ECOLOGYECOLOGY

CHASECHASE

2005-20062005-2006

ObjectiveObjective

• To better understand our To better understand our relationship with the surrounding relationship with the surrounding environment. environment.

• To understand the interdependence To understand the interdependence organisms have with other organisms have with other organisms and their environment. organisms and their environment.

• To appreciate the impact ecology To appreciate the impact ecology has on our every day lives.has on our every day lives.

OutlineOutline

I.I. IntroductionIntroductionA.A. Biotic factorsBiotic factorsB. Abiotic factorsB. Abiotic factors

I.I. Feeding relationshipsFeeding relationshipsII.II. Symbiotic relationshipsSymbiotic relationshipsIII.III. Population growthPopulation growthIV.IV. SuccessionSuccessionV.V. Natural cyclesNatural cyclesVI.VI. Current issues in ecologyCurrent issues in ecology

IntroductionIntroduction

•EcologyEcology– Study of the relationships and Study of the relationships and

interactions living organisms interactions living organisms have with each other and with have with each other and with their environment.their environment.

– Science that focuses on the Science that focuses on the interdependent relationships interdependent relationships between the between the bioticbiotic and the and the abioticabiotic..

Biotic FactorBiotic Factor

• Anything livingAnything living• A living organism is able to do A living organism is able to do ALLALL of of

the following:the following:•Grow and developGrow and develop•Reproduce independentlyReproduce independently•Respond to stimuliRespond to stimuli•Metabolize energyMetabolize energy

• Viruses are non-livingViruses are non-living

Bacteria found in yogurt

Volvox

Sea urchin

Abiotic factorAbiotic factor

• Anything non-livingAnything non-living• Abiotic factors Abiotic factors CANNOTCANNOT do one or do one or

more of the following:more of the following:•Grow and developGrow and develop•Reproduce independentlyReproduce independently•Respond to stimuliRespond to stimuli•Metabolize energyMetabolize energy

water

rock

OutlineOutlineI.I. IntroductionIntroductionII.II. Predator-prey relationshipsPredator-prey relationships

A. Feeding rolesA. Feeding rolesB. Feeding relationshipsB. Feeding relationshipsC. Transfer of energyC. Transfer of energyD. NicheD. Niche

III.III. Symbiotic relationshipsSymbiotic relationshipsIV.IV. Population growthPopulation growthV.V. SuccessionSuccessionVI.VI. Ecological cyclesEcological cyclesVII.VII. Current issues in ecologyCurrent issues in ecology

Feeding Roles- Feeding Roles- vocabularyvocabulary

• PredatorPredator

• ProducerProducer

• AutotrophAutotroph

• ScavengerScavenger

• HerbivoreHerbivore

• OmnivoreOmnivore

• PreyPrey

• ConsumerConsumer

• HeterotrophHeterotroph

• DecomposerDecomposer

• CarnivoreCarnivore

PredatorPredator

•Organism who Organism who consumes another consumes another organism to organism to obtain nutrients.obtain nutrients.

PredatorPredator•Organism who consumes Organism who consumes

another organism to obtain another organism to obtain nutrients.nutrients.

PredatorPredator

•Organism who consumes Organism who consumes another organism to obtain another organism to obtain nutrients. nutrients.

PreyPrey

•Organism who is consumed Organism who is consumed by another organism.by another organism.

PreyPrey

•Organism Organism who is who is consumed by consumed by another another organism.organism.

PreyPrey

•Organism Organism who is who is consumed by consumed by another another organism.organism.

ProducerProducer

•Organism that makes its own Organism that makes its own food. food.

•Also called an Also called an AUTOTROPHAUTOTROPH..– autoauto = self = self– trophtroph = food = food

•Example Example – plantsplants– algaealgae

Producer = AutotrophProducer = Autotroph

•Change sunlight into a sugar Change sunlight into a sugar called glucose (= food).called glucose (= food). – Process is calledProcess is called

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS..

•photo photo = light= light

•synthesis synthesis = to make= to make

•All photosynthetic organisms All photosynthetic organisms are producers / autotrophs.are producers / autotrophs.

Producer = AutotrophProducer = Autotroph

• Organism that Organism that makes its own makes its own food. food.

Producer = AutotrophProducer = Autotroph

• Organism that Organism that makes its own makes its own food. food.

Producer = AutotrophProducer = Autotroph

• Organism that Organism that makes its own makes its own food. food.

Producer = AutotrophProducer = Autotroph

• Organism that makes its own food. Organism that makes its own food.

• May also use chemical energy to May also use chemical energy to make food. make food. – Process is called chemosynthesis. Process is called chemosynthesis.

•chemochemo = chemical = chemical

•synthesissynthesis = to make = to make

ConsumerConsumer• Organism that cannot make its own Organism that cannot make its own

food. food. • Consumes other organisms for Consumes other organisms for

food.food. • Also called aAlso called a HETEROTROPHHETEROTROPH. .

– heterohetero = other = other– trophtroph = food = food

• Example:Example:– everything everything exceptexcept for plants and algae for plants and algae– ALL predators are consumersALL predators are consumers

Consumer = HeterotrophConsumer = Heterotroph

•Organism Organism that cannot that cannot make its own make its own food.food.

