EMISSION MONITORING

COSOxNOxHClO2

T

Dust

Mercury

On-line Values

Limit AlarmsError Information

Vorcast ValuesTrading

ClassificationProtocols

Time Diagrams

Networking

Remote Maintenance

GPS Clock

Total Mercury

Dust

GasConcentration

Temperature

Flow

Flow

Dust

Data Communication Emission DataManagement System

Ambient AirDust

Dust

Dust

1" Flow/Dust

DustOpacity

Environmental Monitoring Products

Print-out

Opacity & Dust Concentration Measurement

BASICS

Dust Measurement

ParticulateMeasurement

TriboelectricParticle Counter

TransmissionScattered Lightß-Absorption

Humidity

ParticleConditions Ambient

Situations

GasTemperature

(Stack)

In-SituExtractive

StackSizeDry Stack

T > Dew PointWet Stack

T Dew Point

- Concentration- Color- Shape- Size

Temp.(-20 ...+60°C)

normally < 450°C(max. 1000°C)

(Ø 18 m)

Hazardous?

Methods of Particulate Measurement

Type Procedure Description

extractive discontinuous Gravimetric metering with filter head(Reference method VDI 2066)

extractive discontinuous Radiometric metering

extractive continuous Stray light metering in bypass systems

in-situ continuous Transmission meteringStray light metering

in-situ continuous Triboelectric method

in-situ continuous Particle counter(Transmission)

Filter Head Unit to VDI 2066 as Reference Procedure

11

6

87

1

9

5

15

3

21013

4a 4b

12

14

16

1 Nozzle2 Filter head (2-stage)3 Elbow measuring4a Suction pipe4b Heated suction pipe with temperature measuring in the gas

flow and regulation of the selected temperature5 Stop valve6 Condensate separator7 Drying tower

8 Volume flow meter9 Gas volume meter with temperature and pressure

Regulator for suction and air feed11 Suction pump12 Temperature measuring13 Pressure14 Exhaust gas composition15 Flow speed indicator (Prandtl pipe)16 Filter preheating device

Calibration of Dust Meters (regarding VDI 2066)Irregular Dust Distribution in the Cross Section for Metering

Arrangement of Measuring Spots of a Grid Metering in the Flue Gas Channel:

in a rectangular cross section in a round cross section

Calibration of Dust Meters (regarding VDI 2066)

Influence of the Suction Speed on Concentration, Mass Flow and Granulation

Suction speed

ConcentrationGranulationDust mass flow

correct

correctcorrectcorrect

too low

too densetoo coarsetoo small

too fast

too lowtoo finetoo big

Dust Monitoring using

Tribo Electrical Principle

Measuring PrincipleInsulator

Probe

i = f (s,v,k,l)

s = Dust Concentrationv = Gas Velocityk = Electrostatic Charge

Capability of the Dustl = Length of Probe

D-RX 250Combined Sensor

for

Dust ConcentrationVolume FlowTemperature

Pressure

Measuring Principles

Dust monitoring according to the tribo electric measuring principle

Volume flow Monitoring according to the differential pressure principle

Temperature monitoring with a Pt100 resistance thermometer

Absolute pressure transducer Temperature

Sensor

Insulator

Probe

Flow-corrected Tribo

Advantages DisadvantagesSensitive, low LDL Only useful up to 500 mg/m³Single flange, simple installation Max. 1 m Measurement Probe: representative

measurement in larger stacks?4 signals from one probe: Dust Concentration Volume / Flow Temperature Pressure

Interferences from: Particle Size Particle Specific Weight

Low maintenance (only at low concentration) High maintenance (at medium to high concentration)

Reports dust measurement signal on normalized basis, wet

Cannot be used: in stack gases at or below dew point after Electrostatic PrecipitatorsRequires stack gas velocity of min. 5-6 m/sec.Complex reference calibration based on two variables

Dust Monitoring using

Optical Principles

LIGHT TRANSMISSION

Transmission System

Opacity %

Beer-Lambert Equation

Transmission

Extinction (Optical Density)

Dust Concentration in mg/m3

(Calibration reg. VDI 2066or other standard method)

I0 - Source Intensity(emitted light)

I - Received Intensity(received light)

K - Extinction Constantc - Concentrationl - Path Length

Ekl

c

Tklc

lckT

E

3.21

1lg3.213.2

1lg

%100)1(%1

TOTO

klceIIT

IIT

0

0

with temperature compensation in the

measuring head:mg/Nm3

Reflector Transmitter

Light source

LED

• High energy solid-state green LED with a wave length of 530nm.

• Automatic aging and temperature compensation. Emitted light intensity is conti-nuously stabilized.

• Insensitive to ambient light due to 2kHz light modulation.

• Homogenous light spot allows thermal duct movement.

