dy© mz hmdra iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, h$moq>massets.vmou.ac.in/marj05.pdf · 1 bdkbz & 1 izkphu...

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

àmMrZ Aa _Ü`H$mbrZ amOñWmZr H$mì`

MARJ-05

ikB~;Øe vfHkdYi lfefr

AÜ`jàmo\o$ga (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrMHw$bn{VdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

g§ moOH$ :àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mUqgh eoImdVnam_e©XmVm, amOñWmZr H$m`©H«$_dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>mgXñ`

gånmXZ Ed§ BH$mB© - boIZ

1. S>m°. hrambmb _mhoídarnyd© AÜ`j, {hÝXr {d^mJamOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amO.)

2. aKwamOqgh hmS>md[að H${d-gm{hË`H$ma,Pmbmdm‹S> (amOñWmZ)

la;kstd@leUo;d@lnL;x.k

1. am_oídaX`mb lr_mbr (go.{Z.) 5,10nyd© àYmZmÜ`mnH$,amO. {ejm {d^mJ, Ombm¡a (amO.)

2. S>m°. E_.E_.Eg. _mWwa 2,3,4,6,9nyd© gh AmMm`© (go.{Z.), amOñWmZr {d^mJO`ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amO.)

3. S>m°. _XZ g¡Zr 8,14ì`m»`mVm {hÝXr~.O.gr. am_nw[a`m O¡Z _hm{dÚmb`, ~rH$mZoa (amO.)

3. S>m°. JmoaYZqgh eoImdV{ZXoeH$, lr H¥$îU gËg§J ~m{bH$m _hm{dÚmb`grH$a (amOñWmZ)

4. S>m°. AOw©ZXod MmaUAÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amOñWmZ)

gånmXH$àmo. (S>m°.) H$ë`mU qgh eoImdV

nyd© AmMm`© Ed§ AÜ`j, amOñWmZr {d^mJO` ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa

g_Ýd`H$ :S>m°. _rVm e_m©

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, {hÝXrdY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m BH$mB©-boIH$ BH$mB© g§»`m4. AVwb "H$ZH$' 7

H${d-gm{hË`H$ma, H$moQ>m (amO.)5. í`m_gwÝXa ^maVr 1

àmÜ`mnH$,{dÚmb` {ejm, OmoYnwa (amO.)

6. S>m°. aUOrVqgh Mm¡hmZ 11,12,13A{V{W {ejH$, amOñWmZr {d^mJO`ZmamÙ ì`mg {díd{dÚmb`, OmoYnwa (amO.)

nmR²>`H«$_ CËnmXZ`moJoÝÐ Jmo b

ghm`H$ CËnmXZ A{YH$mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

mRiknu % Qjojh] 2011 ISBN/978/81 - 8496 - 256 - 7gdm©{YH$ma gwa{jV : Bg gm_J«r Ho$ {H$gr ^r A§e H$s dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m H$s {b{IV AZw_{V Ho$ {~Zm {H$gr ^r ê$n _|"{_{_`mJ«m\$s' (MH«$_wÐU) Ho$ Ûmam `m AÝ`Wm nwZ: àñVwV H$aZo H$s AZw_{V Zht h¡Ÿ&Hw$bg{Md, d._.Iw.{díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ûmam dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m Ho$ {b o _w{ÐV Ed§ àH$m{eVŸ&Xr S>m`_ÊS> {àpÝQ>J àog, O`nwa Ûmam 500 à{V`m§ _w{ÐV&

AH$mX{_H$ Ed§ àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWmàmo. (S>m°.) Zaoe XmYrM àmo. (S>m°.) E_. Ho$. K‹S>mo{b`m `moJoÝÐ Jmo b

Hw$bn{V {ZXoeH$ (AH$mX{_H$) à^mardY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m g§H$m` {d^mJ nmR²> gm_J«r CËnmXZ Ed§ {dVaU {d^mJ

bdkbZ la- bdkbZ&'kh"kZd i`"B la[;k

[k.M & I

1- izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vj fodkl 1&9

2- twuks jktLFkkuh dkO; % izeq[k jpukdkj vj jpukoka 10&28

[k.M & II

3- izeq[k jpuk % <ksyk ek:] jk nwgk & dFk] flYi vj lSyh 29&51

4- izeq[k jpuk % chlynso jklks & dFk] flYi vj lSyh 52&71

5- izeq[k jpuk % dkUgM+ns izca/k & dFk] flYi vj lSyh 72&82

[k.M & III

6- izeq[k jpuk % j.keYy Nan & dFk] flYi vj lSyh 83&98

7- izeq[k jpuk % gkyka >kyka jk dqaMfG;k & dFk] flYi vj lSyh 99&118

8- izeq[k jpuk % fØlu #def.k jh osfy & dFk] flYi vj lSyh 119&130

[k.M & IV

9- izeq[k dfooj % dq'kyykHk 131&155

10- izeq[k jpukdkj % iz|ukHk 156&165

11- izeq[k doslj % ujgfjnkl ckjgB 166&173

[k.M & V

12- izeq[k doslj % vklkuan ckjgB 174&180

13- izeq[k doslj % vYywth dfo;k 181&186

14- izeq[k doslj % iFohjkt jkBkSM+ 187&199

dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm {díd{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m

àmMrZ Aa _Ü`H$mbrZ amOñWmZr H$mì`

AZwH«$_{UH$m

MARJ-05

[k.M ifjpSbaZ [k.M esa 14 bdkbZ;ka uS 5 [k.Mka esa ckaVh xbZ NSA

[k.M Ib.kesa 2 bdkbZ;ka gS& bdkbZ 1 eas îzkphu jktLFkkuh dkO;^ jh tk.kdkjh nh xbZ gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk

jks twuksa lkfgR; Hkkar&Hkkar jh fo/kkokaa] lSfy;ka vj dkO;/kkjkoka esa lkeh vkoSA b.k bdkbZ esa îzkphu jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jk mn~Hko vj fodkl jh foxr* gSA bdkbZ 2 esa twuks jktLFkkuh dkO;] m.kjk izeq[k jpukdkj vjm.kkjh izeq[k jpukoka jks ifjpS fn;kSM+ks gSA

[k.M IIbZa [k.M esa rhu bdkbZ;ka gSA bdkbZ 3 esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk yksd dkO; ^<ksyk ek: jk nwgk*] bdkbZ

4 esa ^chlynso jklks* vj bdkbZ 5 esa ^dkUgM+ns izcU/k* jk dFk] flYi vj lSyh ij fopkj gq;kS gSA

[k.M IIIbZa [k.M esa Hkh rhu bdkbZ;ka gSA bdkbZ 6 esa izeq[k dkO; ^j.keYy Nan* bdkbZ 7 esa ^gkyka >kyka jk

dqaMfG;k* vj bdkbZ 8 esa ^fØlu :def.k jh osfy* jk dFk] flYi vj lSyh jh nhB lwa fuj[k djhth gSA

[k.M 2 vj 3 jk lxGk dkO; xazFk jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk egrkÅ xzaFk gS ft.klwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vyxigpk.k c.kh gSA

[k.M IVvks [k.M rhu bdkbZ;ka lwa lT;ks laoj~;kS gSA b.kjh bdkbZ 9 esa tSu izeq[k ^dfooj dq'kyykHk*] bdkbZ

10 esa êgkdfo in~euke* vj bdkbZ 11 esa fljeksj ^dfooj ujgfjnkl ckjgB* jh thouh] jpukoka vj m.kkajS ;ksxnku uS njlk;kS x;kS gSA

[k.M VbZa [k.M esa Hkh rhu bdkbZ;ka gSA b.kjh bdkbZ 12 esa doslj vklkuan ckjgB* bdkbZ 13 esa Hkxr ^dfo

vYywth dfo;k* vj bdkbZ 14 esa egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM*+ jh thouh] jpukoka vj m.kka jS ;ksxnku ij eaFkugq;kS gSA

b.k Hkkar v.kikj vk[kS twuS jktLFkkuh dkO; jh lkaxksikax tk.kdkjh ikBdka uS bZa xazFk lwa feGSykA

1

bdkbZ & 1

izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % mn~Hko vj fodklbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

1-0 mÌsL;

1-1 izLrkouk

1-2 tqx jks njlko

1-3 vk/kqfud dky jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

1-4 izeq[k jpukoka vj jpukdkj

1-5 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR;

1-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

1-7 vH;kl jk izLu

1-8 lanHkZ xzUFkka jh ikuM+h

1-0 mÌsL;

b.k bdkbZ ys[ku jk mÌsL; gS &

1- vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk lkfgR; jh tkudkjh djko.khA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa uS vk/kqfud dky jh le; lhek vj ukodj.k jks ifjp; nso.kkSA

3- vk/kqfud dky [k.M jk okrkoj.k ckor crko.kksA

4- vk/kqfud tqx jh dkO; /kkjkoka] dkO; lSfy;ka vj x| jh fo/kkoka jh tk.kdkjh djko.kkSA

5- b.k leS jk izeq[k jpukdkj vj jpukoka jh foxr ekaM.khA

1-1 izLrkouk

izLrkouk esa bZ- lu 1850 lwa l: gq;k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk vk/kqfud dky jh ewG pruk ckorfopkj dj.kks gSA lkfgR; fljt.k tqx lkis{k gq;k djSA b.k [kkrj vk/kqfud dky jh tu psruk vj m.klwavk;k cnGko uS le>.kks t:jh gSA b.k cnGko jks vlj vBka jk lekt] jktuhfr /kje vj lkaLÑfrd lkspyx iwxSA cks dkS.klks Hkko ;k fopkj gks ft.klwa vk cnGko vk;kS& b.kuS le>.kks t:jh gSA vktknh psrukvj m.k [kkrj gq;k tu vkanksyu lu~ 1850 lwa 1947 rd pkyrh fj;kA xqykeh lwa [kjkc dksbZ pht dksuhvj vktknh lwa vkNh dksbZ ckr dks.khA b.kjS lkFkS nslHkxrh LokfHkeku vj xkSjo jk Hkko tqM+;kSM+ks gS tdksvk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh fol; lkexzh c.khA

lu~ 1947 jS iNS vtS yx 62 cjl chrX;kA vka cjlka Hkh ?kVh ?kVukoka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa lc):i fy;kSA b.kka jh fuj[k vj ij[k b.k bdkbZ dh dFkkoLrq c.kh gSA b.k lxGk lkfgR; lwa gh jktLFkkuhHkklk lkfgR; jk vk/kqfud dky jks ukedj.k gq;kS gS!

1-2 tqx jks njlko &

MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor Bhd gh fy[;kS gS&

^^jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj mlds izkphu] fofo/k rFkk fo'kky lkfgR; HkaMkj ds v/;;u dk tks vk/kkjfofHkUu fo}kuksa us izLrqr fd;k gS] mldh vfUre dM+h vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; gSA bl vk/kqfud ;qx dk

2

fparu izFke Lora=rk laxzke dh ewy psruk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl ys[kdksa us bl;qx dk ukedj.k ^vk/kqfud ;qx* djrs le; bl rF; dks vo'; nf"V esa j[kk gS fd orZeku iqjkru ls fdl:i esa fHkUu gSA vrhr ds os dkSu ls rRo gSa] tks vk/kqfud ;qx dh lhek js[kk dks ikj ugha dj ldrsA ;qaxhupsruk gh bldk ewyk/kkj gks ldrk gSA lu~ 1850 ls bl vk/kqfud ;qx dk 'kqHkkjEHk ekuk tkrk gS] tksv|kof/k fo|eku gSA lu~ 1850 ls ysdj 1875 rd dk le; Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk og laf/kdky gS] tgkajk"Vªh; Hkkoksa dk mn; gksrk gS vkSj lkezkT;okfn;ksa ds fo:) uocks/k dk Hko tkxr gksrk gSA

blh rjg lkfgR; ds {ks= esa u;s Hkkocks/k vkSj uohu fo/kkvksa ,oa f'kYixr uwru iz;ksx izkjEHk gksrsgSA jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk ,oa uohu 'kfDr vkSj LQwrhZ ysd u;s&u;s iz;ksxksa ds lkFk] bl ;qx esa] izxV gksrh gSA;fn izkphu vkSj vk/kqfud dh rqyuk djsa rks yxsxk fd ns'kh fj;klrksa esa caVs gq, jktLFkkuh ds okrkoj.k fy[kkx;k izkphu lkfgR; ;k tgka jk"Vªh; Lrj ij mn; gksus okyh Hkko psruk dk ;gka ds jpukdkjksa vkSj mudhjpukvksa ij iM+us yxk FkkA

vk/kqfud ;qx dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g ekuh tkrh gS fd blesa x| dk lokZf/kd fodkl vkSj ubZx| fo/kkvksa dk tUe] blh ;qx esa gqvkA ik'pkR; txr ds lEidZ ls oSpkfjd ifjorZu gh ugha gqvk cfYdlkfgR; ys[ku ds Lrj ij Hkh u;kiu] bl ;qx dh jpukvksa esa Li"V fn[kus yxkA**

b.k Hkkar vk/kqfud tqx jk njlko uS lkj :i esa le>;kS tk ldS gS i.k foLrkj lwa m.k tqx jk okrkoj.kuS jktuhfr lekt] /kje] laLÑfr vj i<kbZ&fy[kkbZ jh oka fnuka jh foxr uS lkeh jk[k*j gh le>~;kS tk ldsgSA

lu~ 1850 lwa- 1947 yx lxGks Hkkjr vaxzstka jks xqyke gksA jktLFkku esa Hkh 22 jtokM+k gk tBSjktlkgh vj lkearh O;oLFkk ghA fj;klrka jk jktk&egkjktk dSo.k uS rks [kqn jh fj;klr jk ekfyd gk i.kvlyh lÙkk vaxzstka jS gkFk esa ghA fj;klr jk jktdkt esa u turk jh ch/kh Hkkxhnkjh gh vj ugha izHkko gksAvaxzst lÙkk en esa ikxy gk os vU;k; vjtqYe djrk i.k Mj jS dkj.k dksbZ fojks/k ugha djrkA

lu~ 1850 esa Hkkjrh; lsuk esa vktknh jh vy[k tkxh] ft.kuS vaxzst ^D;wafVuh* ¼NksVks lk fonzksg½ jksuke fn;kS] i.k ck Lora=rk laxzke jh iSyh fp.kxkjh gh ft.klwa lu~ 1947 esa vaxzstka Hkkjr NksM.kks ifM+;kSAb.kjh ckuxh ns[khtS&

^^jktuSfrd ?kVuk pØ dh nf"V ls ns'kHkDr ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us vius izk.kksa dh ckth yxkdj tks iz;Rufd;s mUgsa fgald vkanksyu dk uke fn;k x;k] tgka xksyh dk tokc xksyh ls rFkk 'kfDr ds fo:) la?k"kZdk ladYi FkkA tks ijEijk fnryh ds vfUre ckn'kkg cgknqj'kkg tQj] rkR;k Vksis] >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ tSls ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us izkjEHk dh mlh dks vkn'kZ ekudj panz'ks[kj vktkn jkeizlkn fcfLey] Hkxrflag]tksjkoj flag] dsljhflag ckjgB tSls ØkfUr dkjh jk"VªHkDrksa us mls vkxS c<+k;kA usrkth lqHkk"k panz cksl usrks dgk FkkA ^vki eq>s [kwu nhft,] eSa vkidks vktknh nwaxkA bu Økafrdkjh ns'kHkDrksa dk le; lu~ 1920rd ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd lu~ 1921 esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vfgalk] vlg;ksx] lR;kxzg] vkej.k vu'ku dstUenkrk eksgunkl deZpn xka/kh jktuhfr esa lfØ; gks pqds Fks vkSj mUgksaus vaxzstksa ds fo:) vius la?k"kZdks vfgalk ds veks/k vL= ls izkjEHk fd;kA xka/kh lR; vkSj vfgalk rFkk uSfrdrk ls vaxzstksa dk ekulcnydj Hkkjr dks Lora= djkuk pkgrs FksA os dgrs Fks& ge ifo= lk/kuk ls Lora=rk izkIr djsaxs bls [kwuls vifo= ugha gksus nsaxsA**

b.k Hkkar vk/kqfud dky jks ,d pj.k lu~ 1947 uS iwjks gq;kS vj nsl uS vktknh feyhA jktLFkkuhlkfgR;dkj [kqn jh dye lwa nsl Hkkrh vj vktknh jk Hkkoka Hkfj;k lkfgR; jh fljt.kk djh ft.kjh ckuxhns[khtSA

vk;ks baxjst eqyd jS Åij] vkgal yh/kka [kSp mjkA/kf.k;ka ejsu nh/kh] /kjrh] /kf.k;ka mHkka] xbZ /kjkA &ck¡dhnkl vkfl;k

3

bGk u ns.kh vki.kh] gkyfj;k gqyjk;Aiwr fl[kkoS iky.kS] ej.k c<kbZ eka;AA & lwjtey ehl.k

ldfj;s [keksj jk] xksGh gank cksyAfeUrt lkapk eqydjk] fjiqoka myVh jhrAA & ladjnku lkeksj

ix ix HkE;k igkM+] /kjk Nn jk[;kS /kjeAegkjk.kk ja esokM+] fgjnS cfl;k fgan jSAA

15 vxLr 1947 uS Hkkjr vktkn gw;X;kSA jktdkt turk jk izfrfuf/k laHkkG fy;kSA lc tkxka gj[kmeko] HkkbZpkjS vj Hkkoh Hkkjr jk mtGk liuk gkA jktra= jh tkxka tura= vk;kSA Hkkjr loZ izHkq lrklEiUu nsl c.;kSA vktkn Hkkjr jks lafo/kku c.;kS vj ykxw gq;kSA ukxfjd jk eksfyd vf/kdkj vj drZO;r; gq;kA Lora= Hkkjr jks jk"Vªifr iz/kkuea=h] ea=eaMG] laln vj fo/kku lHkkoka jS lkFkS fo/kku ifjlnka c.khAlafo/kku jS eqtc lu~ 1952 esa isyks vke pq.kko gq;kSA Hkkjr jh fonsl uhfr c.kh] iaplhy jk ukjk ykX;kA tkrikar] /kje] fyax] jax vj HkkSxksfyd [ksrj jks Hksn feV~.k ykX;kSA lekurk ln~Hkko] eS=h jk Hkko vj fopkjksfparu jk vk/kkj c.;kA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; %

vktknh jks isyks iM+ko lu~ 1947 lwa 1962 yx jks gSA nwth Hkkjrh; Hkklkoka jh rjS jktLFkkuh esa Hkhb.k :ikGS Hkkjr jk xhr xkbZft;k] xkFkkoka fy[khth] ukVdka jk jpko gq;kA dkO; jh tkxka x| jks fodlkob/kdks gq;kSA i| vj x| jh uqaoh fo/kkoka jks tye gq;kSA Hkko jh tkxka fopkj iz/kku fljt.k gwo.k ykX;kSAHkko] Hkklk vj lSyh jk u;k rsoj lkQ >yd.k ykX;kA x| esa miU;kl] dgk.kh] fuca/k] ukVd] ,dkadh]fjiksrkZt] Mk;jh] :id] lalj.k] tSM+h fo/kkoka esa ?k.kks fy[k.k ykX;kSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh dkO; egkdkO; [k.M dkO;] izca/k dkO;] pEiw dkO; jh iqjk.kh yhd NksM+ c/kueqxr dkO; jk jktekjx uS vi.kko.k ykX;kSA an vj vyadkj jk ca/ku <hyk iM.k ykX;kA Nan fcuk vjvyadkj jh mG>kM+ lwa ijS HkbZ dfork jks mn; gq;kSA QSj vkdfork] xjqforka ledkyhu dforkjks nksj vk;kSA

Nk;kokn izxfrokn] iz;ksxokn] gkykokn] izÑfrokn ?k.kks ykjS NwVX;kSA

jktLFkkuh izeq[k jpukdkj %

b.k rjS lu~ 1947 lwa yS;*j 1962 rkbZ nsl esa lq[k&veu vj pSu fj;kSA iap'khy jks vkèkkj lkeh jk[kiM+kslh nslka lwa eS=hHkko jk lEca/k c.;kA fganh phuh HkkbZ HkkbZ jk ukjk [kwc ykX;k i.k 1962 esa phu gh vki.kSnsl ij geyks dj Hkkjr jS ihB esa Njks ?kky fn;kSA eS=hHkko] nqle.kh esa cngX;kA Hkkjr jS iSyk iz/kku ea=htokgjyky usg: uS ?k.kks lneksa ykX;kS vj b.k dkj.k gh m.kka jks lqjxokl gq;kSA gtk:a lSfud vj vf/kdkjh ,d QSj ek;M+ Hkkse [kkrj veksyh izk.k vji.k dhukA veu] pSu vj HkkbZ pkjk jk lqj cnyx;k vjtq) jks okrkoj.k pk:a dkuh ns[k.k ykX;kSA phuh geyk jS iNS iM+kslh ikfdLrku nks geyk dj;kA vk gkykrjS dkj.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; Hkh j.kHksjh ctkbZ vj m.kjhA fol; oLrq Hkko vj Hkklk cnyhA b.kjS iNSvkardokn jh foukl yhyk Hkkjr ns[kh vj vtS >syS gSA

vka lc jktuSfrd ?kVukoka jS ?kV.k lwa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa jk fljt.k jks :i cnGX;kSA ,d QSjnsl j{kk jks Hkko lkfgR;dkjka esa tkX;kSA ohjrk] nsl Hkxrh vj laLÑfr xkSjo jh xkFkkoka jfpt.k ykxhA

izeq[k lkfgR;dkj b.k tqx jk izeq[k jpukdkjka esa dfo jko eksguflag] ghaxGktnku dfo;k] mn;jktmToy] ukFkwnku] efg;kfj;k] x.kslyky] panzflag] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] jsornku pkj.k] lR;izdk'k tkslh]ukjk;.flag HkkVh] es?kjkt eqdqy] dkg egf"kZ] j?kqjkt flag gkMk] xtkuu oekZ] y{eh dqekjh pwaMkor] vUukjkelqnkek] Jheky uFkey tks'kh] cStukFk iaokj] dj.khnku ckjgB] MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] mn;ohj 'kekZ] vejpanukgVk] jkes'ojn;ky Jhekyh] uflag jktiqjksfgr] ewypn x.ks'k] cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr] cqf) izdk'k ikjhd]

