dynamics of discursive power: the dutch debate on integration
DESCRIPTION
Presentation given at a research retreat, May 29, 2009.TRANSCRIPT
Dynamics of Discursive Power:The Dutch Debate on Integration.
V.A. Traag
26 May 2009
Outline
1 Introduction to the debate
2 Studying all periods
3 Comparing the periods
4 Characterizing two communities
Introduction
• Network data on integration debate in the Netherlands,collected by Justus Uitermark.
• Nodes are authors and links are references they made in somearticle. These references can be positive, neutral or negative.
• Data gathered from opinion articles in newspapers andmagazines.
• Divided into six periods:
1 1990–19952 1996–1999 (Scheffer published ”The Multicultural Drama”)3 2000–09/11/2001 (Twin Tower attacks)4 09/11/2001–06/05/2002 (Murder of Pim Fortuyn)5 06/05/2002–02/11/2004 (Murder of Theo van Gogh)6 02/10/2004–01/01/2006 (data collected in 2006)
• Mostly empirical results.
Overview of volume
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19901991
19921993
19941995
19961997
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
volu
me
year
MinorityForeigner
MuslimImmigrant
Total
Communities in all periods
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Communities in all periods (showing negative links)
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Community detection with negative links
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Network almost splits intwo opposing camps(culturalists vsanti-culturalists).Moderate (nuanced)authors appear mostly inthe smaller communities.
Weighted degree distribution (in)
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●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
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−120 −100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0
0.0
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1.0
weighted degree
P
Association byopposition. Mostreferences are negative,authors positionthemselves by opposingothers, not byconcurring.
Degree distribution of total references (in)
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●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200
0.00
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005
0.02
00.
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0.20
00.
500
degree
P
Perhaps some form ofpreferential attachment?(More frequently citedauthors tend to be citedmore often in thefuture.)
Popularity vs. PageRank
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−0.10 −0.05 0.00
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−120 −100 −80 −60 −40 −20 00
