Vanessa WiratmoNick HarmonJessica ParkMrs. Graff AP European History20 March 2019

Economic and Political Protest and RevolutionFrance (Purple)

Philip VI 1328-50John II 1350-64Charles V 1364-80Avignon Papacy 1309-1377

The Avignon Papacy was in France. The French dominated the College of Cardinals, testing the papacy’s agility politically and economically. Pope Clement V expanded papal taxes such as the annates. Clement VI sold indulgences. Such practices contributed to the Papacy’s reputation of for materialism and political scheming.

Hundred Years War (1337-1453)-Charles IV dies in 1337 with no direct male heir. Edward III of England claims he should be king.-The French chose Philip VI to reign -Battle of Crecy 1346

In 1346, Edward III of England attacked Normandy and defeated them at the Battle of Crecy. In this battle, Edward seized the port of Calais.

-Battle of Poitiers 1356The English won their greatest victory, routing France’s noble calvary and taking the French King, John II captive back to England.

-Jacquerie 1358The Jacquerie was a series of bloody revolutions in 1358 in opposition to the taille, which was the French direct tax on the peasantry. The disruption of the usual order by the Black Death and the Hundred Years’ War also a cause of the rebellions. The rebellions were quickly suppressed by the nobles.

-England forces treaty of Bretagne-Calas may 19, 1360This agreement declared an end to Edward’s vassalage to the king of France and affirmed his sovereignty over English territories in France.

-Battle of Agincourt October 25, 1415Henry’s army routed the Battle of Agincourt on October 25, 1415. It was the second major battle of the Hundred Years’ War. Henry took advantage of internal French turmoil created by the rise to power of the Duke of Burgundy. Henry struck when France was deeply divided. It was a big defeat for France.

-Treaty of Troyes 1420The Treaty of Troyes in 1420 disinherited the legitimate heir to the French throne and proclaimed Henry V the successor of Charles VI

-Charles VII is king after Henry V and Charles died 1422-Joan of Arc (1412-1431) presents herself to king 1429

Joan of Arc presented herself to the king and said that God had sent her to deliver besieged Orléans from the English. Charles was desperate, so he allowed her to fight in the war. She gave the French troops an enraged sense of national identity and destiny, which helped their success in the battle. She was captured and executed as a heretic in 1431.

Charles VI 1380-1422Pragmatic sanction of Bourges 1438

-The Pragmatic Sanction recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference.

-it prohibited the payment of annates to Rome-it limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome

Charles VII 1422- 1461Louis XI 1461-1483Charles VIII 1483- 1498The French Invasions (1494-1527) -in Italy

-Ludovico appealed to the French for aid to reenter Italy and revive their dynastic claim to Naples-Charles VIII invaded Italy 1494

Five months after the call from Ludovico, Charles had crossed the Alps and raced as conqueror through Florence and the Papal States into Naples.

-Savonarola controls Florence 1494-1498)Once Charles got to Florence, Savonarola convinced the Florentines that the French king’s arrival was a long delayed and fully-justified divine vengeance on their immorality.

-League of Venice 1495 Ferdinand of Aragon created the League of Venice, which allied Venice, the Papal States, and Emperor Maximilian I together with him against the French.

-Louis XII invades Milan 1499-The Holy League created in 1511

Julius, Ferdinand of Aragon, and Venice form a second Holy League in October 1511 and were joined by Emperor Maximilian I.

- Holy League defeats the French 1512-1513In 1512, the league had the French in full retreat

-Francis I invades Italy 1515Louis successor Francis I invaded Italy a third time. This time, French Armies massacred Swiss soldiers of the Holy League at Marignano in September 1515.

-Concordat of Bologna 1516The Concordat from the Pope in 1516 was an agreement that gave the French King control over the French clergy in exchange for church recognition of the Pope’s superiority over church councils and his rights to collect annates in France.

(1494-1559) The French (Valois) and Spanish (Habsburgs) warThe Valois and Habsburgs fought four major wars over disputed territories within Italy

-Treaty of Cateau-cambresis 1559This treaty ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars

1543 scientific revolution The Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy.

French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)-St Bartholomew's Day Massacre:The St. Bartholomew Massacre was caused by the execution of many Protestant leaders. This was an act caused by Catherine de Médicis in an attempt to escape the rising Protestant power in France. Initially, she asked for help from Protestants, but just before the St. Bartholomew Massacre she had received help from the Guises and feared she would be persecuted for her involvement in an assassination attempt. This led her to cause the Massacre. The effects of the Massacre were that the Reformation was no longer only affecting France, but moved to all European Protestants. The Reformation also became a struggle against the Catholic church as they would persecute and kill by any means necessary. -War of Three Henrys 1587-1589

-fought between King Henry III, Henri I de Lorraine, and Henry of Bourbon, king of Navarre (future Henry IV).-Henry of Guise tried to take Paris but was assassinated by Henry III. Henry III and Henry of Navarre worked together to retake Paris, when Henry III was killed by a monk. Henry of Navarre took the throne, converting to Catholicism

-Day of the Barricades 1588

The Day of the Barricades was a result of when King Henry III tried to surprise attack the Catholic League. This plan failed and Henry had to leave his home in Paris. While away from Paris, Henry had the duke and cardinal of Guise both assassinated. This prompted a violent reaction from the Catholic League on par with that of the Protestants after the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day.-Edict of Nantes 1598The Edict of Nantes was called by Henry IV. The Edict proclaimed a formal religious settlement. It preceded the Treaty of Vervins, that created peace between Spain and France

Louis XII 1498-1515Francis I 1515-1547Henry II 1547-59Francis II 1559-60Charles IX 1560-74Henry III 1574-89Henry IV 1589-1610Henry IV assassinated 1610Louis XIII 1610-1643Louis XIV 1643-1715Thirty Years War (Swedish French Period) (1635-1648)

-1635 France openly enters the war. They send men and munitions as well as financial subsidies. The war went on for 13 years without much progress. -Treaty of Westphalia 1648

The Treaty of Westphalia brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to a halt. It reasserted the religious settlement of the Peace of Augsburg. This treaty also gave Calvinists legal recognition.

Fronde (1649-1652)The Fronde was a series of rebellions from the French nobles against the policies of Richelieu and Mazarin. These policies were increasingly sneaky ways to get around previously instituted acts that provided the two Cardinals with more centralized power. The rebellions impacted Louis by showing him what he needed to change in his monarchy, specifically convincing him to concentrate more on the authority of the monarchy. He did this by attempting to make it the most important political entity in all of France. This would lead to the safety of the throne as he realized that heavy-handed policies endangered his seat of government.

1660 - Louis permits the papal bull banning Jansenism to be enforced in France. Pope Innocent X declared heretical five Jansenist theological propositions on grace and salvation

War of Devolution (1667-1668)-louis invades Flanders and France-Compté 1667Louis supported the alleged rights of his first wife to inherit the Spanish Netherlands.

He invaded the Netherlands in 1667. The Triple Alliance of England resisted his attempt to invade. This resulted in the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1668. It gave Louis rule over the towns outside the Spanish Netherlands.

Treaty of Dover 1670-the treaty allied England with France against the Dutch. In a secret portion of the treaty, Charles pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England permitted it. Louis XIV agreed to pay Charles a substantial subsidy.

Invasion of the Netherlands (1672-1714)Louis decided to invade the Netherland in 1672 again. He had the help of England by the

Treaty of Dover, which caused England and France to become allies against the Dutch. The Prince of Orange forged an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Lorraine, and Brandenburg against Louis. The war ended inconclusively with the Peace of Nijmegen (1678-1679). France gained more territory, including the Franche-Comte.Revocation of the Edict of Nantes October 1685

-forbade religious practice for the Protestant Reformed Church -stipulated that all their church buildings should be pulled down. -Pastors had to recant or go into exile. -The faithful lost their identity as Protestants and were declared Catholics. Many chose to emigrate, even though it was forbidden, rather than to submit.

Nine Years War (1688-1697) League of AugsburgLouis XIV maintained his army at full strength and restlessly probed beyond his borders. His forces occupied the free city of Strasbourg, which prompted new defense coalitions to form against him. The League of Augsburg was one of the groups formed, and it included England, Spain, Sweden, the United Provinces, and the Major German states. The League and France battled each other from 1689-1697. -Peace of Ryswick 1697.The Peace of Ryswick ended the war, secured Holland’s borders, and thwarted Louis expansion into Germany.

Agricultural Revolution (1600’s-1700’s)The Agricultural Revolution was brought on by the turning away from traditional farming methods by the nobles and landlords. The increase of prices benefited these two groups as they were able to sell less product for a higher price and also sell their surplus grain. The revolution aspect of the movement was that the landlords sought out new ways to replace human labor for cheaper that could perform better. This necessity for better work led to many new inventions created for farm work.

War of Spanish Succession 1701-1714The War of Spanish Succession was fought over who would claim the Spanish throne. Claims to the throne were up in the air as the last Habsburg leader, Charles II, had died without an heir. Ironically, he had left his entire inheritance to Louis’ grandson. Philip of Anjou, who would become Philip V of Spain, was selected as the ruler. The actual war was fought between France, England, and Spain. The war’s significance was the peace

made with England and Holland at the end of the war. The nations agreed to give Gibraltar and the island of Minorca to England. Louis was also forced to recognize the right of the House of Hanover to the succession to the throne. July 1713 Treaty of Utrecht

The northern provinces formed the Union of Utrecht in retaliation to the formation of the Union of Arras.

Pragmatic sanction 1713 (RECOGNIZED by France)-the Pragmatic Sanction recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference.-it prohibited the payment of annates to Rome-it limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome

Louis XV 1715-1774Mississippi Bubble 1716-1720

1716 Lohn Law established the general bank1720 gold payments halted in FranceThe Duke of Orleans gave John Law the financial management of the kingdom. John Law was a gambler and Scottish mathematician. He believed that an increase in the paper-money supply would start France’s economic recovery. He established a bank that issued paper money. He organized a monopoly on trading privileges with the French colony of Louisiana in North America, called Mississippi Company. This helped French debt. They issued stocks in exchange for government bonds. Law encouraged speculation in the Mississippi Company Stock to increase the quantity of bonds. The price of stocks rose. Smart investors sold their stocks, took the paper money, and went to exchange it for gold. The Mississippi Company did not have enough gold for the amount of paper money investors had. In 1720, all gold payments stopped in France. Law fled the country. The fiasco is known as the Mississippi Bubble. It brought disgrace on the government that supported Law. The company was later reorganized and was profitable, but paper money scarred French economic life for decades.

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)-Maria Theresa tried to keep the Habsburgs as a major political power in Prussia-nobility of Hungary gained much more local autonomy and this change in containers of power led to a decrease of power of the central monarchy. -Hungary also recognized as the most important of the mini royalties she ruled over-France’s role in the War of Austrian Succession was to support Prussia’s war effort. -abandoned their plan to attack British trade and brought about the German power that would rise against France.-also brought England into the war. Conflict of France and England ended in a stalemate and the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 ended the war. Prussia retained Selesia

Diplomatic revolution 1756The Diplomatic Revolution was when Britain left its alliance with Austria and joined forces with Prussia. This upset the leaders of Austria except for Kaunitz who had planned

for a French alliance to tear apart the state of Prussia. caused mainly by Britain’s alliance it formed with Prussia at the Convention of Westminster. The conflicts in North America also led European leaders to be on edge with each other

Seven Years War (1756-1763) Frederick invades Saxony 1756The invasion created an alliance that Frederick feared. France and Austria form an alliance in 1757 dedicated to destroying Prussia. Russia and Sweden also joined. Two things saved Prussia. First, Britain furnish considerable financial aid. Second, Empress Elisabeth of Russia died. Her successor was Tsar Peter, who admired Frederick greatly. He immediately made peace with Prussia, which removed another enemy and relieved Frederick. The Treaty of Hubertusburg 1763 ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in pre-war borders.The causes of the 7 Years War were Frederick II’s invasion of Saxony. This invasion was intended to deter non Prussian powers from acting out against them. The invasion resulted in the alliance of France and Austria joined by many other small nations to end Prussia’s reign of power. The consequences of the war were that Prussia permanently gained Silesia, Hungary became large source of power, France faced defeat, the Spanish faced conflicts with England, and the New World became more independent. Each factor still in Europe shows the differences from before and after the war, especially for England, though many other countries benefited and felt losses for this war. All the participants in the war found changes in their social structures and governance over their territory.

Treaty of Paris 1763Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River valley, and the eastern half of the Mississippi River Valley. Britain returned Pondicherry and Chandernagore in India and the West Indian sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique to the French.

Louis XVI 1774-92American revolutionary war 1775-1783

France helped supply the American Army with supplies to fight against the British. The French had a vital role in helping the Americans achieve independence.French Revolution 1787-1799

The French monarchy was unsuccessful in finding ways to pay off its debt. This led to ongoing conflicts with aristocratic and ecclesiastical institutions. France was in debt due to the wars they fought. They needed a way to increase revenues to pay for the debt, either through taxes or other means. After the Seven Years War there was a standoff between the French Aristocracy and the monarch. The aristocracy challenged the power of the French Monarchy. This increased when the financial advisors wanted to tax the nobility, but were blocked by the parlements. Neither Louis XV or Louis XVI had the skills to resolve the problem. The Parlements were restored by Louis XVI. They were the voice for the aristocrats, but liked the support from the public. They wanted change in economic policies of the monarch. The Parlement used enlightenment ideas to make their

argument. They believed the monarchy was using tyranny. They wanted to decrease power of the monarchs. The Estates General was called because of a political deadlock between the French monarchy, aristocracy, and the church. The First Estate was clergy, Second Estate was nobility and the Third estate was everyone else. Representatives of the third estate assured to not permit the monarchy and aristocracy to decide the future of the nation. -1788 doubling the third estate

The council announced the Third Estate would elect twice as many representatives as either the nobles or the clergy. The Doubling of the Third Estate allowed them to dominate the Estates General if voting preceded by head instead or order.