4

dy;k.kflag jktkor] MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor] lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor] Jh Ñ".kxksiky] jkor lkjLor] izseth izse] f'kojkt Naxk.kh] cztukjk;.k iqjksfgr] x.kifrpanz HkaMkjh] nhun;ky vks>k]jkeukFk O;kl ^ifjdj* ukxjkt 'kekZ vkfn vusdA

rhtks iMko & 1972 lwa vtSrkbZ jks gS tn rkbZ jks gS tn nsl esa yksdra= etcwr gq;kS] m/kksx/ka/kkykX;k] jkstxkj jk vkslj lkeh vk;kA b.k tqx rd jktuhfr jh nhB lwa Hkkjr vsd rkdr ekuht.k ykX;kSA

b.k tqx esa udLyokn vj vkradokn leL;k c.k vkxS c<.k ykxkA ukjh larki] cstxkjh] vdkGvj laLÑfr ij geyk fodkl esa ck/kd o.k.k ykxkA

b.k tqx esa efgyk vj ;qok jpukdkjka jks lkfgR; ubZ lksp lSyh] fol;oLrq vj jpuk dkSlG jS lkFkSfy[kt.k yxk;kSA ubZ ih<h 'kq:jh ek;M+Hkkse uS ys[ku jks tfj;kS c.kk*j egrkÅ iks/;ka jphA

b.klesa lkekftd] /kkfeZd] lkaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd vj lkfgfR;d okrkoj.k twuka fpru] caèku vj yhduS NksM cnGko jks fuxS vkoSA tkr&ikar jk ca/ku <hyk ifM+;k] O;kolknh jk rkSj&rjhdk esa cnGko vHkkSAltkrh; O;ko jh tkxka vUrjtkr O;ko ?k.kk gwo.kk ykxkA iM+nk jh jhr [kre lh gwo.k ykxhA ekslj canlkgw;X;kA lrh izFkk jgh dksuhA ukjh psruk tkxhA i<+kbZ fy[kkbZ jks okrkoj.k c.;kSA ukjh fl{kk c<+hA

/keZ jk va/kfoLokl] ik[k.M] uj vj ilqcfy dkuwuh vijk/k c.kX;kA /keZ vkLFkk jks eku c<.k ykX;kSA/keZ lsok vke tu rd iwxhA /keZ jh ladGkbZ de gqbZ i.k /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk foukl jks dkj.k c.khA

lkaLÑfrd oSHko tu&tu jh Hkkrh c.;kSA laLÑfr jk mnkj rRo ekuoh thou jk vkèkkj c.k.k ykX;kgkykadS laLÑfr jks HkwaMkS njlko Hkh gwo.k ykxksA esGka&[ksGka] rht&R;wagkjka iokZ dkuh yksd jks >qdko c<;kSAjktLFkkuh dyk vj dykdkj ijnslka rd /kwe e/kkbZA

b.k tqxjks vkfFkZd okrkoj.k lq/kj~;kSA u;k dGdkj[kkuk ykX;kA nsl esa mRiknu vj jkstxkj c<;kSAuhfrxr dkj.kka lwa vehj T;knk vehj c.kX;k vj xjhc vksj xjhcA xjhc vj vehj jS chp jh [kkbZ b=hfolkG vj xgjh gw;xh dS vsdkuh >qXxh&>ksiM+;ka iljh rks nwtS dkuh vehj jk caxyk vj m/kksxvjcksa&[kjcka rd tk; iwX;kSA

fl{kk vj lkfgR; jh nhB lwa vks tqx fodlko jks gSA fl{kk vke vkneh rd iwxh] fol;ka jks foLrkjgq;kSA rduhfd dkuh :>ku c<;kSA ?k.kkbZ fo'ofo|ky; ljdkjh vj uhth nksuwa tkxka [kqY;kA izfr;ksxhfl{kk leS jh ekax c.k;hA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR;dkj [kqn jh dy; jh rkdr lwa Hkkr&Hkkar jks i.k egrkÅ lkfgR; fljt.k dj.kykxkA

1-3 vk/kqfud dky jks jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

lu~ 1850 lwa vtS rkbZ jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa eksdGks lkfgR; fy[khT;kSA x| vj i| jh U;kjh U;kjhfo/kkoka] dkO; /kkjkoka vj ys[ku lSfy;ka jks foLrkj gq;kSA tqx jh izeq[k izofr;ka jks vlj ys;*j uhpS fy[khdkO; /kkjkoka jks mn; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk dkO; esa gq;kSA

1- izÑfr dkO;

2- izseiz/kku dkO;

3- izxfrlhy dkO;

4- Nk;koknh dkO;

5- ubZ dfork&vrqdkar] vdfork] x dfork vj ledkyhu dforkA

jktLFkkuh jh izÑfr uS vk/kkj c.kk*j tdks dkO; fy[khT;kS oks izÑfr dkO; jS :i esa txpkcks gq;kSAjktLFkku e#/kjk cktSA vBS fcj[kk de OgS ft.klwa [ksrh bdlk[kh T;knk OgS vj vk;S cjl dkG iM+SA xjeh

5

?k.kh iM+SA ywvka lwa >qGfl;ksM+h ekuoh esg jh mMhd jk[kSA ik.kh de gwo.k jS dkj.k m.kjks egRo ?k.kks gSAfnu riS i.k jkrka BaMh OgSA N fjrqoka vBS njlko nsoSA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk ?k.kk doslj jktLFkku jh izÑfr uS vk/kkj c.kk js ?k.kks vj lkjFkd dkO; jP;kSgS ft.kesa panzflag jh nks iks/;ka yw vj ^cknGh* ?k.kks uke dek;kSA panzflag th vBka jh izÑfr jktjkjFk Hkfj;ki.k ekso.kk fprjke [kqn jh dfork esa jP;k gSA ,d ckuxh ns[khtSA

vkBwa ikSj vMhdrka]ohrS fnu T;wa eklnjl.k ns vj cknGher eqj/kj uS rklAfNusda lwjt fu[kh;kSfc[kjh cknfG;kafpyd.k eqag vc ykfx;kS/kjk fdj.k fefy;kaA

vksG;ka esa izÑfr dkO; jS lkFk Nk;koknh dkO; jk njlko Hkh jP;k&iP;k gSA

panflag jS vykok MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh] lR;izdk'k tkslh] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] j?kqjktflag gkMh]xtkuu o"kkZ] dY;k.kflag jktkor] Hkh jktLFkkuh izÑfr dkO; jP;kS gSA

izseiz/kku vj Nk;koknh dfork jk fol; jdlk gh fj;k gSA gsr izhr jh dfork dBSbZ Nanka&vyadkjhjS ik.k tx pkoh gqbZ rks dBsbZ izrhdka uS ik.k iljhA dUgS;kyky lsfB;k] ukjk;.kflag HkkVh] lR;izdk'ktks'kh fd'kksj dYiuk dkar] y{e.kflag jloar] dY;k.kflag jktkor b.k Hkkar jh dfork uS ijikbZA uhfrdkO; bZ dfork jks uS fljxkjxkj dj~;kSA izxfrlhdfork x.kslyky O;kl mLrkd] jsornku pkj.k] dgS;kykylsfB;k jh dforkoka lwa le) gqbZA x.kslyky mLrkn jh ^cank eS.kr jh tS cksy] tqx ilokM+ks yhuks] yky /ktk jh vk.k fQjS] /kksjka jh /kjrh tkx] lkFk.k fn;k txk ns] ij.;k Mjs erh [kkrk dksgjk lwla er Fkky] tkxkStkxkS jsderfj;k] jkt cnGX;ks EgkauS dkabZ] vfgalk cksy vfgalcksy tkx j.kcadk flokbZ vkfn dfork vjjsornku pkj.k jh ^nwtks egkHkkjr* yksdjkt] cxkor] dkG] bdykc jh vka/kh] fyNeh] mNkGkS] gkyfj;kS]ch?kksM+h] ix eaM.kk bfrgkl jk] jks;ka :txkj feGS dksuh] dUgS;kyky lsfB;k jh dq.k tehu jks /k.kh] vFkksjhdkGA

tSM+h dforkoka izxfrlh fparu jks vk/kkj fy;kSM+h gSA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ubZ dfork Nan vj vyadkjka jk ca/ku rksM+ eqxr dkO; /kkjk uS tuefn;kSA t;kjFk jks jax vj cnyko jks lqj ubZ dfork jh fiNk.k c.khA

dfork jk mnkgj.k&

/kucG tn tu jkS lq[k pqxyS] rn vk Hkkse vaxkjk mxGStu Hkkoha jh Hkqtax HkSjoh] jxr fioS ekFkk Hk[k ekaxSAjs eksfV;kjA leaHk c/k vkxS] vkxS js ekVh tho.k vkxSA

& tudfo x.kslyky O;kl

va/kkj ?kksj vka/kh izpaM

vk /kqavk/kksj /kao /kao djrh

vkoS gS mj esa vkx fy;ka] x<+ dksVka caxyka uS <grhA

&jsornku pkj.k

6

dq.k tehu jkS /k.kh \gkM+ ekal pke xkG[ksr esa ilso lhap]yw yoV B.M esgl lsoS nkar ehap]QkM+ pkSd dj djS] tksr.kh*j ckso.kh]okS tehu jks /k.kh* ^d vks tehu jks /k.kh \*

& dUgS;kyky lsfB;k

1-4 izeq[k jpukoka vj jpukdkj

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk jk izeq[k dfo vj m.kkjh jpukoka uhpS eqtc gS&

dfooj&ckadhnkl vkfl;k & jpukoka lwj Nrhlh] /koy iPphlh] xaxkygjh

lwjtey ehl.k & ohjlrlbZ] oa'kHkLdj] jkejatkV] cyon foykl vkfnA

jkeukFk dfo;k & nkSinh fou;A

ladjnku lkeksj & lxrh lqtl] HkkxhjFkh] efgek] c[krjks ck;jks] nslnji.k] lkdsr lrÅA

ghaxGktnku & ex;k exsnz] esgkbZ efrek] nqxkZ cgrjh] cf.k;ksjklks vkfnA

dsljhflag ckjgB & psrko.kh jk pwaxV~;kA

egkjkt prjflag & ijekjFk fopkj] ;ksxlw= dh okjrk] xaxktGh Vhdk prqj fparkef.kA

x.ks'kykyO;kl mLrkn & csdlksa dh vkoktA

mn;jkt mToy & /kwM+lkj] ekjokM+ jk ohj] ekrHkk"kk nksgkoyhA

xka/khth jk nwgk foKkujk nwgk] Hkkfu;k jk nwgk] Lojkt lrd] Je lrd vkfnA

ukFkwnku efg;kfj;k & ohj lrlbZ] xka/kh lrd] paMh lrd] pwaMk lrd] >kykeku ^lrd* vknA

MkW- ukjk;.kflag HkkVh & lka>] ijeohj] nqxkZnkl] dGi] ehjk¡ tho.k/ku vknA

MkW- euksgj 'kekZ & xteksrh] jl/kkjkA

dgS;kyky lsfB;k & fee>j] yhyVkal] 33 ek;M+ jks gsyks vknA

lR;izdk'k tks'kh & jk/kk] nhok dkaiS D;wa cksyHkkjeyh] yLLdj uk FkeS xkaxs; vknA

fd'kksj dYiukdkar & dwaiG] QwyA

es?kjkt eqdqy & lsuk.kh] lsuk.kh jh tkxh tksrA

panzflag & yw] cknGh] ckylkn vknA

jsornku pkj.k & psr eku[kk] usg: th uS vksGeks] /kjrh jk xhr] mNkGkSA

fo'oukFk foeys'k & lridokuh] jkedFkk ¼egdkO;½ dqpj.khA

cqf)izdk'k ikjhd & pwaVD;k] frLlk] ddnkjA

jkeukFk O;kl ifjdj & euokj] xhr lgadkjA

fxj/kkjhflag ifM+gkj & eku[kksA

lqesjflag 'ks[kkor & es?kekG] vk uhan dn mMSykA

dY;k.kflag jktkor & jkefr;k rksM+ ijHkkrhA

7

xtkuu oekZ & lksuks fuitS jsr esa] ckjkeklk

y{e.kflag jloar & jlkG] fee>jA

mn;ohj 'kekZ & fijFkhjkt lqjtkaA

jkes'oj n;ky JhekGh & gkMh jk.kh] ckouks fgekGkSA

dej esokM+h & t; caxyknslA

MkW- xksj/kuflag 'ks[kkor & fdjdj iuthek:A

rstflag tks/kk & vksGwa jh vksG;kaA

lhrkjke egf"kZ & fje>ksG] izhr ihM jh ikGA

eksgu vkyksd & Mka[kdkA

dj.khnku ckjgB & f>afM;ks] >j>j dFkkA

uanHkkj}kt & va/kkj i[kA

izseth izse &

;wa rks vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lSdM+wa dfo vj oka jh jpukoka Nih gS ft.kkesa ef.keèkqdj] vtqZunso pkj.kA

vkn jk uke fx.kko.k tksx gSA efgyk dof;fiz;ka esa&

1-5 vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| lkfgR;

folslrkoka & jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks vk/kqfud tqx x| iz/kku ekuhtS! b.k dky [k.M esa ,dkdh x|jh uqoS fo/kkoka uS ys[ku jks vk/kkj c.kk;kS x;kS rks nwtS dkuh ubZ x| flYi vj lSfy;ka jks fc.klko gq;kSAx| ys[ku jh twuh le) ijEijk lwa vks u;k x| lEiUu rks gq;kS gS i.k vkt jh x| fc/kkoka jh ifjHkklkrRo vj ys[ku lSyh U;kjh ukVd] ,dkadh] laLej.k] vkRexFkk] thouh] js[kkfprjke] fjiksjrkt] Mk;jh] :id]vkn [kkl gSA vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh x| ys[ku esa Hkko vj fopkj nksuqoka jks izHkko gS i.k fopkj iz/kku ys[ku?k.kks xEHkhj gSA b.kesa fofo/krk] fparu vj tqx lkis{k bZ/kdks gS! b.k x| ys[ku esa U;kjh&U;kjh fopkj /kkjkokajk lkfgR; gS T;wa izxfrlhy ys[ku lkE;oknh fopkj /kkjk lwa izHkkfor gS] FkksM+k jpukdkj iwathoknh]lkeUroknh dqN /kkfeZd] lkaLÑfrd lksp jk[kSA m.kkjh jpukoka esa okajh fopkj/kkjk vj lksp fuxS vkoSA

1- bZ vk/kqfud x| fljt.k esa Hkklk jk U;kk U;kjk :i vj iz;ksx Hkh gSA cpfudk vj jokoSylSyh vj tFkkjFk jktLFkkuh x| fo/kkok uS fl.kxkj fn;kS gS! x| xhrk jk iz;ksx gq;k gSA foX;ku jks vlj]euqt jh ekufldrk] m.kjks vkpj.k] m.kjk vkLFkk] foLokl] jhr&fjokt] jktLFkkuh Hkklk] miU;kl dgk.khukVd&,dkadh] tSM+h fo/kkoka esa ?k.kS vljnkj <ax lwa lcnk :i fy;kS gS! Mk;jh] laLej.k] js[kkfp=]vkRedFkk ekuohvj m.kjk lekt] ifjokj vj vk[kS ifjosl uS ikBdka lkeh jk[kSA ukjh leL;koka] m.kjheuxr] vo[kk;k] m.kjks cny rks :i] dke vj pfjr vkt x| ys[ku esa vk[kjka <G;kS gS!

2- vkt jks jktLFkkuh x| fopkjkRed o.kZukRed fooj.kkRed O;fDr ijd vj O;k[;kRed Hkhd;kS tkoSA miU;kl dgk.kh] ukVd vj ,dkafd;k jk ik= vkt jk gSA okajh laosnuk b.k tqx jh gSA fuca/kka jk fol; fofo/k vj folkG gSA HkklklSyh VdlkGh vj ekud:i fy;kSM+h gSA xaHkhj lwa xEHkhj fol; uSizHkkoh Hkklk esa lcn :i nso.k jh f[kerk jktLFkkuh x|dkjka esa gSA

3- xkSnhckn lxGk vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ij egkRek xka/kh vj m.kakjh fl)kark jks vljlkQ fuxS vkoSA xka/khoknh fparu] vkanksyu vj dke dj.k jks rjhdks vkt jS ys[ku jks vk/kkj c.;kS gSA

4- bZ tqx esa ij;koj.k] jax] tkfr] /kje jS f[kykQ mBh vkokt uS vk/kqfud jktLFkkuhlkfgR;dkj ok.kh nhuh vj lkEiznk;d lnHkko HkkbZ pkjs vj ekuork oknh nhB jks fodlko [kqn jh dye

8

dfj;ks! vk[kh nqfu;ka esa tBS dBSbZ fgalk] vU;ko] HksnHkko] lkezkT;okn] iwathoknh] jk nqjx.k iui.k ykxk&jktLFkkuh dyedkj m.kjks iqjtksj fojks/k dfj;kSA vBkarkbZ dS tBS Hkkjr esa tu jh mis{kk gqbZ jktLFkkuhjpukdkj [kqn jktusrkoka uS Hkh ekQ ugha dfj;kA

vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh jk izeq[k x|dkj vj m.kjh izeq[k jpukoka jh foxr dh b.k Hkkar gSA

izeq[k miU;kldkj %

vUukjke lqnk;k] Jhyky uFkey tks'kh] Hkknosn 'kekZpanz] lR;su tks'kh] N=ifrflag] nhun;ky dqanu] jkenrlkÑR;] ikjl vjksM+k] fd'kksj dYiuk dkar vkn izeq[k gSA

izeq[k miU;kl %

eSdrh dkek eqGdrh /kjrh] vka/kh vj vkLFkk eSos jk :a[k] vkeS iVdh] /kksjka jks /kksjh] ,d chu.khnks; chandoGiwtk] frjldwaA

izeq[k dgk.khdkj %

eqjyh/kj O;kl] MkW- uflag jktiqjksfgr] vUukjke lqnkek] dj.khnku ckjgB] cStukFk iaokj] ewGpan izk.ks'k]Hkaojyky lqFkkj] lkaoj nbZ;k] jkes'oj n;ky Jhekyh] izseth izse] euksgj flag jkBkSM+] jkefujatu fBdkÅ]'kphUnz mik/;k;] ukuwjke laLdrkZ fotonku nsFkk Jherh y{eh dqekjh pwaMkor] jkeksnj izlkn 'kekZ] MkW-euksgj 'kekZ] mn;ohj vknA

izeq[k dgkf.k;ka vj iksF;ka %

cjlxkaB] vej pwuM+h jkroklks] eÅ pkyh ekGoS vkaèkS u vka[;k] ykMslj] vksG[kk.k] uS.k [kwaV;kS uhj mdGrkvkarjk] lhGk lkal] ij.;ksMh dqaokjh] rxknks] vlokM+S&ilokM+S /kjrh dn rkbZ /kwtS yh] vys[kwa fgVyj] eka>yjkr] ewey dS js pdok ckr] fxj Åapk Åapk x<ka] vkneh jks lhax] ea=h jh csVh] csekrk jk vkad] tlksnk]ladoVka] ykycrh] vks ?kj Egkjks dksuh] jkepanz dh dFkk] lkaoj dk cksy] jksluh jk tho rk<] <kG lwa NqV~;kiaNh] dU;knku] lksuy Hkhax] djM+h vkap] nlnks[k ?kjdh xk;] X;ksgh] izsrkRek jh izhr vkn eksdGhA

izeq[k ukVddkj %

lw;Zdj.k ikjhd] JhukFk eksnh] fxj/kkjh yky O;kl] vkKkpan Hk.Mkjh] Hkjr O;kl] ;knosUnz 'kekZ ^panz* lR;sutks'kh] fueksgh O;kl] vtqzu nso pkj.k] enu eksgu ifjgkjA

izeq[k ukVd %

cksGko.k] xksektkV] iz.kohj izrki] t;iqj dh T;ks.kkj] iUuk/kke] <ksyk&e[k.k] jaxhyks] ekjokM+] rkl jks ?kj]eqxrho/k.k nks ukVd vktjk] va/kkjksA

izeq[k fuca/kdkj %

MkW- euksgj 'kekZ] MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor] lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor] uan Hkkj}kt] iqjlksre vklksik] tgj [kkaesgj] vtqZu flag 'ks[kkor] MkW- 'kfDrnku dfo;k] vejpan ukgVk] vUukjke lqnkek] vejukFk d';i] jkeukFkO;kl ifjdj] MkW- czteksgu tLofG;kA

izeq[k fuca/k vj iksF;ka %

jktLFkkuh fuca/k laxzg] jksfgM+k jk Qwy] jktLFkkuh fuca/k] ef.kekG] jldGl] nkSj vj nk;jks] jktLFkkuhlaLÑfr jk fprjke eqGdrk feu[k ekso.kh /kjrh] nwj fnlXoj vkG tatkG b.k rjg nwth x| fo/kkoka jkjpukdkjka esa eksguyky iqjksfgr] HkaojukgVk] useukjk;.k tks'kh] f'kojkt Naxk.kh] osn O;kl] MkW- lR; ukjk;.k'kekZ] MkW- ujsUnz Hkkukor] Jhyky feJ] nhun;ky vks>k] xksfoanyky ekFkqj] MkW- m"kkdaoj jkBkSM+] MkW- izdk'kvejkor] MkW- Ñ".k vksadkj Jh] ukxjkt 'kekZA

