education methodologies the key to effective teaching by lucille contois
TRANSCRIPT
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Education Methodologies
The Key to Effective TeachingBy Lucille Contois
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Pre-Test 1. The statement, “ The student will explain the principle of the direct
antiglobulin test”, is an example of a (n)?
– A. Goal
– B. Objective
– C. Course description
– D. Competency 2. Given the objective “To increase the student’s ability to perform ELISA
assays”, the error made in writing the objective is?
– A. Omitting the terminal behavior
– B. Emphasizing the teaching process
– C. Not using an action verb
– D. Not describing an observable behavior 3. Rank the objective,” Given a patient sample for chemistry tests, the
student will separate the serum from the red cells,” by using a total of 3 general taxonomic levels.
4. The objective,”the student will protect the Confidentiality of a patient’s lab results” would be classified in which domain?
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Pre-Test cont’d 5. Objectives, learning activities, and test; is anything
missing from this instructional unit? If yes, what? 6. Which of the following evaluation tools would be most
effective in evaluating a student’s “psychomotor skills”?– A. Anecdotal records
– B. Checklists
– C. Critical incident techniques
– D. Objective tests
7. For the objective “Defend the practice of wearing latex gloves for phlebotomy procedures (consider isolation policies, infection control principles and blood collection procedures); Is the following test question appropriate?______– True or False? HIV can be acquired through openings in the skin
(chapped hands, sores) when exposed to contaminated blood?
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Workshop Objectives Write correctly a variety of behavioral objectives
in all three educational domains. Rank objectives according to taxonomic level. Evaluate objectives as to their appropriateness and
clarity. Identify and describe key components in an
instructional unit. Correlate objectives with evaluation
methods/items. Defend the need for objectives, instructional
methods, learning activities and evaluation methods to be inter-related.
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Why?????
NAACLS Essentials – Refer to your notebook for actual excerpts from some of the standards.
Careers demand we stay current; staffing is lean; must learn and teach others efficiently!
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What is Education Methodology? Planning a Curriculum Setting Goals Listing Competencies Writing Objectives Developing Evaluations Designing Learning Activities Evaluating Student’s Performance Evaluating the Program Making Changes
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Education Related Terms(Definitions are in your notebook)
Teaching Learning Evaluation (placement,formative,
summative)
Process Evaluation
Outcomes Evaluation
Curriculum
Goals Objectives Competencies
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Goals vs. Competencies
Description:– General/broad
statements of purpose: usually not stated in behavioral terms.
Example:– The student will
become familiar with the various cell organelles
Description:
An acquired capability stated in terms of a composite behavior.
Example:The student will perform routine procedures, employing common techniques in the major areas of anatomic pathology.
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A Model for Systematic Instruction
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An Instructional Unit Must Answer These Questions…..
Where am I? Where am I going? How am I going to get there? How do I know that I have arrived?
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An Instructional Unit
Pre-Test/Prerequisites Goals Objectives Learning Activities Evaluation
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Effective Habits
Knowledge
Skills Desire
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Domains of Objectives
Cognitive
Psychomotor Affective
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Domains Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
Considerable Cognition
Considerable Feeling
Considerable Motor Activity
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Rationale for Using Objectives(For Student)
Breaks topic into small manageable pieces. Provides guidelines. Easier to identify where the problems are. Students can evaluate own progress. Test time is less threatening.
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(For Teacher) Help to focus on main topic. Easier to identify who is having problems. Easier to give feedback to students on areas
of difficulty. Help make tests. Help to set prerequisites. Help evaluate teaching effectiveness. Can review them from other courses to
better design or revise curriculum.
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Components of an Objective
Action Verb
Standards Conditions Audience
observable or measurable
how well limitations who is learning
objective used for evaluation
describes situation/materials
written for the learner
student’s action
omitted if all the same
omitted if obvious
written to be understood
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(Objectives Continued….) Terminal Behavior (Action Verb)
– Examples: List, perform, justify, illustrate, calculate, etc.
Conditions or Givens– Examples: Without reference, open book, given
equipment and supplies, etc.
Standards or Criteria– Examples: Accurately, according to established
procedure, within 95% confidence limits, within 10% of predetermined result, etc.
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Taxonomic Levels(Each Domain has Hierarchy of Objectives)
Each Domain has a progressive hierarchy of learning categories from simple to complex behaviors.– Cognitive has 6 levels - page 14– Psychomotor has 7 levels - page 17– Affective has 5 levels - page 20
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Revised Levels of Cognitive Domain
Level 1 - Recall or Knowledge
Level 2 - Interpretive Skills/Application
Level 3 - Problem Solving/Analysis
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Examples of Cognitive Objectives
Without reference, the student will define the following terms correctly:…..
Given a quality control chart, the student will correctly interpret the status of the control value.
Without reference, the student will justify the use or application of RDW, according to established practice.
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Revised Levels of Psychomotor Domain
Level 1 - Perception/Set
Level 2 – Guided Response-
Mechanism-Complex Overt Response
Level 3 - Adaptation/Organization
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Examples of Psychomotor Objectives
Given the procedure and necessary supplies etc, the student will prepare a blood smear that meets the following criteria:– Fill majority of slide– No ridges, waves, holes etc.– Has a feathered edge– etc
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(Examples Continued…)
Given the following types of micro-organisms….., the student will demonstrate proper specimen collection, handling and processing procedures, according to established protocol.
Given the necessary materials, the student will develop an effective staffing plan for weekend and midnight shifts without leaving day shift short staffed.
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Revised Levels of Affective Domain
Level 1 – Receiving/Responding
Level 2 – Valuing
Level 3 – Organization/Internalization
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Examples of Affective Domain
The student will comply with established safety procedures in the specimen processing area.