-Cahiers de Doléances and the National AssemblyThe Estates General was called because of a political deadlock between the French monarchy, aristocracy, and the church. The First Estate was clergy, Second Estate was nobility and the Third estate was everyone else. Representatives of the third estate assured to not permit the monarchy and aristocracy to decide the future of the nation. The Third estate wanted to assert their power and thus created the National Assembly during the elections of the Estates General in 1788 and early 1789. Cahiers de doleances were a list of grievances that were given by Electors to be shown to the king. It criticized government waste, indirect taxes, Church taxes, and corruption, and hunting rights. Suggested reforms: More equitable taxes, more local control of administration, free press, and unified weights and measures to facilitate trade. It was meant for equality rights for the King’s subjects. Greater equality in taxation rather than aristocratic privileges. Representatives of the Third Estate—consisting of local officials, professionals, and other persons of property—refused to sit as a separate order as the king desired and for several weeks there was a standoff.

-1789 tennis court oath Louis XVI intended to call a “Royal Session” of the Estates General and closed the room where the National Assembly had been gathering. The National Assembly were unexpectedly locked out of their usual meeting, so they moved next door to the indoor tennis court. There, the people took an oath saying they will not get up until a new constitution was given to France.

-1789 Fall of BastilleJuly 14, large crowds of Parisians marched to Bastille to get weapons for the militia. Bastille was a great fortress that once held prisoners. The troops in the Bastille fired into the crowd, killing ninety-eight people and wounded many others. The crowd stormed the fortress. They released seven prisoners and killed several troops and the governor. The National Guard offered its command to Marquis de Lafayette. The attack on the Bastille marked the first of many crucial journées. The fall of the fortress signaled that the National Constituent Assembly alone would not decide the political future of the nation.

-1789 Great Fear

The Great Fear was a movement in which a rumor started that the royal troops would be sent to the countryside. This led to the burning of chateaux, the destruction of legal records and documents, and the refusal to pay feudal dues. This was because the peasants felt as if the land and food supplies were rightfully theirs. They mainly targeted ecclesiastical and aristocratic landlords. Then on August 4, 1789, liberal nobles and clerics rose in the Assembly and renounced their feudal rights, dues, and tithes. This led to French citizens being subject to equal laws. Lastly, political and military positions, careers, and advancement were subject to talent rather than being exclusive to wealth or birthright. The Great Fear resulted in the egalitarian laws in France. The government was no longer able to sell high government positions, so the events that occurred opened many positions to those that could not previously attain them. They were allowed to advance their careers through talent instead of birth or wealth.

-1789 Parisian women’s march on VersaillesOn October 5, 7,000 Parisian Women armed with pikes, guns, swords, and knives marched to Versailles demanding more bread. They milled about the palace and stayed the night. Immediately, the king agreed to sanction the decrees of the Assembly.

-1789 estates general becomes the national assemblyOn June 1, 1789, the Third Estate invited clergy and nobles to join them in creating a new legislative body. On June 17, that body declared itself the National Assembly, and on June 19 the Second Estate joined the National Assembly

-1790 civil constitution of the clergy The National Constituent Assembly issued the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which transformed the Roman Catholic Church in France into a secular branch of the secular state. The legislation reduced the number of bishoprics from 135 to 83. It provided for the election of pastors and bishops, who became salaried employees of the state. It embittered relations between the French Church and the State.

-1791 flight to varennesJune 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family left Paris disguised as servants. At Varannes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. A company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Profound distrust now dominated the political scene.

-Declaration of Plintz 1791King Frederick William II of Prussia and Emperor Leopold of Austria issued the Declaration of Plintz. The two monarchs promised to intervene in France to protect the royal family and to preserve the monarchy if the other European powers agreed.

-1792 September MassacresThe Paris Commune summarily executed or murdered about 1,200 people who were in the city jails. Some of these people were aristocrats or priests, but most were common criminals. The crowd had assumed the prisoners were all

counterrevolutionaries. When news about this spread, new hostility toward the revolutionary government arose.

-National Convention 1792-1795The first act declared by the convention declared France as a republic, which is a nation governed by an elected assembly without a monarch.

-1793-1794 reign of terror-1793 committee of public safety

The Convention established a Committee of General Security and a Committee of Public Safety to carry out the executive duties of the government. The Committee of Public Safety had almost dictatorial power. All revolutionary members in the Committee of Public Safety saw their task as saving the revolution from mortal enemies at home and abroad.

-levee en masse 1793The convention wanted to wage war, but also secure domestic support for the war effort. Lazare Carnot began a mobilization for victory by issuing a levée en masse, which is a military requisition on the entire population to, conscripting males into the army and directing economic production for military purposes.

-Republic of Virtue 1794The people who sat in the Convention and the Committee of Public Safety did not see their actions simply in terms of expediency made necessary by war. They believed they made a republic of virtue. In this republic, civic virtue largely understood in terms of Rousseau’s “Social Contract.” It manifested itself in many ways: in the renaming of streets from the egalitarian vocabulary of the revolution; in republic dress copied from the sans-culotte; in the absence of powdered wigs; in the suppression of plays and other literature that was not republican; and in general attack against crimes. Their core value is the thought of upholding the public over the private good or the championing of the general will over individual interests.

-law of 22 prairial 1794 The law of 22 Prairial permitted the revolutionary tribunal to convict suspects without hearing substantial evidence against them. It denied the accused of any effective right to self defense. The death sentence rate began to grow steadily.

1794 Fall of RobespierreAlso called Thermidorian Reaction. Rapid calming of the revolution. This was caused by the denial of Robespierre’s speech and the execution of him and many of his followers. He was not supported by other groups because of the acts he took against them in attempts to end the revolution. His outburst occurred on July 27, or the ninth of Thermidor on the revolutionary calendar, which is why the event is called the “Thermidorian Reaction.”

Serfdom abolished 1789In France, serfdom had been in decline for at least three centuries by the start of the Revolution, replaced by various forms of freehold tenancy. The last vestiges of serfdom were officially ended on August 4, 1789 with a decree abolishing the feudal rights of the nobility.

1793 Execution of Louis XVILouis XVI was put on trial as mere “Citizen Capet.” the Girondists looked for a way to spare his life, but the Mountain defeated the effort. An overwhelming majority convicted Louis of conspiring against the liberty of the people and the security of the state. Condemned to death by a smaller majority, he was beheaded on January 21, 1793.

Louis XVII 1793-95Directory 1795-1799Consulate-Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1804Revolution in Haiti (1791-1804)

-François-dominique Toussaint L’OvertureThe independence of Haiti was sparked by policies of the French Revolution overflowing into the New World Empire. The Haitian revolution showed that slaves could revolt against white masters and mulatto freemen. The relationship between slave and slave masters in Haiti was filled with violence in the 18th century. French colonial masters used racial divisions between black slaves and mulatto freemen to their own political advantage. The French National Assembly in 1791 decreed that free property owning mulattoes in Haiti should enjoy the same rights as white plantation owners. In 1791, there was a full rebellion that broke out in Haiti. François-Dominique Toussaint L’Overture was the leader. There was enormous violence and death on both sides. In 1793, France abolished slavery in Haiti. Spain and Great Britain tried to intervene in Haitian events to expand their influence in the Caribbean. They were both opposed to the end of slavery and they both coveted Haiti’s rich sugar producing lands. Napoleon distrusted L'Ouverture and feared his example would undermine French Authority elsewhere in the Caribbean and North America. In 1802, napoleon sent an army to Haiti and eventually captured L'Ouverture, who was sent back to France and died in prison. Napoleonic code 1804

-It forced Austrian army to surrender at Ulm and occupied Vienna-It defeated the combined Austrian and Russian forces at Austerlitz-Napoleon was recognized as king of Italy-It dissolved the Confederation of the Rhine and made Francis II into Emperor Francis I of Austria-Wherever Napoleon invaded, he imposed the Napoleonic code. Feudal privileges were abolished and serfs were freed. The guilds and the local oligarchies that had been dominant for centuries were dissolved or deprived of their power. Churches lost their traditional independence. It was clear that Napoleon’s policies were intended first for his glory and that of France rather than Europe as a whole.

Napoleon I 1804-1814

Battle of Austerlitz 1805On December 2, 1805 Napoleon defeated the combined Austrian and Russian forces at Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg that followed won major concessions from Austria. The Austrians withdrew from Italy and left Napoleon control of everything north of Rome, where he was recognized as king of Italy

1807 treaty of tilsit The peace treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition, which confirmed France's gains. Prussia lost half its territory, and Prussia openly and Russia secretly became allies of Napoleon. Napoleon then reorganized conquered Europe under his reign

1807 Napoleon invades portugalThe war began when French and Spanish armies crossed Spain and invaded Portugal in 1807. Then, in 1808, France turned on its ally, Spain. The war lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814.

Wars of liberation 1807-1809 -1807 War with Spain

Spain had more national resistance to France than any other European Nation. Spain had achieved political unity as early as the 16th century. Spain and France had been allies since 1796. In 1807; however, a French Army came to the Iberian Peninsula to force Portugal to abandon its traditional alliance with Britain. The army stayed in Spain to protect lines of supply and communication. Napoleon used a revolt that broke out in Madrid as a pretext to depose the Spanish Bourbons and to place his brother Joseph on the Spanish Throne. The nobles were prepared to collaborate, and the peasants rebelled. Guerrilla bands cut lines of communication, killed stragglers, destroyed isolated units, and then disappeared into the mountains. The British army came to support the Spanish insurgence.

-1809 War with AustriaThe French troubles in Spain encouraged the Austrians to renew the war in 1809. They wanted revenge after their defeat at Austerlitz. They relied on Napoleon’s distraction in Spain, French war weariness, and aid from German Princes. Napoleon was fully in command in France. The French army marched swiftly into Austria and won the battle of Wagram. The Peace of Schonbrunn deprived Austria of much territory and 3.5 million subjects. Napoleon decided to divorce his childless wife for the Austrian Duchess Marie Louise.

Revolt in Madrid 1808The rebellion in Madrid began the movement that ultimately proved fatal to Napoleon’s power. Although the Madrid revolt was ruthlessly suppressed by the French, provincial insurrections took place throughout Spain, and the Spaniards showed great capacity for guerrilla warfare

The Grandeé Army 1812

The French Army followed Scorched Earth policy when going to Russia. 600,000 men went, but the weather killed many of them. Only 160,000 made it back. They had food and water shortages and were sickened by the weather.

European Coalition 1813Russia, Prussia, and Austria were part of the European Coalition that drove battles westward towards France. They were assisted by money from Britain and armies from Spain.

Congress of Vienna 1814The Congress of Vienna assembled in September 1814 and finished in September 1815. The four powers conducted the important work of the conference. The full session of the conference was to discuss the arrangements the Quadruple Alliance made. One of the easiest problems faced was France. They agreed that no one state should be able to dominate all of Europe. They were determined to make sure France never dominates again. The powers strengthened the countries around France’s borders. These countries were used as barriers to prevent France’s expansion. The kingdom of the Netherlands was established. Austria gained full control of northern Italy. The rest of Germany was left untouched. After the Holy Roman Empire fell, it was not revived. The agreement of eastern Europe sharply divided the victors. Alexander I of Russia wanted all of Poland. Prussia was willing to give their portion of Poland to Russia in return for all of Saxony. Austria was unwilling to give up Poland or to see Prussian power grow or for Russia to penetrate deeper into central Europe. The Polish - Saxon question almost started a war, but the willy Talleyrand representing France suggested the weight of France added to that of Britain and Austria might bring Alexander to his senses. Alexander agreed to be ruler of smaller Poland and Prussia gained part of Saxony. Now, France was added as a fifth power in all deliberations.

Battle of Nations 1814 The combined army of Napoleon’s enemies decisively defeated Napoleon at Leipzig. It is also known as the Battle of Nations. In March 1814, the allied armies marched into Paris. A few days later, Napoleon abdicated and went into exile on the island of Elba.

The charter 1815-document that provided for a hereditary monarchy and a bicameral legislature created by Louis XVIII. -stated that the monarch appointed the upper house, the Chamber of Peers. A narrow franchise with a high property qualification elected the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies. -also guaranteed most of the rights of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. -ensured religious toleration, but declared Roman Catholicism as the official religion of France. -promised not to challenge the property rights of the current owners of land that had been confiscated from aristocrats and the church during the French Revolution.

-questioned traditional authority and embraced a new rational way of rule, in the form of a constitutional monarch. -reflection of Enlightenment thinking because it promised freedom of religion, an act not practiced during the Enlightenment.

Louis XVIII 1814-1824Hundred Days War 1815

The Hundred Days is known as the time when Napoleon escaped Elba and escaped to France to regain power. When he regained power in France, he promised a liberal constitution and a peaceful foreign policy. The allies (Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain) were not convinced and declared Napoleon as a outlaw. The allies send their army to crush him. They defeated him in the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was captured and exiled again, this time to St. Helena off the coast of Africa. He died at St. Helena. The Hundred days frightened the allies and they were more distrusting when making a peace settlement with France. They imposed a war indemnity and an army of occupation on France. Alexander proposed a Holy Alliance. The monarchs promised to act together in accordance with Christian principles. Austria and Prussia signed. England abstained and Castlereagh thought the idea was absurd. Alexander thought the idea was a valuable tool for international relations. The Holy Alliance became a symbol of extreme political reaction. -Battle of Waterloo 1815

-The Battle of Waterloo was the defeat that is famous for ending Napoleon’s domination of all of Europe. It is also significant because it is the defeat that resulted in the loss of his position as emperor.

Industrial revolution 1820--period of sustained economic growth through industrialization-led by a demand of consumer goods and raised the general standard of living-brought about the new factory system that replaced the previous domestic and cottage methods.