9

1-6 bdkbZ jks lkj

jktLFkkuh Hkklk nqfu;k jh izkphu Hkklkoak ekbZ lwa ,d gSA ,d izfl) xzUFk gS ^ oy;ekyk * ft.kjh jpuk tSu ;fr m|ksru lwfj djh ghsA oks le; foØe jh ukas oh lnh jks gksA rn~ lwa ys vtS rkfg jktLFkkuhHkklk jh fljt.k ijEijk yxksyx pkyrh vkbZ jgh gSA b.k le; u x| vkSj in; jh eks[kGh fo/kkok jks tuegq;ks vj ?k.kk jpukdkj [kqn jh dye lwa Hkk¡r&Hkk¡r xzUFkk jh fljt.kk djhA vj xzUFkak jk fol; Hkh dbZ Hkk¡rjgkA Hkklk ] lkfgR; ] laLdfr ] leqnz'kkL= ] vk;qoSZn ] fpfdRlk ] T;ksfrl ] Hkwxksy ] lekt ] jktuhfr vjnjlu e eks[kGk xzUFk fyf[k T;kA b.kh Hkk¡fr yksdlkfgR; vj ^f'k"V* lkfgR; nksuks e gh Hkk¡r&Hkk¡r jkslkfgR; lkeh ik;ks gS b.k rjg izkphu le; law gh ys[ku jh ,d le) ijEijk lkeh vkoSA

1-7 vH;kl jk izLu

1 izkphu jktLFkkuh dkO; jk izeq[k jpukdkjk jh tkudkjh nsvksA

2 izkphu jktLFkkuh dkO; jh fo'ks"krkoka mnkgj.k lwa le>kvksA

3 uhps fy[;ka xaUFkka j Åij fVIi.k fy[kks &

¼d½ j.key pUn

¼[k½ chlynso jklkS

¼x½ <ksyk ek:¡ jk nqgk


1 ¼lEik-½ ujksÙke nkl] jkeflag vkSj lw;Zdj.k ikjhd & ^<ksykek:¡ jk nksgk*

2 MkW- eksrh yky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk’kk vkSj lkfgR;

3 MkW- dY;k.k flag “ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk’kk lkfgR; vkSj laLdfr

4 MkW- ghjk yky ekgs”ojh & jktLFkkuh Hkk’kk vkSj lkfgR;

10

bdkbZ&2

twuks jktLFkkuh dkO; % izeq[k jpukdkj vj jpukokabdkbZ jks eaMk.k

2-0 mÌsL;

2-1 izLrkouk % twuks jktLFkkuh dkO; % lkekU; ifjpSA

2-2 twuks jktLFkkuh dkO; % izeq[k jpukdkj vj jpukoka&

¼d½ izeq[k jpukdkj]

¼[k½ izeq[k jpukokaA

2-3 bdkbZ jks lkj

2-4 vH;kl jk izLu


2-0 mÌsL;

b.k bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa twuS lktLFkkuh dkO; jks vjFk le>kork gq;k m.k dky jh jpukoka vjdfo;ka jks ifjpS djkokykaA

2-1 izLrkouk % twuks jktLFkkuh dkO; % lkekU; ifjpSA

bfr;kl jh nhB lwa vk[kh lksp vj fodkl nks dkyka esa ckaVhft;ks gS & twuks dky ¼izkphu dky½ vjuqoks dky ¼vjokphu dky½A foKku b.k er lwa lger y[kkoS dS lkfgR;&ys[ku jh l:vkr lwae/;dky rkbZa jks lkfgR; izkphu ;k dS twuS lkfgR; ukao lwa :<+ gS vj e/;dky jS mijkar fyf[kft;ks lkfgR;vk/kqfud ;k dS uqoS lkfgR; ukao lwa vksG[khtSA erGc vks dS fo- la- 1050 lwa fo- la- 1900 rkabZ fyf[kft;ksdkO; twuh ;k dS izkphu jktLFkkuh dkO; dSbZtSA fgUnh] xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh Hkklkoka jk ekuhrS fo}kukajk vusdwa ys[k b.k er uSa iq[rk djSA izks- ujksÙkenkl Lokeh] vxjpan ukgVk] MkW- dUgS;kyky lgy] MkW-euksgj 'kekZ vkn fo}kuka jk ys[kkfn b.k lhlZd lwa fy[khft;k gS] T;ka jh folS&lkexzh Qxr jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jS izkphu ;k dS vkfndky yx bZ lhfer uha gq;^j e/;dkyhu jpukoka rkabZ iwxh gSA

2-2 twuks jktLFkkuh dkO; % izeq[k jpukdkj vj jpukoka&

vka ifjfLFkfr;ka lwa izsfjr gq;^j b.k dky [k.M jk doslj fofo/k dkO;&:ika esa vkijh jpukoka fy[khAmYys[k tksx dfo vj m.kka jh egrkÅ jpukoka jks vBS ukeksYys[k dj;kS tk fj;kS gS &

vkfndky jh jpukoka &

1- ftunÙk lwfj & mins'k jlk;u

2- otzlsu lwfj & Hkjrs'ojh ckgqcfyjkl & ¼fo-l- 1225½

3- ujifr ukYg & chlynsojklks & ¼fo- 1212½

4- 'kfGHk= lwfj ¼fo- 1241½ Hkjrs'ojh ckgqcfyjkl

5- lqefrxf.k & useukFkjkl & ¼fo-la- 1290½

6- fot;lsu lwfj & jsoarfxfjjkl & ¼fo-la- 1288½

7- dfo vkflxq & thon;kjkl] panuckykjkl ¼foØeh 12&13 lnh½

11

8- iYg.k & vkcwjkl] usfeukFk ckjgeklk

9- 'kkjax/kj & gEehjjklks] gEehj dkO;

10- vlkbr & galkoyh & ¼fo-la- 1427½

11- cknj<k<+h & ohjek;.k & ¼fo-la- 1440 ;k 1500½

12- Jh/kj O;kl & j.keYy Nan & ¼fo-la- 1457½

13- dfo Hkhe & ln;oRl pfjr & ¼fo-la- 1466½

14- nyir fot; & [kqEek.kjklks

e/;dky jh izeq[k jpukoka

1- flonkl xkM.k & vpGnkl [khph jh opfudk ¼15oha lnh jks mÙkjkn½

2- iùukHk & dkUgM+ns&izcU/k & ¼fo-la- 1512½

3- egkdfo pan ojnkbZ fizFkhjkt jklks ¼\½

4- chBw lwtk & jkotSrlh jkS Nan

5- Nhgy & iaplgsyh jk nwgk

6- HkkaMm O;kl & gEehjk;.k] jk; gehjhnso pkSibZ

7- dfo nkeks & y[kelsu&iùkorh pkSibZ

8- f[kfM+;k pku.k & nwgk jkoj.key jk] nwgk jko fj.k/kj jk] nwgk lÙkk HkkVh jk] Hkheksr jk lksjBk]ekrkth jk Nan] LQqV&xhr(

9- ehjk¡ckbZ & ehjk¡&inkoyh

10- tkaHkksth & taHk & ok.kh(

11- nqjlk vk<+k & ¼fo-la- 1592½ fo#n&fNgÙkjh] fdjrkj&ckouh lqjrka.k jk dfoÙk] >wy.kk jkores?kk jk] nwgk lksGadh ohjenso jk] >wy.kk jko Jh vejfla?k th jk vkn(

12- ckjgB vklkuan & y{e.kk;.k xq.k] fujatuizk.k] ck?kth jk nwwgk] mekns HkfV;k.kh jk dfoÙk]xksxkth jh isM+h vj LQqV dfoÙkA

13- ckjgB bZljnkl & gfjjl] NksVks gfjjl] ckyyhyk] xq.k Hkkxor] x:M+&iqjk.k] xq.kvkxe]xq.k&fuank&Lrqfr] nsfo;ka.k] xq.k&cSjkV] lkf[k;ka] gkyk&>kyk jk dq.Mfy;ka] jkl&dSykl]nk.kyhyk] xq.k&lHkkioZ] xhrNan] lkeGk jk nwgk] Hktukfn(

15- nknw&fn;ky] nknw&ok.kh(

16- fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ & osfyfØl.k&:de.kh jh] nleHkkxor jk nwgk] nljFk&jkomr] olnsojkomr]xaxkygjh vknA

17- lka;kath >wyk & ukxne.k] :de.kh gj.k ¼fo- la- 1523&1623½

18- dqlyykHk & ¼fo- la- 1580½ ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ] <ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ] rstlkj jkl]ftuikfyr&ftujf{kr laf/k xkFkk] xkSM+h ik'oZukFk Lrou] vxM+nÙkjkl] LraHke ik'oZukFk Lrou]Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ] xq.koarh lqanj pkSibZ] Jh iwT;okg.k xhr] Jh 'k=qat;&;k=k Lrou]fixaGf'kjksef.k] egkekbZ nqxkZlIrlrh] txnEck Nan;k Hkokuh Nan vj LQqV dfoÙkA

19- dslonkl & xq.k:id] jko vejfla?kth jk nwgk] foosd&okjrk vkn

20- vYywth dfo;k & ¼fo- la- 1620½ QqVdy dfoÙk&loS;kA

12

21- gsejru lwfj & xksjkckfny pfjr pkSibZ] yhykorh pkSibZ] eghiky pkSibZ] lhGorh&dFkk]lhrkpfjr] jkejklks] txnack ckouh] luhLpj Nan vkn(

22- le;laqnj & flagylqr&fiz;esyd jkl] paidlsB pkSibZ] uy≠Urh pkSibZ] exkorh jkl]oLrqiky&rstiky jkl] lhrkjke pkSibZ] iq.;lkj pkSibZ] pkj cqf)jkl] 'k=qat; ;k=k vknA

23- ghjdGl & tacwLokeh pfj=] x.kfopkj Nan jktflag jRukoyh laf/k] iaprhFkZ ueLdkj] l=qat;fxjh]usfeftu xq.kjkl] vax&fo|k] deZfopkj lkj izdj.k] xq.kiPphlh] ftupanz lwfj xhr vkfn(

24- ek/kksnkl nf/kokfM;k & jkejklks] Hkklk&nleLda/k] xteks[k vkn(

25- ujgfjnkl & vorkjpfjr] nleLda/k] vgY;k&izlax] vejfla?k jk nwgk(

26- n;kynkl & jk.kkjklks

27- fxj/kj vkfl;ks & lxrjklks

28- tksxhnkl & gfjfiaxy&izcU/k

29- dY;k.knkl & xq.k&xksfcUn

30- yC/kksn; & inehpfjr pkSibZ] ey;lqanjh pkSibZ] xq.kkoyh pkSibZ

31- tVey ukgj&xksjkckny dFkk] izsefoykl izseyrk] ckoGh ¼iatkch½] ykgksj xt+y] lqUnjhxt+y] f>axksj xt+y] QqVdj dforkfn

32- ohjHkka.k & jkt:id

33- dj.khnkau & fcM+nfl.kxkj] lwjt izdkl

34- tXxkth [khfM+;k & cpfudk jrulh egsl nklksr jhA

35- Mwaxjlh & l=qlky jklks

36- dfo oan & oanlrlbZ] ;ed lrlbZ] Hkko&iapkf'kdk] fl.kxkj f'k{kk vknA

37- gEehj jruw & gEehjukeekyk] y[kir&fiaxy] fiaxyizdkl] tnqoal oalkoyh] nslGth jhopfudk] tksfrl tM+ko] czãk.M&iqjk.k] Hkjrjh lrd vkn

38- ealkjke lsod ^eaN^ & j?kqukFk:id xhrka jks] ukFk&pafnzdk

39- fdluk vk<+k & j?kqojtl izdkl] Hkhe&foykl

40- egkjktk ekufla?k&ukFkpfjr] ukFkLrks=] ukFkin&laxzg] fl)xaxk tya/kjpfjr] tya/kjpUnzksn;(

41- ckadhnkl & lwjNÙkhlh] /koGiPphlh] oSld okjrk] ekofM+;k fetkt] dqdfo&cÙkhlh] tsgytltM+ko] gejksV NÙkhlh] dfo eÙke.M.k vkn

42- fdjikjke f[kfM+;k & jkft;k jk lksjBk

43- xojhckbZ & QqVdj in

larok.kh

lar tkaHkksth &

1- lar nhuth ¼nhu njosl½ & in vj lkf[k;ka

nknwn;ky & nknwok.kh

1- lar c[kukth & oka.kh

2- lar jTtcth & ok.kh] loZaxh

13

3- lar lqanjnkl & Kkuleqnz] lokZax&;ksx] LoIu&izcks/k] ln~xq: efgek] xq: efgek vLVd] rdZfprkouh] ckjgeklks] lqUnjfoykl vkn(

4- lar ckftUnth & vfMYy] xq.k&dfM;k jk ukek] xq.kgfjtu ukek] xq.k&ukaoekyk] xq.k&fojgdk vax vkn(

5- lar pj.knkl&vLVkax;ksx] Hkxrh&lkxj] nkuyhyk] czãX;ku lkxj] HkfDr&inkjFk] jkeekyk]vejyksd [k.M/kke] dq:{ks= yhyk vkn(

6- n;kckbZ & n;kcks/kA

7- lgtksckbZ & oka.kh] inA

lEekuckbZ &

1- jkepj.knkl & oka.kh(

2- lar n;kynkl & d:.kk&lkxj] d:.kk cks/k] vn~Hkqr&foykl] fujHkScks/k vkn(

3- lar nfj;koth & oka.kh(

4- mn;jke xwaxk & dfo dqGcks/k(

5- ljnkjfla?k & lqjrjax vknA

vka dfoljka vj m.kka jh jpukoka jS mYys[k vijkar dqNSd dfo;ka jS O;fDrRo vj fljt.k ckcrtk.kdkjh jh tk.kdkjh djkbZ tk jbZ gS &

¼d½ izeq[k jpukdkj&

1- Jh/kj

jktLFkkuh&lkfgR; jS vkfndky jS vsd egrkÅ dfo jS :i esa Jh/kj O;kl jks ukao ?k.kkspkoks gSA b.k dfo jks izkekf.kd ifjpS rks dksuha feGS] i.k ^j.keYy Nan^ jh ik.Mqfyfi esafyfidjrk jh iqfLidk lwa [kqyklks gqoS dS oS O;kl tkfr jk cke.k gkA MkW- ds- ,e- eqa'kh jSeqtc Jh/kj jko j.keYy jk vkfJr dfo gk i.k O;kl ^mikf/k* lwa vksbZ fl) gqoS dS oSjktkfJr dfo uha gks;^j jko j.keYy jS /kjekf/kdkjh jS :i esa O;kl in ekFkS jS;k OgSAO;kl ;k dS iqjksfgr m.k leSa esa /kkjfed ekeykr esa jktkoka uSa lykg fn;k djrk gkA

Jh/kj jh rhu jpukoka dFkhth gS & ¼1½ j.keYy Nan ¼2½ Hkkxor nleLda/k vj ¼3½lIr'krhA ^Hkkxor nleLda/k* 127 Nanka jh v/kwjh jpuk gSA ^lIr'krh* esa ekjd.Ms; iqjk.kjS ika.k 120 Nanka esa nsohpfjr dFkhft;ks gSA ^j.keYy^ Nan dfo Jh/kj O;kl jks vsdvsfr;kfld ohjjlkRed [k.MdkO; gSA b.kesa 70 Nanka esa bZMj ujsl jko j.keYy vj ikV.kjS lwcsnkj >Qj[kku jS tq) jks lkarjks oj.kkao ekafMft;ksa gSA b.k ?kelka.k esa >kQj [kkuuSa tq)[ksrj NksM^j UgkV.kks iM~;ksA vk ?kVuk fo- la- 1455 ¼1398 bZ½ jh gSA b.k vk/kkjekFkS ^j.keYy Nan^ dkO; jh jpuk fo- la- 1455 jS iwBS bt gqbZ gqoSykA Jh ds-,e- eqa'khb.kjh jpuk fo- la- 1457 esa ekuSaA

izeq[k jpuk ^dkUgM+&ns&izcU/k* jpuk le; & ¼fo-la- 1512½

2- iùukHk &

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh iSyh dkO; iksFkh dSbt.k okGS ^dkUgMns&izcU/k^ jk jpsrk dfo iùukHkgSA m.kka jS thou ckcr fd.kh iksFkh esa foxrokj tk.kdkjh jks dksbZ mYys[k ugha feGSA oSvkijS ckjS esa izlax eqtc vki jh jpuk ^dkUgM+ns&izcU/k^ esa pjpk djh gSA b.k fooj.k lwa

14

oS ohlyuxj ¼xqtjkr½ jk ukxj czke.k gkaA ukxj czke.k gqo.k jks oka uSa xqeSt gksA b.khokLrS oS vkijh oka.kh uSa lqjax dS;ks gS ftdh lksuxjk jh dhfrZ xko.k esa lejFk gS&

iùukHk iafMr lqdfo] oka.kh opu lqjaxA

dhjfr lksufxjk r.kh fr.kh mPpjh lqpaxAA

^dkUgM+ns izcU/k^ jk jp.kgkj iùukHk tkyksj jS v/kifr v[kSjkt jS njckj jk eueksthvkfJr dfo gkA oS ohlyuxj lwa vk;j tkyksj jS v[kSjkt jS njckj esa jS;kA vBS oka uSa^iq.; foosd* jks fo#n feG~;ksA b.k Hkkar vki jS leS jk oS pkok lqdfo vj iafMr gkA okauSa m.k cxr jS Hkwxksy vj bfr;kl jh l[kjh tk.kdkjh jS lkxS bt lekt lkL=] iqjk.k]jktuhfr] laLÑfr] /kjelkL=] tq)&dGk] jh bZ [kklh vksG[k ghA b.kh okLrS oS vkijhjpuk esa vka lxGk jks rjdlaxr oj.kkao ekaM ld~;k gSA tq)dyk ckcr dfo jS X;ku jks[kqyklks vS vksfG;ka djS&

yksgka r.kh ÅdkjdfMÅMh] ;af= iqVrm lwjA

lejax.kh uhlka.k /kzlwD;k j.k dkgy j.krwjAA

cht rf.k ifj yksg] >cwdb] Fkjgj dk;j dkaibA

ikNm ik; uheawdb ik;d] Hkwfe vkfxyh pkaibAA

doslj iùukHk ^dkUgM+nsizcU/k* jh jpuk tkyksj jS jktk v[k;jkt jS lklu dky esa fo-la- 1512 esa djh] ft.kesa oS tkyksj jS pkSgkuoalh jktk dkUgM+ns jS fo#n jks c[kk.k dj~;ksgSA b.kesa vusdwa ,sfr;fld ?kVukoka vj tq)ka jks oj.kko gS] T;ka jS ika.k bfr;kldkj MkW-n'kjFk 'kekZ b.k uSa vsd vsfr;kfld jpuk ekuh gSA vk dfo jh vdsyh jpuk gSA b.kvUrjlk[k jS vk/kkj ekFkS dfo jS leS jks vuqeku yxk;ks tk ldSA iùukHk jh yksdfiz;rkvj jpuk esa txka&txka m.kjh Bkoh lksp jks c[kk.k gq;ks gSA vr% dfo b.k leS izkS<+ vk;qjks rks jS;ks bZ gqoSykA vFkkZr~ ^dkUgM+&ns&izcU/k* jh jpuk jS leS dfo tS 50&55 cjlka jksjS;ks gqoS rks b.k jks tGe fo- la- 1460&65 jS vk[krh&ik[krh ekU;ks tk ldSA

3- tkaHkksth & le; fo- la- 1509 lwa 1592

tkaHkksth fcLuksbZlaiznk; jh l#vkr dj.kokGk lar gkA b.kk jks tGe fo- la- 1508 jhHkknok fcn 8 lkseokj uSa ukxkSj ijxuk jS ihiklj xkao esa gq;ksA vS tkfr lwa iaokj oalhjtiwr gkA tkaaHkksth jS firkth jks ukao yksgVth vj ekrk jks ukao galknsoh gksA Vkcji.kSesa tkaHkksth de cksyrk gkA m.kka jh b.k izofr ds dkj.k yksx okauS xwaxks vj xgyks dSorkgkA oka jh b.k xSykbZ uSa vk?kh dj.k okLrS yksgVth ?k.kk tru dj~;k i.k vks m.kka jksxSyksi.k uh gq;^j bZLoj lk: xS jh vuqjfä ghA MkW- ghjkyky ekgsLojh m.kka jS ledkyhudfo vsd dfoÙk uS vk/kkj c.kk*j tkaHkksth jS thou jh foxr uSa rhu fgLlka esa ckaVS&

1- lkr cjl rkabZ ckyyhyk

2- lÙkkbZl cjlka rkabZ xk;k pjkbZ

3- bD;kou cjl jh mej yx lcn&dhjruA b.k Hkkar fo- la- 1593 jh fexlj fcn ueuSa oS nsg R;kx djhA

ek;rka jh fejR;q iwBS tkaHkksth iwjh rfj;k lwa cSjkxh c.kxkA fo- la- 1542 jh dkfrx cnvkBe uSa lejkFkG ¼uks[kk&chdkusj duS½ esa ^fcLuksbZ laiznk;* jh Fkkiuk djhA cs iwjs thou¼fo- la- 1591] fexlj fcn ue½ lejkFkG esa jS;^j oS vkijS laiznk; jS izpkj&izlkj lkxS

15

lkekftd vj ?kkjfed folerkoka uaS esV.k esa ykxk jS;kA tkaHkksth jh lekf/k eqdke^ esa gSA

tkaHkksth dkuh lwa Fkjihft;SM+k ^fcLuksbZlaiznk;* jk 29 fu;e gSA vka jks iky.k djf.k;ks bZ^foLuksbZ* dghtSA

1- gj fnu lqokjS fluku dj.kks 2- rhl fnuka yx tue lwrd eku.kks 3- ikapw fnuka yxjtLoyk uSa ?kj jS dkeka lwa U;kjks jk[k.kks 4- lhG jks iky.k] 5- larksl&iky.k 6- ckjyh vjeka;yh ifo=rk jk[k.kks 7- rhu cxr la/;k mikluk dj.kks 8- fla>k leS vkjrh vj gfjlqfej.k dj.kks 9- fuLBk vj izse Hkkao lwa gou dj.kks 10- ik.kh] bZa/ku vj nw/k uSa Nk.k ch.k^jcjrht.kks 11- oka.kh&la;e 12- {kek&n;k /kkj.kks 13- pksjh 14- fuank 15- >wB 16-okn&fookn jks R;kx dj.kksA 17- vekol uSa cjr jk[k.kks 18- foL.kq jks tki dj.kks 19-thon;k iky.k 20- yhyS :a[kka uSa uha dkV.kks 21- dke