5010
015
020
025
0weighted degree
degr
ee
Central authors (dominating the debate) are usually the leastpopular. In order to draw attention, be provocative.
Networks per period
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a − 1
acb − 2
acom − 3
adt − 1
afs − 2
ah2 − 4
al1 − 2
aric − 2
avdz − 2
bbc − 2
beerenhout − 1
bk − 1
bolkestein − 1
bovenkerk − 3
brin − 1
bro − 2
brugman − 5
bw − 1
cc − 1
cda − 1
cg − 1
d66 − 1
entzinger − 6
ert − 1
et − 1
ff − 1
fj − 1
fm − 2
fnv − 2
fortuyn − 2fr − 1
fz − 2
gdk − 4
gl − 2
gru − 1
gt − 2
ha − 2
hd − 1
hfm − 7
hm6 − 1
hw2 − 1
id − 2
ikv − 2
janmaat − 2
jk2 − 2
jn2 − 2
jp − 2
jr4 − 2
jvd − 1
jw1 − 2
kaa − 2
kaplan − 2
kenp − 2
kl3 − 6
kok − 1
kosto − 1
ks − 2
kv − 1
lbr − 7
lc − 2
lk − 2
lubbers − 2
lv − 1
mak − 2
mat − 2
mc1 − 1
mdr − 1
menb − 1
mh2 − 2mk1 − 2
mm − 5
mr − 1
mt1 − 2
mvd − 2
mw − 1
ncb − 2
nor − 2
nrc − 2
oi − 2
plato − 1
penninx − 6
pinto − 1
ps1 − 1
psvk − 2
pvda − 1
pvdv − 2
rabbae − 2
ramdas − 2
rcenh − 4
reu − 2
rijpstra − 1
rmenrr − 2
rv − 1
ser − 2
shadid − 1
sonn − 2
ss3 − 2
tdm − 6
trouw − 2
tw1 − 1
thijn − 2
vb − 2
venw − 2
vno − 2
vvd − 1
wrr − 6zene − 2
zijderveld − 2
(a) 1990-1995
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af3 − 2
ah5 − 2
bolkestein − 1
boxtel − 2
brugman − 3
cda − 2
cle − 2
cn94 − 1
d66 − 2
entzinger − 4
es1 − 2
etz − 2
fr − 1
gl − 2
gt − 1
gun − 1
ha1 − 2
hd − 2
hg1 − 2
hm4 − 2
hun − 1
hv − 1
hvm − 1
jd − 1
jp − 2
jr4 − 2
jt − 2
jvdl − 2
jwo − 2
ka − 2
kalma − 1
kaplan − 2
kk2 − 2
kkp1 − 2
kok − 2
le − 1
mas − 2
mkg − 1
mp2 − 1
mvj − 2
oc − 4
penninx − 1
pr − 2
prw − 2
psvk − 1
pt2 − 1
ptt − 2
pvda − 2
rabbae − 2
ramdas − 5
rijpstra − 4
rr − 3
ry − 2
shadid − 1
shell − 2
tdg − 1
tho − 1
tk1 − 2
uk − 1
thijn − 2
vel − 1
vvd − 2
winter − 2
wrr − 1
zg − 1
(b) 1995-1999
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a − 1
aa1 − 2
aboutaleb − 2
ad1 − 1
ads − 3aj − 2
ak − 2
al1 − 1
an − 1
an2 − 2
ar − 1
at − 2
avb − 1
aw − 1
beatrix − 2
beerenhout − 1
bolkestein − 1
boxtel − 2
brugman − 1
bz − 2
cbs − 2
cda − 1
ck − 1
coc − 1
cohen − 2
cs − 1
deng − 2
df − 2
doorn − 1
else − 2em − 1
entzinger − 2
ephimenco − 1
etty − 2
fdw − 1
fent − 2
fh − 2
fortuyn − 2
ft − 2
gex − 2
gh1 − 1
gjp − 4
gm − 1
gth − 1
gv − 1
gve − 2
h − 5
hcs − 1
hd − 2
hd2 − 1
heijne − 1
henb − 4
hfm − 1
hk − 2
hm − 2
hme − 1
hoff − 1
htw − 2
hv − 1
hvw − 5
hz − 2
iib − 3
io − 2
jdb − 1
jf − 2
jg3 − 1
jh2 − 2
jk1 − 1
jlh − 2
jmp − 2
jp − 2
jr4 − 1
jth − 1
jv1 − 2
jv4 − 6
jvk − 1
jw1 − 2
jw2 − 3
ka − 2
ka2 − 1
kalma − 1
karacaer − 1
kj − 1
kk2 − 1
kl3 − 1
kok − 2
kue − 2
lh − 2lis − 2
m − 1
mb − 2
mc2 − 2