American Monroe Doctrine 1823Prohibited further colonization and intervention by European powers in the Americas

Charles X 1829-30Louis Philippe 1830-1848July revolution of 1830

a. Charles called for new elections in 1830 and the liberals scored a stunning victoryi. Charles and his ministers attempt a royalist seizure of power

b. June and July 1830 - Polignac sends a naval expedition against Algiersc. News hit France and Charles issued the Four Ordinances

i. It restricted freedom of the press, dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, limited the franchise to the wealthiest people of the country, and called for new elections

d. Liberal newspapers called on the nation to reject the monarch’s actions

i. The workers of Paris erected barricades in the streetsii. The king sent troops and killed 18,000 people, but they were unable to

gain control of Paris.e. Charles went into exile to England on August 2 and the Chamber of Deputies

named a new ministry composed of constitutional monarchists.i. Louis Philippe becomes king

February 1848- government forbade political banquets and Parisians barricade the streetsThe liberal political opponents of the corrupt Louis Philippe and minister Guizot organized a series of political banquets to criticize the government. They demanded further administration for them and their middle-class supporters. Poor harvest resulted in higher food prices and unemployment brought working class support to the liberal campaign. On February 22, Parisian workers paraded through the streets demanding reform and Guizot’s oyster. Crowds grew bigger and Guizot resigned. The crowds erected barricades and many clashes occurred. On February 24, Louis Philippe abdicated and fled to England.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 1848-52In 1848, there was an election for a new president. The President chosen was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. He was the nephew of the great emperor. He attempted to lead a coup against the July Monarchy twice in his early life. The election of the “Little Napoleon” doomed the Second Republic. Louis Napoleon was dedicated to his own fame rather than to republican institutions. He fought with the National Assembly and claimed that he represented the will of the nation. In 1851, the assembly refused to amend the constitution to allow the president to run for re-elections. On December 2, 1851, Louis Napoleon seized power. The president called for new elections. More than 200 people died for resisting the coup. Over 26,000 people were arrested. 10,000 people were transported to Algeria. On the 21, 7.5 million people supported the actions of Louis Napoleon and approved a new constitution. He became Emperor Napoleon III a year later.

Crimean War 1853-1856-1854 France and Britain declare war on Russia in alliance with the OttomanThe basis of all the causes of the Crimean War is the desire of Russia to extend its influence over the Ottoman Empire. As the Russians (since the rule of Catherine the Great) had been given protective rights over the Orthodox Christians in the Empire. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire had granted care of certain holy places in Palestine to Roman Catholics, and this greatly angered Russians and damaged their prestige. Russia wished to extend its control over the Ottoman territories of Moldavia and Wallachia, and in order to do this, the Russians used their right to protect the Orthodox Christians there to occupy the two areas. The Ottoman then declared war on Russia in response. In 1854, France and Britain declared war on Russia with an alliance with the Ottoman. To the

dismay of Russia, Austria and Prussia remained neutral in the war. The war became known as the Crimean War, and was ended because ill equipped and poorly commanded armies became blocked on the Crimean coast of the Black Sea. -Treaty of Paris ends war

Franco-Prussian War- 1870-1871-Bismarck wanted to create complete unification by bringing the states of southern Germany into the newly established confederation. -military coup deposed the corrupt Isabella II of Spain, and the Spaniards chose Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to replace her. -Leopold’s father renounced his son’s candidacy for the Spanish throne, because he thought it would cause war between Prussia and France. -William refused to agree on terms with France but said he would consider it. -Bismarck got the telegram detailing the meeting’s and changed the contents to make it seem as though William had insulted the French ambassador. This led the French to declare war on July 19. -The southern German states joined Prussia against France because of their treaties of 1866. -The Germans beat the French and captured Napoleon III. The German princes requested William to accept the title of German emperor, though the princes remained heads of their respective states within the new empire.

Concert of Europe 1871-1914The effort of the Four Great Powers to resolve issues by consultation and agreement. The great powers hoped that the Concert of Europe would lead to the preservation of the balance of power and of the conservative order established at The Congress of Vienna.

Battle of sedan 1870-fought during the Franco-Prussian War from 1 to 2 September 1870.-resulted in the capture of Emperor Napoleon III and large numbers of his troops-decided the war in favor of Prussia and its allies, though fighting continued under a new French government

Third republic 1870-1940It was a system of government adopted in France that was implemented after the fall of the Second French Empire during the Franco-Prussian War. Theirs was ousted from office because he had displayed clear republican sentiments. The monarchists could not find a king, so they decided to regularize the political system. The chamber of deputies is elected by universal male suffrage, the senate chosen indirectly, and the president elected by the two legislative houses. The political structure of the Third Republic proved much stronger that many civilians suspected at the time.

Adolphe Thiers 1871-73Paris surrenders 1871

In the Siege of Paris, the Parisians barricaded themselves behind the city walls. They proclaimed a republic and a government of national defense was established. Paris was soon after Prussian Siege. Paris surrendered in 1817

Paris Commune 1871The Paris Commune summarily execute 1,200 people who were in city jails. The Paris Commune was outlawed during the Thermidorian Reaction

Patrice de MacMahon- 1873-1879Jules Grevy 1879-87Sadi Carnot 1887-94Jean Casimir- Perier 1894-95Felix Faure 1895-99Emile Loubet 1899-1906Dreyfus Affair 1894-1906

A French military court found Captain Alfred Dreyfus guilty of passing secret information to the German army. The evidence against him was flimsy and forged, but secrets continued to flow to the German army after Dreyfus was sent to Devil’s island. A new head of French counterintelligence found evidence of the forgery and the affair provoked near-hysterical public debate. Writer Emile Zola wrote “J’accuse” in which he contended that the army had denied due process to Dreyfus and had suppressed or forged evidence. The citizens claimed that Dreyfus had been framed to protect the guilty persons who were still in the army. The affair divided France because the conservatives were forced onto the defensive. They had allowed themselves to persecute an innocent person and to manufacture false evidence against him to protect themselves from disclosure. They had also embraced violent anti-Semitism. The Dreyfus affair left the lasting effects of anti-Semitism on Europe. This happened because the government was accusing Dreyfus of being guilty only because he was Jewish.

England (dark blue)Edward I 1272-1307Edward II 1307-1327Edward III 1327-1372Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

There were three main stages of the 100 Years War, the causes, the progress, and the conclusion. The causes included French weakness and the struggle of power between the French and English monarchs. The progress included the conflicts during Edward III’s reign, the French defeat, the Treaty of Troyes, and Joan of Arc’s involvement. Finally, the 100 Years War came to its conclusion. The 100 Years War brought about new technologies that advanced techniques of war. The English Longbow and the Crossbow. Both these weapons increased the rate at which soldiers could kill enemies, as the longbow was much more accurate and powerful and the crossbow could fire arrows by a much less skilled bowman.

English kings greatly reduced power of Avignon Papacy to make ecclesial appointments and collect taxes w/in the state. 1350Richard II 1377-1399English Peasant Revolt (1381)

English parliament passed the Statute of Laborers, which limited wages to preplague levels and restricted the ability of peasants to leave their masters’ lands. Opposition to this legislation sparked revolt in peasants Henry V 1413-1422War of the Roses (1455-1485)

The War of the Roses was a dispute between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. The war was caused by irregularities in the line of succession following the forced deposition of king Richard II. The war got its name because both houses used roses as their crest. Before his major successes, More studied law at Lincoln’s Inn in England. During his studies, More struggled with whether he wanted to be a lawyer or a monk and he decided to live in a monastery. After he had stayed as a monk for a short while, he realized his country needed him, so he went back to London to pick up his law career. Upon his return, More wrote History of King Richard III, one of the first English “masterpieces.” The work was never finished, but it served as inspiration for others like William Shakespeare. Later in his life, More wrote Utopia, a book about a perfect Communistic and reasonably governed island. The book was written to display the flaws with Christian Europe and the greed of the European government. Henry married Elizabeth of York to make the hereditary claim of his offspring to the throne uncontestable. The major outcome of this war was the implementing of the Court of Star Chamber, decreased dependency on Parliament, and the ensured rule of his line.

Henry VI 1422-1461

The War of the Roses’ outcome resulted with the dynasty of Tudor. This led to the rule of Henry VII of Tudor, who later created the Court of Star Chamber. -Court of Star chambers 1487The court was intended to end the perversion of English justice by powerful nobles who use who use intimidation and bribery to win favorable verdicts in court cases. In the Court of Star , the king’s councilors sat as judges, and such tactics did not sway them. The result was a more equitable court system.

Edward IV 1461-1483Edward V 1483Richard III 1483-1485Henry VII 1485-15091494-1559 Habsburg Valois War

The Valois and Habsburgs fought four major wars over disputed territories within Italy-Treaty of Cateau-cambresis 1559

This treaty ended the Habsburg-Valois WarsHenry VIII 1509-1547Act of Supremacy 1534

The Act of Supremacy proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England. The pope no longer was recognized as having authority within the state. All matters of faith and ecclesial appointments are in the hands of the king.

Scientific revolution 1543The Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy.

Edward VI 1547-1553Jane Grey 1553Mary I 1553-1558Elizabeth I 1558-1603Act of uniformity 1558

The Act of Uniformity was passed by Parliament, which reasserted the “Book of Common Prayer” as the chief book of all English Churches.

Abolish serfdom 1574Spanish Armada (1588)

The goal of the attack of the Spanish Armada was to invade England and kill Elizabeth. The Armada was defeated because of Sir Francis Drake, who shelled the port of Cadiz, which inflicted heavy damages on Spanish ships and stores and interrupted their preparations. Soon after, the Armada’s defeat gave courage and incite to Protestant resistance everywhere. During the 1590s, Spanish troops faced unified and inspired French, English, and Dutch armies. When Philip died on September 13th, 1598, he left Spain weak and in disunity, giving the French domination over the continent, and losing the New World to the Dutch and English.

James I 1603-1625Hampton court conference 1604

James I rebuffed the Puritans and firmly declared his intention to maintain the Anglican episcopy. Many Puritans left the state.

Charles I 1625-1649English Civil War (1642-1646)

-Charles I invades Parliament in 1642 intending to arrest certain opponents, but they escape. -1642 Parliament passed Militia ordonnance, which gave them the authority to raise an army of its own-Cromwell joins the Protestant side 1642 (1599-1658). He reorganized the parliamentary army to be strong and disciplined-Parliament allies with the Scots 1643, which committed Parliament to a Presbyterian system of Church government. -1648 Cromwell removes all people who were sympathetic to the monarch. -1649 Charles executed as public criminal

Cromwell rules (military dictatorship) 1649-1660England becomes a Puritan Republic dominated by Cromwell. His army brutally conquered Scotland and Ireland. He disbanded Parliament in 1653. He ruled thereafter as “Lord Protector.” His military dictatorship proved no better than Charles's monarchy. People strongly disliked his because he prohibited dancing, theatregoing, and drunkenness. When he died in 1658, the English were ready by 1660 to restore the Anglican Church and monarchy.

Charles II 1660-16851660 England restores Anglican church and monarchy after the death of Cromwell in 1558.War of the Devolution (1667-1668)

-Louis invades Flanders and Franche-Compté 1667-Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle 1668Louis supported the alleged rights of his first wife to inherit the Spanish Netherlands. He invaded the Netherlands in 1667. The Triple Alliance of England resisted his attempt to

invade. This resulted in the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. It gave Louis rule over the towns outside the Spanish Netherlands.

Treaty of Dover 1670-the treaty allied England with France against the Dutch. In a secret portion of the treaty, Charles pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England permitted it. Louis XIV agreed to pay Charles a substantial subsidy. Louis invades the Netherlands again

1672-1679 Louis invades Netherlands againThe Prince of Orange forged an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Lorraine,and Brandenburg against Louis. The war ended inconclusively with the Peace of Nijmegen (1678-1679). France gained more territory, including the Franche Compté.

1678 Popish PlotTitus Oates said that Charles’ wife had been plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill Charles and let his brother, James, take the throne. Oates convinced Parliament, starting the Popish Plot that spread mass hysteria and death among the English people.

James II 1685-1688Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)

-1688 james imprisons 7 anglican bishops-William of orange comes with his army nov 1688-1689 Mary II and William III proclaimed new monarchs-Toleration acts 1689

-Parliament grants freedom of worship to NonconformistsMary II 1689-1694William III 1689-1702 Nine Years War (1688-1697) League of Augsburg

Louis XIV maintained his army at full strength and restlessly probed beyond his borders. His forces occupied the free city of Strasbourg, which prompted new defense coalitions to form against him. The League of Augsburg was one of the groups formed, and it included England, Spain, Sweden, the United Provinces, and the Major German states. The League and France battled each other from 1689-1697. -Peace of Ryswick 1697.The Peace of Ryswick ended the war, secured Holland’s borders, and thwarted Louis expansion into Germany.

Industrial Revolution (1700’s)-period of sustained economic growth through industrialization-led by a demand of consumer goods and raised the general standard of living-brought about the new factory system that replaced the previous domestic and cottage methods.

Anne 1702-1714Enclosure movement 1700-1792

-movement of more commercially inclined farmers and higher class citizens to gain a better profit out of their land by getting all their land in one place to use at their own discretion. -replaced the previous method of a group decision made by the entire village on how to use all the collective land for farming, old method benefited poor peasant farmers as they used the land to feed their livestock all year long. -controversial because it worked directly against those poorer farmers and peasants who lived on the common farmland.

(1701-1714) Grand AllianceThe War of Spanish Succession was fought over who would claim the Spanish throne. Claims to the throne were up in the air as the last Habsburg leader, Charles II, had died without an heir. Ironically, he had left his entire inheritance to Louis’ grandson. Philip of Anjou, who would become Philip V of Spain, was selected as the ruler. The actual war was fought between France, England, and Spain. The war’s significance was the peace made with England and Holland at the end of the war. The nations agreed to give Gibraltar and the island of Minorca to England. Louis was also forced to recognize the right of the House of Hanover to the succession to the throne. Treaty of Utrecht 1713

The northern provinces formed the Union of Utrecht in retaliation to the formation of the Union of Arras.