& Øks/k] yksHk&eksg jks neu dj.kks 22- cGn uSa cf/k;k uha dj.kks 23- ijksidkjh ilqoka jhj{kk dj.kks 24- Hkkstu ¼jlksbZ½ vkijS gkFkka lwa c.kko.kks 25- vey 26- rEckdw 27- Hkkax] 28e| vj 29 uhy jks R;kx dj.kksA

tkaHkksth vsd lar gkA m.kka jh okf.k;ka esa fujxq.k&fujkdkj jh mikluk dfjth gS ftdhlcn] okf.k;ka vj lkf[k;ka :i esa feGSA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh tkaHkksth jS lkjS lkfgR;uSa vsdBks dj^j ^tEHkok.kh^ ukao lwa izdkflr dj~;ks gSA Jh lksguyky xksnkjk Hkh tkaHkksthdh ^lcnok.kh^ iqLrd NikbZ gSA vka lcn&okaf.k;ka esa dfo jh LokuqHkwfr jh vfHkO;fDr jSvykok leS&leS iS nwtka [kkrj dS;ksM+h ckrka vusdwa vkSljka ekFkS m.kka jh ladkoka vj m.kkajk lek/kku] ftX;klkoka] psrko.kh vkn eqtc lcn vj O;k[;koka lkfey djhth gSA

vka okaf.k;ka jS ika.k tkaHkksth jS nkjlfud fopkjka jks [kqyklks gqoSA m.kka jS eqtc eqxrh okLrsxq: jS fujnsl.k esa foL.kq ti vj lRlax t:jh gSA ftdks lxGk jks ekfyd gS] oks bZtkaHkksth jks czã gSA vks fujkdkj vj ljc&O;kid gSA b.k czã jk vusdwa uke gSA fjrqokajh Hkkar bt vkRek ljhj cnGrh jSoSA b.k Hkkar tkaHkksth iqujtye vj dje&fl)kUrkaekFkS bZ foLokl djSA

tkaHkksth jh ekurk gS dS T;wa fQVdM+h tG jS xanGsi.k uSa uLV djS R;wa bZ Jhen~Hkxor xhrkfeu[kka jS eu jh lxGh xanxh :ih ladkoka jks lek/kku dj^j m.k uSa lq) c.kkoSA tkaHkksthti&lk/kuk uSa egRo nsoSA b.k lk/kuk jS ika.k oS ewjr iwtk jk fojks/kh y[kkoSA okajh ekurkgS dS 68 rhjFk rks feu[kak jS fgjnS esa gS] i.k dksbZ xq:eq[kh feu[k bZ m.kesa fluku dj ikoS& ^^vM+lfB rhjFk fgjnS Hkhrj] ckgfj yksdk pk:A^^

4- bZljnkl & ¼le; fo-la- 1575 & 1675½

ekjokM+ jkt jS jko /kwgM+ jS iksGikr jksgfM+;k pUnz jh lkroha ih<+h esa ekjokM+ jkt jSHkknjsl xkao esa fo- la- 1575 esa bZljnkl th jks tGe gq;ksA vBkjS cjl jh mej esa v.kkajS ekrk&firk jh fejR;q gq;xhA oS vkijS dkdk vklkuan ckjgB duS jS;^j fl{kk&nh{kkizkIr djhA dkdk vklkuanth] firk lwtkth vj nknkslk xks/kkth lxGk bZ dfork djrkgkA m.kak jh dfork jks bZljnklth ekFkS iwjks izHkko iM~;ksA

20&21 cjl dh mej esa oS vkijS dkdk vklkuan th lkFkS }kjdk tkorh osGk ekjx esatkeuxj jS jkoG tke ¼fo- la- 1561&1618½ jk esgeku jS;kA m.kka jh dkO; izfrHkk uSns[k^j jkoG tke] oka uSa vki jS vBS iksGikr jk[k fy;ka vj ØksM+ ilko uS lpk.kk ukaojks xkao ns;^j m.kka jks eku c/kk;ksA b.k ckcr vks nwgks izpfyr gS&

16

ØksM+ ilko bZlj fd;kS] fn;kS lpk¡.kksa xkeA

nrk fljkse.k nsf[k;kS] txlj jkoG tkeAA

tkeuxj esa jSork dfo bZljnklth ihrkEcj HkV~V lwa laLdr Hkklk lh[kh vj iqjk.k vkfnxzaFkka jks X;ku izkIr dj~;ksA b.k ckr jks oS vkijh jpuka ^gfjjl^ esa [kqyklks dj~;ks gSA oSm.kka jks vkHkkj ekurka fy[;ks&

ykxw¡ g¡w igyh yqGS] ihrkEcj xqj ik;A

Hksn egkjl nsf[k;ks] Hkkxor izkesa tkl ilk;AA

bZljnkl th nks C;ko dj~;kA nksbZ tksM+k;rka lwa oka jS ikap csVk tGE;k & txkth] pwaMkth]dkUgth] tSlkth vj xksikythA

pkGhl cjlka yx bZljnklth tkeuxj esa jS;^j vkijS xkao Hkknjsl vk;X;kA cBS bZ xqMkjS duS yw¡.kh unh jS fdukjS oS jSo.k ykxkA vBS bZ fo- la- 1675 esa 80 cjl jh mej esa m.kkajh fejR;q OghA

bZljnklth fo}ku] vj fljS dfo jS lkFkS bZ ije Hkxr i.k gkA okauS flf);ka izkIr gh] T;kajS QG lwa oS ej~;ksM+S feu[k uSa bZ thfor dj nsork gkA b.k ckcr vusdwa nar dFkkokaxqtjkr] dkfB;kokM+ vj jktLFkku jS tu&lekt esa izpfyr gSA m.kak jS b.k vn~HkqrO;fDrÙo lwa bZ oS ^bZljk lks ijesljk^ lacks/ku lwa bZ vksG[khtSA vka egku~ xq.kka lwa lEiUudfo bZljnkl vkijS thou dky esa ?k.kdjh ukeh jpukoka jks fljt.k dj;ks] T;ka esa lwa17 jpukoka ?k.kh pkoh gqbZA dfo jh jpuk oka esa ^gfjjl* fljS gSA

vka jpukoka lwa y[kkoS dS bZljnklth fiaxy vj fMaxy lSyh jk Bkok dfo gSA m.kka jhHkklk esa vsd izokg gSA b.k izokg uSa m.kka jk cjrhft;k eqgkojka vj Vdlkyh fMaxGlcnkoyh vj izlax eqtc vjch&Qkjlh jh lcnkoyh vkxS o/kk;ks gSA lknjL;ewydvyadkjka jS lkFkS bZ O;ktLrqfr vj LokHkkoksfä tSM+k vyadkjka jh vksi tksbZ tk ldSA Nankaesa dfo jk fiz; Nan nwgk] lksjBk] vk;kZ] dq.MfG;ka in vkfn Nan gSA laoknka jh lq?kM+rkdfo jh ekSfyd fiNk.k gSA

5- nqjlk vk<+k& ¼fo- la- 1592&1699½

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa pkj.k dfoljka esa nqjlk vk<+k jks ukoa fljS jS;ks gSA vka jks tyeekjokM+ jkt jh lkstr rglhy jS xkao /kwanGk esa fo- la- 1592 esa gq;ks nqjlk vk<+k jS firkthjks ukao esgkth vj eka jks ukao /kUuhckbZ gksA ckGi.kS lwa bZ nqjlkth ?k.kh bZ vc[kk;ka >syhABkdqj ijrkifla?k lwaMka lwa feG.k iNS m.kka jks Hkkx peD;ksA m.kk jS lg;ksx lwa okuS /kwanGkjks iêks feG~;ks] ft.kjks oj.kkao dfo b.k Hkkar dj~;ks gS&

ekFkS ekbrkoka] tue r.kks fdj;koj ftrksA

lwaMks lq/k ikrkag] ikG.k cqf) jks vUnktAA

nqjlk vk<k nks C;ko dj~;kA ltkrh; nks tksM+k;rka jS vykok m.kka jh vsd iklokudsljckbZ Hkh ghA nqjlk th jk vk[kjh fnu ?k.kk nksji esa xqtj~;kA ikfjokfjd dGg lwatkxhj rhU;wa csVk ¼lknwG] deth vj txeky½ [kqn ys yhuhA vsd lks chl cjl jh mejesa nqjlk th jh fejR;q fo- la- 1699 esa ikapsfV;k xkao esa OghA

nqjlkth fo}ku vj cqf) dkSlG jk /kuh gkA m.kak jS b.kh xq.k lwa oS vdcj njckj esa Bkohtkxka ys; ldkaA vdcj njckj esa jSork m.k cxr jh ifjfLFkfr;ka nqjlkth uSa vsd BkoS

17

dfo jS :i esa Fkji.k esa enÙk djhA m.kka jh dfork pkj.k lSyh lwa FkksMh gV^j ghA oS Qxr^yk[kilko* vj ^dksM+ilko* [kkrj dfork uha djrk gkA m.kka jh dfork jks mÌsL; m.kcxr jh xqykeh lwa futkr iko.kks gksA lekt esa jkLVªh; Hkkouk txko.kh vj Lora=rk jSegÙo jh vksG[kka.k djko.kks gksA b.k okLrS bZ oS irlkg vdcj] eksVkjktk mn;fla?k vjchtk jkoka&tkxhjnkjka lwa eksdslj cxlhlka vj ilko ik;kA m.kka jh dfork fuLi[k vjeu jh lkaph vfHkO;fDr gSA

nqjlk vk<+k vkijS leS jk okrkoj.k lwa lh[k ys;^j uhpS fy[kh jpukoka vj fMaxyxhrka jksfljt.k dj~;ks&

1- fo:n fNgÙkjh 2- jko lqjrk.k jk >wy.kk 3- jktk ekufla?k jk >wy.kk 4- chjens lksGadhjk nwgk 5- fdjrkj ckouh 6- dqaoj vtkth jh Hkwpjeksjh jh xtxr 7- Nan pkGduslekrkth jks 8- >wy.kk jko vejfla?k xtfla?kksr jk 9- >wy.kk jko es?kk jk 10- dj.k jkeksrjk nwgk 11- QqVdj xhrA

vka jpukoka esa Qxr fdjrkjckouh* bt vSM+h jpuk gS ft.kesa dfo pfjr uk;dka jS ojpLojS c[kk.k jh ctk; m.k leS jh tkfr;ka vj feu[kka jS ekjQr lkekftd thou jks ifjpSlkeh jk[;kSA

6- le;lqUnj ¼fo- la- 1610 & 1700½

le;lqUnj [kjrjxPNh; vkpk;Z ftupaUnz lwfj jk flL; gkA b.kk jS firkth jks ukao:ilh iksjokM vj ekrk jks ukao yhykns gksA vkijks tGe fo- la- 1610 jS yxS&VxSekuhtSA cknh gj[kuanu jS xhr esa vkbZ vksGh ^^uo;kSouk Hkj la;e lax jákS ^ lwa y[kkoSd r:.k vksLFkk esa bZ vki nh{kk yhohA fo- la- 1649 esa vka uSa ykgksj esa okpukpk;Z mik/;k; in nhjhft;ksA le;lqaanj jh flL;&ijEijk fo- la- 1822 yx feGSA vka esa lwagj[kuanu vj dqlypan mik/;k; ?k.kka izfl) jS;k gSA

dkO;] O;kdj.k] Nan] vyadkj] tksfrl] vkn fol;ka ekFkS le;lqUnj ?k.kh jpukoka jphAoS dbZ jpukoka jh Vhdkoka i.k fy[khA vka Vhdkoka jks laiknu vxjpan ukgVk ^le;lqUnjØr dqlekatyh^ ukao lwa dj~;ks gSaA le;lqUnj tSu vj tSuS+Ùkj x| vj i| esa 563jpukoka jks fljt.k dj~;ksA vkykspd oka uSa vki jS leS jk lc lwa EgksVk xhrdkj ekuSAle;lqUnj jh ^exkorh jkl*] ^lhrkjke pkSibZ*] ^flagylqr pkSibZ*] ^l=qat; Lrou* vknjpukoka jks vtS bZ tSu lekt esa ?k.kh Åaph BksM+ y[kkoSA laLdr Hkklk esa jfpr ^^jktk uksnnrs lkS[;e~** vkB yk[k vjFk nso.k okGh jpuk gSA b.k xzaFk uSa le;lqUnj ykgksj esa iwjksdj~;ksA lezkV vdcj [kqn jk gLrk{kj lwa b.k jpuk jks foekspu dj^j dfo uS lwaihA Åijfy[;ksM+h jpukoka jS vykok mYys[k tksx jpukoka gSa&Hkkolrd ¼fo- 1641½] nkulhy riHkkouk laokn ¼fo- 1662½] j.kdiqj Lrou ¼fo- 1676½] oYdy phjh jkl ¼fo- 1681½]oLrqiky&rstiky uks jkl ¼fo- 1682½] paid&Js"Bh uh pkSibZ ¼fo- 1695½] /kunÙk pkSibZ¼fo- 1696½] lk/kqoanuk ¼fo- 1697½ vknA

7- ek/kkSnkl ¼fo-la- 1612 &1690½ &

vs nf/kokfM+;k xksr jk pkj.k pwaMk jk csVk gkA b.kka jks tGe fo- la- 1610 vj fo- la- 1615jS fcpS tks/kiqj jkt jS cGwank xkao esa gq;ks ekuhtSA vkijh xk;h jk pksj eqlyekuka lwa tq)djrk gq;k fo- la- 1690 jS vk[krh&ik[krh vka jh fejR;q OghA

ek/kksnkl tks/kiqj jS egkjktk lwjfla?k jk jkt;kfJr dfo gkA ^csfyfØlu :def.k jh* jk

18

&jpsrk jkBkSM+ fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ lwa vka jh pks[kks gsr&vi.kkl ghA oS m.kka jS dkO; jh izlalkdjrk fy[;ks gS&

pwaMs p=Hkqt lsfo;kS] rrQG ykxkS rklA

pkj.k thokS pkj tqx] ejkS u ek/kkSnklAA

ek/kkSnkl n/kokfM+;k vsd Hkxr dfo gkA ^jkejklks* vj ^Hkklknle Lda/k* ^jkedFkk* vj^xteks[k* ftlh egrkÅ jpukoka fljthA ^Hkklk nle Lda/k* rks feGS ugha i.k ^jkejklks*jh vusdwa iM+fyfi;ka iksFkh[kkukoka esa miyC/k gSaA b.kjks izdkl.k lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyhlwa gq; pwD;ks gSA ek/kkSnklth jh dfoRo lSyh jks vsd mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

HkjFk ;k lc j?kqukFk cM+kbZ]

of/k dfi ckfy lqxzho fuoktS dsda/kk BdqjkbZAA 1 AA

ee cy gh.k vyi lk[kkfezx fudqV lfyr u cqnkbZA

jke izrki L;a lkS tkstu my¡?kr iyd u ykbZAA 2 AA

8- gsejru lwfj ¼fo-la- 1611 &1690½ &

jktLFkkuh lkfgR;&fljt.k esa tSu dfo;ka jks ywaBks ;ksxnku jS;ks gSA vS tSu eqfu] vj ;frmikljak esa tSu Hkxrh jS izpkj&izlkj lk: tSu vj tSusÙkj folS&oLrq ekFkS lkfgR;fljt.k djrk jSork gkA vSM+k bZ tSu dfo;ka esa b.k leS jk vsd mYys[k tksx dfo gS &gsejru lwfjA tSu nh{kk jS iSyka m.kka jks dkabZ uke gks] m.kka jS ekrk&firk vkn jka ukao dkabZgk \ b.k ckcr dksbZ tk.kdkjh ugha feGSA tSu dfo;ka ckcr vk lqfo/kk t:j gS dS nh{kkiNS m.kka jh xq:&ijEijk vj jpukoka jS vk/kkj ekFkS oka ckcr tk.kdkjh lqyHk gq; ldSAvBS gsejru lwfj jh jpukoka jS ekjQr bt m.kka jS ckjS esa FkksM+h ?k.kh tk.kdkjh nh tk jhgSA

doslj gsejru lwfj vkijS thoudky esa tdh uks jpukoka jks fljt.k dj~;ks & cs gS^vHk;dqekj pmibZ* ¼fo- la- 1636½] êfgiky pmibZ* ¼fo- la- 1636½] ^xksjkckfny&iù~e.khpmibZ* ¼fo- la- 1645½] ^'khyorh dFkk* ¼fo- la- 1673½] ^yhykorh pmibZ* ¼fo- la- 1673½]^jkejklks*] ^lhrk pfjr*] ^txnack ckouh* vj ^lfuLpj Nan*A vka jpukoka esa lwa iSyh ikapjpukoka jk laor fy[k;ksM+k gS] T;ka jks jpukdky fo- la- 1636 lwa fo- la- 1673 yx gSAb.klwa [kqyklks gqoS dS iSyh jpuk ^vHk;dqekj pkSibZ jh jpuk jS leS gsejru lwfj jh mej25 cjl jS;h gqoSykA b.k nhB lwa m.k jks tGe fo- la- 1611 jS vk[krh&ik[krh gq; ldSA

dfolj gsejru lwfj jS vsd psyk dqaojlh jh jpuk ûoiYyo ik'oZukFk^ esa feY;k mYys[klwa gsejru fo- la- 1681 yx thaork gkA b.k izek.k lwa fo- la- 1681 esa gsejru jh vk;q70 cjlka jS yxSVxS fl) gqoSA vka lxGk izek.ka lwa MkW- mn;fla?k HkVukxj jh ekurk gS dSdfo b.k jS iNS 9&10 cjlka yx vkstwa thfor jS;ks gqoS rks m.kka jh fejR;q fo- la- 1690yx gq; ldSA b.k Hkkar gsejru lwfj jks thoudky fo- la- 1611 lwa fo- la- 1690 jS fcpSgqoSA

în~euh pkSibZ* jh izlfLr esa egkjk.kk izrki jS mYys[k vj Hkkeklkg jS HkkbZ rkjkpUn jh b.kuSa fy[k.k jh izsj.kk Hkh dfo jS thoudky vj jpukdky jh iqfLV djSA

9- egksik/;k; /keZo)Zu ¼le; fo- la- 1700&1784½ &

dfo jks vks nh{kk ukao gSA nh{kk jS iSyka vka jks ukao /kjelh gksA iksFkh[kkuka esa vka jh jpukoka

19

vka nksuwa ukaoka lwa feGSA

dfo /keZo)Zu jS ekbr] oal] tGe BkSM+ jh Bkoh tk.kdkjh uh feGS i.k dfo jh jpuk^JSf.kd pkSibZ* jh vka vksfG;ka &

^^y?kqo; esa mx.khlosa o"ksZ] dh/kh tksM+ dgkos]

vk;ks ljl opu dks b.kesa] lks lrxq: lqilk; jSAA^^

jS vk/kkj ekFkS dfo jks tGe fo- la- 1700 r; dj~;ks tk ldS gSA vka jks tGe vkslokGifjokj esa gq;ksA b.k vk/kkj lwa vks d;ks tk ldS dS vkijh fl{kk&nh{kk NksVh mej esa bZgq; pqdh ghA [kjrjxPN jS vkpk;Z ftujRulwfj jS iV~V/kj ftupanz lwfjth jh nh{kkuanh&ukekoyh jS eqtc vkijh nh{kk fo- la- 1713 pSr cnh 6 uSa lkapksj uxj esa OghA m.khcxr vki jks ukao cnG^j nh{kk xq: ftupanz lwfj th vka uSa /keZo)Zu ukao fnjk;ksA nh{kkjS leS b.kkjh mej 13 clj jh ghA

b.k Hkkar /keZo)Zu jk nh{kk&xq: ftupanz lwfj gkA dfo jh jpukoka jS ika.k ftupanz lwfjjk flL; mik/;k; lk/kq dhjrhth lwa oS vkijh xq:&ijEijk tksMS+A nh{kk jS mijkar xq:fot;g"kZ th jS duS jS;^j vki O;kdj.k] U;k;] dkO;] tSukxe] vkn jks xgu v/;;udj~;ksA fcgkj] tSlGesj] tks/kiqj] pansjh] fljlk] nsjkoj] ykSnzok] esM+rk] lwjr] l=qat;]vkcw] la[ksLoj] lkapksj] vkn txkoka jh ;k=koka djhA

vkijh fo}rk lwa izHkkfor gw;*j xPNuk;d ftupanz lwfj fo- la- 1740 esa vkiuSmik/;k; in jks eku fn;ksA chdkusj jk egkjktk vuwifla?k th] tSlGesj jkoG vejfla?k]tks/kiqj ujsl tloarfla?k Hkh vkiuSa lEekfur dj~;kaA vkijh fc}rk esa X;kufryd]dkUgth] dhfrZlqUnj] X;kuoYyHk flL;Ro /kkj.k dj~;ksA

/keZo)Zu jh fejR;q fo- la- 1784 jh cSlk[k cfn 13 uSa OghA vkijS thou& dky esa jphthjpukoka jks ykjS mYys[k dj pqD;ka gkA vka jh lxGh jpukoka jks izdkl.k 'kknwZybaLVhV~;wV] chdkusj lwa /keZo/kZu xzaFkkoyh^ ukao lwa gq; pqdks gSA Hkxrh] uhfr] tSu pfjr vjvk[;ku lwa lEcfU/kr vS jpukoka tSu lSyh esa eaMhth gSA dkO;Ro vj njl.k lwa Hkjiwj vkajpukoka jh tSu&lkfgR; esa bZ uh lkjS e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh dkO; esa Bkoh BkSM+ gSA

