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Dynamics of diversity: evidence for West Yorkshire from the 2011 Census
Dr Stephen Jivraj & Dr Nissa FinneyCentre on Dynamics of Ethnicity,
University of [email protected]; [email protected]
Just West Yorkshire Seminar, Bradford26th Feb 2013
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Census Briefings
• How has ethnic diversity grown?• More segregation or more mixing?• Does Britain have plural cities?• How can we count immigration and
integration?
• Available at http://www.ethnicity.ac.uk/census/
• Funded by CoDE and JRF
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Census ethnicity data
• Comparability across time– Change in questions– Change in predefined response boxes– Changes to geography
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National findings• Ethnic minority populations have grown, and live in more mixed areas in
2011 than before• 20% of people identify with an ethnic group other than White British in 2011• African ethnic group has grown most since 1991, doubling in each decade
to 1 million • Mixed ethnic identity has increased by half since 2001 to 1.2 million• Slough, Luton & Leicester are the first local authorities outside London
where no one ethnic group is in the majority• ‘Plural’ towns and cities are not becoming less British
– 81% of Luton’s residents have a British national identity while 45% are of white British ethnicity
• Ethnic minority groups are more evenly spread in 2011 than in 2001• Process of integration can be measured using census data available for
the first time in 2011– This includes national identity, passports held, main language spoken
and English language proficiency.
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Ethnic diversity in West Yorkshire, 2001-2011
2001
2011
White British 1,800k (86%)
White British 1,746k (78%)
Total population – 2,226k
Others 269k (13%)
Others 160k (8%)
Pakistani190k(9%)
Pakistani123k (6%)
Total population – 2,083k
Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census
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Change in segregation of ethnic groups in West Yorkshire
Index of Dissimilarity across Census Output Areas in West Yorkshire. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completely evenly spread. The change (2001-2011) shown in brackets.
Inde
x of
Dis
sim
ilari
ty
Most segregated
Least segregated
Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census
2001 201130
40
50
60
70
80
90
African = 65% (-21%) Indian = 61% (-3%)White British = 59% (+1%) Other White = 40% (+1%)Pakistani = 75% (-3%)
Year
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Pakistani population, 2011
Legend
england_wd_2010_05
PerPakistani
0% - 5%
5% - 20%
20% - 50%
50% - 72%
Population in Pakistani ethnic group, % of all people
West Yorkshire average = 8.5%
England & Wales average = 2%
Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)
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Other white population, 2011
Legend
england_wd_2010_05
PerOtherWhite
1% - 2%
2% - 4%
4% - 6%
6% - 10%
Population in Other White ethnic group, % of all people
West Yorkshire average = 2.6%
England & Wales average = 4.4%
Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)
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Indian population, 2011
Legend
england_wd_2010_05
PerIndian
0% - 2%
2% - 5%
5% - 15%
15% - 37%
Population in Indian ethnic group, % of all people
West Yorkshire average = 2.4%
England & Wales average = 2.5%
Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)
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African population, 2011
Legend
england_wd_2010_05
PerAfrican
0% - 1%
1% - 2%
2% - 4%
4% - 10%
Population in Black African ethnic group, % of all people
West Yorkshire average = 1.1%
England & Wales average = 1.8%
Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)
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Comparing geographical clustering across ethnic groups
Pakistani population, 2011
Indian population, 2011
Other white population, 2011
African population, 2011
Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)
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Births drove Asian growth in 1990sNatural change (birth – deaths) and net migration, 1991-2001
Source: CCSR Components of Population Change 1991-2001 Estimates
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Net migration rate for types of district for white and non-white groups, 2000-2001, GB
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
District type
Net
mig
rait
on
rat
e
White
Non-white
Counterurbanisation
Source: 2001 Census SMS, based on districts in GB
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16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0-15 16-19 20-24 25-29 30-44 45-59 60-64 65+
White British White Irish Indian Pakistani
Bangladeshi Black Caribbean Black African Chinese
Who are the movers?In
tern
al m
igra
tio
n r
ates
(%
)
Source: 2001 Census SAR
The most mobile are: young, female,
professional, educated, students, immigrants,
single, separated/divorced, healthy, with no dependent
children
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Spreading out of ethnic minority groups in West Yorkshire
Indian Pakistani0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Most clustered MSOAs Less clustered MSOAs
Po
pu
lati
on
gro
wth
(%
), 2
00
1-2
01
1
Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census
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Households with more than one ethnic group
Bradford Calderdale Kirklees Leeds Wakefield0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
2001 2011
Two
or m
ore
pers
on h
ouse
hold
s with
m
ore
than
one
eth
nic
grou
p (%
)
Horizontal lines show England & Wales average
Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census
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Mixed ethnic group population in West Yorkshire
Mixed population – 48.1K(2.2% of total population)
Mixed population – 25.3K(1.2% of total population)
England & Wales average for mixed population: 2001 – 1.3%; 2011 – 2.2%
Source: 2011 Census and CCSR complete estimates for 2001 Census
2001
2011
11.3k
20.8k
8.2k
15.1k
4k
7.6k
1.8k
4.6k
Mixed White-Caribbean Mixed White-Asian Mixed Other Mixed White-African
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Neighbourhood belonging by ethnic group
Source: 2005 & 2007-08 Citizenship Survey
Probability of reporting very strong neighbourhood belonging for an individual of mean age (47), female, manager or professional, married, lived in the neighbourhood for 10-29 years.
Chinese
White
Other
Indian
Caribbean
African
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
21%
34%
37%
37%
38%
42%
42%
46%
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Neighbourhood belonging of Pakistani respondents by density of Pakistani
population
Lowest density 2 3 4 Highest density0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Quintile of Pakistani ethnic density
% with strong belonging to neighbourhood
Source: 2005 & 2007-08 Citizenship Survey
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Other census measures of identity & need
• Religion• National identity• Recent immigrant arrival• English language proficiency
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Muslim population, 2011
Legend
england_wd_2010_05
PerMuslim
0% - 5%
5% - 15%
15% - 30%
30% - 76%
Population with Muslim religious affiliation, % of all people
West Yorkshire average = 11.3%
England & Wales average = 4.8%
Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)
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Other national identity, 2011
Legend
england_wd_2010_05
PerOther Identities Only
1% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 15%
15% - 31%
Population with ‘other’ national identity, % of all people
West Yorkshire average = 6.0%
England & Wales average = 8.1%
Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)
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Arrived in UK 2007-11
Legend
england_wd_2010_05
PerArrivedsince2007
0% - 2%
2% - 4%
4% - 10%
10% - 21%
Population in arrived in last 5 years, % of all people
West Yorkshire average = 2.6%
England & Wales average = 3.3%
Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)
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Poor English proficiency, 2011
Legend
england_wd_2010_05
PerCannotSpeakEnglishWell
0% - 2%
2% - 4%
4% - 10%
10% - 16%
Population cannot speak English well % of all people aged 3 and above
West Yorkshire average = 2.4%
England & Wales average = 1.6%
Source: 2011 Census (Crown Copyright)
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Conclusion
• 2011 census shows, nationally and for West Yorkshire:– Increasing ethnic diversity – More ethnic mixing and less residential segregation– More mixed ethnic households and people of mixed
ethnic groups• The changing geographies of ethnic groups are driven
by births, deaths and migration• Diverse neighbourhoods are places of strong belonging• Ethnicity is best combined with other census measures
(religion, immigration, language, identity) to indicate integration and need