Act of settlement 1701The English crown goes to the Protestant house of Hannover in Germany if Anne dies without an heir

Act of Union 1707Unified England and Scotland.

1708-1778 William Pitt the elder Pragmatic Sanction 1713 (recognized)

-the Pragmatic Sanction recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference.

-it prohibited the payment of annates to Rome-it limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome

George I 1714George II 1727-1760War of Jenkins Ear (1739)

-Spain implemented strict rules on trade within European countries-invaded an English trading ship and cut off Jenkin’s Ear-served as a catalyst for the war, ear was a sign of the Spanish atrocities to the British merchants.-opened the opportunity for other wars in all of Europe and showed England the mistreatment by the Spanish towards their merchants

Britain gets drawn into War of Austrian Succession via French (1740-1748)

-Frederick II of Prussia invades Habsburg Silesia in Eastern Germany (December 1740). This invasion shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction and upset the continental balance of power. French court aristocrats convince Cardinal Fleury to support the Prussian aggression against Austria. Britain gets drawn into the war to make sure the lower countries stayed under Austrian control, not French. It ends with the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle of 1748. Prussia retained Silesia. The war ended with a stalemate.

Agricultural revolution 1750s-brought on by the turning away from traditional farming methods by the nobles and landlords. increase of prices benefited these two groups as they were able to sell less product for a higher price and also sell their surplus grain. -revolution aspect of the movement was that the landlords sought out new ways to replace human labor for cheaper that could perform better. -necessity for better work led to many new inventions created for farm work.

London protestant mob compelled the government to withdraw an at to legalize Jewish naturalizationDiplomatic Revolution (1756)

The Diplomatic Revolution was when Britain left its alliance with Austria and joined forces with Prussia. This upset the leaders of Austria except for Kaunitz who had planned for a French alliance to tear apart the state of Prussia. caused mainly by Britain’s alliance it formed with Prussia at the Convention of Westminster. The conflicts in North America also led European leaders to be on edge with each other

1758 William Pitt the Elder pumped huge sums into the coffers of Frederick the GreatHe regarded the German conflict(in the Seven Years War) as a way to divert French resources and attention from the colonial struggle. North America was the center of Pitt’s concern.

1759 British army defeats French at Quebec CityOn the Plains of Abraham, the British Army under James Wolfe defeated the French under Louis Joseph de Montcalm. The French Empire in Canada was ending. George III 1760-1820Treaty of paris 1763

-the treaty ensured that Britain would receive Canada, the Ohio River Valley, and the eastern part of the Mississippi River Valley. -it gave back territory to the French, like Pondicherry and Chandernagore.

Seven Years’ War 1756-1763Frederick invades Saxony 1756The invasion created an alliance that Frederick feared. France and Austria form an alliance in 1757 dedicated to destroying Prussia. Russia and Sweden also joined. Two things saved Prussia. First, Britain furnish considerable financial aid. Second, Empress Elisabeth of Russia died. Her successor was Tsar Peter, who admired Frederick greatly. He immediately made peace with Prussia, which removed another enemy and relieved

Frederick. The Treaty of Hubertusburg 1763 ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in pre-war borders.The causes of the 7 Years War were Frederick II’s invasion of Saxony. This invasion was intended to deter non Prussian powers from acting out against them. The invasion resulted in the alliance of France and Austria joined by many other small nations to end Prussia’s reign of power. The consequences of the war were that Prussia permanently gained Silesia, Hungary became large source of power, France faced defeat, the Spanish faced conflicts with England, and the New World became more independent. Each factor still in Europe shows the differences from before and after the war, especially for England, though many other countries benefited and felt losses for this war. All the participants in the war found changes in their social structures and governance over their territory.

Boston Massacre (1770)-British finance minister led Parliament to pass a series of revenue acts relation to colonial imports-colonists resisted and ministry sent over its own customs agents to administer the laws-in protecting these new officers, the British sent troops to Boston and colonists got upset and five citizens were killed by the British troops

American revolutionary war 1775-1783Causes of the war include:-increased taxes- revolted against home country -protest of the stamp act by riots and boycotts-rise in important political questions -administration and parliamentary supremacy appeared as threats -disputes over taxes and representation-tea act granted monopoly to east India company -rejection of compromise by British parliamentBattle of Lexington and Concord was fought 1775Battle of Bunker Hill- the colonists suffered defeat at the Battle of Bunker HillTreaty of Paris 1783 established American independence.

Gordon Riots 1780-several days of rioting based on anti-Catholic feeling. -massive and orderly protest in London against the Papists Act of 1778, which was intended to reduce official discrimination against British Catholics.

1783 William Pitt the younger manage the House of Common.William Pitt the Younger had unsuccessfully supported moderate reform of Parliament during the 1780s. He decided to turn against both reform and popular movement. The government suppressed the London Corresponding Society, founded as a working-class reform group. The government decided to sponsor mob action to drive Joseph Priestley out of the country. Pitt secured parliamentary approval for acts suspending “habeas

corpus” and attempted to curb freedom of the press. All political groups who dared to oppose the government would be charged with treason.

1792 government entice mobs to attack english sympathizers of the french revolutionAct of Union 1798

Worried that Irish nationalists would rebel, William Pitt the Younger had persuaded Parliament to pass the Act of Union between Ireland and England

Combination acts 1799 The Combination Acts outlawed workers organizations or unions in 1799. Wage protection was removed during the war. Many people in the taxpaying classes wanted to abolish the Poor laws that provided public relief for the destitute and unemployed. The lower social orders began to doubt the wisdom of their rulers and to demand political changes.

Battle of Trafalgar 1805naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars

Battle of Nations 1814The combined army of Napoleon’s enemies decisively defeated Napoleon at Leipzig. It is also known as the Battle of Nations. In March 1814, the allied armies marched into Paris. A few days later, Napoleon abdicated and went into exile on the island of Elba.

Congress of Vienna 1814The Congress of Vienna assembled in September 1814 and finished in September 1815. The four powers conducted the important work of the conference. The full session of the conference was to discuss the arrangements the Quadruple Alliance made. One of the easiest problems faced was France. They agreed that no one state should be able to dominate all of Europe. They were determined to make sure France never dominates again. The powers strengthened the countries around France’s borders. These countries were used as barriers to prevent France’s expansion. The kingdom of the Netherlands was established. Austria gained full control of northern Italy. The rest of Germany was left untouched. After the Holy Roman Empire fell, it was not revived. The agreement of eastern Europe sharply divided the victors. Alexander I of Russia wanted all of Poland. Prussia was willing to give their portion of Poland to Russia in return for all of Saxony. Austria was unwilling to give up Poland or to see Prussian power grow or for Russia to penetrate deeper into central Europe. The Polish - Saxon question almost started a war, but the willy Talleyrand representing France suggested the weight of France added to that of Britain and Austria might bring Alexander to his senses. Alexander agreed to be ruler of smaller Poland and Prussia gained part of Saxony. Now, France was added as a fifth power in all deliberations.

Quadruple alliance renewed 1815On November 20, 1815, England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia renewed the Quadruple alliance. It was as much a coalition for maintaining peace as for pursuing victory over

France. This kind of coalition has never existed it Europe before. It represented an important new departure in European affairs. Certain powers were determined to prevent war. The Statesman of Vienna saw the armies of Napoleon at the French revolution overturning the political and social order of much of the Continent. The nation has seen lots of destruction and had to raise enormous military forces. The war had affected professional armies and navies, but it also affected entire civilian populations. The Quadruple Alliance was determined to prevent anymore destruction and upheaval.

Corn laws 1815tariffs and other trade restrictions on imported food and grain

Concert of Europe 1815-1848The effort of the Four Great Powers to resolve issues by consultation and agreement. The great powers hoped that the Concert of Europe would lead to the preservation of the balance of power and of the conservative order established at The Congress of Vienna.

Hundred Days war 1815The Hundred Days is known as the time when Napoleon escaped Elba and escaped to France to regain power. When he regained power in France, he promised a liberal constitution and a peaceful foreign policy. The allies (Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Britain) were not convinced and declared Napoleon as a outlaw. The allies send their army to crush him. They defeated him in the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was captured and exiled again, this time to St. Helena off the coast of Africa. He died at St. Helena. The Hundred days frightened the allies and they were more distrusting when making a peace settlement with France. They imposed a war indemnity and an army of occupation on France. Alexander proposed a Holy Alliance. The monarchs promised to act together in accordance with Christian principles. Austria and Prussia signed. England abstained and Castlereagh thought the idea was absurd. Alexander thought the idea was a valuable tool for international relations. The Holy Alliance became a symbol of extreme political reaction.

Battle of Waterloo 1815-The Battle of Waterloo was the defeat that is famous for ending Napoleon’s domination of all of Europe. It is also significant because it is the defeat that resulted in the loss of his position as emperor.

Peterloo Massacre 1819-Peterloo massacre was initially a meeting well-organized industrial north. The meeting was orchestrated because the government had began to repress the people instead of attending to the discontent growing in the population.-Royal troops and a local magistrate were waiting for them at the area. -magistrate ordered the militia to move on into the crowd that had formed. -event led to the creation of the “Six Acts” passed by Parliament. The acts forbade large unauthorized, public meetings, raised the fines for seditious libel, speeded up the trials of political agitators, increased newspaper taxes, prohibited the training of armed groups, and allowed local officials to search homes in certain disturbed counties. Basically, the

Six Acts were the Parliament’s attempt to prevent radical leaders from agitating and to give the authorities new powers.

George IV 1820-1830American Monroe Doctrine 1823

Prohibited further colonization and intervention by European powers in the AmericasCatholic Emancipation Act 1829

-After the Act of Union was passed and England merged with Ireland to prevent civil war, only Irish Protestants could travel to England and be elected to Parliament. -large problem because the small population of Irish Protestants represented the largely Catholic population of their nation.-To prevent war from breaking out, the duke of Wellington and Robert Peel passed the Catholic Emancipation Act through Parliament. It was passed and allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament, and along with the repeal in 1828 of restrictions against Protestant nonconformists, ended the Anglican monopoly on British political life.

Great reform bill of 1832-first major bill to reform Parliament. -bill’s provisions included allowing the accession of William IV after George IV’s death, expanded the size of the English electorate. -It allowed many more people to vote, however, it kept many of the same restrictions and provisions that existed before the bill.

William IV 1830-1837Victoria 1837-19011833 English Factory Act

The English Factory Act of 1833 forbade the employment of children under the age of nine, limiting the workday of children aged nine to thirteen to nine hours a day. Younger children often worked in relays of four or six hours.

1838 Six points of the charterBritish workers linked the solution of their economic plight to a program of political reform known as Chartism. In 1836, William Lovett and other London radical artisans formed the London Working Men’s Association. In 1838, they issued the Charter, demanding 6 reforms. The wanted universal male suffrage, annual elections of the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and the abolition of property qualifications for and the payment of salaries to members of the House of Commons. They agitated for their reforms. They were presented to Parliament three times, by they refused to pass it. Strikes were called. The Charters published a newspaper called the “Northern Star.” Feargus O’Connor made speeches across Britain. Chartism as a national movement failed. On the local level, the Chartists scored several successes and controlled the city councils in Leeds and Sheffields. Chartism was the first large-scale European working class political movement. It had specific goals and largely working class leadership. Eventually, several of the Six Points became law. The Charter provided for a hereditary monarch and a bicameral legislature. The monarch appointed the upper house.

The Chamber of Peers modeled the British House of Lords. The Lower House was elected by a narrow franchise with a high property qualification. It reflected Enlightenment thinking by guaranteeing most of the rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. There was religious toleration, but Roman Catholicism was still the official religion. It was not a reflection of Enlightenment thinking because The Charter promised not to Challenge the Property Rights of the current owners of the land that was confiscated from aristocrats and the church. Louis XVIII hoped to reconcile to his regime those who benefited from the revolution.

Convention of 1839Britain negotiates the neutrality of BelgiumMet at Washington on the Brazos and began on March 2, 1836, with 59 delegates in attendance

Public health act 1848Formed the local boards of public health in England. The aim of this act was to improve sanitary conditions of towns and populous places in england and Wales by placing the supply of water, sewerage, drainage, cleansing and paving under a single local body

Crimean War 1853-18561854 France and Britain declare war on Russia in alliance with the OttomanTreaty of Paris ends the war

1867 reform billimportant step toward the democratization of Britain; by lowering the monetary requirements for voting (taxes paid or income earned), it by and large enfranchised many male workers; from 1 million to 2 million; helped Liberal victory, 1868Gladstone ministry 1868-1874, 1880-1886, 1892-1898Disraeli 1867, 1784-1880

Education Act 1870-the Act gave responsibility for establishing and running elementary schools to government instead of religious institutions

Concert of Europe 1871-1914The effort of the Four Great Powers to resolve issues by consultation and agreement. The great powers hoped that the Concert of Europe would lead to the preservation of the balance of power and of the conservative order established at The Congress of Vienna.

The ballot act 1872-the Act introduced voting by secret ballot

Public health act 1875-it consolidated previous legislation on sanitation and reaffirmed duty of the state to interfere with private property to protect health

Artisan dwelling act 1875-it made government active in providing housing for the working class

Russia (Black)Mongol Rule 1243-1480

-Genghis Khan invaded Russia in 1223-Grand Duke Dmitri of Moscow defeated Tatar forces at Kulikov Meadow 1380-Ivan III, the Great will end Mongol Rule 1480

1543 scientific revThe Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy.

Streltsy uprising 1698The Streltsy revolt was a mass mutiny by the streltsy who were the guards of the Moscow garrison. It was significant as it made Peter realize that he had to rule personally. It also made him realize that the power of the tsar must be protected from the boyars and the streltsy and that the military power of Russia must be increased. The Streltsy revolt was very similar to the Fronde as both Louis XIV of France and Peter as both kings had realized through the revolts against them that they must protect their monarchies.