10- egkjktk ekufla?k ¼fo- la- 1839&1900½ &

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk twuS lkfgR; esa egkjktk ekufla?k jh vsd fujokGh vksG[kka.k gSA oS cgqHkklk foX; vj fofo/k fol;ka uSa ys;^j lkfgR; fljt.k dj~;ksA vsM+k egku~ dfo jks tGeesgjkux<+ ¼tks/kiqj½ esa ek?k lqn bX;kjl fo- la- 1839 xq:okj uSa gq;ksA ckGi.kSa esa bZ ek;rkajS ykM&I;kj lwa vGxk gqo.k lwa vj m.k cxr jh jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka jS dkj.k nknkslkfot;fla?k th vkijh ikloku xqykcjk; jS lkFkS oka uSa tkyksjx<+ f[kank; fn;kA mBS bZ b.kkajks iky.k&iksl.k gq;kSA

ekufla?k th jh l:vkrh Hk.kkbZ rks vO;ofLFkr bt jS;h i.k tkGksj fdyS esa ia- laHkwnRrtkslh c.klwj tqxrk vkn jS laj{k.k esa jS;^j oS laLÑr Hkklk vj dkO; jh i<+kbZ djhAck¡dhnkl vkfl;ka m.kka jk Hkklk&xq: gk vj vk;l nsoukFk m.kka jk /kjexq:A fo|k lk:m.kka jks xgjks yxko jS;ksA b.k ckcr vks nwgks izfl) gS&

tks/k clkbZ tks/kiqj] dqt dhuh cztikyA

y[kusÅ] dk'kh] fnYyh] eku djh usikyAA

ekufla?k th jks Hkfj;ks&iwjks ifjokj gks i.k m.k cxr jh jktuhfr jS dkj.k ifjokj esa vkil

20

esa Hkjiwj vfoLokl gksA jktuhfrd nkoispka jS iNS oS fo- la- 1860] ek?k lqfn ikape uSatks/kiqj jk jktk c.;kA vkijS dksy eqtc oS vk;l nsoukFk vj c.klwj tqxrk uSa tks/kiqjcqyk;^j tkxhjka lkxS m.kka jks eku c/kk;ksA vk;l nsoukFk [kkrj dkBS tqM+ko vj vaxzstkajh f[kykQr jS dkj.k ekufla?k th jk ?k.kka bZ yksx nqleh gq;xk gkA b.k okrkoj.k lwa oSekank vj ikxy lk jSo.k ykxkA oS laU;klh :i esa jSo.k ykxkA ^jkbZ dk ckx* ¼tks/kiqj½esa fo- la- 1900 jh Hkknok lqfn bX;kjl uSa m.kka jks lqjxokl gw;X;ksA

ekufla?kth uSa tks/kiqj jks jkt tkGksj jS tya/kjukFk vj vk;l nsoukFk jS vklhokZn lwafeG~;ksA b.k dkj.k oka jh ukFk&lEiznk; esa xgjh vkLFkk jks gqo.kks LokHkkfod gSA b.kvkLFkk jS dkj.k Hkkjr jS P;k: dkuh lwa oS ukFk&lkfgR; bdBks dj^j m.kka jh iM+fyfi;kadjkbZA ukFk&fo}kuka uSaa jkt esa vkJ; fnjk;ksA tkxka&tkxka ukFkeB] vLFkG] /kwf.k;kac.kokbZA ukFklaxhr okLrS dykoUrk&i[kkoft;ka uS fj;klr esa uksdj jk[;k vj iqLrdkizdk'k*uke lwa iksFkh[kkuk Fkjiuk djh vj êgkfeUnj* tSM+ks HkO; vj folkG ukFkeB c.kkok;ksA

egkjktk ekufla?k [kqn 34 ûkFk Hkxrh* jpukoka jks fljt.k dj~;ksA okajh ukFk Hkxrh ns[k^jm.kka jk vkfJr dfo Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa lar lkfgR; jh jpukoka fljthA MkW-Hkxorhyky 'kekZ eqtc vka jh la[;k 216 gSA b.k Hkkar egkjktk ekufla?k jks ukFk iaFklkfgR; uSa egrkÅ ;ksxnku jS;ks gSA QSj bZ m.kka jh ukFk lkfgR; jh eksdGh jpukoka vtSyx v.kNih gSA m.kka jh egrkÅ ukFk&Hkxrh jpukoka esa & ^vuqHkoeatjh*] ^lsoklkj*]ûkFk&pfj= izcU/k*] ^tya/kj panzksn;*] êku&iafMr&laokn*] ^tya/kj&X;ku& lkxj*]ûkFkinkoyh*] êkunlk dFku*] vj fMaxy xhr vkfn tkx pkok gSA

egkjktk ekufla?k jh ukFk&iaFk jh jpukoka esa ukFk&njl.k jkS ekSfyd fpUru i.k feGSA vSjpukoak eqDrd dkO; :i esa bt gSA gka nks&vsd jpukoka esa dfo izcU/k flYi jk mnkgj.kfeGS ckajh jpukoka egkjktk ekufla?k uSa laxhr jks xgjks X;ku gksA b.k dkj.k esa laxhr rÙojh b/kdkbZ gSA vusdwa jpukoka esa dfo jkx&jkxfu;ka vj rky vkn jks mYys[k dj~;ks gSAyksd jh iMwÙkj lSyh] ukFk&lCnkoyh vj cksy&pky jh lgt jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks iz;ksxvka jpukoka jh folslrkoka gSA

¼[k½ izeq[k jpukoka&

1- tSBoS ÅtGh jk nwgk ¼le; fo-la- 1400&1500½ &

e/;dky yx jktLFkku vj xqtjkr esa ?k.kks Hksn dksuh gksA vks Hkw&Hkkx e:xwtj iznsl vjvBS jh Hkklk ê:&xwtjh* dSbZtrh ghA b.kh okLrS vBka jh dSbZ yksddFkkoka vsd ljh[khghA vka esa lwa bZ vsd tx pkoh ^jpuk tSBoS ÅtGh jk nwgk^ gSA MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;kb.kjks jpukdky fo- 1100 gS vj Jh >osjpan es?kk.kh fo- la- 1400&1500 jS fcpS jks ekuSaAjktLFkkuh Hkklk esa b.kjk :ikUrj Hkh feGSA vk vsd yksd lSyh jh jpuk gS ft.kjks jpsrkdksbzZ vsd dfo uha gq;^j vk[kks leqnk; jS;ks gSA fol;oLrq jh nhB lwa vk vsd izsek[;kudjpuk gSA

rst fcj[kk jh vsd jkr uSa tSBoS uSa xjekl iqxko.k [kkrj ÅtGh cki jh lgerh lwa tSBoSlkxS lgokl dj SA Fkk sM S^d leS a jh mMhd i wB S ÅtGh [k qnb Z tSBo S jhjkt/kkuh iksjcUnj iwxxhA ÅtGh jS pkj.k dU;k gqo.k lwa ¼jktiwr vj pkj.kka esa HkkbZ&cSujh ekurk jS dkj.k½ tSBoks m.kuSa jka.kh :i esa uha vaxSt lD;ksA ÅtGh jS fgjnS lwa fudGhihM+ jks ?k.kks bZ ekfeZd oj.kkao vka nwgk esa gq;ks gS&

VksGh lwa VfG;kag] fgj.kka eu ekBk gqoSA

21

okyk chNfM+;kag] thoS fd.k fo/k tssBokAA

ft.k fcu ?kM+h u tk;] teokjks fde tkolhA

fcy[krM+h chgk;] tksx.k djxks tsBokAA

oS nhlS vlokj] ?kqM+ySjh ?kwej fd;kaA

vcyk jks vk/kkj] tdks u nhlS tsBokAA

nqfu;ka tksM+h nks;] lkjl uS pdok r.khA

feyh u rhth eks;] tks tks gkjh tsBokAA

2- ^Hkjrs'oj ckgqcyh ?kksj* jpukdkj 'kkfyHknzlwfj jpuk le; fo-la- 1241

b.kjk jpukdkj 'kkfyHknz lwfj gSA vS otzlsu lwfj jk flL; gk ftdk jh vsd 48 Nank jhegrkÅ dkO; jpuk ^HkjrsLojh ckgqcyh ?kksj jkl^ gSA jpuk jh iqfLidk eqtc b.kjksjpukdky fo- la- 1241 gSA vBS dfo jh vsd chth jpuk ^cqf)jklks*] jks bZ mYys[k gq;ksgSA

^Hkjrs'oj ckgqcyh ?kksj^ esa Hkjrs'oj vj ckgqcyh jks pfjr dFkhft;ks gSA ;wa rks dfo vkidkauh lwa dFkk jks dksbZ ojxhdj.k ugha dj~;ks gS] i.k v/;;u jh nhB lwa b.k uSa rhu Hkkxkaesa ckaV ldka & ¼1½ Hkjr jh fnx~fot;] ¼2½ Hkjr vj ckgqcyh jks tq) ¼3½ vj ckgqcyh jksnhf{kr gqo.kksA dFkk jS eqtc vk jpuk ohjjl iz/kku gS] i.k tSu lSyh jh jpuk gqo.k lwab.kjks vUr lkUrjl esa bt gq;ks gSA HkkbZ*&HkkbZ jS fcpS oSj&Hkko uSa feVk;^j lkapS HkkbiS jhFkji.kk dj.kks jpuk jks mÌsL; gSA b.kjh iwj.krk lk: dfo vBS lR;] vfgalk] lkfUr]Lora=rk vkn thou&ewY;ka uSa bZ Fkjfi;k gS&

tb fjlgslj dsjk iwr] voj ft vEg lgks;j nr

rs efu eku u esYgb dheb] vkybZ;k.ka >afifl bZEgbZ

ijgk vkl fd.kh dkjf.k dhtb] lkgl lbZoj flf) ojhtbZ

ghma vub gkFk gRFkh;kj] ,g ft ohj r.km ifjokjAA

dkO;&lkSLBo jh nhB lwa vk jpuk ?k.kh lcGh gSA ukVdh;&izlaxka jh ;kstuk lwa jpukesa jkspdrk vk;xh gSA vk jpuk jktLFkkuh bZ ugha lxGh ^tSu jklks ijEijk* jh vsdfx.kko.k tksx dkO; iksFkh gSA fo-la- 1125 esa jp;kSM+h vk jpuk ^e:&xqtZjh* jhizfrfuf/k jpuk gSA

3- ^olUr&foykl Qkxq* jpukdkj & jpuk le; fo-la- 1508

Jh ujksÙkenkl Lokeh b.k uSa Qkxq dkO;&ijEijk jh ywaBh jpuk crkork gq;k d;ks gS dSjktLFkkuh Hkklk dkO; esa izØfr jS vkyacu fprjkae okGh vk iSyh jpuk gSA MkW- ekrkizlknxqIr b.k uSa ?k.kh lkfgfR;d vj ljy jpuk ekurk gq;k vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; vk;Z&HkklklkfgR; jS vkfn dky jS bfr;kl jh cstksM+ jpuk FkjiSA fo- la- 1508 jh izfr jS vk/kkj ika.kb.kjks iSyks laiknu Jh dsloyky g"kkZnjk; ^/kqzo* dj~;ks vj 1952 bZ esa ^gkth eqgEenLekjd xzaFk* esa b.kuS izdkflr djk;hA MkW- ekrkizlkn xqIr jS eqtc b.kjks jpukdky fo-jh 14 oha lnh jS e/; jks gqo.kks pkfgtSA

vtS yx b.k jks jpsrk vX;kr gSA b.kesa 84 nwgka esa olUr vj yqxk;ka ekFkS m.kjS foykliwj.k izHkko jks euksgkjh fp=.k djhft;kS gSA izÑfr vj ukjh nksuqoka jks enksUeÙk fprjke]fl.kxkj jl uSa izHkkoh c.kkoSA b.kesa mdjhft;S fl.kxkj uSa ns[k^j vkfndky jh vk /kkj.kk

22

xyr lkfcr gqoS dS b.k dky esa Qxr ohj jlkRed jpukoka jh bt fljt.k gqbZA izLrqrgS vsd mnkgj.k ft.kesa ukf;dk jh fojg&O;Fkk ekFkS ft.k olUr jks foijhr izHkko iM+ jS;ksgks] i.k latksxkoLFkk esa oks bZ vusdwa dke&ØhM+koka jh izsjd c.k^j thou uSa dkaeksRlo esacnGht jS;h gSA lcn] p;u] in&ykfyR; jh nhB lwa bZ vks oj.kkao ?k.kks QwVjks c.kxks gS&

fojfg djkyh; Qkyh; ckyh; pksyh; vaxqA

fo"k e x.kb r`.k rksyb cksyb es cgq HkaxA

vsd nwtks lcn fprjke tBS vsdkauh dks;y dgwd jS;h gS rks nwth dkauh fiz; lkxStqofr;ka foykljr gSaA b.k njlko uSa ns[k^j fo/kqj tu vj fctksxf.k;ka dkenso jh e/kjh/kqu uSa vuqHko dj^j dkai.k ykx jS;h gS&

bf.k ifj dksby dwtb] iwtba ;qofr e.kksjA

fo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtb e;.k fdlksjAA

^olUr foykl Qkxq* & ykSfdd dkO; lSyhjh egrkÅ jpuk gSA vk xs; xkFkk gS tdh 84inka jp;kSM+h gSA

4- flfj FkwfyHknz Qkxq ¼foØeh 14oha lnh½ &

^flfj FkwfGHknz Qkxq jk jpsrk tSukpk;Z ftuine lwfj gSA b.kjks jpukdky foØe jh 14oha lnh jS NsdM+yS pj.k esa dwaaR;ks tk ldSA

ex/k jS jktk uan jS ea=h ldVkj jks csVks FkwfGHknz ikVyhiq= jh xf.kdk dkslk lwa izse djrksgksA ckjS cjlk rd oks m.kh jS dUgS jS;ksA firk jh fejR;q iwNS jktk m.kuSa ea=h c.kko.k lk:rsfM~;ks i.k firk jh fgR;k lwa oks ohrjkxh gq;xksA oks pkrqekZl vkijh izsfedk dkslk jhjaxlkyk esa bZ dj~;ksA dkslk m.kjS la;e&ozr uSa rksM+.k jh iwjh dksfll djh i.k FkwfGHknzvkijS ozr ekFkS vfMx jS;ksA vk[kj esa dkslk bZ oSjkx /kkj.k dj fy;ksA

jktLFkkuh Qkxq dkO;&ijEijk jh vk izphure jpuk gSA dkslk vj FkwfGHknz jh izsedFkk jksb.kesa ?k.kks bZ ekfeZd oj.kkao eaMhft;ks gSA b.kesa Qkx.k jh ctk; cj[kk jks T;knk oj.kkaogq;ks gSA ft.kjS ek/;e lwa bZ fl.kxkj jl lkeh vk;ks gSA Qkxq dkO; lSyh jh vk ?k.khvksirh jpuk gSA

5- galkmyh ¼jpukdky & fo- la- 1427½ &

fl)iqj fuoklh vksnhP; vlkbr b.kjh jpuk fo- la- 1427 esa dh/khA ia- ds'kojke dk'khjke'kkL=h jS er lwa vk jpuk tSusÙkj dfo;ka jh lclwa twuh gSA b.kjh dFkkoLrq foØepØ jhdFkk lwa tqM~;ksM+h gS ft.kesa fl.kxkj jl jS lkFkS vn~Hkqr jl jh O;atuk djhth gSA vk[khjpuk 468 Nanka vj P;kj [k.Mka esa iwjh Ogh gSA

iqjiV~Vu jks jktk ujokgu vsdj jkr uSa d.k;kiqj ikV.k jS jktk duqdHkze jh csVhgalkmyh uSa lius esa ns[k^j m.kuSa iko.k lk: mrkoGks gq; tkoSA vsd ekG.k lwa Bk iM+SdS ok rks iq:l&fojks/kh gSA rn vkijS ea=h eudslj jS Naù lwa galkmyh jS eu esa jktk jSizfr izse txk;^j nks;ka jks C;ko djkoSA b.k jpuk jS nwtS [k.M esa galkoyh jS nks csVkcNjkt vj galjkt tGeSA gal jS ;qok :i ekFkS iVjk.kh yhykorh dkekrqj gq; tkoS vjm.kjS lkEgS vkijks izse&izLrko jk[kS i.kA oks jk.kh jS izse&izLrko uSa Bqdjk nsoSA rn iVjka.khnksuwa Hkk;ka uSa ejko.k jks vknsl fnjkoSA ekudslj vkijh prjkbZ lwa nksuwa Hkk;ka uSa cpk;^jtaxG esa iqxk; nsoS] tBS oka uSa ?k.kh vc[kk;ka Hkksx.kh iM+SA

23

rhtS [k.M esa jktdqekj cNjkt vj lud Hkzejkt jh dU;k fp=ys[kk jS iz.k;&izlax jksoj.kko gSA pksFkS [k.M esa iM+uk;d iq"inUr dkuh lwa jktdqekj cNjkt uSa NG lwa leUnjesa QSad^j jktdqekjh lwa vGxh dj nso.k jks oj.kko gSA galjkt uSa latksxol dkfUruxjjS fuiwrS jktk jh ekSr iwNS mBk jks jkt feG tkoSA vkf[kj esa cPNjkt i.k m.k uSa feGtkoSA b.k Hkkar dFkk jks var lq[kkUr gqoSA

6- vpGnkl [khph jh opfudk ¼jpuk le; & 15oha lnh½ &

flonkl xkM.k jfpr vpGnkl [khph jh opfudk e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh jh ?k.kh :ikGhegrkÅ vj vsfr;kfld dkO; iksFkh gSA dfo b.k jS jpukdky jks mYys[k rks uha dj~;ks gSi.k iksFkh jS NSyS Hkkx esa ^^blh ifjR;ka yM+rka&ykxrka ejrka&ekjrka egkvLVeh Hkkjrtw/k ekrm Fkam] R;ka nwljh vLVeh vkbZ laizkIrh gqbZ ^ & vksfG;ka jS ekjQr b.kjh jpukckcr ckr t:j dh/kh gSA

jpuk jh folS&oLrq bfrgkl izfl) xkxjksux<+ ¼jktLFkku½ jS vf/kifr vpGnkl vjxqtjkr jS irlkg gkslaxlkg ¼vkeGxhj½ jS fcpS gq;ksM+S egk?kelka.k lwa gSA vk[kh dFkkvsfr;kfld gSA xks- 'ka- ghjkpan vks>kth b.k tq) jS gqo.k jks leS fo- la- 1492 dwarS rkseqlyeku bfr;kldkjka jS eqtc vks tq) fo- la- 1480 esa lEiUu gq;ksA b.k vsfr;kfld?kVuk uSa dfo flonkl xkM.k dkO; jh feBkl lwa ljl c.kk; nhoh gSA b.k ljlrk vjlthork jks ewG dkj.k [kqn dfo jks tq) esa gkftj jSo.kks gSA jpuk esa eaMhft;k lSa fprjkaem.kjh vka[;ka ns[;k gSA /oU;kRed lCnkoyh] dYiukRed nhB lwa dfo ikrlkg jh dVdjS njlko uSa vka vksfG;ka esa ohj jl Hkfj;ks c.kk; fn;ks gS&

mÙkj nkfD[k.k nsl iwj.k ub ifPNe r.kkA

[kfM+;k [kmankfGe dVd] ufe;ka ldG ujslAA

rbz lapGrb lw:a /kwa/kfG;m /kj /ke/kehA

[kmankfGe [khph fnlb fd;m i;k.km iw:AA

ohj jl jS vykok okRlY; vj d:.k jlka jk bZ ekfeZd oj.kkao ikYg.klh vj m.kk jSek;rka jh carG esa mtkxj gq;k gSA e/;dkyhu opfudk lSyh esa jphth vk vsd ywaBhjpuk gSA

7- ^dkUgM+ns&izcU/k* ¼jpukdkj dfo iùukHk jpuk le; fo-la- 1512½&

tkyksj jS lkld v[k;jkt jS lkl.kdky esa dfo iùukHk ^dkUgM+ns&izcU/k* jh jpuk fo-la- 1512 esa djhA b.kjh folS&oLrq tkyksj jS lksuxjk pkSgkuoalh dkUgM+ns ¼fo- la-1334&1362½ vj irlkg vYykmÌhu f[kyth vj ekynso vj ohjenso jS lkFkS yM+hft;Stq) lwa lEcfU/kr gSA dfo tkxak&tkxak bfr;kl vj dYiuk esa rkyesg fcBk;*j b.k dkO;uS jP;kS gSA

^dkUgM+ns&izcU/k* uSa dfo P;kj [k.Mka vj dqy 998 Nanka ¼iSyk [k.M esa 256] nwtk [k.Mesa 168] rhtk [k.M esa 251 vj pkSFkk [k.M esa 353½ esa cka/;ks gSA dfo b.kesa izcU/k lSyhjks iz;ksx dj~;ks gSA jpuk jh l:vkr xkSjhuanu x.ksl] lqjlr vj foL.kq jh oanuk lkxSOgSA dFkk bfr;kl fl) gS vj uk;d /khjksnkr gS i.k ljxka vj izÑfr oj.kkoka jS vk/kkjekFkS dSbZ fo}ku b.k uSa izcU/k jpuk dksuh ekuSA vk vsd ohjjl iz/kku jpuk gS] ft.kjksdkO; :i iokM+ks gSA MkW- vse-vsy- etewnkj iokM+k lSyh jh jpuk bt ekuSA dfo vkijSpfjr jS ohjRo uSa ?k.kSbZ vkst vj LokHkkfodrk lkxS izLrqr dj~;ks gSA vsd mnkgj.k izLrqr

24

gS&

yksg r.kh dkVdfM ÅMh ;a=h iqgrm lwjA

lejax.kh uhlka.k ?kzlwD;k j.kdkgy j.krwjAA

oht rf.k ifj yksg >cwdb] Fkjgn dk;j dkaibZA

ikNM ik; uhewadb ik;d] Hkwfe vkfxyh pkaibZAA

^dkUgM+ns izcU/k^ jh Hkklk esa yk{k.khdrk] fp=kRedrk m.kjS lkSan;Z uS c/kkoSA b.kesa m.k leSjS lekt&laLØfr jk vksirk fp=ke lkEgh vk;k gSA b.kh okLrS dfo vBS vYykmÌhu jhcsVh jS iqujtUe jh dFkk dS;h gSA Hkkjrh; laLØfr esa izhfr&lacU/kk jks v.kwFkks egRo gSft.kjks oj.kkao izLrqr gS&

iùukHk iafMr Hk.kbZ tuearfjts jhfrA

tkfr gwbZ twtwbZ] iwfB u NksMbZ izhfrAA

Hkklk&foX;ku jh nhB lwa b.k jpuk jks lSaBksa egRo gSA b.kesa iqjk.kh jktLFkkuh jk vb] vm:i cjrhft;k gSaA

