ee 4bd4 lecture 16 piezoelectric transducers and application 1
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EE 4BD4 Lecture 16
Piezoelectric Transducers and Application
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Piezoelectricity Theory• Reversible system (Strain Electrical
Potential)• Asymmetrical crystal lattice with distortion
producing equal and opposite charge on each surface
• Total induced charge q = kf where f = force in Newtons, k = piezoelectric constant Coulombs/Newton
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Piezoelectric Materials
• Typical values for k are 2.3 pC/n for quartz and 140 pC/n for barium titanate
• For sensor 1 cm2 area and 1 mm thick a 10 g weight would give .23 and 14 mV respectively
• Can have different crystallographic structures to give thickness or longitudinal compression, transversal compression, thickness-shear and face shear
• Can also be had in polymeric films such as polyvinylidine flouride (PVDF) which are very thin and pliable
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Piezoelectric Theory (cont’d)
• Can be seen as a parallel plate capacitor with voltage
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Sensor Models
• Cp is sensor capacitance, Rp is sensor resistance
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Signal Conditioning
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Gain Characteristics
• In voltage mode cable capacitance plays a part and motion artifact altering cable capacitance could be a problem
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Alternate Signal Conditioning
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Ultrasonic Flowmeters
• Measure blood flow transcutaneously by injecting and receiving ultrasound signals
• Material can be lead zirconate titanate that has a very high energy conversion efficiency
• Crystal is one-half wavelength thick for maximum efficiency
• Produces a diffraction pattern just as an aperature does in optics
• Beam pattern has near field with concentrated energy and little spreading and depth dnf and spread an
• angle φ as shown
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Continuous-Wave Doppler Flowmeter
• When a target recedes from a fixed source that transmits sound, the frequency of the received sound is lowered because of the Doppler effect
• For small changes, fractional change in frequency = fractional change in velocity
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Technical Considerations
• Oscillator must have low output impedance to drive the crystal because it operates in resonance with and input impedance of about 100 Ω.
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