mc3 − 2
mg − 2
mlk − 1
mn − 1
mth − 2
mvd − 6
mz − 1
oc − 3
om − 2
pas − 1
penninx − 2
ph − 2
philipse − 5
pinto − 2
pl − 1
pt − 1
pvda − 1
pvdv − 2
pvh − 1
rb2 − 1
rk − 1
rm − 2
rm6 − 1
rs − 1
rvh2 − 2
rvp − 2
s − 1
schnabel − 1
schoo − 4
schu − 1
scp − 1
senk − 1
shadid − 1
shako − 2
ss2 − 1
tb1 − 1
thijn − 2
vvd − 1
wh − 1
zas − 1
zene − 1
zsa − 1
scheffer − 1
(c) 1999-2001
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aa2 − 2
ab − 2
aboutaleb − 3
ad1 − 2
ae − 3
ah1 − 1
ahe − 2
ajv − 1
ak1 − 2
am − 1
am3 − 3
aver − 1
ayaan − 4
bb − 1
bhl − 2
bolkestein − 1
boxtel − 1
bp − 1
bs − 1
bush − 1
bvdb − 1
cda − 2
cis − 2
cliteur − 1
cohen − 1
ct2 − 2
doorn − 1
ea − 1
ejz − 5
ellian − 2em − 1
entzinger − 3
ephimenco − 2
es2 − 4
etty − 2
ez − 1
fdg − 2
fdp − 2
fena − 1
fgl − 2
fortuyn − 1
fr − 3
gl − 1
gvo − 2
ha − 3
hafid − 1
hd − 2
hem − 2
hfm − 3
hme − 1
ia − 1
iak − 2
io − 2
janmaat − 2
jb4 − 1
jd − 3
jdb − 5
jdc − 1
jf − 2
jmp − 1
jong − 1
jpb − 2
jps − 2
jv2 − 1
jww − 2
ka2 − 2
ka4 − 1
ka5 − 3
kalma − 2
karacaer − 5
kk2 − 2
kok − 2
mbz − 1
mk2 − 1
ms3 − 1
mt3 − 2
mu1 − 1
mvd − 2
n − 2
na2 − 1
na4 − 2niod − 2
obl − 2
oc − 2
pe − 2
perb − 5
pm − 2
po − 2
pr − 4
pvda − 2
rabbae − 1
rb1 − 1
rd1 − 1
rg − 2
rh3 − 1
rn − 2
rs − 2
schnabel − 1
shako − 2
tans − 1
tb − 1
v − 2
vink − 1
wbs − 2
wd − 2
winter − 4
wrr01 − 2
yaa − 2
yh − 5
scheffer − 1
(d) 2001-2002
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a − 3
abc − 2
aboutaleb − 2
abz − 2
ac − 2
ad1 − 2
ad4 − 2
ae − 2
ael − 2
af − 1
afdl − 1
ah1 − 2
aivd − 2
ajg − 1
ak − 4
ak1 − 5
al2 − 1
am2 − 2
ao − 2
ao1 − 6
ap − 2
aq − 1
arw − 2
as1 − 2
av − 3
avb − 2
avdz − 1
ave − 2
ayaan − 1
ba − 2
bb − 2
bb3 − 1
bd − 2
beatrix − 2
beerenhout − 1
berl − 1
bjs − 5
bk1 − 2
bm − 1
bolkestein − 1
bos − 6bovenkerk − 6
boxtel − 2
bp1 − 2
br − 2
bt − 1
bt2 − 1
bush − 1
bvs − 2
bw1 − 1
cb − 2
cd − 1
cda − 5
cdrt − 1
ce − 1
cl − 1
cliteur − 1
cohen − 2
cpb − 2
cr1 − 2
css − 1
d66 − 2
daa − 1
db − 2
db1 − 2
dl − 2
doorn − 2
dp − 2
dpj − 4
dr − 2
ds − 1
dt1 − 2
dve − 2
ea − 6
eajg − 2
eb3 − 2
ebentk − 2
ebs − 1
ellian − 1
em − 1
entzinger − 2
ephimenco − 1er − 1
era − 6
es3 − 2
etty − 2
etz − 1
eu − 1
ev − 1
fb − 2
fdg − 1
fdj − 2
fdl − 1
fdw − 1
fe − 6
fennema − 7
fh − 2
fk − 1
fl − 1
fnz − 1
fo − 2
fo1 − 2
fortuyn − 1
fvvd − 1
fw1 − 2
ga − 2
gd − 2
ge − 2
gk − 1
gl − 2
gm1 − 1
god − 2
gs2 − 1
gvdb − 1
gvl − 1
gw − 1
gz − 1
ha − 8
hafid − 3
hd − 2
hd1 − 1
heijne − 2
hem − 1
hg − 1
hit − 2
hj1 − 2
hk − 1
hm − 1
hn − 1
ho − 2
hog − 2
hs1 − 2
hs2 − 2
hv − 1
hv2 − 2
hv3 − 1
hvd − 2
hvv − 2
hw1 − 1
hw2 − 1
hw3 − 2
ia1 − 2
im1 − 1
io − 6
jahjah − 2
