ecii & sim lab

SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGYNAMAKKAL – 637 003

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LABORATORY

OBSERVATION NOTE

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NAME : ……..…………………. REGISTER NO: …………………………

CLASS : ……..………………….

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SYLLABUS

EC 2257 ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LAB

DESIGN OF FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers:

Frequency response, Input and output impedance calculation

2. RC Phase shift oscillator, Wien Bridge Oscillator

3. Hartley Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator

4. Tuned Class C Amplifier

5. Integrators, Differentiators, Clippers and Clampers

6. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrators

SIMULATION USING PSPICE:

1. Differential amplifier

2. Active filters : Butterworth 2nd order LPF, HPF (Magnitude & Phase

Response)

3. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrator - Transistor bias

4. D/A and A/D converters (Successive approximation)

5. Analog multiplier

6. CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR

CONTENTS

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S.NO.

DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTPAGE

NO.MARKS

AWARDEDREMARKS

CYCLE I

1Design of Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier

2Design of Current Series FeedbackAmplifier

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4

5

6

7

8

9

CYCLE II

10

11

12

13

14

15

DESIGN OF VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER EX.No.1 Date:

4

AIMTo design and test the Voltage shunt feedback amplifier and to calculate the following parameters with and without feedback.

1. Frequency Response2. Input impedance.

3. Output impedance. COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Components Range Quantity1 Resistors Each 12 Capacitors Each 13 Transistor BC107 14 CRO (0-20)MHz 15 Function generator (0-1)MHz 16 RPSU (0-30)V 17 DMM 18 Probes 39 Bread board 1

EQUATION RELATING THE PARAMETERS AND COMPONENT VALUES

Without feedback

Voltage gain Av = -Rc/ [(RE|| XE) +re]Input impedance Zin =RB ll (RE+re)hfe Output impedance Zo = Rc

With feedback

Feedback factor β = -1/Rf

Voltage gain Avf = Av/ (1+Aβ)Input impedance Zif = Zi/ (1+Avβ)Output impedance Zof = Zo/ (1+Avβ)

Design

Given VCC=12V; IC=IE=1mA; fL=50Hz

VCE=VCC/2=

VE=VCC/10=

re=26mV/IE=

RE=VE/IE=

Calculating Collector resistor

5

VCC=ICRC+VCE+IERE

Rc= (VCC-VCE-IERE)/IC

=

Calculating R1 & R2

R2 = 0.1βRE =

VB=VBE+VE=1.9V

VB=VCC [R2/ (R1+R2)]

R1= [(VCC*R2)/VB]-R2

R1=

Calculating input coupling capacitor

Ci=1/ (2ПfLRin)

Rin = R1R2βre =

=

Ci =


CO=1/ (2ПfLRout)

Rout = RCRL =

CO =

Calculating Bypass Resistor

XE=RE/10 CE=1/ (2ПfLXE) =

Circuit diagram without feedback:

6

Circuit diagram with voltage shunt feedback

PROCEDUREWithout feedback.1. The circuit is connected as per circuit diagram.2. The establishment of DC bias is checked. 3. The input voltage is set in the function generator as 50mv at f = 1 KHz (This is for checking the circuit initially for its proper working).4. The frequency is decreased to 50 Hz and the output is observed at selected values of frequency. Gain is calculated for various frequencies and the values are tabulated. 5. Frequency response curve is plotted from the readings.To find input resistance1. Open circuit the output port and connect the DBR between function

generator and input coupling capacitor. CRO output is taken after DRB.2. The input signal Vs = 1V is set at f = 1 KHz.

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3. The DRB is adjusted and Vin = 0.5V is brought. The value shown by the DRB gives input impedance.4. The same procedure is repeated for the circuit with feedback

To find output resistance1. Short circuit the input port and connect the DBR across the output

coupling Capacitor. CRO output is taken across DRB.2. The input signal Vs = 1V is set at f = 1 KHz.3. The DRB is adjusted and Vin = 0.5V is brought. The value shown by the DRB gives input impedance.4. The same procedure is repeated for the circuit with feedback.

TABULATIONWithout feedback

S.No. Frequency in Hz

Output Voltage in

Volts

Vo/Vin Gain=20log(Vo/Vin)

With feedback

8

S.No.Frequency in

HzOutput

Voltage in Volts


Model Graph:

Gain (dB)

without feedback

3 dBwith feedback

3 dB

f1’ f1 f2 f2’ frequency in Hz

9

Result

Thus the Voltage shunt Feedback Amplifier is designed and tested and the following parameters are determined.

Parameter Without feedback With feedback

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Mid band Gain

Upper Cut-Off frequency

- -

Lower Cut-Off frequency

- -

Bandwidth - -

Input resistance

Output resistance

DESIGN OF CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIEREx.No:2Date:

10

Aim

To design and test the Current series feedback amplifier and to calculate the following parameters with and without feedback.1. Mid-band Gain.2. Bandwidth, Cut-Off frequency.3. Input impedance.4. Output impedance.

Components required:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY1 Resistors Each 12 Capacitors Each 13 Transistor BC107 14 CRO (0-20)MHz 15 Function

generator(0-1)MHz 1

6 RPSU (0-30)V 17 DMM - 18 Probes - 39 Bread board - 1

Equation Relating the parameters and component values

Voltage gain Av = -Vo/Vin

Without feedback

Voltage gain Av = -Rc/ [(RE|| XCE) +re] Input impedance Zi= RB (RE+re)β Input impedance Zo= Rc Transconductance Gm = -hfe/(hie+RE)

With feedback

Voltage gain with feedback Avf=-Rc/ (RE+re) Feedback factor β = -Re

Desensitivity D=1+ β GmTransconductance with feedback Gmf = Gm/DInput impedance Zif = RB ((RE|| XCE) +re)βOutput impedance Zof = Rc

Design

Given Vcc=12V; Ic=Ie=2mA; fL=50Hz

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VCE=VCC/2=

VE=VCC/10=

re=26mV/IE=

RE=VE/IE=

Calculating Collector resistor

VCC=ICRC+VCE+IERE

Rc= (VCC-VCE-IERE)/IC

=

Calculating R1 & R2

R2 = 0.1βRE =

VB=VBE+VE=1.9V

VB=VCC [R2/ (R1+R2)]

R1= [(VCC*R2)/VB]-R2

R1=


Ci=1/ (2ПfLRin)

Rin = R1R2βre =

=

Ci =


CO=1/ (2ПfLRout)

Rout = RCRL =

CO = Calculating Bypass Resistor

XCE=RE/10 CE=1/ (2ПfLXCE) =

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Circuit diagram without feedback

Circuit diagram with feedback

Procedure

1. The circuit is connected as per circuit diagram.2. The establishment of DC bias is checked. 3. The input voltage is set in the function generator as 50mv at f = 1 KHz (This is for checking the circuit initially for its proper working).4. The frequency is decreased to 50 Hz and the output is observed at selected 20 values of frequency. Gain is calculated for various frequencies and the values are tabulated.

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5. Frequency response curve is plotted from the readings. 6.Repeat the above procedure to find the frequency response of the circuit with feedback.

To find input resistance

1. Open circuit the output port and connect the DBR between function generator and input coupling capacitor. CRO output is taken after DRB.

2. The input signal Vs = 100 mV is set at f = 1 KHz.3. The DRB is adjusted and Vin = 50 mV is brought. The value shown by the DRB gives input impedance.4. The same procedure is repeated to find the input resistance with feedback.

To find output resistance

1. Short circuit the input port and connect the DBR between function generator and output coupling capacitor. CRO output is taken after DRB.

2. The input signal Vs = 100 mV is set at f = 1 KHz.3. The DRB is adjusted and Vin = 50 mV is brought. The value shown by the DRB gives input impedance.4. The same procedure is repeated to find the output resistance with feedback.

Tabulation

Without feedback

S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage in Volts


With feedback

S.No. Frequency in Hz Output Voltage in Volts


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Model Graph

Gain (dB)

without feedback

3 dBwith feedback

3 dB

f1’ f1 f2 f2’

frequency in Hz

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Result

Thus the Current Series Feedback Amplifier is designed and tested and the following parameters are determined.

Parameter Without feedback With feedback

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Mid band Gain

Upper Cut-Off frequency

- -

Lower Cut-Off frequency

- -

Bandwidth - -

Input resistance

Output resistance

DESIGN OF CLASS C TUNED AMPLIFIEREx. No: 3Date:

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Aim:

To design, construct and test the RF tuned amplifier-using transistor.


S.No Components Range Quantity1 Resistors Each 12 Capacitors Each 13 Transistor BC107 14 CRO (0-20)MHz 15 RPSU (0-30)V 17 Inductance box 18 Probe 19 Bread board 1

Design:

fc = 3 KHz and fc= 1/2π√LC

Choose C = 0.1μF and find L

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.2. Set the input signal of amplitude 50 mV using signal generators.

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3. Apply the input to the circuit and vary the input frequency and note down the output voltage.

4. Calculate the gain and plot the graph. Tabulation:

Vin= VS.No. Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (Vo) Gain = 20 log (Vo/Vin)

Model Graph:

3dB

Gain (dB)

fL fr fh Frequency in Hz

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Result:

Thus the class C single tuned amplifier was designed and verified for single frequency

DESIGN OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOREx. No: 4 Date:

Parameter Designed frequency Obtained frequency

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Aim:To construct and study the characteristics of a RC phase shift

oscillator.


S.No Components Range Quantity

1 Resistors Each 1

2 Capacitors Each 1

3 Transistor BC107 1

4 CRO (0-20)MHz 1

5 RPSU (0-30)V 1

7 DMM 1

8 Probe 1

9 Bread board 1

Equations Related

Frequency of oscillation fo=1/ (2ПRC√(6+4K))

Design

VCC=12V; IC=4mA; VCE=6V; VBE = 0.7V; hfe =100; hie=650Ω; f=2KHz

VE=VCC/10 =

RE=VE / IE =

RC= (VCC- VE –VCE)/IC=

V2=VBE+ VE =

VCC=V1+V2

V1= VCC- V2 =

IB=IC/hfe =

R1=V1/10IB =

R2=V2/9IB =

f = 2KHz XCE=RE/10 =

20

CE=1/ (2Пf XCE ) =

f0=1/ (2ПRC√(6+4K)) Given f0 = 2 KHz

To Find R:

Let K=1; but K=RC/R

R= RC =

To Find C:

C = 1/ (2Пf0R√10) =

Circuit diagram:

Tabulation

S.No.Output Voltage(Volts)

Time period (ms)

Practical frequency(Hz)

21

Model graph

Amplitude in volts

Time in ms

Procedure

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. The power supply and CRO are switched on.3. The output voltage and frequency is noted down in the CRO and

the supply voltage is also noted.4. The input supply voltage is noted down using the regulated power

supply and the corresponding output voltage and frequency are noted.

5. The readings are tabulated.6. Graphs are plotted, and the obtained frequency is compared with

the Theoretical frequency.

Result

Thus the RC phase shift oscillator has been designed and tested successfully.

DESIGN OF WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOREx. No:5Date:

Design(Theoretical) Frequency

Practical Frequency

22

AimTo design a Wein bridge oscillator for the given frequency.

Components Required:

S.No Components Range Quantity

1 Resistors Each 1

2 Capacitors Each 1


4 CRO (0-20)MHz 1

5 RPSU (0-30)V 1

7 Potentiometer (0-22)K 1

8 Probe 1

9 Bread board 1

Equations Related

fo=1/ (2ПRC)

Design

FEEDBACK NETWORK

Frequency of oscillation

fo = 1/ (2ПRC)

fo = 10 KHz.

C = 0.01µf

R = 1/(2П foC)

R =

Here R1=R2=R =

For sustained oscillation

R3/R4 = 2

Let R4 = 1KOhms

R3 =

AMPLIFIER STAGE

VCC = 12V; IC = 2.2mA = IE ; VCE = VCC/2;

VE = VCC/10 =

RE = VE/IE =

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RC1 = RC2 = (VCC- VE –VCE)/IC=

R5 = R7 = (VCC- VB)/ I1 =

R6 = R8 = VB / I2 =

Where I1 = 10IB ; I2 = 9IB

Procedure1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. The power supply and CRO are switched on.3. The output voltage and frequency is noted down in the CRO for various supply voltage.4. The readings are tabulated.5. Graphs are plotted, and the obtained frequency is compared with the Theoretical frequency.

Circuit diagram

Tabulation

Output Time period Practical

24

S.No. Voltage(Volts)

(ms) frequency(Hz)

Model Graph:

Result

Thus the Wein Bridge oscillator has been designed and tested.

DESIGN OF LC OSCILLATORS

HARTLEY AND COLPITT OSCILLATOR Ex. No: 6 Date:

Design(Theoretical) Frequency

Practical Frequency

25

Aim:

To design 1. Colpitt’s Oscillator for the given frequency.2. Hartley’s Oscillator for the given frequency.


S.No Components Range Quantity1 Resistors Each 1

2 Capacitors Each 1


4 CRO (0-20)MHz 1

5 RPSU (0-30)V 1

7 DMM 1

8 Probe 1

9 Bread board 1

Design

VCC=12V; IC=2.2mA; VCE=6V; hfe=100

VE=VCC/10 =

RE=VE/IE =

RC= (VCC-VCE-VE)/IC =

V2=VBE+VE =

VCC=V1+V2

V1 = VCC – V2 =

IB=IC/ β =

R1=V1/10IB =

R2=V2/ 9IB =

Assume CE= 2.7µF, Ci = Co = 1µF

FEEDBACK CIRCUIT

Colpitt’s Oscillator

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fo=1/ (2П√LCT )

fo=22 KHz; L=10 mH

CT= 1/ (4π2f2L) = But CT=C1C2/ (C1+C2)

Assume C1=1µf; C2 =

Hartley Oscillatorfo=1/ (2П√LTC)

Assume C=0.1µF; f0 = 4.4KHz

LT= 1/ (4π2f2C) =

LT=L1+L2

Assume L1= 1mH; L2 =

Circuit Diagram

Hartley oscillator

Colpitts oscillator

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PROCEDURE

Colpitt’s Oscillator 1.The components are connected as per the circuit diagram. 2.The biasing voltage is given and the output is observed. 3. The biasing voltage is varied and the output variations are tabulated. 4.The output wave is plotted on the graph.

Hartley Oscillator 1. The components are connected as per the circuit diagram. 2. The biasing voltage is given and the output is observed. 3. The biasing voltage is varied and the output variations are tabulated. 4. The output wave is plotted on the graph.

Tabulation

a.Colpitt’s Oscillator

Time Period(ms)


Output voltage (Volts)

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b.Hartley Oscillator

Time Period(ms)


Output voltage (Volts)

Model graph

Amplitude in volts

Time in ms

Result

Thus the LC oscillators were designed and tested.

OscillatorsDesigned

frequency(Hz)Obtained

frequency(Hz)

Hartley

Colpitt’s

DESIGN OF COLLECTOR COUPLED

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ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR EX NO: 7 DATE:

AIM:To design Collector coupled astable multivibrator to generate square wave.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 CRO (0-20MHz) 12 RESISTORS 1 EACH3. CAPACITOR 24. TRANSISTORS BC107 25. PROBES BNC to Open 26. BREADBOARD 17. RPS (0-32)V 18. DMM 1

DESIGN:

TON = 15.2 ms = TOFF, IC = 5.8 mA

We know that, TON = 0.69 RC

R =

Assume C = 4.7µF; VCE(ON) = 0.2V

R = =

RC1 =

RC1 =

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

30

PROCEDURE:

1. The components are connected as per the circuit diagram.2. The DC supply is switched ON.3. The output voltage and the time period is measured across transistors

Q1& Q2 at both the emitter and the collector.4. The waveforms are plotted on a graph.

MODEL GRAPH:

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RESULT:

Thus the collector coupled astable multivibrators was designed and tested.

Multivibrator circuit Theoretical frequency

Practical frequency

Collector coupled astable

DESIGN OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOREx No: 8

32

Date:

AIM:To design a multivibrator circuit to produce an output pulse of

250µs

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No. COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITIY

1. CRO (0-20)MHz 12. RESISTORS EACH 1 3. CAPACITORS. EACH 14. TRANSISTOR BC107 25. PROBE 26. DMM 17. BREAD BOARD 18. RPSU (0-32)V 1

DESIGN:

Given:VCC = 6V; hfe(min) = 20; Ic(sat) =6 mA; VBB= -1.5V; T=140µs

At stable state Q2 is ON and Q1 is OFF;

RC1 = RC2 = =

IB2(sat) = IB1(sat) = =

R = =

At quasi-stable state, Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF;T = 0.693RC

Therefore, C = =

Assume IB1(sat) = IR2

IR1 = IB1(sat) + IR2 =

VCC = VBE(sat) + IR1 (RC2+ R1)

R1 = - RC2

R1 =

R2 = =

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The speed up capacitor C1 is chosen such that R1C1 = 1µs

C1 =

Assume C2 = 2.2µF

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE;

1. The components are connected as per the circuit diagram.2. The output is measured at the collector terminals of the two

transistors.3. The required output voltages and the total time period is noted.4. The graph of the output waveform is drawn using the observed values.