8- ehjka&inkoyh&

ehjkackbZ lEiznk; fujis[k HkDr dfo;ka esa fljekSj gSA m.kka jS bLV fØl.k jh Hkxrh] izse]fojg esa xkbZft;ka inka jks laxzS bt ehjka inkoyh ukao lwa vksG[khtSA fo}kuka eqtc vka inkajh la[;k U;kajh&U;kajh gSA i.k izks- ujksÙkenkl Lokeh jS eqtc ehjka jk 101 in btizkef.kd gS] ft.kjks laiknu oS ehjka eqäkoyh ukao lwa dj~;ksA b.k laiknu jS vykokjktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa ehjkackbZ jS inka jk vS laiknu i.k pkok jS;k gS&ehjka ogrinkoyhHkkx 1 ¼la- gfjukjk;.k iqjksfgr½ vj ehjk inkoyh] Hkkx 2 ¼la-MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor½A

^ehjkackbZ jk in^ gh;S lwa fudY;ksMS izseksPNokl jh lgt vfHkO;fDr gSA vkijS vkjk/;^fxfj/kj xksiky^ jh foy{k.k :iNVk jS izr m.kka jh vklfDr gj in esa y[kkoSA fØlu izseesa erokGh ehjka fiz;re fØlu lwa feG.k jh mRdaBk vusdwa inka esa tksbZ tk ldSA ehjka jSvka ink esa latksx jh ctk; fotksx jh vuqHkwfr;ka cslh :i lwa ÅiM+h gSaA b.k okLrS btcksgksr lk fo}ku ehjka&dkO; ekFkS lwQh izHkko jks vkjksi yxkoSA tksxh vo/kwr lcnk jSmYys[k lwa dqN fo}ku okauSa ukFkiaFkh i.k ekuSaA i.k lkap vk gS d vks tksxh ehjka jks dksbZykSfdd izseh dksuhA oks rks m.kka jks vk/;kfRed vkjk/; lko Jh fØlu gSA vka inka esa ehjkajS cSjkx Hkko lwa ifjfpr gqokaA b.k :i esa ehjk jS dkO; jks iz/kku jl lkUr gSA m.kka jS dkO;jks vk/kkj bZ Hkxrh gS ft.kjks jktLFkkuh tulekt ekFkS fujokGks izHkko gSA ehjka jS inka]gjtlka] ijfp;ka vkn esa lxq.k vj fujxq.k Hkxrh jks vn~Hkqr leUo; gq;ks gSA b.k Hkkarehjka&inkoyh esa ek/kq;Z vj nSU; jks Hkko jG feG x;k gS&

Hkwyerh tktks th ekjk jktAA Vsj AA

eSa vcyk ukbZ xqlkbZ rqe esjs fljrktAA 1 AA

eSa fujxq.kh xq.k uk ¼bZ½ xqalkbZ rqe xq.koark jktkAA 2 AA

ehjka ds izHkw dc js feyksxs lj.ks eksbZ uhoktAA 3 AA

b.k lcG Hkkoi[k jS lkxS bZ ehjka&inkoyh jks dyki[k i.k ljko.k tksx gSA lkn';ewydvyadkjk lkxS bt mnkgj.k vjFkkUrjU;kl ohIlk] vR;qfDr] vuiqizkl tSM+k vyadkj b.kjhvksi c/kk; jS;k gSA ehjka vkijS inka esa lkL=h; jkx&jkxfu;k uSa cjrht^j m.k jS fujokGh

25

lkaxhfrd jpuk c.kk; nhoh gSA ihyw] dsnkj] fogkx] dkeksn ekydkSal ehjka jh fiz; jkxkagSa] ftdh Hkxrh jh vfHkO;fDr dj.k esa bZ l{ke gSA vS jkxka lkj] foL.kqin] leku] loS;k]rkVad] dq.My] nwgk Nank esa ca/;ksM+h gSA

vka inka esa oj.kkoka jh cksgksGrk gSA vkbZ m.kka jh dkO; lSyh gSA dof;=h vka oj.kkoka lwa?k.kh bZ ?kVukoka jks mYys[k i.k dj;ks gS] T;ku&

nknqj eksj iihgks cksyS] dksey lcn lq.kkoSA

dkjh vaf/k;jh fctjh pedS] fojg.kh vfr MijkoSAA

lSoV] ^ehjk&inkoyh^ vsd eqäd dkO; jpuk gS] ft.kesa oS vkdkl fogkfj.kh dks;yM+h jhnkbZa izse lq[k izlwr&Hkxrh jl lwa ljkcksj xhr xk;k gSA

9- Nan jko tSrlh jm&

fo- la- 1591&98 fcpS jphft;ks Nan jko tSrlh jm dS jko tSrlh jks Nan chBw lwtk jhvsd ywaBh dkO;&jpuk gSA b.kesa ckcj jS nwtksM+s csVS dkejku vj chdkusj ujsl jko tSrlhjS tq) esa oj.kkao djhft;ks gS dkejku dkcqy vj iatkc jks gkfde gks] ftdks b.k tq) esagkj~;ksA jpuk jS l: esa dfo tSrlh jS oMsjka jh foxr ekaMh gSA lG[kksth] jko yw.kdj.kvkn jh oalkoGh nso.k iwBS jko chdk vj yw.kdj.k jks foLrkj lkxS oj.kkao izLrqr dj~;ksgSA 224 Nanka jS iNS tSrlh jS tq) jh foxr ft.kesa m.kjh lsuk] vL=&lL=] ?kksM+ka] ohjrkvkn jks ywaBks oj.kkao gSA b.k Hkkar bfr;kl jh nhB lwa vk ?k.kh egrkÅ jpuk gSA

jpuk jks ewy Nan ik/kM+h gSA 385 ik/kM+h ¼i)fM+½ Nank jS vykok 11 xkgk] 4 nwgk vj vsddfoÙk Nan bZ jpuk esa cjrhft;ks gSA dkO;:i jh nhB lwa b.k uSa Egk ohj jlkRed[k.MdkO; dS; ldkaA jpuk esa dfo dkejku jS lkezkT; jh foLrkj uhfr] eqlyekulkldka jh dkeqdrk] /kuyksyqirk vkn jks lkarjks oj.kkao dj~;ks gSA dfo jks ewy mÌsL;vkijS vkJ;nkrk jS fo#n xku jS lkxS bZ jktiwr laLØfr jks c[kk.k dj.kks jS;ks gSA

10- vxM+nÙk jkl&

tSu dfo dqlyykHk vxM+nÙk jkl jks fljt.k fo- la- 1625 esa dkfrd lqfn ekol xq:okjuSa djhA b.kesa dfo tSu eqfu vxM+nÙk jS oSjkx jh dFkk dS;h gSA clUriqj jS jktk Hkhelsujks lqHkV lsukifr lwjlsu nqan tq/k esa ekj~;ks tkoSA Hkhelsu m.k izoklh lqHkV vHkaxlsu uSavkijks lsukifr c.kk;j jkt esa jk[k ySosA vHkaxlsu jS Hk; lwa lwjlsu jks csVks vxM+nÙkpaikuxjh esa Hk.ku lk: pY;ks tkoSA mBS O;ogkjh jh csVh enueatjh m.klwa izse fuosnudjSA fl{kk iwjh gqo.k iS vxM+nÙk m.kuSa ij.ku jks opu nsoSA Hk.kkbZ iwBS T;wa bZ oks vkijksopu ikyu dj.k uSa <wdS rks egktu jS ?kjS Ogh pksjh jS pksjka uSa idM.k jks chM+ks jktk ?kqek;fnjkoSA vxM+nÙk b.k chM+S uSa vaxStS vj pksj uSa lks/k jktk uSa lwaiSA

dksy eqtc oks enueatjh lwa ij.k^j clariqj dkauh c/;ksA oks ekjx jS ladVka lwa fuiVrks]vkijs firk jS fgR;kjS vHkaxlsu jks o/k dj^j vkxS c/k.k ykxks rks enueatjh dksuh feGhAok ijiq:l lkxS laHkksxjr ghA vsd uHkpkjh fo|k/kj b.k uSa nf.Mr dj.kks pk;ks i.k b.klwa iSyk bZ vsd lji m.kuSa Ml ysoSA vxM+nÙk M.kjS lkxS cG.k <wdks i.k fo|k/kj m.kuaSjksD;ksA m.kjS ijiq:l je.k jh ckr crGkbZA enueatjh }kjk vxM+nÙk uSa ekj.k jh vkQGns[k^j m.kh jkr pksj cSjkx /kkjS vj tSu /kje esa nhf{kr gq; tkoSA

vxM+nÙk&enueatjh ?kjS iwxkA vsdj vxM+nÙk Hkqtaxe pksj uS ns[;ksA m.kjS oSjkx jh foxrlq.k^j oks mBS bZ m.klwa nhf{kr gq;xksA uoS xok[k uSa ikj dj^j oks floiqjh jh izkfIr djhA

26

b.k Hkkar vkyksP; jpuk tSu lSyh jh izfrfuf/k jpuk gSA l: esa fl.kxkj jks njlkodjk;^j vUr ^'ke^ esa gq;ks gSA vk tSu izsek[;kuka jh [kkl dkO;:f<+ gSA vk[kh dFkk?kkr&izfr?kkrka] lwa Hkfj;ksM+h gSA jpuk m.k oxr L=h fl{kk vj lg&fl{kk jS vfLrRo jksbZ [kqyklks djSA ukjh pfjr jh tk.kdkjh dfo QwVjS rfjdS lwa izLrqr djh gSA

11- ukxne.k&

fØlu Hkxrh eqtc b.k jpuk jk jpsrk lk;kth >wyk gSA HkDroj lk;k th jks tGe pkj.kjh >wyk lk[kk esa fo- la- 1632] Hkknks fon ue jS fnu yhyNk xkao esa gq;ksA vka jh nksjpukoka feGS&ukxne.k vj :de.khgj.kA nksbZ jpukoka jh folS&lkexzh fØlu&Hkxrh gSvj nksbZ jpukoka esa jpukdky jks dksbZ mYys[k ugha djft;ks gSA lk;kth jh fejR;q fo- la-1703 lko.k lqfn cht uSa OghA

ukxne.k jh dFkk jks ewy L=ksr Jhen~Hkkxor esa ojf.kr dkyhukx ne.k gSA vkyksP; jpukjh dFkk Hkh ok bZ gSA i.k dfo lk;kth >wyk vkijh jpuk uSa eksfydrk lkxS izLrqr djhgSA Hkkxor esa fØlu Vkcj gqork bZ ljolfDreku ijeslj&:i esa ojf.kr gSA i.klk;kath vBS m.kka jS cky:i uSa bZ njlk;ks gSA Hkkxor esa fØlu teukth esa dwn^jdkyhukx uSa jhl jks vkSlj nsoS i.k vBS dfo dkyh ukx uSa izØfr lwa bZ jhlkGw crGkoSAdkyh njckj vj ukx&tksM+k;rka jS dkedkt jks izlax i.k eksfyd gSA xÅ egÙkk jksc[kk.k bZ dfo lk;kth jh dYiuk gSA vka izlaxka lwa dFkk&izokg uSa lkarjkbZ feGh gSA

folS&oLrq jh nhB lwa ûkxne.k^ vsd ohj jlkRde [k.MdkO; ekuhtS i.k dfo jks vBS[kkl mÌsL; Hkxoku fØlu jh yhykoka jks c[kk.k dj^j lkalkfjd nq%[kka lwa eqxrh iko.k jhbPNk gSA b.k okLrS vk jpuk Hkxrh jl okGh Hkh gSA b.kesa cky&fØlu jh jkxkuqjkxkHkxrh jh cksgksGyk gSA iqfLVekjxh fuR;kpkj gfjlsok uSa vksirS :i lwa ekaMhth gSA

ukxne.k pkj.k lSyh jh jpuk gS] ft.kesa fMaxy jks pkoks vyadkj oS.k lxkbZ jks Hkjiwjiz;ksx feGS&

vkfnesG & fOkzgk.kwa uoks ukFk] tkxks ogsyk AA 1 AA

e/;esG & fy;ka yDdM+h da/k ÅHkk gqyklS AA 10 AA

varesG & rns uan jS usl cyHknz u gqark AA 75 AA

o;.k&lxkbZ jS vykok vuqizkl] miek] :id] mRizs{kk] vfrl;ksfDr] C;kt Lrqfr vyadkjkajk bZ vksirk iz;ksx tks;k tk ldSA

mfDr&oSfp"; b.k jpuk jh egÙkh folslrk gSA ukxth&fØlu laokn] ukx.kh&teuklaokn] ukx.kh vj Fkhth yqxkofM+;ka lkxS gq;k laokn b.k jpuk jh vkRek gSA vS laoknukVdh;rk vj yksdksfDr;ka&eqgkojka lwa lEiUu gaSA b.k lwa Hkklk uSa lthork vj QwVjkiksfeG~;ks gSA ukxne.k esa cjrhft;ks [kkl Nan Hkqtaxiz;kr gSA

12- osfyfØl.k :de.kh jh&

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh fljS dkO;&jpuk ôsfyfØl.k :de.kh jh^ fljt.k chdkusj jkjkBksM+ fizfFkjkt fo- la- 1637&1644 jS fcpS dj~;ksA b.kjh dFkk jks vk/kkj Jh en~HkkxorjS nle Lda?k esa ojf.kr ^:de.kh&gj.k^ izlax gSA b.k izlax uSa osfydkj ôYyh rlq chtHkkxor^^ dS;^j vaxStSA xzaFk esa Jh fØlu }kjk :ed.kh&gj.k] m.kka jS C;ko] jfrfØM+k vjvk[kj esa iz|qEu jS tGe jks oj.kkao gSA jpuk jks dFkkud ?k.kksbZ ljy] laf{kIr vj Hkkjrh;fgUnw lekt lk: ifjfpr gSA

27

vkyksP; jpuk jS iSyS uo Nanka esa eaxGkpj.k] lxq.k&l:i jS xku jks ladYi] dfo lqyHkuezrk] iksFkh jh t:jr] ukjh:ai oj.ku jh ijEijk esa ekrRo jh egÙkk jks oj.kako djhft;ksgSA b.kjS iNS dfo :de.kh&fØlu jS C;ko] fllqiky jh cjkr] i=okgd cke.k] :de.khjS u[k&fl[k jks oj.kkao] latksx&oj.ku] fjrqoka jk fprjkae] iz|qeu jS tGe jk fprjkaeekaMSA vka lxGkk bZ oj.kkoka esa dkO;Ro jh vuks[kh NVk jk njlko gqoSA osfydkj ^ûojlrUrq fof/k vgksfulh^^ dS;^j b.kes uojlka jh fljtuka djS] Hkxrh jS lkxS fl.kxkj jh b.kesafujokGh NVk gSA fl.kxkj jk latksx vj fotksx nksbZ :ika jks vBS ?k.kks lkarjks euksfoX;kfudeaM.k gq;ks gSA :de.kh jS fgjnS esa fØlu th jS izr izse miM+xks gSA fØlu th uS oj :iesa iko.k jh vfHkyklk uSa ekaMrk dfo dSoS&

lkaHkfG vuqjkx Fk;ks efu L;kek] oj izkifr oafr ojA

gfj xq.k Hkf.k Åiuh ftdk gj] gj frf.k oUns xofjgj AA 29 AA

^dGdfG;k dqar dfG ^vksfG;k lwa vkslj eqtc ohjjl jh fljt.kk i.k feGSA b.k Hkkarôsfy^ esa dfo fizfFkjkt Hkxrh] fl.kxkj vj ohjjl jks vksirks leUo; dj.k esa lQy jS;kgSA izlax eqtc vBS jksnz] ohHkRl] Hk;kud] d:.k vj vn~Hkqr jl bZ ÅiM+;k gSA jl jhnhB lwa osfy jks u[k&fl[k oj.ku vn~Hkqr gSA Ålk vj jkr jS lgkjS] dfo :de.kh jSc/krS ;ksou jh [kcj ;wa fnjkoS&

igykS eq[k jkx izxV fFk;q izkph

v:.k fd v:.kksn vEcjAA

is[ks fdfj tkfx;k i;ksgj

la>k oan.k fj[ksljAA

osfy jks gj nksgGks vyaØr gSA vuqizkl] ;ed] mRizs{kk] oØksfDr tSM+k lCnkyadkjka jS lkxSbZ jktLFkkuh jS egrkÅ o;.k laxkbZ vyadkj jk bZ vBS vksirk iz;ksx feGS&

tai tho ugha vkorkS tka.kS] tkso.k tko.k gkj tw.kAcgq fcGlh chNM+rh ckGk] ckG la/kkrh ckGi.kAA

vFkkZyadkjka esa lokZf/kd :i lwa miek] mRizs{kk] :id vyadkj ojrhft;k gSA vka jS vykokmnkgj.k] izrho] O;ktLrqfr] vjFkkUrjU;kl] foHkkouk] vk[ksi vkn vyadkjka jk bZ lkarjkiz;ksx feGSA

osfy;ks Nan esa jphth b.k jpuk jks Hkklk&izokg] ek/kq;Z] Hkkokuqdqyrk] /oU;kRedrk b.kjSdkO;Ro esa P;kj pkan yxkoSA izØfr jS fofo/k :ika jk fprjkae jpuk jh dFkk uSa lkaHkGokaesa ?k.kk lgk;d gq;k gSA

13- j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks&

^j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks jh jpuk tks/kiqj jk dfo ealkjke lsod êaN^ fo- la- 1863 jhHkknok lqfn nle lkseokj uSa iwjh djhA vk vsd y{k.k&xzaFk jpuk gS] ft.kesa dfojktLFkkuh jks izpfyr Nan fMaxy xhr jS 72 Hksnka jks y{k.k&mnkgj.kka lkxsa foospu dj~;ksgSA vk[kh lkexzh uo foyklka esa caVhth gSA iSyk nks foyklka esa dkO;lkL=h; ikfjHkkfldlCnkoyh] o.kZ] xq.k] nX/kk[kj] nqx.k] v{kj R;kx] QGkQG] o;.klxkbZ] dkO;nksl] v[kjksV]mxr jk y{k.k Hksn] jlka jk ukao Hksn vkn jks foospu gSA ykjyS lkr foyklka esa fMaxyxhrkajks foospu gSA vks foospu Hkxoku jke jh dFkk jS ek/;e lwa djhft;ks gSA dfo jS erS b.khokLrS b.k xzaFk jks ukao ^j?kqukFk:id xhrka jks gS&

28

b.k xzaFk eks j?kqukFk xq.k vr Hksn dfork Hkkf[k;ksA

b.k ght dkj.k uke vks j?kqukFk :id jkf[k;ksAA

b.kesa ojf.kr jkedFkk jks Øe rqylh jh jkepfjrekul jS Øe gSA b.k Hkkar y{k.k xzaFk jSlkxS bZ vk vsd vuqie HkfDr dkO;&jpuk i.k gSA uoe foykl esa dfo fMaxy xhrka jSvykok nokoSr] opfudk] fulkt] tFkk] dqaMfy;k jks m.kka jS HksnksiHksn lkxS foospu dj~;ksgSA

b.k Hkkar dkO;lkL= jh nhB lwa rks vk jpuk egrkÅ gS gh] i.k dfork jh nhB lwa bZ vkjpuk fljS gSA jkepfjrekul jh nkabZ j?kqukFk:id xhrka jks Hkh vsd egkdkO; dSyko.ktksxjpuk c.k tkoSA vk ckr nwth d vkdkj jh nhB lwa vk ?k.kh y?kq dkO; jpuk gSA pfjruk;d] dFkk&mÌsL; mnkÙk gSA dkO; jh l:vkr egkdkO; lSyh esa bZ Ogh gSA

2-3 bdkbZ jks lkj

lSoV] fo- la- 1050 lwa fo- la- 1900 yx jh ifjfLFkfr;ka esa fyf[kft;ks lkfgR; ?k.kks ywaBks vj lcGgSA ohj] Hkxrh] uhfr] fl.kxkj] jhfr vkn izozfr;ka lwa tqM~;ksM+h vusdwa jpukoka b.k leS jk jpsrkoka fy[khA vkadkO;&jpukoka esa m.k tqx jS bfr;kl] lekt vj laLØfr jks iwjks njlko djkbft;ks gSA dfo fljQ lkeUrhizHkko esa bZ uha gks] dqN dfo vkijh futh lksp uSa bZ njlkork gkA b.k dky jh jpukoka jh Hkklk esa yxkrkjfodkl jks ifjpS feGSA dkO;&lSfy;ka jS :i esa tSu] yksd vj pkj.kh lSyh cjrhth gSA b.k dky jSlUr&lkfgR; uSa dqN fo}ku lar lSyh ukao lwa lacksf/kr djS] i.k vka jpukoka esa yksdrÙo jh cksgksGrk jS dkj.koS erS bZ yksdlSyh esa lekfgr gq; tkoSA b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh jks twuks dkO; vk/kqfud dkO; lajpuk jhfizLBHkkse gSA b.kjh dSbZ izozfÙk;ka vtS bZ vkijS cnGhtS :i esa lkfgR; esa tksbZ tk ldSA

2-4 vH;kl jk izLu&

¼i½ jktLFkkuh jS twuS dkO; jks vjFk le>kork gq;k b.k leS jh [kkl&[kkl jpukoka jks ifjpSdjkoksA

¼ii½ twuS jktLFkkuh dkO; jS fd.kh P;kj ekuhrk dfo;ka jS O;fDrRo vj ØfrRo ekFkS Vhika fy[kksA

¼iii½ twuS jktLFkkuh dkO; jks vjFk le>kork gq;k fd.kh nks dfo;ka vj nks jpukoka jks ifjpS fnjkoksA

¼iv½ twuS jktLFkkuh dkO; jh izeq[k izozfr;ka ckcr vkijk fopkj fy[kksA


1- la- uxsUnz & fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA

2- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

3- MkW- iq:"kksÙke esukfj;k & jktLFkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA

4- MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkuh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR;A

5- Jh lkSHkkxflag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh lkfgR;&lainkA