The Great Northern War (1700-1721) Russia vs. Sweden-Peter fought the Great Northern War because of his drive to gain territory and standing in the Baltic1709 Battle of Poltava

After a decisive Russian victory at Poltava in 1709, greatly reduced the threat of the Swedish armies, Peter moved in high gear and wanted to build a city like no other in the world, the St. Petersburg

Peace of Nystad 1721-granted ice-free ports for Russia in Finland, Livonia, and Estonia.

Pragmatic sanction 1713 (recognized) -the Pragmatic Sanction recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference.

-it prohibited the payment of annates to Rome

-it limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome1722 table of ranks

Peter the Great instituted it to create opportunities for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility. There were 14 levels. Each official was required to begin at level one and work his way up. When a non-noble reached the eighth rank, he became a noble

Seven Years War 1756-1763Frederick invades Saxony 1756The invasion created an alliance that Frederick feared. France and Austria form an alliance in 1757 dedicated to destroying Prussia. Russia and Sweden also joined. Two things saved Prussia. First, Britain furnish considerable financial aid. Second, Empress Elisabeth of Russia died. Her successor was Tsar Peter, who admired Frederick greatly. He immediately made peace with Prussia, which removed another enemy and relieved Frederick. The Treaty of Hubertusburg 1763 ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in pre-war borders.The causes of the 7 Years War were Frederick II’s invasion of Saxony. This invasion was intended to deter non Prussian powers from acting out against them. The invasion resulted in the alliance of France and Austria joined by many other small nations to end Prussia’s reign of power. The consequences of the war were that Prussia permanently gained Silesia, Hungary became large source of power, France faced defeat, the Spanish faced conflicts with England, and the New World became more independent. Each factor still in Europe shows the differences from before and after the war, especially for England, though many other countries benefited and felt losses for this war. All the participants in the war found changes in their social structures and governance over their territory.

Pugachev Rebellion 1773-1775Largest peasant uprising in the 18th century. Yemelyan Pugachev promised serfs that they would gain land and freedom from their lords. Rebellion ensured. Catherine crushed the rebellion and put in more restraints on the serfs.

1774 treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji. Peace treaty between the Russian and Ottoman Empire which ceded Kerch and several other Black Sea ports in the Crimea to Russia and declared the rest of the khanate of Crimea independent. It facilitated the eventual Russian annexation (1783) of the Crimea and was the basis of the later claims of Russia as protector of the Christians in the Ottoman Empire

1785 Catherine the Great issues the charter of the nobility.It legally defined noble rights and privileges in exchange for the assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily. The privileges given include the right of transmitting social status to a nobleman's wife or children, the judicial protection of noble rights and property, considerable power over the serfs, and exemption from personal taxes.

1793, 1795 partition PolandIn 1791, a group of nobles known as the Polish Patriots issued a new constitution that substituted a hereditiary for an elective monarchy. Frederick William II of Prussia

promised to defend the new Polish constitutional order to make Prussia look stronger against Russia. Catherine the Great understood that a reformed Polish state would diminish Russian influence in Poland and eastern Europe. In 1792, conservative Polish nobles opposed the reforms and wanted Russia to restore old order. The Russian army defeated the reformist Polish forces. Rather than protecting Poland, Frederick agreed with Catherine to carry out a second partition of Poland. The reformed constitution was abolished. The Polish government remained under the influence of Russia. In the spring of 1794, Polish officers mutinied against the efforts to unite their forced with the Russian army. Prussia, Russia, and Austria sent troops to Poland. November 4 was the bloodiest day of combat in the decade. Russian troops killed over 10,000 Polish people in Warsaw. The three eastern powers portioned what remained of Poland between the three of them.

Serbian Wars of Independence 1804-1813Kara George led a Guerilla war against the Ottomans. This ultimately unsuccessful revolution helped build national self-identity and attracted the interest of the Greater powers. Milos Obrenovitch succeeded in negotiating greater administrative autonomy for some Serbian territories. the Ottoman Sultan formally granted independence to Serbia. 1833, Milos pressured the Ottoman authorities to extend the borders of Serbia. Serbian leaders continued to seek additional territory, however, creating tension with Austria. Russia became the formal protector of Serbia because they were also Slavs. The Grandeé Army 1812

The French Army followed Scorched Earth policy when going to Russia. 600,000 men went, but the weather killed many of them. Only 160,000 made it back. They had food and water shortages and were sickened by the weather.

European Coalition 1813Russia, Prussia, and Austria were part of the European Coalition that drove battles westward towards France. They were assisted by money from Britain and armies from Spain.

Congress of Vienna 1814The Congress of Vienna assembled in September 1814 and finished in September 1815. The four powers conducted the important work of the conference. The full session of the conference was to discuss the arrangements the Quadruple Alliance made. One of the easiest problems faced was France. They agreed that no one state should be able to dominate all of Europe. They were determined to make sure France never dominates again. The powers strengthened the countries around France’s borders. These countries were used as barriers to prevent France’s expansion. The kingdom of the Netherlands was established. Austria gained full control of northern Italy. The rest of Germany was left untouched. After the Holy Roman Empire fell, it was not revived. The agreement of eastern Europe sharply divided the victors. Alexander I of Russia wanted all of Poland. Prussia was willing to give their portion of Poland to Russia in return for all of Saxony. Austria was unwilling to give up Poland or to see Prussian power grow or for Russia to penetrate deeper into central Europe. The Polish - Saxon question almost started a war,

but the willy Talleyrand representing France suggested the weight of France added to that of Britain and Austria might bring Alexander to his senses. Alexander agreed to be ruler of smaller Poland and Prussia gained part of Saxony. Now, France was added as a fifth power in all deliberations.

Battle of Nations 1814The combined army of Napoleon’s enemies decisively defeated Napoleon at Leipzig. It is also known as the Battle of Nations. In March 1814, the allied armies marched into Paris. A few days later, Napoleon abdicated and went into exile on the island of Elba.

Hundred Days war 1815The Hundred Days is known as the time when Napoleon escaped Elba and escaped to France to regain power. When he regained power in France, he promised a liberal constitution and a peaceful foreign policy. The allies (Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain) were not convinced and declared Napoleon as a outlaw. The allies send their army to crush him. They defeated him in the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was captured and exiled again, this time to St. Helena off the coast of Africa. He died at St. Helena. The Hundred days frightened the allies and they were more distrusting when making a peace settlement with France. They imposed a war indemnity and an army of occupation on France. Alexander proposed a Holy Alliance. The monarchs promised to act together in accordance with Christian principles. Austria and Prussia signed. England abstained and Castlereagh thought the idea was absurd. Alexander thought the idea was a valuable tool for international relations. The Holy Alliance became a symbol of extreme political reaction.

Quadruple alliance renewed 1815On November 20, 1815, England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia renewed the Quadruple alliance. It was as much a coalition for maintaining peace as for pursuing victory over France. This kind of coalition has never existed it Europe before. It represented an important new departure in European affairs. Certain powers were determined to prevent war. The Statesman of Vienna saw the armies of Napoleon at the French revolution overturning the political and social order of much of the Continent. The nation has seen lots of destruction and had to raise enormous military forces. The war had affected professional armies and navies, but it also affected entire civilian populations. The Quadruple Alliance was determined to prevent anymore destruction and upheaval.

Concert of Europe 1815-1848The effort of the Four Great Powers to resolve issues by consultation and agreement. The great powers hoped that the Concert of Europe would lead to the preservation of the balance of power and of the conservative order established at The Congress of Vienna.

Decembrist revolt 1825Alexander I came into power in 1801. He turned away from reform after learning of the Enlightenment. He took the lead in suppressing liberalism and nationalism at home and abroad. The Russian Armies were exposed to the ideas of the Enlightenment and the

French revolution while they drove Napoleon across Europe. Some saw how backwards their country was economically and politically. They were unable to express themselves openly because of Alexander’s repressive policies. They formed secret societies. The Southern society advocated representative governments and the abolition of serfdom. The Northern society was more moderate. It favored constitutional monarchy and the abolition of serfdom, but wanted to protect the interests of the aristocracy. The death of Alexander I created two crises. The first was dynastic. Alexander had no direct heir. His brother, Constantine married a woman not of royal blood, which renounced his claim to the throne. Alexander named his youngest brother Nicholas as tsar. The second crisis unfolded. Junior officers plotted to rally the troops under their command to the cause of the reform. The army was to take an oath of allegiance to Nicholas on December 26, 1825. The Moscow regiment refused to take the oath. They called for a constitution and Constantine as tsar. Nicholas ordered the cavalry to attack the insurgents. Five of the plotters were executed and more than 100 others were executed to Siberia. The Revolt failed completely. None of the political goals were met. Nothing was reformed. -December 26, 1825, army was to take the oath of allegiance to nicholas, Moscow regiment refuses

Russian Law 1833Tsar Nicholas I only significant reform was the codification of Russian Law 1833

December 18, 1830, Polish diet declared the revolution a nationalist movementPoland remained under Russian domination after the Congress of Vienna, but was granted a constitutional government with a parliament that had limited powers. Under this arrangement, the tsar reigned as king of Poland. Alexander and Nicholas delegated their brother to run Poland’s government. Polish nationalists continued to agitate for change. A small insurrection of soldiers and students broke out in Warsaw after news of the French and Belgian revolutions of that summer had reached Poland. Disturbances spread throughout the country. The Polish diet declared the revolution a nationalist movement on December 18. The diet deposed Nicholas as king of Poland. The tsar sent troops into Poland and suppressed the revolt. In February 1832, Nicholas issued the Organic Statute declared Poland to be an integral part of the Russian Empire. The Russian government ignored the Polish liberties granted by the statute. The Polish uprising confirmed the tsar’s worst fears. Nicholas and Russia were ready to provide troops to suppress liberal and nationalist movements.

Crimean War 1853-1856The Crimean War was rooted in the long-standing desire of Russia to extend its influence over the Ottoman Empire. Two disputes led to the conflict. The Russia’s had been given protective oversight of Orthodox Christians in the empire, and France had a similar oversight over Roman Catholics. Yielding to French pressure, the Ottoman sultan had assigned care of certain holy places in Palestine to Roman Catholics. Russian were angry and it damaged the Russian prestige. Second, Russia wanted to expand its control of the Ottoman provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia. Russia used their right to protect

Ottoman Christians in the Ottoman Empire to occupy the two provinces in the summer of 1853. 1854 France and Britain declare war on Russia in alliance with the Ottoman. Austria and Prussia stayed neutral. This was one of the first wars photographed. A conference in Paris concluded the Treaty of Paris in March 1856. The treaty required Russia to surrender territory near the Danube River, to recognize the neutrality of the Black Sea, and to renounce its claims to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Austria had forced Russia to withdraw from Moldavia and Wallachia. The image of an invincible Russia that had prevailed across Europe since the close of the Napoleonic Wars was shattered. The Concert of Europe was also shattered. European affairs were unstable twenty-five years after the Crimean War, producing a period of adventurism in foreign policy. The Ottoman Empire undertook serious reforms.

Serfdom Abolished 1861At the conclusion of the Crimean War, Alexander II announced his intention to abolish serfdom. He decided it was necessary to keep Russia as a great power. Serfdom was economically inefficient. The serfs in the army did a poor job and there was always the threat of revolt. The actual emancipation law was a disappointment because land did not accompany freedom. Serfs immediately received the right to marry without their landlord’s permission, the rights to buy and sell property, to sue in court, and to pursue trades. The thing they did not receive was free title to their land. They had to pay landlords over a 49 year period for allotments of land that were often too small to support themselves. The peasants would not be given the title of the land until the debt was paid.

“The People's Will” kill tsar alexander II 1881Land and Freedom split into two groups. One of the groups were known as “The People’s Will.” It was dedicated to the overthrow of the autocracy. The members decided to assassinate the tsar themselves. There were many failed attempts, but on March 1, 1881, a bomb killed Alexander II.

Germany/Prussia (Brown)Printing press invented 1440

The printing press allowed information to spread quicker. It increased literacy. There was more transparency between the people and the government.

Peasant revolt against the reformation (1525)The peasants saw Luther’s teaching of Christian freedom, in which he criticises landowners that live in monasteries and they believed this agreed with their view of the release of serfdom and free Christian political and economic rights.

1543 scientific revolutionThe Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)- Fragmented German StatesBohemian Period (1618-1625)

War broke out in Bohemia after the ascent to the Bohemian throne in 1618 of the Habsburg Ferdinand, archduke of Styria. Ferdinand became king of Bohemia and revoked the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants.

-Defenestration of Prague 1618The Protestant nobility in Prague respond to Ferdinand’s act by throwing his regents out the window of the royal palace.

-Nov 8 1620 Battle of White MountainFerdinand’s army under Tilly routed Fredericks V’s troops at the Battle of the White Mountain. By 1622, Ferdinand subdued and re-Catholicize Bohemia, but conquered Palestine as well.

Danish Period (1625-1629)-King Christian IV (r. 1588-1648), the Lutheran ruler of Denmark supported the Protestants in 1625 against Ferdinand II. He was quickly humiliated by Maximilian and forced to retreat into Denmark. The combined forces of Wallenstein and Tilly defeated Christian IV in 1626 and then occupied the duchy of Holstein. Wallenstein joined forces with Ferdinand.

-Edict of restitution 1629It was issued by Ferdinand. It reasserted the Catholic safeguards of the Peace of Augsburg. It reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism and it ordered the return of all church lands the Lutherans had acquired since 1552.

Swedish period (1630-1635)Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden became the new leader of Protestant forces within the empire. In 1630, Adolphus won a smashing Swedish victory at Bretainfeld. Adolphus brought new strategies to the war, which helped them win. His infantry squares were smaller than traditional ones. He taught new fire and charge tactics.

-1632 Battle of LutzenAdolphus died at the hands of Wallenstein’s forces during the battle of Lutzen

-Peace of Prague 1635In the Peace of Prague, the German Protestant States reached a compromise with Ferdinand. It represented most of the Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire.