MODEL GRAPH:

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RESULT:

Thus a monostable multivibrator is designed and the output waveform is plotted.

Parameter Theoretical value Practical value

Pulse Width 140µs

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CYCLE - II

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

36

EX.NO.9DATE:

AIM: To design and simulate the differential amplifier using multisim software

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Multisim software

PROCEDURE

1. Go to start Menu Program National instruments Circuit design suit 10.1 Multisim 10.1

2. Create a new project.3. Go to View Tool bars and select the basic requirements.4. Now design the given circuit.5. Now by selecting the appropriate components place them on the template at

the desired position.6. Then connect the various components such that they form a complete circuit

ensure that they are no loops or unnecessary conditions due to crossing of wires.

7. Connect the oscilloscope at the output terminals and view the output.8. Print the resultant output using graph option.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Q 1

Q 2 N 2 2 2 2

Q 2

Q 2 N 2 2 2 2

R 13 . 9 K

R 23 . 9 K

R 33 . 6 K

V 1

F R E Q = 5 0 H zV A M P L = 1 VV O F F = 0 V

V 2

F R E Q = 5 0 H zV A M P L = 0 . 9 9 VV O F F = 0 V

V 31 2 V

V 41 2 V

0 00

0

V-V+

RESULT: Thus the differential amplifier for both common mode & differential mode is designed & tested EX.NO.10 ACTIVE BUTTERWORTH SECOND

37

DATE : ORDER FILTERS

AIM: To design and simulate the active 2nd order butterworth filter for low pass and high pass filters using multisim software.


PROCEDURE






CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR LOW PASS FILTER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR HIGH PASS FILTER

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RESULT: Thus the active low pass and high pass filters were designed and its output response was ploted.

EX.NO.11 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

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DATE :

AIM: To design and simulate the Astable multivibrator using multisim software


PROCEDURE






CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESULT: Thus the Astable Multivibrator is designed and its output response is plotted.

EX.NO.12 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

40

DATE :

AIM: To design and simulate the Monostable multivibrator using multisim software


PROCEDURE






CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESULT: Thus the Monostable Multivibrator is designed and its output response is plotted. EX.NO.13 DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTOR

41

DATE :

AIM: To simulate the Digital to Analog Convertor using multisim software


PROCEDURE






CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESULT: Thus the Digital to Analog Convertor is simulated and its output response is plotted. EX.NO.13 ANALOG MULTIPLIER

42

DATE :

AIM: To simulate the Voltage Doubler and Voltage Tripler circuit using multisim software.


PROCEDURE






CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

VOLTAGE DOUBLER:

VOLTAGE TRIPLER:

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RESULT: Thus the Analog Multiplier circuit was simulated and its output response is plotted.

INTEGRATORS, DIFFERENTIATORS, CLIPPERS

44

AND CLAMPERSEx. No: 5Date:

AIM To observe the clipping waveform in different clipping configurations.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO ITEM RANGE Q.TY1 DIODE IN4001 1

2 RESISTORS

1K10 K

11

3CAPACITOR 0.1µF 1

4 FUNCTION GENERATOR (0-1) MHz 15 CRO - 1

CLIPPER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Vout

2V

IN4001

1KHz5V

1KOHM

IN4001

1KHz5V

1KOHM

2V

Vout

45

Procedure:1. Connections are given as per the circuit .2. Set input signal voltage (5v,1kHz ) using function generator.3. Observe the output waveform using CRO.4. Sketch the observed waveform on the graph sheet.

CLAMPING CIRCUITS

Aim: To study the clamping circuits (a). Positive clamper circuit (b) Negative clamper circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

S.NO ITEM RANGE Q.TY1 DIODE IN4001 12 RESISTOR 1K

10 K11

3 CAPACITOR 0.1µF 1

4 FUNCTION GENERATOR (0-1) MHz 15 CRO - 1

DESIGN :

Given f = 1kHz T = 1 / f = 1x 10- 3 Sec RCAssuming, C = 0.1µF

R = 10 K

Circuit Diagram : Positive clamper

46

Negative clamper

C = 0.1µF

I/P IN4001 10K o/p Vo

Procedure :1.Connections are given as per the circuit .2. Set input signal voltage (5v,1kHz ) using function generator.3. Observe the output waveform using CRO.4. Sketch the observed waveform on the graph sheet.

Result : Thus the waveforms are observed and traced .for clipper and clamper

circuits .

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ecii & sim lab

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