Given the professional code of ethics for laboratory personnel, the student will defend the need for demonstrating respect for others according to conventional wisdom.
The student will judge the relevancy of cleaning and re-stocking practices for each department to meet established safety standards and increase efficiency.
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Group Project on Objectives
Pick a Topic Write a Goal Statement Write Objectives
– 2 cognitive (level 2 & 3)– 2 psychomotor (level 2& 3)– 2 affective (any 2 levels)
Critique one another Return and Fix Present
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Enabling Objective Without reference and according to the
information provided in your manual, the student will discuss the significance of cell histograms. To do this the student must:– A. Define MPV– B. Correlate MPV values with the platelet count;– C. Interpret platelet histograms;– D. Justify use or application of RDW;– E. Interpret red cell histograms– F. Explain how leukocyte histograms are generated;– G. Explain the main uses of a leukocyte histogram
differential;– H. Interpret potential interferences in histograms
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Psychomotor Example:Co-perform supervisory functions with section head to include 3 of the following: Evaluate and correlate results
Inventory and develop supply order for section
Participate in the sched. of staff
Participate in necessary documentation and compilation for accreditation/licensure
Perform and evaluate proper QA procedures
Choose an accept. course of action in response to various lab crises; eg.: instr. malfunction, changes in staffing patterns, dramatic shift in work flow, QC discrepancy, etc.
Accurately; according to estab. practices and accept. references..
Accurately: meets existing needs and budget restrictions.
Adequately covers each shift with approp. credentialed staff; satisfies contract
According to lab. practice; meets standards of regulatory agencies.
According to established practice Appropriately; in consultation with
supervisor
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Let’s Evaluate Some Objectives The student will understand the purpose of QC in
the clinical lab. The student will show initiative in the lab. The student will know the difference between
cellular and humoral immunity. To increase the student’s awareness of lab. safety
procedures. The student will appreciate the importance of
routine maintenance procedures in the chemistry lab.
To know how to write educational objectives.
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WE LEARN….
10% of what we read 20% of what we hear 30% of what we see 50% of what we both see and hear 70% of what is discussed with others 80% of what we experience personally 95% of what we teach someone else
• WM. Glasser
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Instructional Methods(or Learning Activities)
Lecture Discussion/Conference Demonstration Simulation/Role Playing/Student Labs etc. Individual/ Self-Instruction/ CAI Problem-Based Learning
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Group Exercise Continued…
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Learning ToolsAre tools appropriate for goals?
What are the relative adv. and disadv.?
Chalkboard Transparencies Pen & Paper Powerpoint Videotapes
Kodachrome Slides
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Evaluations Terms
– Criterion Referenced– Norm Referenced
– Reliability– Validity
– Placement– Formative– Summative
– Objective– Subjective
Purpose– Determine
Qualifications
– Monitor Student Progress
– Rank Students
– Provide Practice
– Check on your instruction
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Evaluation Instruments
Rating Scales Checklists Anecdotal Records Critical Incident Practical Exams Multiple Choice True/False Matching Short Answer/Essay
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Purpose of Evaluations
Determine Qualifications (Pre-test) Monitor Student progress Rank Students Provide Practice Check on Instruction
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Examinations
Determine the objectives before and for the test
Test only to the objectives Use correct type of questions Consider the number of questions at each
taxonomy level Make a “blue print’ Conduct timely for the material covered Give immediate feedback
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Multiple Choice Structure
– Stems:
– Alternatives:
Value– Advantages:
• Common
• Good for cognitive esp.
• Adaptable
• Easily scored & objective
– Disadvantages:• Guessing
• Time to construct
• Many pages
• More reading
• Tend to be low level if not careful
• Has clues
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QC for Multiple Choice Questions
Overall– Question relate to objective?
– Proper wording for stem/alternative?
– Are alternatives possible or a common misconception?
– Covers one problem only?
– Is answer really the best?
– Peer review?
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Ex: Cognitive MC Test Questions Low Level
– Total hemolysis is called______hemolysis.• A. Alpha• B. Beta• C. Delta• Etc….
Mid Level– What volume of 95% alcohol would be needed to make
200ml. of a 70% solution?• (enter choices)
High Level– Given the following lab data on a specimen, what test
would be recommended to rule out anemia?• (enter choices)
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Other Objective-Type Tests(Always Relate to Objectives & Seek Peer Review)
Fill-in/Short Answer
Clear wording
5-7 ? Point value? Obvious?
One idea/fact
Extra options etc?
Defined how evaluated
Teaching in ?
Clues? Arrangement proper
Complex learning
Clues?
2 neg. One correct answer?
Graded anonymously
Verbs omitted?
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Subjective-Type of Tests
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Anecdotal and Critical Incident
Anecdotal records the description of observed behavior
Critical Incident is similar but stresses only critical points
Advantages: Easy to develop form; economic; precise feedback to students; look at total behavior
Disadvantages: Subjective; lack of standardization; difficulty in scoring; time consuming; limited application
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Checklists and Rating Scales
Checklists use a prepared list of performances that are checked to indicate the action or quality
Rating scales use a set of defined traits upon which students are judged
MOST COMMON
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Effects to Avoid if Possible (Rating Scale Errors)
Halo Effect
Error of Personal Bias
Contrast Error
Proximity Error
Rater’s Mood, Memory Error etc.
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QC for Performance Evaluations
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Correlation of Exams with Objective Domains
Objective type tests
Sometimes practical exams
Anecdotal
Critical Incident Rating Scales
Checklists
Practical Exams
Review Lab Results
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Justification of Inter-relatedness Between Objectives, Learning
Activities and Evaluations
It’s honest Student and teacher are appropriately
accountable It’s Fair It validates our plan It’s effective
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