Swedish-French period (1635-1648)-1635 France openly enters the war. They send men and munitions as well as financial subsidies. The war went on for 13 years without much progress.

-Treaty of Westphalia 1648 The Treaty of Westphalia brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to a halt. It reasserted the religious settlement of the Peace of Augsburg. This treaty also gave Calvinists legal recognition.

1700 Prussian Civil Service Commission It oversaw education and examinations required for all major government appointments.

It was part of Frederick the Great implementing promotion by merit.Pragmatic Sanction 1713 (Recognized)

-the Pragmatic Sanction recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference.

-it prohibited the payment of annates to Rome-it limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)-Frederick II of Prussia invades Habsburg Silesia in Eastern Germany (December 1740). This invasion shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction and upset the continental balance of power. French court aristocrats convince Cardinal Fleury to support the Prussian aggression against Austria. Britain gets drawn into the war to make sure the lower countries stayed under Austrian control, not French. It ends with the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle of 1748. Prussia retained Silesia. The war ended with a stalemate.

Diplomatic revolution (1756)The Diplomatic Revolution was when Britain left its alliance with Austria and joined forces with Prussia. This upset the leaders of Austria except for Kaunitz who had planned for a French alliance to tear apart the state of Prussia. caused mainly by Britain’s alliance

it formed with Prussia at the Convention of Westminster. The conflicts in North America also led European leaders to be on edge with each other

Seven Years War (1756-1763) Frederick invades Saxony 1756The invasion created an alliance that Frederick feared. France and Austria form an

alliance in 1757 dedicated to destroying Prussia. Russia and Sweden also joined. Two things saved Prussia. First, Britain furnish considerable financial aid. Second, Empress Elisabeth of Russia died. Her successor was Tsar Peter, who admired Frederick greatly. He immediately made peace with Prussia, which removed another enemy and relieved Frederick. The Treaty of Hubertusburg 1763 ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in pre-war borders. 1791 Declaration of Plintz

King Frederick William II of Prussia and Emperor Leopold of Austria issued the Declaration of Plintz. The two monarchs promised to intervene in France to protect the royal family and to preserve the monarchy if the other European powers agreed.

1793, 1795 partition PolandIn 1791, a group of nobles known as the Polish Patriots issued a new constitution that substituted a hereditiary for an elective monarchy. Frederick William II of Prussia promised to defend the new Polish constitutional order to make Prussia look stronger against Russia. Catherine the Great understood that a reformed Polish state would diminish Russian influence in Poland and eastern Europe. In 1792, conservative Polish nobles opposed the reforms and wanted Russia to restore old order. The Russian army defeated the reformist Polish forces. Rather than protecting Poland, Frederick agreed with Catherine to carry out a second partition of Poland. The reformed constitution was abolished. The Polish government remained under the influence of Russia. In the spring of 1794, Polish officers mutinied against the efforts to unite their forced with the Russian army. Prussia, Russia, and Austria sent troops to Poland. November 4 was the bloodiest day of combat in the decade. Russian troops killed over 10,000 Polish people in Warsaw. The three eastern powers portioned what remained of Poland between the three of them.

European Coalition 1813Russia, Prussia, and Austria were part of the European Coalition that drove battles westward towards France. They were assisted by money from Britain and armies from Spain.

Battle of Nations 1814The combined army of Napoleon’s enemies decisively defeated Napoleon at Leipzig. It is also known as the Battle of Nations. In March 1814, the allied armies marched into Paris. A few days later, Napoleon abdicated and went into exile on the island of Elba.

Congress of Vienna 1814The Congress of Vienna assembled in September 1814 and finished in September 1815. The four powers conducted the important work of the conference. The full session of the conference was to discuss the arrangements the Quadruple Alliance made. One of the easiest problems faced was France. They agreed that no one state should be able to

dominate all of Europe. They were determined to make sure France never dominates again. The powers strengthened the countries around France’s borders. These countries were used as barriers to prevent France’s expansion. The kingdom of the Netherlands was established. Austria gained full control of northern Italy. The rest of Germany was left untouched. After the Holy Roman Empire fell, it was not revived. The agreement of eastern Europe sharply divided the victors. Alexander I of Russia wanted all of Poland. Prussia was willing to give their portion of Poland to Russia in return for all of Saxony. Austria was unwilling to give up Poland or to see Prussian power grow or for Russia to penetrate deeper into central Europe. The Polish - Saxon question almost started a war, but the willy Talleyrand representing France suggested the weight of France added to that of Britain and Austria might bring Alexander to his senses. Alexander agreed to be ruler of smaller Poland and Prussia gained part of Saxony. Now, France was added as a fifth power in all deliberations.

Hundred years war 1815The Hundred Days is known as the time when Napoleon escaped Elba and escaped to France to regain power. When he regained power in France, he promised a liberal constitution and a peaceful foreign policy. The allies (Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain) were not convinced and declared Napoleon as a outlaw. The allies send their army to crush him. They defeated him in the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was captured and exiled again, this time to St. Helena off the coast of Africa. He died at St. Helena. The Hundred days frightened the allies and they were more distrusting when making a peace settlement with France. They imposed a war indemnity and an army of occupation on France. Alexander proposed a Holy Alliance. The monarchs promised to act together in accordance with Christian principles. Austria and Prussia signed. England abstained and Castlereagh thought the idea was absurd. Alexander thought the idea was a valuable tool for international relations. The Holy Alliance became a symbol of extreme political reaction.

Quadruple alliance renewed 1815On November 20, 1815, England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia renewed the Quadruple alliance. It was as much a coalition for maintaining peace as for pursuing victory over France. This kind of coalition has never existed it Europe before. It represented an important new departure in European affairs. Certain powers were determined to prevent war. The Statesman of Vienna saw the armies of Napoleon at the French revolution overturning the political and social order of much of the Continent. The nation has seen lots of destruction and had to raise enormous military forces. The war had affected professional armies and navies, but it also affected entire civilian populations. The Quadruple Alliance was determined to prevent anymore destruction and upheaval.

Concert of Europe 1815-1848The effort of the Four Great Powers to resolve issues by consultation and agreement. The great powers hoped that the Concert of Europe would lead to the preservation of the balance of power and of the conservative order established at The Congress of Vienna.

Karl Sand 1819Karl Sands was a German student and a member of the Burschenschaften. He assassinated the conservative dramatist August Von Kotzebue because he ridiculed the Burschenschaften movement. Sand was then tried and publicly executed. This death was very important to German Nationalism because he became a nationalist martyr. In response to this, Metternich tried to use the death as a way to suppress institutions associated with liberalism. -Carlsbad decree 1819

Metternich persuaded the major German states to issue the Carlsbad Decrees in July 1819. The Carlsbad Decrees dissolved the Burschenschaften. They also provided for university inspectors and press censors. The German Confederation passed the Final Act a year later. It limited the subjects that the constitutional chambers of Bavaria, Wurttemberg, and Baden could discuss. It asserted the right of the monarchs to resist demands of constitutionalists. For many years after, the secret police of various German states harassed potential dissidents. This included people who sought even moderate social or political change.

1820 Industrial revolution The second industrial revolution, associated with steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil, was a time following the first industrial revolution in which whole new industries were introduced. It was spurred by the increase of railways on the continent and the emerging industrial giants stemming from the unification of Germany. The revolution took place throughout the rest of Europe instead of just Britain, and included new products and power sources such as steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil.

1848 revolution in PrussiaPrussian Army in Saxony and Baden. Order was restored in Rome only by French intervention, and in Hungary with the help of the Russian Army. The king of Prussia, having refused the title of emperor offered to him by the Frankfurt Assembly, sought to achieve the unity of Germany by a union between the German princes

1848 Frankfurt ParliamentThe Frankfurt Parliament was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany, elected on 1 May 1848

1864 Danish WarThe Danes had taken too lightly the German Confederation’s threats of an invasion of Holstein, and the Danish illusion of security would be shattered after the proclamation of a new Eider-Dane constitution on September 28, 1863. That document was ratified by the Rigsråd (Council of the Realm) on November 13 and signed on November 18 by the new king, Christian IX, three days after Frederick’s death. Christian IX had come to the throne in accordance with the Treaty of London, which had spelled out the order of Danish succession, but in the duchies a rival claimant to power there, Prince Frederick of Augustenburg, had been named duke. The proclamation of Prince Frederick’s rule was popular in Germany, and he was recognized by the chief German princes. Prussia and

Austria induced the confederation, on November 21, 1863, to refuse observance of the Treaty of London unless Denmark made good on a December 1851 edict to reinstate regional assemblies in the duchies. On December 7, 1863, the confederation resolved to begin armed enforcement of its Schleswig-Holstein policy. Federal troops occupied Holstein soon afterward

1866 Austro-Prussian WarAs the tensions of the administration of Schleswig and Holstein, Bismarck ordered the Prussian forces to be as obnoxious as possible to the Prussians. Austria then appealed to the German Confederation to intervene in the dispute. Bismarck claimed this request violated the 1864 alliance and the Convention of Gastein. The result was the Seven Weeks’ War which led to the defeat of Austria at Königgrätz in Bohemia. The Treaty of Prague ended the conflict and was lenient toward Austria. Through the treaty, Austria lost Venetia and ceded it to Napoleon III, who ceded it Italy. The treaty permanently excluded the Austrian Habsburgs from German affairs. Prussia then became the strongest and only power able to control the German states.

Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871-Bismarck wanted to create complete unification by bringing the states of southern Germany into the newly established confederation. -military coup deposed the corrupt Isabella II of Spain, and the Spaniards chose Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to replace her. -Leopold’s father renounced his son’s candidacy for the Spanish throne, because he thought it would cause war between Prussia and France. -William refused to agree on terms with France but said he would consider it. -Bismarck got the telegram detailing the meeting’s and changed the contents to make it seem as though William had insulted the French ambassador. This led the French to declare war on July 19. -The southern German states joined Prussia against France because of their treaties of 1866. -The Germans beat the French and captured Napoleon III. The German princes requested William to accept the title of German emperor, though the princes remained heads of their respective states within the new empire.

1873 May lawsRequired Prussian priests to be educated in German schools and universities and to pass state examinations. The state could veto appointments of the priests.

1882 Italy Germany and Prussia form the triple allianceThe alliance was renewed another five years. It expired in WWI

Austria (Gray)Golden Bull 1356

The Golden Bull was an agreement to establish an electoral college of seven members. They worked to establish a sense of law in Germany.

Assembly in worms 1495 formal assembly of the Holy Roman Empire in Worms, Germany that is most memorable for addressing Martin Luther and his effects of the Protestant Reformation

1543 scientific revolutionThe Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy.

Habsburg-Valois Wars 1494-1559The Valois and Habsburgs fought four major wars over disputed territories within Italy

-Treaty of Cateau-cambresis 1559This treaty ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars

Imperial Armies crush the Protestant Schmalkaldic League 1547The defensive alliance formed by the Lutherans in February 1531 in response to order by the Diet of Augsburg that all Lutherans revert to Catholicism

Nine Years War (1688-1697) League of AugsburgLouis XIV maintained his army at full strength and restlessly probed beyond his borders. His forces occupied the free city of Strasbourg, which prompted new defense coalitions to form against him. The League of Augsburg was one of the groups formed, and it included England, Spain, Sweden, the United Provinces, and the Major German states. The League and France battled each other from 1689-1697. -Peace of Ryswick 1697.The Peace of Ryswick ended the war, secured Holland’s borders, and thwarted Louis expansion into Germany.

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) Grand Alliance

The War of Spanish Succession was fought over who would claim the Spanish throne. Claims to the throne were up in the air as the last Habsburg leader, Charles II, had died without an heir. Ironically, he had left his entire inheritance to Louis’ grandson. Philip of Anjou, who would become Philip V of Spain, was selected as the ruler. The actual war was fought between France, England, and Spain. The war’s significance was the peace made with England and Holland at the end of the war. The nations agreed to give Gibraltar and the island of Minorca to England. Louis was also forced to recognize the right of the House of Hanover to the succession to the throne.

Pragmatic sanction 1713 -the Pragmatic Sanction recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference.-it prohibited the payment of annates to Rome-it limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)-Frederick II of Prussia invades Habsburg Silesia in Eastern Germany (December 1740). This invasion shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction and upset the continental balance of power. French court aristocrats convince Cardinal Fleury to support the Prussian aggression against Austria. Britain gets drawn into the war to make sure the lower countries stayed under Austrian control, not French. It ends with the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle of 1748. Prussia retained Silesia. The war ended with a stalemate.

Diplomatic Revolution 1756The Diplomatic Revolution was when Britain left its alliance with Austria and joined forces with Prussia. This upset the leaders of Austria except for Kaunitz who had planned for a French alliance to tear apart the state of Prussia. caused mainly by Britain’s alliance it formed with Prussia at the Convention of Westminster. The conflicts in North America also led European leaders to be on edge with each other

Seven years War 1756-1763-Frederick invades Saxony 1756The invasion created an alliance that Frederick feared. France and Austria form an alliance in 1757 dedicated to destroying Prussia. Russia and Sweden also joined. Two things saved Prussia. First, Britain furnish considerable financial aid. Second, Empress Elisabeth of Russia died. Her successor was Tsar Peter, who admired Frederick greatly. He immediately made peace with Prussia, which removed another enemy and relieved Frederick. The Treaty of Hubertusburg 1763 ended the continental conflict with no significant changes in pre-war borders.-Prussia permanently gained Silesia, Hungary became large source of power, France faced defeat, the Spanish faced conflicts with England, and the New World became more independent

1791 Declaration of Plintz

King Frederick William II of Prussia and Emperor Leopold of Austria issued the Declaration of Plintz. The two monarchs promised to intervene in France to protect the royal family and to preserve the monarchy if the other European powers agreed.

