ee2010_lecture2 al-dhaifallah_term332 1 2. introduction dr. mujahed al-dhaifallah ee2010:...
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Al-Dhaifallah_Term332 1EE2010_Lecture2
2. Introduction
Dr. Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah
EE2010: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Term 332
Al-Dhaifallah_Term332 2EE2010_Lecture2
Dr. Mujahed Al-Dhaifallahالله. ضيف آل مجاهد د
Office: Dean Office. E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: 7842983 Office Hours: SMT, 1:30 – 2:30 PM,
or by appointment
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Rules and Regulations
· No make up quizzes · DN grade == 25% unexcused absences· Homework Assignments are due to the
beginning of the lectures. · Absence is not an excuse for not
submitting the Homework.
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Grading Policy
Exam 1 (10%), Exam 2 (15%) Final Exam (60%), Quizzes (5%) HWs (5%) Attendance & class participation (5%), penalty for late
attendance Note: No absence, late homework submission
allowed without genuine excuse.
EE2010_Lecture2
Attendance
Regular lecture attendance is required. There will be part of the grade on attendance
If you missed any class or tutorial, you are still responsible for anything you miss—announcements, quizzes, etc.
Quizzes
AnnouncedAfter each HW. From HW material
Assignment Requirements
Late assignments will not be accepted.assignments are due at the beginning of
lecture. Sloppy or disorganized work will
adversely affect your grade.
Exams
Attendance is mandatory.Make-up exam are not given unless
a valid, documented emergency has arisen
Homework
Send me e-mailSubject Line: “EE 2010 Student”
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The Course Goal
The aim of this course is to provide an understanding of the fundamentals and analysis of electric circuits.
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Course Objectives
After successfully completing the course, the students will be able to
1. Understand the fundamental concepts of electric circuits.
2. Understand the main circuit elements including energy storage elements.
3. Learn the different circuit analysis techniques.
4. Obtain the equivalent circuits and find out the conditions of maximum power transfer.
5. Apply analysis techniques to sinusoidal circuits.
6. Evaluate the power in sinusoidal circuits.
Textbooks
Introductory Circuit AnalysisRobert Boylestad
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Course Syllabus
1. Introductory material: Introduction2. Basic circuit elements and concepts:
Current, Voltage, Resistance. Chapters (2 and 3)
3. Basic laws of circuit theory: Ohm's law, Power and Energy. Devices: Battery, Power Supply, Multi-meters, Circuit Breakers (Chapter 4)
4. Series Circuits, Kirchhoff's Voltage law. (Chapter 5)
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Course Outlines
4. Parallel Circuits, Kirchhoff's Current law (Chapter 6)
5. Series - Parallel Circuits. (Chapter 7)
6. Techniques of circuit analysis: Source transformation, nodal and mesh analysis. (Chapter 8)
7. Circuit theorems: superposition principle, Thevenin and Norton theorems; maximum power transfer theorem. (Chapter 9)
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Course Outlines
6. Capacitors, Inductors, Series and Parallel connection. (Chapters 10 and 12)
7. Sinusoidal Source, Complex Numbers, Frequency Domain (Phasor) Circuit. (Chapters 13 and 14).
Current, Voltage and Resistance
EE 2010: Fundamentals of Electric CircuitsMujahed AlDhaifallah
Atoms and their structure
electron
neutron
proton
Atomic Structure
Mass of an Electron = 9.11 x 10-28 gm.Mass of a Proton = 1.672 x 10-24 gm.Proton is ~1836 times heavier than the
electron
Atomic Structure
Unit of Charge = CoulombsCharge on electron = charge on a proton
= 1.6 x 10-19 C1 Coulomb = Charge on 6.242 x 1018
electrons
Coulomb’s Law
Like charges repel, opposites attractF = k Q1 Q2 / r2
k = 9 x 109 (units?)
Coulomb’s Law
Like charges repel, opposites attractF = k Q1 Q2 / r2
K = 9 x 109 N m2/C2
Conduction
In metals, the electrons are “more free” than the insulators.
Whenever there is a charge present at one end, the electrons flow to (or away) from that charge.
Current
Rate of flow of charge1 Amp = 1 Coulomb / 1 Second.
Question
If a laptop constantly needs 2 Amps current from a battery, how many electrons are drained from the battery in one hour?
1 Amp = 6.242 x 1018 electrons/second 2 Amp = 12.484 x 1018 electrons/second In one hour - > 3600 x 12.484 x 1018 electrons Answer is 4.49 x 1022 electrons
Question
What’s the weight of all those electrons?4.49 x 1022 x 9.11 x 10-28 gm4.09 x 10-5 gm
Equations
I = Q/ tQ = I x tt = Q/I
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Examples
Find the current in amperes if 650 C of charge pass through a wire in 50 s.
If 465 C of charge pass through a wire in 2.5 min, find the current in amperes.
If a current of 40 A exists for 1 min, how many coulombs of charge have passed through the wire?
EE2010_Lecture2
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Example
Consider the plot of net positive charge moving past a point shown in Fig. Over the time interval 1 s ≤ t ≤ 3 s. Find i(t)
EE2010_Lecture2
Potential
Every particle of mass m raised to a height h above the earth’s surface has a potential energy m.g.h
This potential energy can be raised by raising the particle a little higher
When the particle is set free, it travels to the point of least potential.
Electric Potential
Similarly, a charge wants to travel to a lower “electric” potential.
A negative charge on the other hand, wants to travel to a higher potential.
Each point in a circuit has a potential.
Voltage
Voltage is always measured between two points.
It is defined as the difference of potential between the two points.
Measured in volts
Volts
1 volt is defined as the potential difference, which results in an energy exchange of 1 Joule due to the movement of 1 Coulomb across it.
DC Voltage Supply
Conductivity
Copper is the most popular conductor.
Metal Conductivity (%)
Silver 105
Copper 100
Gold 70.5
Aluminum 61
Tungsten 31.2
Nickel 22.1
Iron 14
Constantan 3.52
Nichrome 1.73
Calorite 1.44
Resistance
Resistance is proportional to length
length
direction of current flow
Resistance
Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area
direction of current flow
Resistance
R = ρ L/A ρ is the resistivity of
the material (units?)
Material ρ (10-8 Ohm-Metres)
Silver 1.645
Copper 1.723
Gold 2.443
Aluminum 2.825
Tungsten 5.485
Nickel 7.811
Iron 12.299
Tantalum 15.54
Nichrome 99.72
Tin Oxide 250
Carbon 3500
Color Coding
5 Bands of code (3 are mandatory)Bands 1 - 3 the value of the resistorBand 4 the range (tolerance)Band 5 the reliability
Color Code (Band 1-3)
Color Value
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
Example
2 6 x 103 = 26 K Ohms
Band 3 (special cases)
Gold = 0.1Red Blue Gold = 2.6 Ohm
Silver = 0.01Red Blue Silver = 0.26 Ohm
More Bands
Band 4 Tolerance
Gold 5%
Silver 10%
None 20%
Band 5 Reliability (after 1000 Hrs of use)
Brown 1%
Red 0.1%
Orange 0.01%
Yellow 0.001%
Example
= 26 K Ohms ± 5%, 1 in 100,000 fails after 1000 hrs of use