Spectral Distribution of Light Sources

Intensity

400

max. 10%

100%

700 Wave Length [nm]

Spectral Sensitivity of DURAG Super Wide Band Diode vs. narrow-band LED‘s

green LED

Strong temperature

drift

red LEDWhite light LEDBlue Gallium Nitrite diode in connection with a fluorescent layer Spectral response 400-700 nmLife time >5 yearsNo temperature shift

Light Transmission, Optical Principle

Photoelement

Comparison Normal Zero Point Control Reflector

Reflector

Super Wide Band Diode

Optical adjustment(peep hole)

HeatedPane

D-R 290Measuring Head

Stack

Housing hermetically sealed

Optical Transmission

Advantages DisadvantagesMeasures large stacks representative LDL based on stack diameter, questionable

accuracy in smaller stacksLowest cost alternative for continuous dust monitoring in stacks

Two flange installation, optical alignment

2 signals from one instrument: Dust Concentration Opacity

Interferences from: Particle Size (strongly) Particle Color (some) Particle Specific Weight

Low maintenance Not useful in stack gases at or below dew point

Useful for very high temperature stack gas Reports measurement signal on actual basis, no normalization or correction

LIGHT SCATTERING

D-R 300-40

Light trap

Line recorder

A second light trapis required for smoke spot number (soot)measuring Measuring

volume

Control display

Waste gas

Stray light

Emitted light

Fail safe shutter (optional)

Purge air fan

Light Forward Scattering, Optical Principle

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The collimated and modulated light beam of a laser Emitting Diode (1) crosses the Measuring Volume (2); the dust particles are scattering light mostly in the forward direction

This “stray light” is proportional to the dust concentration and is collected by an Objective (3) and transferred via a Fiber Optic (4) to the Receiver Diode (5).

The signal is processed by a highly sensitive circuit which calculates the final measurement value. The result can be calibrated according to the German regulation VDI 2066 (or any other standard method) into dust concentration [mg / m³]

BeamSplitter

Shutter

Transmitter Diode

ReceiverDiode

Pane

Purging Air

CleaningFlange

Measuring Light BeamReference Light Beam

Fibre Optic

MeasuringVolume

Light Trap Objective 123

45

Light Backward Scattering, Optical Principle

Light Scattering

Advantages DisadvantagesMeasures in small to very small stacks Not useful for concentrations >300 mg/m³Extremely low LDL: 50 µg/m³ Interferences from:

Particle Size (some) Particle Color (very strong: factor 20

between white and black) Particle Specific Weight

Low maintenance Not useful in stack gases at or below dew point

Simple installation at stack gas temperature <300°C

Complicated installation at stack gas temperatures >400°CArea of measurement only 80 to 280 mm inside from the stack wall: representative measurement?Reports measurement signal on actual basis, no normalization or correction

WET STACK MONITORING

(STACK GAS BELOW DEW POINT)

EXTRACTIVE METHOD

Heated By-Pass

Heated Bypass, Operating Principle

D-R 820 F , Extractive Heated By-Pass

Advantages DisadvantagesMeasures in every stack gas, wet or dry (at, below, or above dew point)

Single sampling point, installation at laminar flow area

Single flange installation Requires automatic isokinetic adjustment, if stack gas velocity varies >±15m/sec.

Includes Dilution System for high humidity content

Second highest investment for continuous dust monitoring

Instantaneous values

Extractive MethodBETA ABSORPTION

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The Smart Solution for Wet Stacks, BFG monitoring, and varying Fuels

VEREWA F-904 Emission / Process Dust Monitor

Extractive Beta Absorption, Operating Principlesl

i_f9

04_0

2

Pressurized Air

Stack

Sample ProbeNozzle

Valve

CounterTubes

C-14Source

Filter-Adapter

Filter AdvanceStepping Motor Supply

Reel

Take-upReel

TapePrinter(option)

Cover Foil(option)

Total FlowVenturi Nozzle

Total Flow Vacuum Pump

with Bypass Controller

Sample Cooler with

Automatic Drain

PLC

Exhaust

4-20mASTATI

Dilution Flow Venturi Nozzle

C-14Sourceoption( )

Extractive Beta-Gauge

Advantages DisadvantagesMeasures in every stack gas, wet or dry (at, below, or above dew point)

Single sampling point, installation at laminar flow area

LDL and range easily variable through adaptation of sampling cycle

Requires automatic isokinetic adjustment, if stack gas velocity varies >±15m/sec.