1793, 1795 partition of PolandIn 1791, a group of nobles known as the Polish Patriots issued a new constitution that substituted a hereditiary for an elective monarchy. Frederick William II of Prussia promised to defend the new Polish constitutional order to make Prussia look stronger against Russia. Catherine the Great understood that a reformed Polish state would diminish Russian influence in Poland and eastern Europe. In 1792, conservative Polish nobles opposed the reforms and wanted Russia to restore old order. The Russian army defeated the reformist Polish forces. Rather than protecting Poland, Frederick agreed with Catherine to carry out a second partition of Poland. The reformed constitution was abolished. The Polish government remained under the influence of Russia. In the spring of 1794, Polish officers mutinied against the efforts to unite their forced with the Russian army. Prussia, Russia, and Austria sent troops to Poland. November 4 was the bloodiest day of combat in the decade. Russian troops killed over 10,000 Polish people in Warsaw. The three eastern powers portioned what remained of Poland between the three of them.

Serbian War of Independence 1804-1813Kara George led a Guerilla war against the Ottomans. This ultimately unsuccessful revolution helped build national self-identity and attracted the interest of the Greater powers. Milos Obrenovitch succeeded in negotiating greater administrative autonomy for some Serbian territories. the Ottoman Sultan formally granted independence to Serbia. 1833, Milos pressured the Ottoman authorities to extend the borders of Serbia. Serbian leaders continued to seek additional territory, however, creating tension with Austria. Russia became the formal protector of Serbia because they were also Slavs.

Wars of liberation 1807-1809-1809 War with Austria

The French troubles in Spain encouraged the Austrians to renew the war in 1809. They wanted revenge after their defeat at Austerlitz. They relied on Napoleon’s distraction in Spain, French war weariness, and aid from German Princes. Napoleon was fully in command in France. The French army marched swiftly into Austria and won the battle of Wagram. The Peace of Schonbrunn deprived Austria of much territory and 3.5 million subjects. Napoleon decided to divorce his childless wife for the Austrian Duchess Marie Louise.

European Coalition 1813Russia, Prussia, and Austria were part of the European Coalition that drove battles westward towards France. They were assisted by money from Britain and armies from Spain.

Congress of Vienna 1814The Congress of Vienna assembled in September 1814 and finished in September 1815. The four powers conducted the important work of the conference. The full session of the

conference was to discuss the arrangements the Quadruple Alliance made. One of the easiest problems faced was France. They agreed that no one state should be able to dominate all of Europe. They were determined to make sure France never dominates again. The powers strengthened the countries around France’s borders. These countries were used as barriers to prevent France’s expansion. The kingdom of the Netherlands was established. Austria gained full control of northern Italy. The rest of Germany was left untouched. After the Holy Roman Empire fell, it was not revived. The agreement of eastern Europe sharply divided the victors. Alexander I of Russia wanted all of Poland. Prussia was willing to give their portion of Poland to Russia in return for all of Saxony. Austria was unwilling to give up Poland or to see Prussian power grow or for Russia to penetrate deeper into central Europe. The Polish - Saxon question almost started a war, but the willy Talleyrand representing France suggested the weight of France added to that of Britain and Austria might bring Alexander to his senses. Alexander agreed to be ruler of smaller Poland and Prussia gained part of Saxony. Now, France was added as a fifth power in all deliberations.

Hundred Days War 1815The Hundred Days is known as the time when Napoleon escaped Elba and escaped to France to regain power. When he regained power in France, he promised a liberal constitution and a peaceful foreign policy. The allies (Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Britain) were not convinced and declared Napoleon as a outlaw. The allies send their army to crush him. They defeated him in the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was captured and exiled again, this time to St. Helena off the coast of Africa. He died at St. Helena. The Hundred days frightened the allies and they were more distrusting when making a peace settlement with France. They imposed a war indemnity and an army of occupation on France. Alexander proposed a Holy Alliance. The monarchs promised to act together in accordance with Christian principles. Austria and Prussia signed. England abstained and Castlereagh thought the idea was absurd. Alexander thought the idea was a valuable tool for international relations. The Holy Alliance became a symbol of extreme political reaction.

Renew Quadruple Alliance 1815On November 20, 1815, England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia renewed the Quadruple alliance. It was as much a coalition for maintaining peace as for pursuing victory over France. This kind of coalition has never existed it Europe before. It represented an important new departure in European affairs. Certain powers were determined to prevent war. The Statesman of Vienna saw the armies of Napoleon at the French revolution overturning the political and social order of much of the Continent. The nation has seen lots of destruction and had to raise enormous military forces. The war had affected professional armies and navies, but it also affected entire civilian populations. The Quadruple Alliance was determined to prevent anymore destruction and upheaval.

Concert of Europe 1815-1848

It prevented one nation from taking major action in internal affairs without working in concert with and obtaining the assent of the others. The initial goal was to maintain the balance of power.The Concert of Europe was shattered as a means of dealing with internal relations on the Continent. Following the successful repression of the 1848 uprisings, the great powers feared revolution less than they had in the beginning of the century. They displayed much less reverence for the Vienna settlement. After 1856, there were more powers willing to fight to overthrow the existing order than there were to take arms to defend it. For 25 years after the Crimean War, European affairs were unstable, producing a period of adventurism in foreign policy

Reichstag 1848-1849The Reichstag was the lower house chosen by universal male suffrage. The Reichstag a little real power because the ministers were responsible only to the monarch

Abolish serfdom 1848Magyar revolt 1848

The liberal Magyar leaders who were supported by the nobles wanted their aristocratic liberties guaranteed against the central government in Vienna. The Hungarian Diet passed the March Laws, which mandated equality in religion, jury trials, the election of the lower chamber of the diet, a relatively free press, and payment of taxes by the nobility. Emperor Ferdinand approved. The Magyars hoped to establish a separate Hungarian state within the Habsburg domains. They would exercise local autonomy while Ferdinand was still emperor. The Hungarians tried to annex Transylvania, Croatia, and other eastern territories of the Habsburg Empire. The national groups resisted the drive towards Magyarization. The national groups thought that the habsburgs would offer them a better chance to preserve their national or ethnic identity, language, and economic self interest. The Vienna Government send Jellachich to aid the national groups who were rebelling against the rebellious Hungarians.

March laws 1848Mandate equality of religion, jury trials, the election of the lower chamber on the diet, a relatively free press, and payment of taxes by the nobility

1860 October diplomaThe October Diploma was issued by Francis Joseph. It created a federation among the states and provinces of the empire. There were to be local diets dominated by the landed classes and a single imperial parliament. The Magyar nobility rejected the plan.

1861 February patentFrancis Joseph issued the February Patent in 1861, which set up an entirely different form of government. The February Patent established a bicameral imperial legislature with an upper chamber appointed by the emperor and an indirectly elected lower chamber. The Magyars also refused to cooperate with this system. They sent no delegates to the

legislature. The February Patent governed the empire for six years. Ministers were responsible to the emperor, not the Reichsrat. Civil liberties were not guaranteed. Armies could be levied and taxes raised without parliamentary consent.

Compromise of Ausgleich of 1867 (austria-hungary)The negotiations between the Magyars and the emperor were not causing sufficient results until the Prussian defeat of Austria in the summer of 1866 and the exclusion of Austria from German affairs. Francis Joseph had to come to terms with the Magyars. The Compromise of 1867 transformed the Habsburg Empire into a dual monarchy known as Austria-Hungary. The Czechs opposed the Compromise of 1867 because it permitted the German-speaking Austrian and the Hungarian Magyars to dominate all other nationalities within the empire. The Czechs of Bohemia were the most vocal about their dislike. They favored a policy of triple monarchy, in which the Czechs would have a position similar to that of the Hungarians. Francis Joseph was willing to accept this concept in 1871. The Magyars vetoed it lest they be forced to make similar concessions to their own subject nationalities. Germans of Bohemia were afraid the Czech language would be imposed on them. Francis Joseph gave the Czechs and the Germans equality of language in various localities.

Revitalized Concert of Europe 1871-1914included France, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Italy with Germany as the main continental power economically and militarily.

1882 Italy, Germany, and Austria form triple allianceThe alliance was renewed another five years. It expired in WWI

1897 Francis joseph gave the Czechs in Germans the Equality of Language1907 Francis Joseph introduced universal male suffrage, but this action did not eliminate the chaos of the Reichsrat. 1920 Austro-Hungarian Empire breaks up

German speakers gathered in republic of Austria, cut off from the Germans of Bohemia and forbidden to unite with Germany

Italy (Gold/Yellow)Pope Gregory X establishes the practice of sequestering the cardinals immediately upon the death of the pope. 1294Pope Innocent III declared Clericis Laicos. 1296

-Charles needed money for war, but the Pope refused to send money to help fund war. Clericis Laicos stated that money must be approved by the pope before leaving the Church.

Avignon Papacy 1309-1377The Avignon Papacy was in France. The French dominated the College of Cardinals, testing the papacy’s agility politically and economically. Pope Clement V expanded papal taxes such as the annates. Clement VI sold indulgences. Such practices contributed to the Papacy’s reputation of for materialism and political scheming.

Ciompi Revolt (1378) The Ciompi revolt was a great uprising of the poor. It resulted from a combination of the feuding between the rich and poor, the social anarchy of society after the Black Death, and the collapse of the great banking houses. It led to a four year reign of the lower florentine classes

Four year reign of lower Florentine Classes 1378-1482The Ciompi Revolt led to a four year reign of the lower Florentine Classes. The style of rule was chaotic. Stability did not return to Florentine until Cosimo de Medici came into power in 1434.

Cosimo de Medici established Medici Rule in Florence 1434Treaty of Lodi 1454-1455

The Treaty brought Milan and Naples (long traditional enemies) into alliance with Florence.

The French Invasions (1494-1527)-Ludovico appealed to the French for aid to reenter Italy and revive their dynastic claim to Naples-Charles VIII invaded Italy 1494

Five months after the call from Ludovico, Charles had crossed the Alps and raced as conqueror through Florence and the Papal States into Naples.

-Savonarola controls Florence 1494-1498)Once Charles got to Florence, Savonarola convinced the Florentines that the French king’s arrival was a long delayed and fully-justified divine vengeance on their immorality.

-League of Venice 1495 Ferdinand of Aragon created the League of Venice, which allied Venice, the Papal States, and Emperor Maximilian I together with him against the French.

-Louis XII invades Milan 1499-The Holy League created in 1511

Julius, Ferdinand of Aragon, and Venice form a second Holy League in October 1511 and were joined by Emperor Maximilian I.

- Holy League defeats the French 1512-1513In 1512, the league had the French in full retreat

-Francis I invades Italy 1515Louis successor Francis I invaded Italy a third time. This time, French Armies massacred Swiss soldiers of the Holy League at Marignano in September 1515.

-Concordat of Bologna 1516The Concordat from the Pope in 1516 was an agreement that gave the French King control over the French clergy in exchange for church recognition of the Pope’s superiority over church councils and his rights to collect annates in France.

-League of Venice 1495Ferdinand of Aragon created the League of Venice, which allied Venice, the Papal States, and Emperor Maximilian I together with him against the French.

Spanish Imperial soldiers looted and torched Rome (Sack of Rome) 1527Sack carried out by Charles V, went against the League of Cognac; ended Renaissance in Rome

1543 scientific revolutionThe Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy.

Revolutions in Naples 1820against King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, who was forced to make concessions and promise a constitutional monarchy. This success inspired Carbonari in the north of Italy to revolt too

Revolt against habsburg domination in milan 1848- Lombardy and Venetia had been part of the Hapsburg Empire, but after the revolution in Vienna, a revolt broke out in Milan against the Austrian forces there. In the Five Glorious Days of Milan the Austrians were forced to retreat. The Venetian republic was reestablished, and Piedmont joined the war against Austria as well. In fact, when it then

turned out that the pope was not an Italian nationalist (surprise, surprise) and he escaped, Rome was even left to be run by a representative assembly.

Revolution of 1848- In 1848, liberal revolutions broke out throughout Europe. Although, at first, they appeared to be spectacularly successful, in the end, all the revolutions failed.- In general, revolutions occurred where governments were distrusted and where the fear and resentment fed by rising food prices and unemployment found focus in political demands.- In the end, the revolutions failed b/c the revolutionaries found themselves divided, and also, as Seaman states, because the original governments still had the power and will to survive. - Sometimes 1848 is referred to as "the turning point at which modern history failed to turn" because it seemed as though the revolutionaries were only so close to success.Radicals force Charles Albert to renew patriotic war against 1849

King of Piedmont who was defeated twice by Austria, then abdicated in favor of son Victor Emmanuel II. wanted to annex Lombardy

1849 revolt against Habsburg dominationdemanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.

1859 War with Austriafought by the French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of Italian unification

Revitalized Concert of Europe 1871-1914included France, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Italy with Germany as the main continental power economically and militarily.

Triple alliance 18821882 Italy, Germany, and Austria form triple alliance

The alliance was renewed another five years. It expired in WWI

Portugal (Pink)1543 Scientific rev

The Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy. 1807 Napoleon invaded

The French Army came to the Iberian Peninsula to force Portugal to abandon its traditional alliance with Britain. The army stayed in Spain to protect lines of supply and communication.

Brazil made a kingdom 1815Prince Joao made Brazil into a kingdom, which meant it was no longer regarded as a mere colony of Portugal.

Portugal revolution 1820Portugal leaders demanded that Joao return to Lisbon. They also demanded Brazil be returned to colonial status.

Dom Pedro becomes Emperor of independent Brazil 1822American Monroe Doctrine 1823

Prohibited further colonization and intervention by European powers in the Americas

Spain (Red)Isabella and Ferdinand marry in 1469

Their marriage allowed them to subdue their realms, secure their borders, venture abroad militarily, and Christianize the whole of Spain. They exercised almost total control over the Spanish Church as they placed religion in the service of national unity.