6- MkW- txnh'kizlkn JhokLro & fMaxy lkfgR; ¼i|½A

7- MkW- eueksguLo:i ekFkqj & dq'kyykHk % O;fDrRo vkSj dfrRoA

8- la- Hkaojyky ukgVk & /keZo/kZu xzaFkkoyhA

29

bdkbZ & 3

izeq[k jpuk % <ksyk ek:] jk nwgk & dFk] flYi vj lSyhbdkbZ jks eaMk.k&

3-0 mÌsL;

3-1 izLrkouk

3-1-1 xzaFk jks uke <+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk

3-1-2 :i&:ikUrj.k vj izknsfld :i]

3-1-3 jpsrk vj jpukdky jks fuj.kS

3-2 <+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk % dFk foospu

3-2-1 dFkk&lkj]

3-2-2 dFkk jk ik=]

3-2-3 dFk jh vsfrgkfldrk

3-2-4 dkO;&l:i]

3-2-5 dFk QqVjkiks

3-2-5-1 jl&fu:i.k

3-2-5-1 dYiukA

3-3 <+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk % flYi&foospu

3-3-1 dFkk&flYi]

3-3-2 dFkkud&:f<;ka]

3-3-3 flYi&lkSan;Z%

3-3-3-1 Hkklk

3-3-3-2 laokn&;kstuk]

3-3-3-3 vyadkj

3-3-3-4 NanA

3-4 <+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk % lSyh&foospu]

3-4-1 ijEijk jh nhB lwa]

3-4-2 vfHkO;fDr jh nhB lwa]

3-4-3 oj.kkao jh nhB lwaA

3-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

3-6 vH;kl jk izLu


3-0 mÌsL;

b.k bdkbZ jks mÌsL; fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk izkphu lkfgR; jh vsd egrkÅ vj yksd pkoh

30

jpuk ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh lkaxksikax vksG[kka.k djko.kks gSA ^<+ksyks* vj ekjo.kh dq.k gS \ vka jh izse&dFkkyksd esa fd.k Hkkar pkoh gqbZ&vka lxGh ckrka jks lqyklks djrk gq;k vBS b.k jS dFk] flYi vj lSyh jh pjpkdjkykaA lkxS gh milagkj esa b.k jpuk jS vsfrgkfld vj lkfgfR;d BkSM+ uSa /kjikaykaA

3-1 izLrkouk

<+ksyk&ek: jh dFkk jktLFkku jks ?k.kks pkoks ^yksd&izsek[;ku* gSA b.kjh yksdfiz;rk lk: vBS vsdnwgks izpfyr gS&

lksjfB;ks nwgks Hkyks] Qy ejo.k jh ckrAtkscu NkbZ /k.k HkGh] rkjka NkbZ jkrAA

gsepanz jh îzk—r&O;kdj.k* jS nk[kykoka esa ^<ksyks lcn feGSSA mBS b.k jks vjFk izse xkFkk jS uk;dlwa gSA uk;d jks ukao <+ksyks* dhdj jk[khft;ks] b.k ckcr dksbZ Bkoks izek.k dksuh feGS] i.k b.k yksd vk[;kujS uk;d jh izflf) ika.k bZ <+ksyks ukao :<+ gq;ks gqoSykA b.kh izflf) jS dkj.k b.k dFkk jS nwgk :ikUrj.k jksukao <ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ Fkjihft;ksA lw;Zdj.k ikjhd] Bk- jkeflag raoj vj izks- ujksÙkenkl Lokeh ¼laiknd½vka izpfyr nwgka jks laiknu dj^ b.kuS esa ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh lwa Niok;ksA vtS yx vks bZ izkekf.kdlaiknu ekuhtS] tn* d b.k jS iwBS nwgk :ikUrj jS vykok chtS :ikUrjka jk ?k.kk bZ lEiknu lkfgR;&txresa miyC/k gSA

3-1-1 xzaFk jks uke <+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk &

o.;Z&folS] Nan] lSyh] pfjr] ?kVuk] tkxka] uk;d&ukf;dk jS ukao] fjrq] oj.kekyk vkn jS vk/kkjekFkS dkO; jpuk jS ukaodj.k jh twuh ijEijk jS;h gSA b.kh ijEijk esa b.k jpuk jks ukao uk;d&ukf;dk vjnwgk Nan jS vk/kkj ekFkS jk[khft;ks gSA <ksyks b.k jpuk jks Qykf/kdkjh gSA b.k okLrS m.k jks ukao lclwa iSyhBkSM+ ekFkS gSA êk:* ;k êkjo.kh* <+ksyk jh ukf;dk gSA dkO; jS iSyS fgLlS esa ekjo.kh <ksyk jh lkf/kdk gS vjvkf[kj yx jh ?kVukoka ika.k vkijh vkjk/kuk lwa m.kjh ikorh <+ksyk uSa bt gqoSA b.k Hkkar l/;&lk/kd jhekurk vj Nan jS vk/kkj ika.k b.kjks ukaodj.k djhft;ks gSA b.k lhlZd esa P;kj lcn gS i.k oS y?kq gSA vr%lhlZd yk?ko xq.k lwa bZ ifjiwj.k gSA yackbZ gqork Fkdka bZ m.kesa erS bZ vkdjl.k vj ek/kq;Z vk;xks gSA

MkW- Hkxorhyky 'kekZ vkijS lks/k&izcU/k ^<+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk esa dkO;&lkSLBo] laLdfr vj bfrgkl^jks foLrkj lkxS [kqyklks dj~;ks gSA b.kh Øe esa oS lhlZd^ esa cjrhtS jk^ ckcr dSoS d ^jk 'kCn nwgk^ ¼iqfYyaxcgqopu½ ds lacU/k dkjd dh NBh foHkfDr ds :i esa vk;k gSA ^jk^ fgUnh lacU/k dkjd ^ds ds i;kZ; esa gSA^<+ksyk* vkSj êk: ds nksgs vFkZ esa jk 'kCn LokHkkfod o.kZ&;kstuk gqbZ gSA**

vkyksP; jpuk esa nwgk ewG vj ijEijkxr ^nksgk^ lcn jks jktLFkuh Hkklk eas mGFkks gS ftdks cgqopuesa cjrhft;ks gSA b.k Hkkar b.kjks lhlZd iwjh rfj;k lwa ljl] lkjFkd vj yksd&Hkkouka lwa ifjiwj.k gSA

3-1-2 :i :ikUrj vj izknsfld :i &

<+ksyks dNokg oal jS jktk ûy* ¼ujox<+&Xokfy;j½ jks csVks gksA uy jks leS fo- la- 1000 jSvk[krh&ik[krh ekuhtSA ekjo.kh* iwxG jsS jktk fiaxy jh Mhdjh ghA nksU;w jS C;ko jh ?kVuk bfr;kl izfl)gS] ft.kjh lk[k êqgrka&uS.klh jh [;kr* lkxS iqLdj jks flykys[k vj Xokfy;j jkt jks bfr;kl bZ HkjSA vkanks;ka jh vk izsedFkk rn lwa vtS yx jktLFkku vj e/; Hkkjr esa izpfyr gSA yksdfiz;rk vj ekSf[kd ijEijkjS dkj.k b.k jks ewy dysoj ¼:i vj ikB½ turk jh eulk eqtc cnGrks jS;ksA cnGko jh b.k izfØ;k esa?k.kk bZ iqjk.kk nwgk vj ?kVukoka uLV gq;xh rks fujh uqoh ?kVukoka vj nwgk jpuk esa tqM+xkA b.k ?kVrS&c/krS :ika esa rhuwa lEikndka b.kjk P;kj :ikUrj fx.kk;k gS&

1- iSyks] ft.kesa fljQ nwgk gS vj ftdk iqjk.kk gSaA

31

2- nwtks] ft.kesa nwgk vj dfo dq'kyykHk jh pkSib;ka gSaA vks :ikUrj izkphurk jh nhB lwa nwtS uEcjekFkS jk[;ks tk ldSA

3- rhtks] ft.kesa nwgk vj x|&okrkZoka gS] vj

4- pksFkks] ft.kesa nwgk] dfo dq'kyykHk jh dqN pkSib;ka vj x|okrkZoka gSaA

b.k xzaFk jk rhuwa lEikndka jS er lwa l:vkr esa vk jpuk nwgk Nan esa bt fy[khth ghA vr% vka P;kj:ikUrjka esa lwa iSyk nks :ikUrj bt egrkÅ gSA ykjyk nks :ikUrjka esa nwgk okGk val Hkksr de jS; x;kvj ftdk gS oS foØr :i esa gSA vka P;k:a bZ :ikUrjka esa ¼izf{kIrkalka½ lwa dFkkud esa Qjd vk;xks gSAlaiknd=; b.k jks foLrkj lkxS [kqyklks dj~;ks gSA rhuwa lEiknd 17 iM+fyfi;ka jS vk/kkj ekFkS b.kjks lghikB ¼izkekf.kd½ fuj/kkfjr dj~;ks gSA vka lxaGh iM+fyfi;ka esa nwgk jh U;kjh&U;kjh la[;k ghA mvka fofHkUu:ikUrjka lwa rqyuk dj^j lEiknd=; 674 nwgk uSa izkekf.kd eku^j izdkflr djk;kA b.k ckcr m.kka jhvk ekurk i.k jS;h d <ksyk&ek: jk nwgka jks l:i iqjk.kks rks gS i.k m.kka jh dksbZ cksgksr twuh iM+fyfi dksuhfeGSA

3-1-3 jpsrk vj jpukdky jks fuj.kS&

¼i½ jpsrk &

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh gkFk fy[kh iM+fyfi;ka esa feG~;k izek.kka lwa ^<+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* jS jpsrkjS :i esa dYyksy] dq'kyykHk] jkoy gjjkt] xq.ktk.k] xq.kfot;] iFohjkt] dfopan yw.kdj.kf[kfM+;k] exj] oYg <k<h vkn jk ukao lkEgh vkoSA vka ukoka ekFkS fopkj dj.k iS y[kkoS dSjktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh Hkklkoka esa dYyksy ;k dS fdYyksy jks vjFk je>ksG gqoSA b.k jS vykokjktLFkkuh Hkklk dkO; ijEijk esa dkO;kjEHk ^dYYkksy lwa dFkk dSo.kks eaxGkpj.k jh :f<+ gSA^izHkkdj xq.kkdj pkSibZ* ¼/kjeleqnz fo- la- 1573½] ^le;lqanj jh iq.;lkj pfjr pkSibZ*] ^yC/kksn; jh iùuh pfj= pkSibZ* b.kjk izek.k gSA b.k okLrS ^<+ksYkk&ek: jk nwgk* jS b.k nwgS rFkkdq'kyykHk jS cjrhtS lcn dFkk&dYyksy ika.k b.k jS jpsrk :i esa dfo dYyksy uSa eku.kksrjd laxr dksuh ykxSA b.k er jk ekuf.k;k MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] MkW- 'kHkqfla?k euksgj] ia-fo'osljukFk ^jsÅ*] eksguyky nqyhpan nslkbZ] MkW- xkso/kZu 'kekZ] MkW- txnh'k izlkn JhokLro]MkW- euksgj 'kekZ vkn gS&

xkgk xw<k xhr jl xq.k] dfoÙk dFkk dYYkksyA

prqj r.kk fpr jato.k] dgb dfo dYyksyAA

doslj dq'kyykHk vkijh jpuk ^<+ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ* esa mYys[k dj~;ks gS ^^nwgk ?k.kk iqjk.kkvNbZ pkSibZ ca/k fd;ks EgSa iNbZA^^ b.k lwa [kqyklks gq; tkoS dS dq'kyykHk iqjk.kk nwgka lkxSpkSibZ;ka jh jpuk djhA b.k Hkkar oks ^<+ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ* jks jpsrk gS] ^<+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jksdksuhA b.k jpuk jS jpsrk :i esa dq'kyykHk uSa crko.k okGk fopkjdka esa MkW- jkedqekj oekZ[kkl gSA

feJca/kq] MkW- dey dqyJs"B] MkW- xq#nsoizlkn oekZ] MkW- f'k;kjke 'kekZ vkn fo}ku ^<ksyk&ek:jk nwgk^ jks jpsrk tSlGesj jS ^jkoG gjjkt* uSa ekU;ks gS i.k dq'kyykHk vkijh jpuk^<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ esa vkijS vkJ;nkrk tSlGesj jS ^jkoG gjjkt* jh vkKk lwa m.kka jSeuksjatu ¼drwgy½ lk: fljt.k jh ckr dS;h gSA b.k iq[rkÅ izek.k lwa ^gjjkt* b.k jpuk jksjpsrk gks; uha ldS&

^tkno jkoG Jh gfjjkt] tksM+h rklq drwgy dkft*A

b.kh Hkkar iM+fyfi;ka esa feG~;k ukao ^xq.ktk.k*] ^xq.kfot;*] ^fizFkhjkt*] ^dfopan*] ^yw.kdj.k[khfM+;k* bZ iq[rkÅ izek.ka jS vHkko esa *<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* jS jpsrk :i esa dksuh vaxSft;k tk

32

ldSA gka] *<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* esa <+k<+h lacks/ku lwa nwgk jh cgqyrk feGS] T;ka esa m.kka jh cslhizlalk djhth gSA <+ksyk uSa yko.k lk: bZ iqjksfgr uSa uha Hkst^j <+k<+h uSa f[knkbft;ks gSA jktdqykaesa vks fjokt jS;ks gS d fd.k :rcS okGS lkear d m.k ifjokj jS lnL; uSa yko.k okLrS iqjksfgrbt HksT;k tkork gkA m.kk jS lkFkS <+k<+h tSM+ks chtks dksbZ tkpd tk ldrks gksA chlynso jkl*esa jkterh vkijks lansl cke.k lkxS HkstS rks ôsfy fØLu :def.k* esa bZ :de.kh vkijks lanslcke.k lkxS fØl.k duS f[kankoSA

vk ckr lkap gS dS <+k<+h b.k jpuka jh dFkk uSa QG dkauh c/kko.k esa ?k.kks lS*;ksx dj~;ks gSALotkfr jS izfr m.kka jks eksg lqHkkfod gSA b.k rfj;k¡ jks xq.kxku nwth jpukoka esa bZ feGSA <+k<+h<+ksyk&ek: dFkk uS xko.k esa bZ izoh.k ykxSA b.k [ksrj esa vka jh cjkcjh dksbZ uha dj ldSAizkphu izfr jS vHkko esa vka ladsrka uSa iq[rkÅ eku^j fd.kh <+k<+h tkfr jS dfo;k dS êxj* vjôYg* uke jS <+kf<+;ka uSa ^<+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* jS jpsrk :i esa vaxSt.kks bZ Hkwy gqoSykA

lSoV] ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS laikndka lkXkS gkeG Hkjrk gq;k ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* jS jpsrkckcr dS; ldka dS l:vkr esa b.kjks dksbZ vsd jpsrk jS;ks gqoSyk i.k b.k jh ekSf[kd ijEijkika.k c/krh tu&:fp jS dkj.k b.kjks jp.kkdkj lkjks yksd c.kX;ksA b.kh okLrS b.kesa îzf{kIrva'k tqM+rk x;kA laikndka jS lcnka esa&^^;g dkO; ekSf[kd ijEijk ds izkphu dkO; ;qx dh ,dfo'ks"k dfr gS vkSj laHko gS fd rRdkyhu turk dh lk/kkj.k vfHk:fp dks /;ku esa j[kdj]mlls izsfjr gksdj fdlh izfrHkk laiUu dfo us turk ds izhrkFkZ mlh ds euksHkkoksa dks orZekudkO; :i esa c) dj] mlds le{k mifLFkr dj fn;k gks vkSj turk us cM+h izlUurk ls blsviuh gh lkewfgd dfr ekudj daBLFk fd;k gksA^^

¼ii½ jpukdky &

vUrjlk[kh izek.kka jS vHkko esa ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jks vtS yx lgh dky&fuj/kkj.k ugha gq;lD;ks gSA cfgjlk[kh izek.k jS :i esa dq'kyykHk jS pkSibZ ca/k jh vk vksGh feGS&

^nwgk ?k.kk iqjk.kk vNbZ] pkSibZ ca/k dh;ks ebZ iNbZAA*

dq'kyykHk ^<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ* jh jpuk fo-la- 1617 jh vk[kk rht uSaa djhghA b.k lk[k jSika.k lEikndx.k crk;ks dS nwgk de lwa de 150&200 cjl iqjk.kk gqoSyk ghA b.k vuqeku lwaoS ^<+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* jS jpuk jh Åijh lhek la- 1000 ¼<+ksyk jks leS½ jS yxS&VxS vj uhpSjh lhao la- 1618 ¼dq'kyykHk jks leS½ ekurk gq;k vka nwgka jh jpuk fo- la- 1450 jS iSyh jh ekuSAm.kka jS lcnka esa & ^bu nwgksa dh jpuk la- 1450 ds ckn dh ugha gks ldrhA^^ MkW- ';keukjk;.kik.Ms; dq'kyykHk jh lk[k jS vk/kkj lwa vka nwgka jh jpuk fo-la- 1400 jS iSyka gq;ksM+h ekuSA MkW-vksekuan lkjLor ?k.kk iqjk.kk lwa vjFk 300 cjl ySork gqvk dSoS dS ^^vf/kd iqjkuh^^ oLrq rhulkS o"kZ dh ekuuk mfpr gSA nwljs] <ksyk dk le; la- 1000 dk vuqekfur gS] blfy;s uk;ddh eR;q ds 300 o"kZ ckn ds le; ls bldk fuekZ.k gks tkus dh laHkkouk Bhd yxrh gS]-----blfy;s ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* rRdkyhu yksdHkk"kk esa laor~ 1300 dsvklikl jpk x;k gSA ^?k.kk iqjk.kk vNbZ jS vk/kkj ekFkS bfrgkl fon~ ia- xkSjh 'kadj ghjkpanvks>k b.kjks jpukdky fo- la- 1500 jS yxS&VxS ekuSA oS ^?k.kk^ jks vjFk lkS cjl iqjk.kk lwaekuSA mBS bZ MkW- ukeojflag b.k uSa 15oha lnh bZ esa jfpr ekuSA MkW- 'kaHkwflag êuksgj* b.k jSjpukdky ckcr fy[kS ^^fu"d"kZr % ge <ksyk&ek: dk jpuk dky 15 oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Zesa blds vklikl ekurs gSa vFkkZr~ dq'kyykHk ls dksbZ lkS] lok lkS o"kZ igysA^^

MkW- Hkksyk'kadj O;kl vka nwgk jks jpukdky foØe jh 13oha lnh ekuSA xqtjkrh fo}kucspjnklthojkt nkslh <ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh Hkklk uSa 13oSa lbdS jS iSyka jh ekurk Fkdk b.kjks

33

leS fo- 13&14 oha lnh ekurk gq;k dSoS ^^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk jh Hkk"kk us ek/;fed jktLFkkuh:is x.ksyh NsA rsuks le; rsjek lSdk Fkh 'kq: Fkkes NSA^^ MkW- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh vkyksP;jpuk jS ckcr fy[kS ^^bldk lcls iqjkuk :i laHkor% X;kjgoha&ckjgoha 'krkCnh jgk gksxk \^^dqN b.kh rfj;k jh ekurk lhrkjketh ykGl jh jS;h ^^vxj <ksyk ds 'kkludky esa gh^<ksyk&ek:^ dh jpuk dh xbZ gks rks bldk jpukdky la- 1000 ds vklikl ekuk tk ldrkgSA^^

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* jh vusdwa gkFk fy[kh izfr;ka feGS] vka esa vk jpuk fd.kh xq.ktku dS^xq.kfot; jh fo-la- 1530 jS cSlk[k eghuS jh rht xq:okj uSa jP;ksM+h gSA izkP; fo|k izfr"Bku]fprkSM+x<+ jh vsd gLr fyf[kr izfr esa xq:okj jh ctk; lqdjokj fy[khft;ks gS i.k frfFki=dlwa b.kjh iqfLV uha gqo.k lwa vks laor~ b.kjks jpuk dky ugha ekU;ks tk ldSA vkpk;Zfo'oukFkizlkn feJ] MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] vkuanizdk'k nhf{kr] eksguykynqyhpan nslkbZ] MkW-txnh'k izlkn JhokLro] MkW- f'k;kjke frokjh] MkW- Hkxorhyky 'kekZ vkn fo}ku ^<ksyk&ek:jk nwgk^ jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1530 bt ekuSaA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh b.kjh jpuk 16oSa lbZdSjS l: esa ekuSaA Qkjcl xqtjkrh lHkk jh ik.Mqfyfi esa b.kjks jpuk dky fo-la- 1657 dFkhft;ksgS rks bfrgkldkj fo'os'oj ukFk ^jsÅ* b.kuS jkoG gjjkt jS leS fo-la- 1677 esa jphth dSoSA

b.k Hkkar ^<+ksyk&ek: nwgk^ jh jpuk ckcr fo}ku vsd er dksuhA b.k dky uSa fo-la- 1100 lwafo-la- 1677 yx [khapSA vBS b.k ckr jks /;ku jk[k.kks t:jh gS dS <ksyk] ekjo.kh] ekyo.kh]jktk fiaxy] jktk uy lxGk ik= bfrgkl fl) gSA <ksyk jks uk;d :i i.k fo-la- 1192 yxFkjihtX;ks gksA erGc vks dS yksd :i esa vk dFkk fufLpr :i lwa fo- 15oha lnh esa izfl) ghvj rn bt b.k jks fyf[kr :i dksbZ dfo tulekt [kkrj fljt.k dj~;ks gqoSykA i.k yksdizflf) jS dkj.k b.k esa ^izf{kIr va'k tqM+rk jS;k b.k jh Hklk lwa vks gh y[kkoSA b.kjh Hkklkvsdne viHkza'k uha y[kkoSA b.kesa e/;dkyhu vjch&Q+kjlh lcnkoyh jh bZ T;knk gSA b.kjSvykok jpuk jks vks nwgks bZ crGkoS dS vk Hkklk viHkza'k Hkklk dky jS iNS jh gS &

iwaxG nsl nqdkG fFk;q] fd.kgha dkG folsflAfiaxG ÅpkGm fd;m] uG ujojpb nsflAA

fd.k gh ^dkG folsfl* esa iwaxG nsl esa iM+.k okGS nqdkG jS iNS vks dO; lkeh vk;ksA fdÙkkcjlka iwBS vk jpuk jphth b.k jks iDdk;r fuj.kS uha dj~;ks tk ldS] i.k Hkklk&l:i uSa /;kuesa jk[krka vks d;ks tk; ldS dS tn lwa jktLFkkuh yksd&Hkklk :i esa] lkfgR; pjpk ;k dkO;fljt.k lk: cjrht.k ykxh] rn lwa bt b.k jks fljt.k gqo.kks pkfgtSA Hkkjrh; cksfy;ka dSnslh Hkklkoka jS b.k dke esa lkfeG gqo.k jks leS 14oha lnh jS e/; lwa 15oha lnh jh l:vkryx ekuhT;ks gSA 15 oSa lbdS esa b.kjh jpuk gq; ldSA dq'kyykHk jh mxr ^^nwgk ?k.kk iqjk.kvNb^^ Hkklk jh b.kh izofÙk dkauh ladsr djSA iqjk.kk jks vjFk 150&200 cjl rks gqoSyk bZA b.kjSvykok dchj&xzaFkkoyh ¼ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk laLdj.k½ esa <+ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jks esG bZ] b.kjhHkklk jks fuj.kS djSA gq; ldS lkj :i esa dchj jh lkf[k;ka uSa vBS vaxStyh gqoSA ukxjhizpkfj.kh] lHkk okGh dchj&xzaFkkoyh jktLFkkuh Hkklk iz/kku gSA b.k vk/kkj lwa vk jktLFkkuhyksdHkklk jh jpuk fl) gqoS] ft.kjks twij gkFk fy[kh izfr jS vHkko esa jpukdky] fo-la- 1450lwa 1530 fcpS fuj/kkfjr dj~;ks tk ldSA