No interferences by any particle condition Frequent maintenance requiredSingle flange installation Frequent use of consumables (filter tape)Sample line length up to 50 m, instrument can be installed in analyzer shelter

Highest investment for continuous dust monitoring

Collects sample, heavy metal analysis possibleLow emission, long-life radioactive emitter, no license requiredReports concentration signal normalized, dry basis

Comparison of Emission Particulate Monitoring Methodssl

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9

Condition Heated Bypass -GAUGE Transmission Scattered Light

Concentration High (> 200 mg/m³) ok good good okConcentration Low (< 100 mg/m³) good good bad goodDry Stack (above dew point) good good good goodWet Stack (below dew point) excellent excellent very bad very badHumidity (non-condensing) constant good good good goodHumidity (non-condensing) varying good good bad very badStack Diameter Large (> 3 m) ok ok good badStack Diameter Small (< 3 m) good good ok goodParticle Size constant good good good goodParticle Size varying bad good not ok badParticle Color constant good good good goodParticle Color varying very bad good not ok very badParticle Density constant good good good goodParticle Density varying bad good not ok badGas Velocity constant good good good goodGas Velocity varying (< ± 10-15 m/s) bad acceptable good good

TOTAL MERCURY ANALYZERfor Stack Monitoring

Overall System – Total Mercury Monitor

∆Ptx Ptx

Probe Heated SampleLine

Thermo-Catalytic Reactor Chiller H2O sensor

“Ionic” calibration Sample Introduced at probe

Optional Speciation of Elemental & Ionic Hg

Pre-Filter

Hg TrapDual Beam

UV Detector

Sample Pump

Volume Control

Basic Features

Principal • CVAAS (Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy)

Catalyst • The HM 1400 TRX is equipped with a solid catalyst which convertsionic Mercury into elemental.

Range • 0-45…0-500 µg/Nm³

Benefits

• No Preconcentration, • Real Continuous Measurement, • Maintenance Interval, 6 Months, • low costs of operation

Seite 38

UV Detector – Dual Beam

PLC

3.25µg/m3

GAS IN

Measuring CellGAS OUT

LP UV Lamp(6yrs Lifetime)

Photodiodes(6yrs Lifetime)

Mercury Trap(1yr Lifetime)

Reference Cell

DifferentialSignal

Signal Output

Evaluating the differential signal

eliminates SO2interference!

Calibration/Span check, Total Mercury

Certified ionicMercury standardsolution

MFC

Calibration of complete system

HeatedSample

Line

HM1400CertifiedMercury

CalibrationGas to the

CEM

Sample Probe

Vapouriser

Carrier Gas

Calibration Solution

PeristalticPump

Mass FlowController

Installation incl. Calibrator

SUMMARY - HM 1400 TRX

1: Total Mercury Measurement (Ionic + Elemental)

2: Optional Ionic + Elemental Speciation

3: No wet chemicals for normal operation

4: True Continuous Measurement – no concentration steps

5: Designed as a CEM from the outset

6: Elimination of intereferences

7: Lower maintenance & running costs – direct aim of design

GAS FLOW MONITORING

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1

Differential Pressure ProbeMULTI-PITOT

D – FL 100

Overviewsl

i_fl1

00_u

k_01

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Flow rate measurement with a probe by the principle of differential pressure methodEvaluation with the

Microprocessor Unit D-FL 100-10 (optional)Adjustable parametersLoad-independent

current for line recorder and indicator instrument

dt

L.V.2

L.V.1

Display

Error

1000 m/h3

1000 kg/h

mA

STO MOD

+

Measuring Principlesl

i_fl1

00_u

k_06

_01

Cross Section of the Differential Pressure Bar

ImpactPressure

ReferencePressure

Shedding Point

V volume flow

A cross section

k correction factor0.5 ... 0.7

k

Ultrasonic Flow Monitor

D – FL 200 / 220

D-FL 200 Flow Metersl

i_fl2

00_u

k_01

_02

Check Cycle

Measuring

Limit Value

Display

Parameter

D-FL 200-10

STO MOD

STANDARD FLOW1327500 Nm3/hSTANDARD FLOW1327500 Nm3/h

Ultrasonic measuring system Principle of differential propagation time In-situ measuring directly in the flue gas

flow Continuous measurement No interference with the medium Automatic zero-point and reference-

point control Programmable via the evaluation unit’s

keys or via PC Load-independent current for line

recorder and indicating instrument

Principle of Ultrasonic Flow Measurement Isl

i_fl2

00_u

k_02

_01

c+ · cos

c - u · cos

AuswerteeinheitEvaluation Unit

ImpulsgeberTracker Unit

Sensor (mit Strömung)Downstream Sensor

Sensor (gegen Strömung)Upstream Sensor

Steuer undMesselektronik

Control andMeasuring Electronics

MustererkennungPattern Recognition

L

Applications of D-FL 100 and D-FL 200sl

i_fl2

00_u

k_08

_02

Multi-PitotUltrasoniccold stacks(below dew point)

extremely hotstacks

very smallstacks

extremely highabsolute pressure

aggressive gases

wet stacks

aggressive gases

hot gasesmedium

sizedstacks

bigstacks

medium velocity

highvelocity

high dust loadvery low velocity

THANK YOUFOR YOUR INTEREST

www.durag.de / info@duragindia.com