / containers to be carri ed
• Maritime transport and „company trains“ with high homogeneity of loading units in both directions are much easier to handle than „open“ continental trains, with a variety of customers and thus loading unit types
• An optimum wagon composition selected appropriate for the mix of loading units on a given transport relation is able to carry +12% more Containers or +20% more Swap Bodies compared to an inappropriate wagon. In practical operation the gain will be lower, because the gain will be calculated in comparison to the average wagon mix (and not the worst)
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Conclusions on the wagon/train length (1/2)
Page 18 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
• The variety of loading units and operational aspects hamper the optimum utilisation of the train length because wagon sets are often exchanged between different relations for operational reasons. It is thus more difficult to maximise the utilisation of the train length
• It is thus, that wagon and their composition in trains is always only a “best compromise ”
• Wagon with variable length did not proof suitable in practice, because they required the availability of shunting enginesduring loading process
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Conclusions on the wagon/train length (2/2)
Page 19 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
• Utilisation of train weight can be maximised, ifThe efficiency of the wagon - the ratio between the payload and the tare weight - is maximised, or the tare weight per wagon-m is minimized
• Problem:The maximum train weight is also determined by other factors, that may supersede the choice of the optimum weight performing wagon, e.g.
− Minimum weight of empty wagon− Locomotive traction power in conjunction with gradient− Braking conditions in train
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Utilisation of train weight
Page 20 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
887
941
1.043
1.145
1.114
1.018
921
985
997
943
1.070
1.016
969
1.029
999
0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400
Lgns 40'
Sgkkmss 45'
Sgmns 45'
Sdgmns 45'
Sgjs 60'
Sgns 60'
Sggns 73'
Sggrss 80'
Sggmrss 90'
Sggmrss 104'
Sffggmrrss 104'
Sdggmrss 104'
Sdggmrss 104'
Sdggmrss 104'
Sdggmrss 104'
900 Kg/m(target)Kg/m
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Efficiency of wagon (tare weight/wagon-m)
Page 21 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – wagon types
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
N°of axles
Type/Example
MaximumWeight
[t]
Tare-Weight[t]
Loading capacity
[t]
2 Lgns 45 12.3 32.7
4 Sgmns 90 18.3 71.5
6 80‘
104‘Pocket
136135135
263235
109102100
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Utilisation of wagon weight (1/2)
Page 22 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
• Maximum weight of loading units− 20’ container: maximum 24 t− 40’ container: maximum 30.5 t− A-type swap bodies: maximum 34 t− C-type swap bodies: maximum 16 t− Semi-trailer: maximum 38 t
• Conclusions− 2-axle 40’ wagon cannot carry 2 x 20’ Ct of maximum weight− 4-axle 60’ wagon cannot carry 3 x 20’ Ct of maximum weight− 6-axle 80’ wagon provide best utilisation of wagon weight
(4 x 24 t)
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Concept and components – wagon typesUtilisation of wagon weight (2/2)
Page 23 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Concept and components – wagon/train weight
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
• 6-axle 80’ wagon is designed for carrying heavy maritime Ct (109 t payload)
• 4-axle 60’ wagon is designed for carrying lighter goods (70 t)
• 4-axle 45’ wagon is designed for heavy Ct and SB (71.5 t)
• Articulated wagon have a weight limitation when loading their inner places due to the maximum axle load of 22.5 t
• 22 wagons of 135 t would result in a total train weight of 2,970 twhich is exceeding the maximal train weight in most cases⇒ too much for one locomotive
• In practice the weight ratio of a single wagon is more important than the weight of the total train, because the maximum train weight is reached very fast. The operative challenge is to balance light and heavy LUs
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Conclusions (1/2)
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Concept and components – wagon/train weight
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
• The latest 60’ wagon (Josef Meyer design) have an empty weight of 17.8 tons and are able to carry three 20’ CT of maximum weight
• A further significant reduction of the empty weight of CT wagon is not expected, in particular since the mayor components are fixed (bogies, bumpers, brakes)
• An increase of the maximum axle load from 22.5 to 25 tons would be much more effective than a reduction in tare weight4-axle wagon: 4 x 22.5 = 90 t
4 x 25 = 100 t∆ + 10 t
60’ wagon: usual tara 20 treduced tara 17.8 t∆ + 2.2 t Source: KombiConsult analysis
Conclusions (2/2)
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• Maritime – or container hinterland traffic – is characterized by a comparably large homogeneity of loading units (basically all are fitting into the 20’/40’ grid). The challenge is the mix of short and long and even more empty or light and heavy containers.
• After several year of experiences with 60’ and articulated 80’ and 90’ wagon the intermodal operator METRANS has obviously learned that the average weight of containers is decreasing and consequently (re-)launched the design of a 80’ wagon with only 4 instead of 6 axles. The wagon is generally suited for 4 x 20‘ or 2 x 40‘ thus 4 TEU. In the variant of the VEL wagon* also a variety of 7.45 m swap bodies, 30‘ or 45‘ units can be transported.