janmaat − 7
jb − 2
jd − 2
jd2 − 1
jdb − 3
jdc − 2
jdm − 2
jdr − 2
jdu − 2
je − 1
jez − 2
jga − 1
jj − 2
jjg − 1
jjl − 1
jk1 − 2
jk3 − 2
jk6 − 2
jk8 − 2
jl2 − 1
jm1 − 1
jn − 1
jo − 1
jong − 2
jp − 2
jpb − 1
jr3 − 2
js2 − 2
js4 − 6
jsw − 1
jv1 − 2
jv2 − 2
jva − 1
jvdm − 1
jvn − 1
jw1 − 2
jwd − 2
jwdenmh − 2
jz − 1
ka − 2 ka2 − 2
ka4 − 2
kalma − 1
karacaer − 6
kb1 − 1
kb2 − 1
kdv − 2
kgl − 2
kho − 1
ki − 2
kk1 − 1
kk2 − 1
koh − 2
kok − 2
kosto − 1
lde − 2
ldn − 1
lewis − 2
lf1 − 1
llenww − 2
ln − 2
lpf − 1
lr − 6
m1 − 1
ma − 1
mak − 1
max − 2
mb − 2
mb1 − 2
mb2 − 2
mb3 − 1
mc4 − 2
mdr1 − 2
mdwr − 2
me1 − 2
meh − 2
mg − 6
mh1 − 2
mh5 − 2
mk3 − 2
mkm − 2
mm − 2
molk − 2
mon − 1
mp1 − 1
ms4 − 2
ms5 − 1
msk − 2
mt2 − 9
mth − 2
mu − 6
mus − 2
mvd − 2
mvdh − 3
mvz − 2
mwb − 1
mx − 2
na − 2
na3 − 2
nab − 2
niw − 1
nk − 1
nl1 − 2
nm − 1
nm1 − 2
no − 2
nol − 2
nr − 1
nt − 3
nw − 2
nw1 − 2
obl − 1
oc − 2
oh − 1
oi − 2oz − 1
p − 2
patijn − 6
pch − 3
penninx − 2
pg − 2
pg1 − 2
ph1 − 1
phd − 2
philipse − 4
pinto − 2
pmoh − 6
pr − 2
ps1 − 2
psd − 1
psensb − 1
psvk − 2
pvda − 2
qo − 2
rabbae − 2
ramdas − 2
rappa − 6
rc − 10
rdf − 2
rg − 2
riagg − 2
rijpstra − 2
rk2 − 1
rk4 − 1
rl − 1
rn − 1
rn1 − 2
ro − 6
rs1 − 1
rv − 2
rv2 − 1
rvr − 2
rz − 2
sb − 2
sb1 − 3
sb3 − 2
sch − 1
schnabel − 4
schoo − 1
scp − 10
seh − 2
sek − 2
sene − 2
sh − 1
shadid − 2
shako − 2
sk − 2
smon − 1
sn − 2
sommer − 1sp − 1
spin − 6
sr − 2
ss4 − 2
svdb − 2
svdt − 6
syn − 2
ta − 2
tb − 1
tdg − 2
tg − 1
tga − 2
tillie − 8
tj − 2
tj1 − 4
tk2 − 2
tv − 2
tvg − 1
tw − 2
v − 1
thijn − 2
vb − 1
vh − 1
vink − 1
vji − 2vm − 2
vmd − 1
von − 3
vvd − 1
vvdni − 1
wbs − 1
wdb − 1
wg − 2
wp − 6
wrr − 2
wrr01 − 2
wv1 − 2
ya − 9
ys − 1
za − 3
zg − 2
zijderveld − 6
scheffer − 1
(e) 2002-2004
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abn − 1
aboutaleb − 2
ags − 2
aivd − 3
ajv − 2
ak5 − 1
al2 − 2
amenib − 1
anvr − 2
ap1 − 1
ar1 − 2
at − 1
av1 − 2
ayaan − 1
bb1 − 2
bc1 − 2
bjs − 1
bolkestein − 1
bos − 2
boxtel − 2
bt − 4
cb2 − 2
cd − 1
cda − 1
cohen − 5
doorn − 6
dp − 1
ds − 2
ebs − 1
ellian − 1
em1 − 2
entzinger − 2
ephimenco − 1
et1 − 1
etty − 1
fb − 2
fdw − 1
fe1 − 2
fh − 1
fh1 − 3
fortuyn − 2
fvdg − 6
gh − 2
gk2 − 1
gl − 2
grd − 2
gs3 − 2
gtm − 2
gun − 1
gvl − 7
gw − 1
gz − 2
hafid − 8
hd − 2
heijne − 2
hj − 1
hjah − 3
hm3 − 1
hn − 1
hvdh − 2
hvo − 9
hw2 − 10
iek − 2
im1 − 1
io − 1
ivg − 1
jb − 11
jd1 − 2
jdb − 2
jdm − 2
jdp − 2
je − 1
jlh − 1
jm − 1
jong − 3
jpb − 2
jps − 1
jr3 − 2
jva − 1
jvk − 6
jw2 − 8
jwd − 2
jz − 1
ka2 − 2
kb1 − 2
kb2 − 2
kbz − 2
kg − 1
kk1 − 2
kk2 − 2
km1 − 2
kt − 2
lg − 2
lvdl − 1
mak − 11
mb4 − 2
md1 − 2