Conquered moors in Granada 1482-1492Non converting Jews were exiled and had their property confiscated 1492

Habsburg-Valois Wars 1494-1559The Valois and Habsburgs fought four major wars over disputed territories within Italy

-Treaty of Cateau-cambresis 1559This treaty ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars

League of Venice 1495Ferdinand of Aragon created the League of Venice, which allied Venice, the Papal States, and Emperor Maximilian I together with him against the French. The stage was now set for a conflict between the French and Spanish that would not end until 1559

Secured northern borders by conquering the Kingdom of Navarre 1512Spanish Imperial soldiers loot and torch Rome (Sack of Rome) 1527

Military event carried out by Charles V. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles and the League of Cognac1543 scientific revolution

The Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy.

Holy league of Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the pope form to check turk belligerence May 1571 In the largest naval battle of the 16th century, Don John’s fleet engaged the Ottoman Navy under Ali Pasha of Lepanto in the Gulf of Corinth on October 7, 1571. Before the engagement ended, over one-third of the Turkish fleet has been sunken or captured. For a moment, the Mediterranean belonged to Spain.

Spanish Fury Nov 4, 1576

Spanish mercenaries, leaderless and unpaid, running amok in Antwerp. 7,000 people left dead in the streets.

Spanish Armada (1588)The goal of the attack of the Spanish Armada was to invade England and kill Elizabeth. The Armada was defeated because of Sir Francis Drake, who shelled the port of Cadiz, which inflicted heavy damages on Spanish ships and stores and interrupted their preparations. Soon after, the Armada’s defeat gave courage and incite to Protestant resistance everywhere. During the 1590s, Spanish troops faced unified and inspired French, English, and Dutch armies. When Philip died on September 13th, 1598, he left Spain weak and in disunity, giving the French domination over the continent, and losing the New World to the Dutch and English.

Thirty years war 1618-1648-In 1620, at the Battle of White Mountain, Spain sends troops to Ferdinand.

War of the Devolution 1667-1668Louis invades Flanders and Franche-Compté-Treaty of aix-la-chapelle 1668Louis supported the alleged rights of his first wife to inherit the Spanish Netherlands.

He invaded the Netherlands in 1667. The Triple Alliance of England resisted his attempt to invade. This resulted in the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. It gave Louis rule over the towns outside the Spanish Netherlands. 1670 Treaty of Dover

-the treaty allied England with France against the Dutch. In a secret portion of the treaty, Charles pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England permitted it. Louis XIV agreed to pay Charles a substantial subsidy.

1672-1679 -Louis invades netherlands again-Peace of Nijmegen 1678-1679Louis decided to invade the Netherland in 1672 again. He had the help of England by the

Treaty of Dover, which caused England and France to become allies against the Dutch. The Prince of Orange forged an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Lorraine, and Brandenburg against Louis. The war ended inconclusively with the Peace of Nijmegen. France gained more territory, including the Franche-Comte.Nine Years War (1688-1697) League of Augsburg

Louis XIV maintained his army at full strength and restlessly probed beyond his borders. His forces occupied the free city of Strasbourg, which prompted new defense coalitions to form against him. The League of Augsburg was one of the groups formed, and it included England, Spain, Sweden, the United Provinces, and the Major German states. The League and France battled each other from 1689-1697. -Peace of Ryswick 1697.The Peace of Ryswick ended the war, secured Holland’s borders, and thwarted Louis expansion into Germany.

War of Spanish Succession 1701-1714

The War of Spanish Succession was fought over who would claim the Spanish throne. Claims to the throne were up in the air as the last Habsburg leader, Charles II, had died without an heir. Ironically, he had left his entire inheritance to Louis’ grandson. Philip of Anjou, who would become Philip V of Spain, was selected as the ruler. The actual war was fought between France, England, and Spain. The war’s significance was the peace made with England and Holland at the end of the war. The nations agreed to give Gibraltar and the island of Minorca to England. Louis was also forced to recognize the right of the House of Hanover to the succession to the throne.

Pragmatic Sanction 1713 (recognized)-the Pragmatic Sanction recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference.

-it prohibited the payment of annates to Rome-it limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome

Treaty of Utrecht 1713 The northern provinces formed the Union of Utrecht in retaliation to the formation of the Union of Arras.

War of Jenkins Ear 1739-Spain implemented strict rules on trade within European countries-invaded an English trading ship and cut off Jenkin’s Ear-served as a catalyst for the war, ear was a sign of the Spanish atrocities to the British merchants.-opened the opportunity for other wars in all of Europe and showed England the mistreatment by the Spanish towards their merchants

American Revolutionary War 1775-1783Spain allied with France as an opportunity to weaken the British empire.

Argentinian revolt 1806-1810Argentina had fought off a British invasion and thus had learned they could protect themselves rather than rely on Spain. In 1810, the junta in Buenos Aires thrusted of Spanish authority and sent troops into Paraguay and Uruguay to liberate them from Spain.

Wars of Liberation 1807-1809-1807 War with Spain

Spain had more national resistance to France than any other European Nation. Spain had achieved political unity as early as the 16th century. Spain and France had been allies since 1796. In 1807; however, a French Army came to the Iberian Peninsula to force Portugal to abandon its traditional alliance with Britain. The army stayed in Spain to protect lines of supply and communication. Napoleon used a revolt that broke out in Madrid as a pretext to depose the Spanish Bourbons and to place his brother Joseph on the Spanish Throne. The nobles were prepared to collaborate, and the peasants rebelled. Guerrilla bands cut lines of communication, killed stragglers,

destroyed isolated units, and then disappeared into the mountains. The British army came to support the Spanish insurgence.

Revolt in Madrid 1808Napoleon made his own brother king of Spain. This situation created an imperial political vacuum throughout Spanish Latin America and gave Creole leaders both the opportunity and the necessity to act.

Hidalgo issues call for rebellion of the Indians. 1810Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issued a call for rebellion to the Indians in his Parish. They and other oppressed groups of black and mestizo urban and rural workers responded. Hidalgo created a program of social reform, including hints of changes in landholdings. He had around 80,000 followers and captured many cities. They marched onto Mexico city. Hidalgo was captured and executed. Leadership of the movement fell to Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon. He was more radical than Hidalgo. He called for an end to forced labor and for substantial land reforms. The uprising and its demand for fundamental social reforms united all conservative political groups in Mexico, both creole and Spanish. These groups opposed any reforms that might diminish their privilege. The conservative Mexicans feared that the new liberal monarchy in Spain would attempt to impose liberal reforms on Mexico. Augustin de Iturbide declared Mexico independence of Spain in 1821. He was later declared emperor.

Bolivar involved in liberating venezuela 18101811-1814 civil war in Venezuela

-royalists and slaves challenged the authority of the republican government-1821 Bolivar named president of Venezuela after capturing Bogota and Caracas

San Martin led army over the andes mountains and occupied Santiago, Chile.San Martin was the leading general of the Rio de la Plaza forces. He led an army in a daring match over the Andes Mountains and occupied Santiago in Chile. He organized a fleet in Santiago and carried his army to Peru in 1820. He drove royalist forces from lima and became protector of Peru. Bolivar was involved in the organization of a liberating junta in Caracas, Venezuela. He was an advocate of independence and republic. He went into exile in Columbia and then in Jamaica. He captures Bogota to secure a base for an attack on Venezuela. By the Summer of 1821, Bolivar’s forces captured Caracas, and he was named president. Chile declared independence from Spain 1817

The Spanish Revolution of 1820Ferdinand dissolves the Cortée1820 army officers rebelled. Ferdinand announced he would abide by the provisions of the constitution

Iturbide declared Mexico independent of Spain 1821Augustin de Iturbide declared Mexico independence of Spain in 1821. He was later declared emperor.

Bolivar and San Martin work together to liberate Quito, the capital of ecuador 1822

The armies of San Martin and Bolivar joined as they moved to liberate Quito. They argued about the future political structure of Latin America. San Martin believed people of the region required monarchs. Bolivar believed in a republic. San Martin soon retired from public life and went into exile in Europe. Bolivar allowed the political situation in Peru to fall into confusion. He sent troops to establish control.

Battle of Ayacucho 1824Marked the end of Spain’s effort to retain the south american empire

Ireland (Green)1543 scientific revolution

The Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy.

Cromwell brutally conquered Ireland and Scotland (1649-1660)Cromwell ruled through a harsh military dictatorship. This type of rule was just as disliked as Charles’ rule. His policy toward Scotland and Ireland was that of a strong military leader. His first act was to conquer both countries. His policies in England were aimed to attack Puritans by denying them drunkenness, theatergoing, and dancing.

Act of Union 1798-William Pitt the Younger persuaded Parliament to pass the act between Ireland and England-Ireland now sent a hundred members to the House of Commons-Only Protestant Irishmen could be elected to represent their overwhelmingly Roman Catholic nation

Catholic Emancipation Act 1829-After the Act of Union was passed and England merged with Ireland to prevent civil war, only Irish Protestants could travel to England and be elected to Parliament. -large problem because the small population of Irish Protestants represented the largely Catholic population of their nation.-To prevent war from breaking out, the duke of Wellington and Robert Peel passed the Catholic Emancipation Act through Parliament. It was passed and allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament, and along with the repeal in 1828 of restrictions against Protestant nonconformists, ended the Anglican monopoly on British political life.

Irish famine 1845-1848Ireland had an agricultural economy that depended on a single product. They depended on a single source of food. They had no other crop to fall back on if their only source of food fails. Ireland depended on the potato. Everyone grew the same type of potato. In

1845, a mysterious blight struck the potatoes and made them moldy and inedible. Half the crop was lost. Because Ireland was supported by the British, they survived. The fungus came back in 1846, 1847, and 1848. The crop failure was the worst natural disaster to hit Ireland. Irish tenants could no longer pay rent. Landlords drove the tenants off their land. Disease spread and tens of thousands of people died. In response to the Irish famine, the British repealed the tariffs of the Corn Laws and enacted a program of public works to employ the dispossessed.

Irish poor relief act 1847The 1847 Irish Poor Relief Act required anyone who occupied more than one-quarter acre of farmland to enter a government-run workhouse before receiving poor relief. To escape the famine, many people emigrated, primarily to the United States and Britain. Much of Ireland became depopulated.

Movement for home rule in Ireland 1860-1914 (not implemented until post WWI)Gladstone disestablish church of Ireland 1869

-Irish Roman Catholics would not pay taxes to support the hated Protestant churchLand Act for Irish tenant farmers 1870

-Provided compensation to those Irish tenant farmers who were evicted and loans for those who wished to purchase land.

Dutch (Orange)1543 scientific revolution

The Scientific Revolution was the process that established the new view of the universe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century natural philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the Middle Ages and the ancient world. Revolutions are usually rapid and involving many people. The Scientific Revolution was not rapid. It had a complex movement with many false starts and many smart people suggesting useful or wrong ideas. The Scientific Revolution involved only a few hundred people who were involved in different areas of study. The Scientific Revolution involved older knowledge as well as new discoveries. The revolution also saw the establishment of new social institutions to support the emerging scientific enterprise because the practice of science involves social activity and knowledge. New knowledge emerged in many areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth century, including medicine, chemistry, and natural history. The scientific achievements that most captivated the learning imagination and persuaded people were those that occured in astronomy.

Revolt in Netherlands under Cardinal Granville. (about 1566-1579)1572 Beggars captured Brill and other seaports in Zeeland and Holland.1574 Dutch open dikes to flood country to repulse the hated SpanishNov 4 1576 Spanish mercenaries run amok in Antwerp, leaving 7,000 dead on the streetPacification of Ghent (November 8, 1576)It declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion. Netherlands united against SpainPerpetual edict 1577 - removal of all Spanish Troops from the Netherlands within 20 days

Spanish Fury (November 4, 1576)Spanish mercenaries, leaderless and unpaid, running amok in Antwerp. 7,000 people left dead in the streets.

War of Devolution 1667-1668Louis Invades Flanders and Franche-Compté 1667Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle 1668Louis supported the alleged rights of his first wife to inherit the Spanish Netherlands.

He invaded the Netherlands in 1667. The Triple Alliance of England resisted his attempt to invade. This resulted in the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. It gave Louis rule over the towns outside the Spanish Netherlands. 1670 Treaty of Dover

-the treaty allied England with France against the Dutch. In a secret portion of the treaty, Charles pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England permitted it. Louis XIV agreed to pay Charles a substantial subsidy.

William III/ Of Orange 1672-1702 1672-1714 Louis XIV invaded the Netherlands again

He had the help of England by the Treaty of Dover, which caused England and France to become allies against the Dutch. The Prince of Orange forged an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Lorraine, and Brandenburg against Louis. The war ended inconclusively with the Peace of Nijmegen 1678-1679. France gained more territory, including the Franche-Comte.

Nine Years War (1688-1697) League of AugsburgLouis XIV maintained his army at full strength and restlessly probed beyond his borders. His forces occupied the free city of Strasbourg, which prompted new defense coalitions to form against him. The League of Augsburg was one of the groups formed, and it included England, Spain, Sweden, the United Provinces, and the Major German states. The League and France battled each other from 1689-1697. -Peace of Ryswick 1697.The Peace of Ryswick ended the war, secured Holland’s borders, and thwarted Louis expansion into Germany.

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) Grand AllianceThe War of Spanish Succession was fought over who would claim the Spanish throne. Claims to the throne were up in the air as the last Habsburg leader, Charles II, had died without an heir. Ironically, he had left his entire inheritance to Louis’ grandson. Philip of Anjou, who would become Philip V of Spain, was selected as the ruler. The actual war was fought between France, England, and Spain. The war’s significance was the peace made with England and Holland at the end of the war. The nations agreed to give Gibraltar and the island of Minorca to England. Louis was also forced to recognize the right of the House of Hanover to the succession to the throne.

Pragmatic Sanction 1713 (recognized)-the Pragmatic Sanction recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference.

-it prohibited the payment of annates to Rome-it limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome

King William 1815-1840August 25, 1830, disturbances broke out in Brussels after an Opera performance. King William of Holland sent troops and ships against the Belgium after the compromise between the Dutch and Belgians failed. By Nov 10, 1830, the were Dutch defeated. Convention of 1839

It guaranteed Belgium neutrality