Consumer = HeterotrophConsumer = Heterotroph

• Organism Organism that cannot that cannot make its make its own food.own food.

Consumer = HeterotrophConsumer = Heterotroph

• Organism that Organism that cannot make cannot make its own food.its own food.

Types of ConsumersTypes of Consumers

•ScavengerScavenger

•DecomposerDecomposer

•HerbivoreHerbivore

•CarnivoreCarnivore

•OmnivoreOmnivore

ScavengerScavenger

•Consumer Consumer who feeds on who feeds on dead or dead or decaying decaying material.material.

ScavengerScavenger

• Consumer who Consumer who feeds on dead or feeds on dead or decaying material. decaying material.

ScavengerScavenger

• Consumer who feeds on dead or Consumer who feeds on dead or decaying material.decaying material.

DecomposerDecomposer

• Organism who feeds on dead Organism who feeds on dead organic material, which helps organic material, which helps break down (decompose) organic break down (decompose) organic material. material.

• Also called a Also called a saprophytesaprophyte.. • Plays a very important role in Plays a very important role in

recycling nutrients in the recycling nutrients in the ecosystem.ecosystem.– Ex. Fungi inhabit dead trees, getting Ex. Fungi inhabit dead trees, getting

energy from the tree and recycling energy from the tree and recycling nutrients from the tree into the soil.nutrients from the tree into the soil.

DecomposerDecomposer

• Organism who feeds on dead Organism who feeds on dead organic material, which helps organic material, which helps break down (decompose) organic break down (decompose) organic material.material.

DecomposerDecomposer• Organism who feeds on dead Organism who feeds on dead

organic material, which helps organic material, which helps break down (decompose) break down (decompose) organic material.organic material.

HerbivoreHerbivore

• Consumer who Consumer who feeds on plant feeds on plant material.material.

• Herbivores feed Herbivores feed ONLYONLY on producers. on producers.

HerbivoreHerbivore• Consumer who feeds on plant Consumer who feeds on plant

material. material. • Herbivores feed Herbivores feed ONLYONLY on on

producers.producers.

CarnivoreCarnivore

• Consumer who Consumer who feeds on other feeds on other animals.animals.

• Carnivores Carnivores NEVERNEVER feed on feed on autotrophs.autotrophs.

CarnivoreCarnivore

• Consumer who Consumer who feeds on other feeds on other animals. animals.

• Carnivores Carnivores NEVERNEVER feed on feed on autotrophs.autotrophs.

OmnivoreOmnivore

• Consumer who feeds on Consumer who feeds on BOTHBOTH plant and animal material.plant and animal material.

OmnivoreOmnivore

• Consumer who Consumer who feeds on feeds on BOTHBOTH plant and plant and animal animal material.material.

Feeding Relationships- Feeding Relationships- vocab. vocab.

• Food chainFood chain

• Primary Primary producerproducer

• Secondary Secondary consumerconsumer

• Food webFood web

• Primary Primary consumerconsumer

• Trophic levelTrophic level

Food ChainFood Chain

• Series of organisms through which Series of organisms through which energy flows in an ecosystem. energy flows in an ecosystem.

• Each organism in the series eats or Each organism in the series eats or decomposes the preceding organism. decomposes the preceding organism.

Food ChainFood Chain

• Series of organisms through which Series of organisms through which energy flows in an ecosystem. energy flows in an ecosystem.

producer, autotroph

consumer, heterotroph, herbivore

Food WebFood Web

• Complex interaction of all of the food Complex interaction of all of the food chains in an ecosystem. chains in an ecosystem.

• food chain + food chain… = food food chain + food chain… = food web web

Food WebFood Web

Primary ProducerPrimary Producer

• Organism who makes its own food. Organism who makes its own food. – Uses solar or chemical energy to make Uses solar or chemical energy to make

sugar.sugar.

• Any autotroph or producer.Any autotroph or producer.

Primary ConsumerPrimary Consumer

• Organism who feeds directly on Organism who feeds directly on producers. producers.

• Primary consumer = Primary consumer = herbivoreherbivore

Secondary ConsumerSecondary Consumer

• Organism who feeds on primary Organism who feeds on primary consumers. consumers.

• Secondary consumer = Secondary consumer = carnivore carnivore or or omnivoreomnivore

primary producer

primary consumer

secondary consumer

Trophic LevelTrophic Level

• A trophic level describes a feeding A trophic level describes a feeding level. level.

• Trophic level number is determined Trophic level number is determined by the number of “feeding steps” an by the number of “feeding steps” an organism is from the sun. organism is from the sun.

primary producer

primary consumer

secondary consumer

1st trophic level

3rd trophic level

2nd trophic level

1st

2nd

2nd

2nd

2nd &

3rd

3rd

Transfer of EnergyTransfer of Energy

• Why do we eat?Why do we eat?

• Food provides energy needed to Food provides energy needed to maintain daily activities. maintain daily activities.

• When you eat, energy is transferred When you eat, energy is transferred from your food to you. from your food to you.

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

• Represents the transfer of energy Represents the transfer of energy between organisms. between organisms.

primary producer

primary consumer

secondary consumer

tertiary consumer

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Pyramid of BiomassPyramid of Biomass

Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers