Dynamics of diversity: evidence for West Yorkshire from the 2011 Census

Dr Stephen Jivraj & Dr Nissa FinneyCentre on Dynamics of Ethnicity,

University of Manchesterstephen.jivraj@manchester.ac.uk; nissa.finney@manchester.ac.uk

Just West Yorkshire Seminar, Bradford26th Feb 2013

Census Briefings

• How has ethnic diversity grown?• More segregation or more mixing?• Does Britain have plural cities?• How can we count immigration and

integration?

• Available at http://www.ethnicity.ac.uk/census/

• Funded by CoDE and JRF

Census ethnicity data

• Comparability across time– Change in questions– Change in predefined response boxes– Changes to geography

National findings• Ethnic minority populations have grown, and live in more mixed areas in

2011 than before• 20% of people identify with an ethnic group other than White British in 2011• African ethnic group has grown most since 1991, doubling in each decade

to 1 million • Mixed ethnic identity has increased by half since 2001 to 1.2 million• Slough, Luton & Leicester are the first local authorities outside London

where no one ethnic group is in the majority• ‘Plural’ towns and cities are not becoming less British

– 81% of Luton’s residents have a British national identity while 45% are of white British ethnicity

• Ethnic minority groups are more evenly spread in 2011 than in 2001• Process of integration can be measured using census data available for

the first time in 2011– This includes national identity, passports held, main language spoken

and English language proficiency.

Ethnic segregation in West Yorkshire

Ethnic diversity in West Yorkshire, 2001-2011

2001

2011

White British 1,800k (86%)

White British 1,746k (78%)

Total population – 2,226k

Others 269k (13%)

Others 160k (8%)

Pakistani190k(9%)

Pakistani123k (6%)

Total population – 2,083k

Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

Change in segregation of ethnic groups in West Yorkshire

Index of Dissimilarity across Census Output Areas in West Yorkshire. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completely evenly spread. The change (2001-2011) shown in brackets.

Inde

x of

Dis

sim

ilari

ty

Most segregated

Least segregated

Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

2001 201130

40

50

60

70

80

90

African = 65% (-21%) Indian = 61% (-3%)White British = 59% (+1%) Other White = 40% (+1%)Pakistani = 75% (-3%)

Year

Pakistani population, 2011

Legend

england_wd_2010_05

PerPakistani

0% - 5%

5% - 20%

20% - 50%

50% - 72%

Population in Pakistani ethnic group, % of all people

West Yorkshire average = 8.5%

England & Wales average = 2%

Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

Other white population, 2011

Legend

england_wd_2010_05

PerOtherWhite

1% - 2%

2% - 4%

4% - 6%

6% - 10%

Population in Other White ethnic group, % of all people

West Yorkshire average = 2.6%

England & Wales average = 4.4%

Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

Indian population, 2011

Legend

england_wd_2010_05

PerIndian

0% - 2%

2% - 5%

5% - 15%

15% - 37%

Population in Indian ethnic group, % of all people

West Yorkshire average = 2.4%

England & Wales average = 2.5%

Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

African population, 2011

Legend

england_wd_2010_05

PerAfrican

0% - 1%

1% - 2%

2% - 4%

4% - 10%

Population in Black African ethnic group, % of all people

West Yorkshire average = 1.1%

England & Wales average = 1.8%

Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

Comparing geographical clustering across ethnic groups

Pakistani population, 2011

Indian population, 2011

Other white population, 2011

African population, 2011

Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

What’s changing segregation?...births, deaths

and migration

Births drove Asian growth in 1990sNatural change (birth – deaths) and net migration, 1991-2001

Source: CCSR Components of Population Change 1991-2001 Estimates

Net migration rate for types of district for white and non-white groups, 2000-2001, GB

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

District type

Net

mig

rait

on

rat

e

White

Non-white

Counterurbanisation

Source: 2001 Census SMS, based on districts in GB

16

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0-15 16-19 20-24 25-29 30-44 45-59 60-64 65+

White British White Irish Indian Pakistani

Bangladeshi Black Caribbean Black African Chinese

Who are the movers?In

tern

al m

igra

tio

n r

ates

(%

)

Source: 2001 Census SAR

The most mobile are: young, female,

professional, educated, students, immigrants,

single, separated/divorced, healthy, with no dependent

children

Spreading out of ethnic minority groups in West Yorkshire

Indian Pakistani0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Most clustered MSOAs Less clustered MSOAs

Po

pu

lati

on

gro

wth

(%

), 2

00

1-2

01

1

Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

Mixing within households in West Yorkshire

Households with more than one ethnic group

Bradford Calderdale Kirklees Leeds Wakefield0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

2001 2011

Two

or m

ore

pers

on h

ouse

hold

s with

m

ore

than

one

eth

nic

grou

p (%

)

Horizontal lines show England & Wales average

Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

Mixed ethnic group population in West Yorkshire

Mixed population – 48.1K(2.2% of total population)

Mixed population – 25.3K(1.2% of total population)

England & Wales average for mixed population: 2001 – 1.3%; 2011 – 2.2%

Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census

2001

2011

11.3k

20.8k

8.2k

15.1k

4k

7.6k

1.8k

4.6k

Mixed White-Caribbean Mixed White-Asian Mixed Other Mixed White-African

Belonging and integration

Neighbourhood belonging by ethnic group

Source: 2005 & 2007-08 Citizenship Survey

Probability of reporting very strong neighbourhood belonging for an individual of mean age (47), female, manager or professional, married, lived in the neighbourhood for 10-29 years.

Chinese

White

Other

Indian

Caribbean

African

Pakistani

Bangladeshi

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

21%

34%

37%

37%

38%

42%

42%

46%

Neighbourhood belonging of Pakistani respondents by density of Pakistani

population

Lowest density 2 3 4 Highest density0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Quintile of Pakistani ethnic density

% with strong belonging to neighbourhood

Source: 2005 & 2007-08 Citizenship Survey

Other census measures of identity & need

• Religion• National identity• Recent immigrant arrival• English language proficiency

Muslim population, 2011

Legend

england_wd_2010_05

PerMuslim

0% - 5%

5% - 15%

15% - 30%

30% - 76%

Population with Muslim religious affiliation, % of all people

West Yorkshire average = 11.3%

England & Wales average = 4.8%

Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

Other national identity, 2011

Legend

england_wd_2010_05

PerOther Identities Only

1% - 5%

5% - 10%

10% - 15%

15% - 31%

Population with ‘other’ national identity, % of all people

West Yorkshire average = 6.0%

England & Wales average = 8.1%

Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

Arrived in UK 2007-11

Legend

england_wd_2010_05

PerArrivedsince2007

0% - 2%

2% - 4%

4% - 10%

10% - 21%

Population in arrived in last 5 years, % of all people

West Yorkshire average = 2.6%

England & Wales average = 3.3%

Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

Poor English proficiency, 2011

Legend

england_wd_2010_05

PerCannotSpeakEnglishWell

0% - 2%

2% - 4%

4% - 10%

10% - 16%

Population cannot speak English well % of all people aged 3 and above

West Yorkshire average = 2.4%

England & Wales average = 1.6%

Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)

Conclusion

• 2011 census shows, nationally and for West Yorkshire:– Increasing ethnic diversity – More ethnic mixing and less residential segregation– More mixed ethnic households and people of mixed

ethnic groups• The changing geographies of ethnic groups are driven

by births, deaths and migration• Diverse neighbourhoods are places of strong belonging• Ethnicity is best combined with other census measures

(religion, immigration, language, identity) to indicate integration and need