• Even that the loading capacity is reduced from 107.5 to 68.5 tons (or 26.8 t/TEU) to 17 t/TEU) the remaining advantages are:Less wheel-sets, brakes, noise and thus maintenance costs
Application cases – example of maritime transport
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis based on Metrans, Tatravagonka *www.vel-project.eu
Page 26 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – 80’/4-axle “single” wagon (Sggnss)
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: Petr Kaderavek
Page 27 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – 80’/4-axle “single” wagon (Sggnss)
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: Tatravagonka
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Application cases – 80’/6-axle “double” wagon (Sggr/ss)
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: Tatravagonka
Page 29 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – technical data 80’ wagon
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis based on Tatravagonka
Sggrs/ss Sggnss
N°of axles 6 4
Axle load at 100 km/h (t) 22.5 22.5
Tara (t) 27.5 21.5
Payload (t) 107.5 68.5
Total length (m) 26.39 25.94
Loading length (m) 25.15 24.70
Loading deck height (m) 1.155 1.155
Page 30 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – example of a mega-trailer pocket wagon
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
• Recent years have shown an increasing trend of using semi-trailers in European road and thus also intermodal transport. The type of mega-semi-trailers providing an internal height of 3m has become the „standard“ equipment
• Kombiverkehr has therefore launched a technical development and demonstration project* in the scope of which a new articulated pocket wagon for mega-semi-trailers was improved, implemented and rolled out to the market
• The loading length of 104‘ allows not only two semi-trailers but also 4 swap bodies of up to 7.82 m, at a loading weight of 85 tons
• The large pocket and safety features provide an efficient handling in the terminals and additionally during rail haulage
• The pocket of the Hupac T5 and Mega II are designed simi larly , but Hupac opt for single wagon, while AAE’s TWIN wagon is made of similar design
*www.bravo-project.com Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 31 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – mega-trailer pocket wagon
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: Kombiverkehr
Page 32 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – (“double”)-articulated pocket wagon T3000e
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: Kombiverkehr
Page 33 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – technical data pocket wagon
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Mega II-D MTW TWIN T3000e
N°of axles 8 8 6 6
Axle load at 100 km/h (t) 16 20 22.5 22.5
Tara (t) 36 40 35 35
Payload (t) 2 x 46 2 x 60 100 100
Total length (m) 36.68 38.28 34.03 34.20
Loading length (m) 2 x 16.92 2 x 17.25 2 x 15.76 2 x 16.43
Loading deck height (m) 1.155 0.950 1.155 1.155
Source: KombiConsult analysis based on Hupac, AAE, Kombiverkehr
Page 34 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – WASCOSA flex freight system
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis based on Wascosa
• Challenged by the long economic lifetime of the assets and the volatility of the rail freight markets Wascosa presented a concept and prototypes of a light 60’ container wag on(original design by Josef Meyer) and demountable attachments which can be suited to different commodities such as wood, cars, or other
• As the trade mark demonstrates the flexibility is remarkable
Page 35 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – WASCOSA flex freight system
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: Wascosa
Page 36 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Application cases – technical data of a light 60’ wagon
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Source: KombiConsult analysis based on Wascosa
Criteria 60‘ light
N°of axles 4
Axle load at 100 km/h (t) 22.5
Tara (t) 17.4
Payload (t) 72.6
Total length (m) 20
Loading length (m) 18
Loading deck height (m) 1.155
Page 37 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Conclusions and benefits
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
• Both the availability and the efficiency of intermodal wagon for intermodal stakeholders has been improved in recent years
• With 60‘/80‘ wagon for maritime traffic and 45‘/90’ and 104‘ (pocket) wagon for continental traffic a series of modern types has been developed and became operational
• Innovative ideas such as the flex freight system and the 80’ single wagon will find their market application, too
• For a given variety of loading options and train parameters the most efficient wagon can be selected by the decision criteria presented above, and coupled to a wagon train, thereby respecting the maximal train parameters on the rail route concerned
• Stakeholders can request such wagon at competent manufacturers, leasing companies or railways – depending on their respective business model, or directly ask the transport of one or multiple loading units from the intermodal operators/railways
Source: KombiConsult analysis
Page 38 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
• Contacts to referenced examples (by order of appearance):
Further exploitation
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Page 39 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
Mr. Klaus-Uwe SondermannKombiConsult GmbHZum Laurenburger Hof 7660594 Frankfurt am MainEmail: [email protected]: +49 69 244 32 93 172
Contact
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons
Page 40 Good Practice Manual, 04/2013
The present good practice presentation has been compiled by one or more COSMOS partner and may contain business sensitive information.You may use the content totally or selectively without changing the content of the single slides, if clearly identifying the source:COSMOS Project, Good Practice Manual, 2013,KombiConsult GmbH, www.cosmos-project.eu
Disclaimer
Good Practice N°12:
Efficient intermodal wagons