eap 215_water resources and water treatment_characteristics of water

8/13/2019 Eap 215_Water Resources and Water Treatment_Characteristics of Water

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By

Nur Adilah (USM)


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Characteristic of

Water

Physical Chemical Biological Radiological

Water quality and characteristics are important to consider

when choosing a water source. The quality of water is

determined by the measuring the concentrations of impurities

in it.
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Physical

Temperature

ColourTaste and

odour

Turbidity

hracteristics of Water


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Temperature will affects the concentration of dissolvedoxygen in water.

Oxygen is more easily dissolved in cold water.

Oxygen levels become lower as temperature increase.

Temperature

The colour of a water sample is caused by both dissolvedand particulate material in water

Colour occurs most frequently in surface water due to thedecay of organic materialColour

Taste and odour are human perceptions to water quality.Such as, sour (hydrochloric acid),salt (sodium chloride),sweet (sucrose) and bitter (caffeine)

Taste andOdour

Turbidity is a measure of water clarity which is how much the materialsuspended in water decreases the passage of light through the water

Blocks out the light needed by submerged aquatic vegetation

Can affect the colour of the water

Turbidity


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Chemical DO

BOD

CODpH


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DO

volume of oxygenthat is contained in

water.

The amount of DO inwater is expressedas a concentration.

A concentration is theamount in weight of a

particular substance pera given volume of liquid.

BOD

amount of oxygenconsumed by bacteria in

the decomposition of

organic material

Determine : measuringthe dissolved oxygen

level in a freshlycollected sample and

comparing it to thedissolved oxygen level

in a sample

includes the oxygenrequired for the oxidationof various chemical in thewater, such as sulfides,

ferrous iron andammonia

COD

is used as a measure of theoxygen equivalent of the

organic matter content of asample that is susceptibleto oxidation by a strong

chemical oxidant

Oxidation of mostorganic

compounds is 95to 100%

expressed inmilligrams per

liter (mg/L),

pH

Water (H2O)contains bothhydrogen (H+)and hydroxyl(OH-) ions.

pH 7 =

neutralpH 7 =alkaline.


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The National Water Quality Standards,

which is applied to surface waters, ordainsstandard values of 72 parameters in 6 water

use classes. The goal is not to meet the

standards of the certain water class in all

surface waters, but to improve water qualitygradually in order to meet the standards of

the better water class than the actual.


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Index/Sub-

IndexPolluted Index Value

Slightly.

Polluted

Clean

WQI 0-59 60-80 81-100

BOD 0-79 80-90 91-100

NH3N 0-70 71-91 92-100

SS 0-69 70-75 76-100


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Class Uses

CLASS I Conservation of natural environment water supply 1 - practically

no treatment necessary.

Fishery 1 - very sensitive aquatic speciesCLASS IIA Water Supply II - conventional treatment required

Fishery ll - sensitive aquatic species

CLASS IIB Recreational use with body contact

CLASS III Water Supply lll - extensive treatment required

Fishery lll - common, of economic value, and tolerant specieslivestock drinking

CLASS IV Irrigation

CLASS V None of the above


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Class

ParameterI II III IV V

BOD 12

COD 100

NH3N 2.7

DO >7 5-7 3-5 1-3 7 6-7 5-6 5

SS 300

WQI >92.7 76.5-92.7 51.9-76.5 31.0-51.9


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Marine Water Water Quality Standards for Marine Water

The Marine Water Quality Standards, which ordains standards

values of 9 parameters, is in review now. The Standards isreviewed so as to cover other parameters and reexamine thestandard values which is not practically possible to comply.

Surface Water Water Quality Standards for Groundwater

The Ground Water Quality Standards for Malaysia is still not

established, but considering potential of groundwater as analternative source for surface water, DOE had started the NationalGroundwater Monitoring Program to determine the groundwaterquality status. Since the standards is still not established, thegroundwater quality status was determined based on the NationalGuidelines for Raw Water Quality as the benchmark.


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Physical Characteristics

Temperature = average value of 29.5C and it range from 26.6 to 31.3C

Turbidity = range from 0.91 to 44.70 NTU and average of 9.15 NTU

Conductivity = average value of 24.38 S/cm, ranging from 10.85 to 54.83 S/ cm

Chemical Characteristics

pH = average value of 6.20 and it range from 5.05 to 7.14.

DO = range from 4.56 to 6.93 mg/L and average of 5.95mg/L.

BOD = average value 1.60 mg/L, range from 0.80 to 2.34mg/L

TTS = average value of 7.87 mg/L, range from 0.85 to

37.75mg/L.

COD = average value of 14.37 mg/L, range from 10.12 to18.66mg/L


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In Malaysia, environmental acts andregulations were established in 1970's."Environmental Quality Act 1974" is an act related

to the prevention, abatement, control of pollutionand enhancement of the environment. Under thisact, the Minister after consultation with theEnvironmental Quality Council elaboratesregulations for prescribing ambient water quality

standards which are applied to surface waters andmarine waters. "The Environmental Quality(Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations1979" was also established under the act toprescribe discharge standards.


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eap 215_water resources and water treatment_characteristics of water

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