eecc341 - shaaban #1 lec # 18 winter 2001 2-13-2002 registers. shift registers: –serial in, serial...

EECC341 - ShaabanEECC341 - Shaaban#1 Lec # 18 Winter 2001 2-13-2002

• Registers.

• Shift Registers:– Serial in, serial out shift register

– Serial in, parallel out shift register

– Parallel in, serial out shift register

– Parallel in, parallel out shift register

– Shift Register Applications

• Counters:– Ripple Counters

– Synchronous Counters

– Counter Applications

Registers & CountersRegisters & Counters


RegistersRegisters• An n-bit register is a collection of n D flip-flops with a

common clock used to store n related bits.

D1Q

CLR

Q

Q /1Q

1D

D2Q

CLR

Q

Q /2Q2D

D3Q

CLR

Q

Q /3Q3D

D4Q

CLR

Q

Q /4Q4D

CLK

/CLR

74LS175 Example: 74LS175 4-bit register

CLKCLR

4Q4Q3Q3Q2Q2Q1Q1Q

74LS175

1D

2D

3D

4D


Shift RegistersShift Registers• Multi-bit register that moves stored data bits left/right ( 1 bit position per clock cycle)

– Shift Left is towards MSB

0 1 1 1 LSI

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

1 1 1 LSI

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

RSI 0 1 1 1

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

RSI 0 1 1

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

S h ift R ig h t (o r S h ift U p ) is to w a rd s M S B


Serial In, Serial Out Shift RegisterSerial In, Serial Out Shift Register

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

SERIN

CLOCK

SEROUT

For a n-bit SRG:Serial Out = Serial In delayed by n clock period

4-bit shift register example:serin: 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0serout: - - - - 1 0 1 1 0 0clock:

SRG n>SI SO


Serial In, Parallel Out Shift registerSerial In, Parallel Out Shift register

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

SERIN

CLOCK

nQ

2Q

1Q

Serial to Parallel Converter

4-bit shift register example:serin: 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 01Q: - 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 12Q: - - 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 13Q: - - - 1 0 1 1 0 0 14Q: - - - - 1 0 1 1 0 0clock:

SRG n>SI 1Q

2Q

nQ (SO)


Parallel In, Serial Out Shift RegisterParallel In, Serial Out Shift Register

SERIN

CLOCK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

SEROUT

LOAD/SHIFT

1D

2D

ND

S

L

S

L

S

L

1Q

2Q

NQ

Parallel to Serial Converter

Load/Shift=1 Di Qi

Load/Shift=0 Qi Qi+1


Parallel In, Parallel Out Shift RegisterParallel In, Parallel Out Shift Register

SERIN

CLOCK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

D Q

CLK

LOAD/SHIFT

1D

2D

ND

1Q

2Q

NQ

S

L

S

L

S

L

General Purpose:Makes any kind of (left) shift register


Bi-directional Universal Shift RegistersBi-directional Universal Shift Registers

4-bit Bi-directional Universal (4-bit) PIPO

CLK CLR S1 S0

LIN D QDC QCB QBA QARIN

11

1

10

9

7

6

4

5

3

2

12

13

14

15

74x194Modes:HoldLoadShift RightShift Left

R L

Mode Next state

Function S1 S0 QA* QB* QC* QD*

Hold 0 0 QA QB QC QDShift right/up 0 1 RIN QA QB QCShift left/down 1 0 QB QC QD LINLoad 1 1 A B C D


Universal SR Circuit

RIGHT

CLK

/CLR

LIN

D

(11)

(1)

(7)

(6) D Q

CLK

CLR

10

00

11

01

(12)QD

S1 S0

SL

HO

LD

SR

LEFT

74x194

D Q

CLK

CLR01

11

00

10

(15) QA

S1

S0

A

RIN

(10)

(9)

(3)

(2)


Shift Register ApplicationsShift Register Applications• State Registers

– Shift registers are often used as the state register in a sequential device. Usually, the next state is determined by shifting right and inserting a primary input or output into the next position (i.e. a finite memory machine)

– Very effective for sequence detectors

• Serial Interconnection of Systems– keep interconnection cost low with serial interconnect

• Bit Serial Operations– Bit serial operations can be performed quickly through device iteration– Iteration (a purely combinational approach) is expensive (in terms of # of

transistors, chip area, power, etc).– A sequential approach allows the reuse of combinational functional units

throughout the multi-cycle operation


Shift Register Applications:Shift Register Applications:

Serial Interconnection of Systems Serial Interconnection of Systems

Serial DATAParallel-to-serial converter

Parallel Data from

A-to-D converter

Serial-to-parallel converter

Parallel Data to D-to-A converter

Control

Circuits

CLOCK

/SYNC

TransmitterControl

Circuits

Receiver

n nOne bit


Shift Register Applications Example:Shift Register Applications Example:

8-Bit Serial Adder 8-Bit Serial Adder

...7 6 5 0>

x7 x6 x5 x0

...7 6 5 0>

y7 y6 y5 y0

...7 6 5 0>

FACout S

Cin A BD Q

CLK

CLR

CLK

CLEAR_Cz7 z6 z5 z0...

CTL Sequential Implementation of:Z[7..0] = X[7..0] + Y[7..0]

V


CountersCounters• Clocked sequential circuit with single-cycle state diagram

– Modulo-m counter = divide-by-m counter

–

– Most Common:

n-bit binary counter, where m = 2n n flip-flops, counts 0 … 2n-1

S3

S2

S1

Sm


Q

Q

T

Q

Q

T

Q

Q

T

Q

Q

T

CLK

Q0

Q1

Q2

Q3

1 bit

divide-by-2

2 bit

divide-by-4

3 bit

divide-by-8

4 bit

divide-by-16

Uses Minimal Logic

4-bit Ripple Counter4-bit Ripple Counter


Ripple Counter TimingRipple Counter Timing

CLK

Q0

Q1

Q2

0 1 2 3 4

1

2

3


Ripple Counter ProblemRipple Counter Problem

n TCQ for MSB change for n-bit ripple counter => minimum clk period

CLK

Q0

Q1

Q2

7 Should be 0 1 2

1

2

3


Synchronous CountersSynchronous Counters

• All clock inputs connected to common CLK signal– All flip-flop outputs change simultaneously

tCQ after CLK

– Faster than ripple counters ripple counters – More complex logic– Most frequently used type of counter


Synchronous Serial CounterSynchronous Serial Counter

• Flip-flops enabled when all lower flip-flops = 1.

• Enable propagates serially — limits speed

• Requires(n-1) t < TCLK

• All outputs change simultaneously tCQ after CLK

>T

QEN

CLK

CNTEN Q0

Q1

Q2

Q3

QEN

>T

QEN

>T

QEN

>T

t

t

t


Synchronous Parallel CounterSynchronous Parallel Counter

• Single-level enable logic per flip-flop • Fastest and most complex type of counter

• Requires t < TCLK

• All outputs change simultaneously tCQ after CLK

>T

QEN

>T

QEN

>T

QEN

>T

QEN

CLK

CNTEN Q0

Q1

Q2

Q3


74X163 4-bit Synchronous Parallel Counter74X163 4-bit Synchronous Parallel Counter

>CLK

CLRLDENPENTABCD

QAQBQCQD

RCO

74X163

LSB

MSB

RCO = Ripple Carry Out, when Count = 1111 and ENT = 1

Common ClockSynchronous ClearSynchronous LoadCount Enable = ENP ENT

Load Data Inputs


74X163 State Table74X163 State Table

Inputs Current State Next State

/CLR /LD ENT ENP QD QC QB QA QD* QC* QB* QA*

0 X X X 1 0 X X 1 1 0 X 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 D C B A QD QC QB QA QD QC QB QA 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

ClearLoadHoldHoldCount . . .


>CLK

UP/DNLDENPENTABCD

QAQBQCQD

RCO

74X169 UP/DN = 1 = up RCO = 15

UP/DN = 0 = down RCO = 0

up down up

Ex: 0,1,2, 1,0,15,14, 15,0,1,2

RCO RCO

74X169 Up/Down Counter74X169 Up/Down Counter


Counter ApplicationsCounter Applications• Count the number of times an event takes place

• Control the number of steps in a sequence of fixed actions (a sequencer)

• Generate timing signals (frequency divider, etc.)

ENTER

EXIT>UP

DOWNCOUNTER

# of spaces Comparator< =

LotOpen

LotFull

CLK CTR DIV 6

>

EN

Decoder

124

01

6

2345

7

CLR_RIN_AIN_BEXEEXEOUT_C

eecc341 - shaaban #1 lec # 18 winter 2001 2-13-2002 registers. shift registers: –serial in, serial...

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