mh1 − 2
mk − 5
mk4 − 1
mk5 − 2
ml − 11
mp1 − 1
ms5 − 1
msk − 2
mv − 4
mvdh − 2
my − 12
ns − 1
ocw − 2
om − 2
or − 3
patijn − 2
pb − 1
pg2 − 1
ph − 9
phd − 2
philipse − 1
pjt − 6
pr − 2
pvda − 3
pvh2 − 1
pw − 1
ramdas − 2
rappa − 2
rb4 − 2
rm7 − 2
rs1 − 1
rv2 − 1
ry − 2
sa − 2
sb2 − 6
schnabel − 3
schoo − 12
scp − 3
sommer − 12
sp − 2
tdg − 1
th − 1
tk1 − 2
tp − 1
tvg − 2
tz − 2
ub − 1
vink − 7
vvd − 1
winter − 2
wt − 1
wvb − 5
za − 2
scheffer − 1
(f) 2004-2006
Degree distributions per period
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0.005 0.010 0.020 0.050 0.100 0.200
0.00
20.
005
0.02
00.
050
0.20
00.
500
normalised degree
P
● 123456
Degree distributionrelatively stable overtime.
Correlations between periods.
1−2 2−3 3−4 4−5 5−6
degreeweighted degreemembership
−0.
20.
00.
20.
40.
60.
81.
0
However, individuallythere are quite somechanges over time.
Measures of power
Articulation The power to articulate oneself in the public arena.Operationalized as the number of persons making acontribution per camp.
Resonance The power to make others refer to you.Operationalized as the total PageRank for a camp.
Consonance The power to make others agree with you.Operationalized as the number of adherents andopponents to a camp, where an author is consideredan adherent/opponent if he has a positive/negativestance towards the complete camp.
Culturalists vs. Anti-culturalists
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Art
icul
atio
nperiod
Anti-culturalistsCulturalists
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Adh
eren
ts
period
Anti-culturalistsCulturalists
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Opp
onen
ts
period
Anti-culturalistsCulturalists
Culturalists vs. Anti-culturalists
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Res
onan
ceperiod
Anti-culturalistsCulturalists
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Var
ianc
e
period
Anti-culturalistsCulturalists
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Den
sity
period
Anti-culturalistsCulturalists
Some observations
• Always two large communities: culturalists vs.anti-culturalists.
• More static at macro level, and more dynamical on micro level:
• The power differential between the two main camps does notseem to be that large.
• The culturalists show more significant leaders, most of theprominent authors are culturalists.
• There are more internal references in the culturalists, whilethe anti-culturalists are mainly opposed to culturalists.
• Seems to be some transition in the debate from minoritypolicy to islam, which also has consequences for the positionof various authors.