3-2 <ksyk&ek: jk nwgk % dFkk &

3-2-1 dFkk&lkj&

vsd^j iwaxG jh /kjrh esa dkG iM+.k lwa cBka jks jktk fiaxG ÅpkGks dj ujojx<+ iwxksA jktk uy

34

m.kka jks ?k.kks lRdkj dj~;ksA vi.ksl fFkj dj.k [kkfrj jktk uy vkijS rhu cjl jS csVS <ksyS ¼lkYg dqekj½jks C;ko jktk fixay jh Mks<+ cjl jh Mhdjh ekjo.kh lkxS dj fn;ksA lqdkG gqo.k iS jktk faiaxy ek: lkxSiawxG iwBk vk;kA

jktk uy <ksyS uSa ek: lkxS C;ko jh tk.kdkjh fn;k cxSj bZ m.kjS eksV~;kj gqo.k iS ekyo.kh lkxSm.kjks nwtks C;ko djk fn;ksA iwxG esa ekjo.kh i.k eksV~;kj OghA lksfr;k Mkg jS dkj.k ekyo.kh iawxG lwavkof.k;k uSa xSyS esa bZ ejok nsorhA lqi.kS esa lkYgdqekj jS njlko iwNS ek: ?k.kh nq[kh jSo.k ykxhA rn ck<+kf<+;ka uSa ujojx<+ f[kank;kA vkijh dyk lwa fj>k;^j oS ujojx<+&dksV jS dUgS Msjks dj~;ks vj xhrka jS fel<+ksyk uSa ek: jS lanslka lwa lkjh foxr lq.kkbZA

lkjh foxr lq.k^j <ksyks ek: lwa fey.k okLrS ekyo.kh uSa vsdGh lwrh NksM+ j Oghj gq;ksA xSyS jhvc[kk;ka vj Åejk&lwejk jS vknfe;ka lwa taw>rks chlw pkj.k jh enn lwa oks iawxG iwxxksA jktk fiaxy m.kjks ?k.kks lRdkj dj~;ksA lkljS esa ianjS fnu jS;^j ek: lkxS ujojx<+ lk: fonk gq;ksA iho.kS lji jS Ml.klwa ej;kSM+k vj jS dkj.k tksxh&tksx.k ikNks thoarks gq;*j ek: lkxS <+ksyks vkxS c/;ksA rn ekjx esaÅejk&lwejks vkijh dqpkG lwa ekjo.kh jks gj.k dj.kks pk;ks i.k ek: jS ihj jh Mwe.kh jS ladsr lwa lkopsrgq;^j <ksyks ek: lkxS ujojx<+ iwX;ksA ek;r ?k.kS eku vj gSr lkxS okauSa egyka esa i/kjk;kA ekjo.kh ekyo.khvj <ksyks lq[k lkFkS jSo.k ykxkA vsd^j ekGo.kh vj ekjo.kh esa vki jS ih^j jh folslrkoka uSa ys;^j fookngq;xks i.k <ksyks vkijh prjkbZ lwa m.kka jS fookn uSa lqyVk fn;ksA

rhuwa lEikndk jks laikfnr ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* jh vk bZ dFkk gSA chtS :ikUrjka esa b.kjks dysojde&cslh :i esa feGSA

3-2-2 dFkk&ik=&

b.k dFkk jks foLrkj ekuo] nso] izk.kh] :a[k vkn lxGk ik=ka jS lS ;ksx lwa gq;ks gSA vka ik=k uSa P;kjojxka esa ckaV ldka&

(i) ykSfdd ik= & <ksyk] fiaxG] uG] Åej&lwejks] lksnkxj] [kokl] iqjksfgr] <+k<+h] jSckjh] chlw]Hksfn;ks] ekjo.kh] ekGo.kh] mek] paikorh] lf[k;ka] nklh] Mwae.kh vknA

(ii) vykSfdd ik= & tksxh&tksx.kA

(iii) ilq&ia[ks: & ÅaV] xnks] lqd] dqj>ka] iihgksA

(iv) vU; ¼ouLifr½ & tkG :a[kA

vka ik=ka eka; lwa b.k dkO; jks [kkl iq:l ik= <ksyks ;k lkYgdqekj gSA <ksyks b.k jpuk jks uk;dgSA vk[kh dFkk b.kh jS P;k: esj ?kweS vj b.kh uSa QG jh izkfIr gqoSA <ksyks ;k dS lkYgdqekj b.k dFkk jhdNokgoalh {k=h; vsfr;kfld] /khj vj yfyr uk;d gSA m.kesa izsetfur fnz< fuLBk gSA m.kjS izse jks vknlZvj mnkÙk :i <+kf<+;ka lwa ekjo.kh jS fojg uSa lq.k^j ÅiM+SA oks vc ekjo.kh jS vHkko esa fcrk;k fnu m.kjhmej esa uha fx.ku jh ohurh fo/kkrk lwa djS&

^ts fnu ek: fc.k x;k] nbZ u X;kau fx.karAA

<ksyk esa izse jh vsdfuLBrk gS vj gS vkijS y{; uSa iko.k jh yxuA chgM+ ekjx jS ladVka vj c[kk;kalwa tw>rks oks vkijS vHkhLV uSa ikoSA m.kesa vsd Bkoh le> gSA m.kjks lkeUrh ijEijkuq:i cgqiRuh fookg[kkrj foLokl gSA fxjLFkh jh lqpk: xkM+h pyko.k jh m.kesa v[kwV f[kerk gSA b.kh ika.k oks ekjo.kh vjekGo.kh jS eueqVko uSa [kre dj^j lq[ke; fxjLFkh thou thoSA oks dykfiz; vj X;ku jks Hk.Mkj gSA b.kHkkar <ksyks dkenso ljh[kks] :ioku] lwj ohjrk] vkSnk;Z] lfgL.kq] drZO;ØfuLB] ln~xzLFk] mPp dqyhu xq.kkalw lEiUu /khj&yfyr uk;d gSA

Åej&lwejks b.k dkO; esa izeq[k [kyuk;d iq:l ik= gSaA b.kjS dkj.k <ksyS jh efgek jh Jhflf)

35

Ogh gS vj dFkk vkijS pje dkauh iwxh gSA vks nqLV izozfÙk jks izrhd gSA lM~;a= jp.k esa m.kjh cjkscjh dksbZuha dj ldSA vkijh b.kh izozfr jS dkj.k iSyka rks oks vkijS pkj.k lwa ekjo.kh jS cw<h gwo.k jks c[kk.k dj^j<ksyk uSa fcyekoSA QSj vkijh nqLizozfr lwa oks <ksyk uSa ekjx esa jksd^j m.k lwa ekjo.kh uSa Nhuck jh ;kstukc.kkoSA m.kjS vUrl jks [qkyklks ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* jh vS vksfG;ka djSa&

ÅejlkYg mrkfj;m] eu [kksVb vuqgkfjA

ix lwa gh ix dwafV;m] eqg jh >kyh ukjhAA

b.k Hkkar Åej&lwejks nqLV laM;a=h] jhlkGw] vgeh] bZjlkGw] /kuh] >wBks] vlr~ izozfr okGks feu[k gSA

ykSfdd ukjh ik=ka esa ek: ¼ekjo.kh½ bZa jpuk jh izeq[k ukjh ik= gSA vk b.k dkO; jh ukf;dk gSAvk uk;d <ksyk jks bfr;kl fl) QG ¼ukf;dk½ gSA vk[kh jpuk esa ek: uSa ys;^j gh ?kVukoka jks fodkl gq;ksgSA ek: iwaxy jS jktk fiaxG jh csVh gS ft.kjks C;ko ujojx<+ jS jktdqekj <ksyk lkxS gq;ks gSA b.k Hkkar vkLodh;k ukf;dk gSA ok ?k.kh QwVjh gSA m.k jS lkSan;Z uSa ns[kk^j ohlw pkj.k dSoS dS m.kjh vka[;k dnSbZ vsM+hdke Hkjh uha ns[kh&

ek: lh ns[kh ugha] b.k eq[k nks; u;.kkagA

FksM+ks lks HkksGs iM+b] n.k;j mxrkagaAA

liuS jS iwBS vkijS ij.;ksM+h gwo.ka jh tk.kdkjh gwork bZ ok <ksyS jS fojg esa O;kdqy jSo.k ykxSA vBSm.kjks <ksyS lk: v[kwV izse jh vfHkO;atuk Ogh gSA ok vsdfuLB izsfedk vj iRuh gSA m.kjh lkjh dkeukokavj vklkoka <ksyS esa fufgr gSA ok lfgL.kq vj vknlZ dqVqEc jh uhao gSA ekjo.kh ukjh&jru gS ok vuqiedqykaxuk] ÅtGS pfjr okGh] fotksx jh foey foHkwfr] vknlZ ukjhRo jh iwaftHkwr izfrek gSA fuLBk] lkgl]drZO;ijk;.krk] yTtklhyrk] dkseyrk vkfn xq.kka jh ok [kku gSA

ekyox<+ jS jktk jh Mhdjh ekGo.kh b.k dkO; jpuk jh lg ukf;dk gSA vk <ksyS jh nwth tksM+k;rgSA ok vsd cqf)eku] prj vj QwVjh yqxkbZ gSA ok ifùuh ukj* dSbth gSA L;kr~ b.kh :i esa fcGek;^j <ksyksvsd cjl yx ekjo.kh lwa feG.k uSa uha tk lD;ksA b.k jks <ksyS lkxS ?k.kks usg gSA b.kh okLrS ok <ksyk jS lq[kesa lq[kh vj nq%[k esa nq[kh jSoSA <ksyk jS iawxG tko.k jh bPNk uSa tk.k^j ok iUnjS fnuka yx dksuha lksbZA b.kjSmtGS pfj= jks mn~?kkVu m.kjS fojg esa y[kkoSA fiz; <ksyk jS fcuk ok vkijks dksbZ eksy bZ uha fx.kSA

ekGo.kh lksfr;k Mkg jks iM+fcEc gSA b.kh okLrS ok iwaxG lwa vko.kokGk nwrka uSa ekjx esa bZ ejok nsoSA^ekjo.kh* uSa vkijS ih^j jh folslrkoka crk;^j vkijS lksfr;k Mkg uSa ok vkstaw ÅtkGSA

fiaxG jko] jktk uG] lkSnkxj] [kokl] <+k<+h] jSckjh] Åejk&lwejks] chlw pkj.k] mek nsoM+h] pkaikorhvkn xkS.k ik=ka jks pfjr jks vsd bZ i[k vj vsd bZ jl mdsjhft;ks gSA dFkk esa ?kVuk la;kstu jS leS bZ vSik= lkEgh vkoSA i.k m.kka jks vkouksgh ?k.kks dykRed gSA b.kh Hkkar jpuk jk ekuosÙkj izk.kh&ÅaV] lqd]xngks] dqj>ka] iihgk m.k dFkk esa uohurk nsork gq;k m.k uSa xfr nh gSA vS ik= vki jh Hkwfedk esa dFkk uSayach gwo.k lwa bZ cpkbZ gSA f'ko&ikjorh jS :i esa tksxh&tksx.k jks vko.kks e/;dkyhu eku[kS jh Hkkouk jksnjlko djkoS] lkFk gh m.k oxr eku[kS jS vykSfdd lafä;ka esa foLokl uSa njlkoSA cwj ¼?kkl½ vj tkG tSM+houLifr;ka uSa ik= :i esa vaxStj dfo vs dkauh jpuk esa fojg uSa txk;ks gS] oBS bZ eku[kS jS izØfr lkxS esGuSa iksflr dj~;ks gSA

ik=ka jh vka foflLVrkoka lkFkS MkW- Hkxorhyky 'kekZ ^<ksyk&ek:* dkO; jS pfjr&fo/kku uSa P;kj :ikaesa ckaVS&

1- vknlZ :i 2- tkfr&LoHkko jS :i 3- lkekU; LoHkko jS :i] vj 4- O;fDr&LoHkko jS :iA

jpukdkj de lwa de ik=ka jS lwa vki jh dFkk uS lQG djh gSA vS ik= dFkk jh ?kVukoka uSa ?k.kSekfeZd :i esa ikBdka vj njldka lkEgS jk[kh gSA <+ksyk&ek: dkO; jks jpsrk vkijS ik=ka jks pfj= fu:i.k

36

ijr[k vj ijks[k nksbZ :ika esa dj~;ks gSA b.k fof/k lwa dFkk esa lkQxksbZ vj rsth c/kh gSA U;kajh&U;kajh?kVukoka] dk;Z&dykika vj ik=ka jS ?kkr&iM+?kkrka lwa izeq[k ik=ka jks pfj= fufeZr gq;ks gSA b.k lwa b.k esaekSfydrk vj lthork jh c<+ksrjh Ogh gS ftdks fd.kh vksirh dykRed jpuk jh iSyh t:jr gSA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS pfj= fo/kku jh ywaBh folslrk vk gS dS b.kesa vki&vki jS flzLVh&Hksn eqtcoS vkijS ojx vj Hkwfedk jks iwjks izfrfuf/kRo djSA <ksyks ,d e/;tqxhu lkeUr gS] ft.kesa lkeUr&O;oLFkkjk laLdkj iksflr gSA nwth dkauh ukjh ik=ka esa m.kka jk lqHkkfod xq.k T;kau] ljyrk] fuLdiVrk] v[kwVfcLokl] ifo=r] Hkkoqdrk] daoGksi.k] lkSfr;k Mkg vkn Hkjiwj :i esa lekfgr gSA lkjS e/;tqxhu okrkoj.klwa b.kjk ik= izHkkfor y[kkoSA e/;tqxhu izHkko jS dkj.k bZ b.kesa yksdfoLoklka ekFkS ik=ka jh foLoklnjlkbft;ks gS rks ilq&ia[ks:oka jks feu[kka T;wa cjrko bZ e/;dkyhu yksd foLokl uSa ewjr djSA lxGk ik=laosnulhy :i esa vk;k gSA vka lxGk esa ekuo&eu jks pks[kks&dkstks :i feGSA vknlZ vj tFkkjFk jhf>GfeG lwa oS ?k.kk lqHkkfod vj izHkkoh c.kxk gSA euksfoX;kfud :i lwa b.k iksFkh jk lkjk ik= fgUnw nkEiR;thou jk lejFkd gSA b.kh okLrS oS tksxh&tksx.k jks lRdkj djS rks ilq&ia[ks:oka uSa vkijk lS ;ksxh ekuSAb.k Hkkar dfo jS ik=ka esa pfjr fofo/krk uha gqork bZ oS vkijS dkjtka lwa dFkk uSa laosnulhy c.kk;^j jlflDrc.kkoSA

3-2-3 dF; jh vsfrgkfldrk&

^<ksyk&ek:* jh izse xkFkk jks mYYks[k vusdwa bfr;kl xzaFkk esa ladsr vj lkj :i esa feGSA êqgrkuS.klh jh [;kr* esa b.kjS uk;d <ksyk uSa ujojx<+ jS jktk uG jks csVks vj iwxG jS jktk fiaxG jh csVh ekjo.khjks Hkjrkj dFkhft;ks gSA ia- xksjh'kadj ghjkpan vks>k bZ ^<ksyk* uSa bfr;kl iq:l ekuSA ûG* vj ^<ksyks*bfr;kl izfl) gSA vka jks mYys[k dPNokg jktiwrka jh [;krka esa gq;ks gSA ^<ksyk* jS êkjo.kh* lkxS gq;S C;kojks oj.kkao bZ vka bfr;kl xzaFkka vj iqLdj jS flykys[k esa feGSA /k.kh&tksM+k;r jS :i esa mdsjhth ?k.kh ewjrkabZ jktLFkku vj Xokfy;j jkt esa feGSA ujoj jS fdyS eas vka jS jSo.k jh txk Bkoh djhth gSA yksd vjvfHktkR; lkfgR; esa ^<ksyk&ek:* /k.kh&yqxkbZ :i esa eaMhft;k gSA

vsd jtoal esa NksVh vksLFkk esa C;ko jh ?kVuk vlkekU; uha OgSA jktLFkku jh rks vk ?k.kh twuh ijEijkgSA vBS rks isV esa bZ C;ko gqo.k jks fjokt jS;ks gSA b.k dFkk jks ewG lq) :i lwa vSfr;kfld gSA yksd izflf)lwa b.k esa ?k.kkbZ îzf{kIr* val tqM+rk jS;k ft.klwa chth izklafxd dFkkoka dYiukoka lkxS tqM+rh jS;hA b.kjSvykok dYiuk jS ek/;e lwa rks bfr;kl uSa ljlrk feGSA fdonfUr;ka bZ bfr;kl jh dfM+;k tksM+SA b.k vk/kkj ika.k NksVh&NksVh dYiukoka esa vk;ksM+h fdonfUr;ka i.k b.k uSa vsfr;kfld vk/kkj fnjkoSA MkW- Hkxorhyky'kekZ jS lcnka esa ^^ysfdu fQj Hkh rRlc) ewy dFkk dk vfLrRo bu vuqJqfr;ksa ds vEcj esa v{kq..k vkSjlqjf{kr jgrk gSA bl izsek[;ku dh ewy dFkk <ksyk vkSj ek: dk iz.k; bfrgkl dh dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjrkgS vkSj ;gh blesa uke ek= dk lR; gSA vU; izklafxd dFkkvksa ,oa xkS.k ik=ksa ds fo"k; esa dqN ugha dgktk ldrkA--e/;;qxhu izsek[;kuksa dk vuq'khyu djus ds i'pkr~ ;fn ;g dg fn;k tk; fd bl lcesa,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dks yksd ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls gh xzg.k fd;k x;k gS rks vlaxr ugha gksxkA^^

^<ksyk&ek:* dFkk jk ik= jktk uG vj <ksyks ;k dS lkYgdqaoj iwjh rfj;ka lwa bfr;kl izfl) gSAjktk fiaxG] ekjo.kh] jktk Hkhe] Åejk&lwejks] meknsoM+h] paikorh vkn ik=ka jh vSfr;kfldrk Hkh fl) gSAb.k Hkkar ^<ksyk&ek:* dkO; jh dFkk bfr;kl rarqvka esa fodflr gq;h] i.k yksd izflf) m.keSa dYiuk rRolwa c/krh jS;h vj oks vsd yksdksUeq[kh dkO; c.k^j jS;xksA b.kesa izse jks e/kqj lacU/k fy[khft;ksA

3-2-4 dkO;&l:i&

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS dkO; :i ckcr MkW- Hkxorhyky 'kekZ vkijh iksFkh <ksyk&ek: jk nwgk % dkO;lkS"Bo] laLdfr ,oa bfrgkl^ esa ?k.kS foLrkj lkxS dkO;lkL=h; nhB lwa pjpk djh gSA oS b.kuS vsd ljlvj lQy dkO; ekU;ks gS vj [k.M dkO; jh vis{kk ^vsdkFkZ dkO;* jS cslh uSMS+ ekU;ks gSA oS b.k jS egkdkO;

37

ckcr dS;ks dS ^^egkdkO; ds vU; 'kkL=h; y{k.kksa dk ;Fkk lxZc)rk] eaxykpj.k] [ky fuank vkfn dk blesaiw.kZ vHkko gSA oSfo/;iw.kZ ik=] mudk iw.kZ :i ls fodkl] uojl ifjikd] lekt xr /keZ ,oa Hk;kog fp=.k]nSo&vklqjh izofr;ksa dk Hkh"k.k la?k"kZ] Nan oSfo/; vkfn blesa ugha gSA bl izdkj ^<ksyk&ek: esa egkdkO; dslw{e vkSj LFkwy vUrjax vkSj cfgjax y{k.kksa dh lq"B >yd vkSj vkaf'kd vkHkk vo'; gSA^^ b.k foospu jS iwNSoS b.k jS yksddkO;Ro :i jks bZ foln~ v/;;u djrk gq;k b.kuSa vsd lQy yksd xkFkk bZ fl) djh gSA oSMkW- lR;sUnz jh b.k ekurk jks bZ lejFku dj~;ks gS dS ^<ksyk&ek:^ vsd yksd egkdkO; gSA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS BkoS dfo vj jpukdky jS vHkko esa rFkk yxksyx c/krh yksd izflf) vjizf{kIrka'kka jh cgqyrk jS dkj.k laikndx.k b.k uSa tufiz; yksdxhr ¼Ballad½ jh laX;k nhoh gSA rhuwa lEikndkjS ^^;g ,d nwgkc) izsexkFkk gS ^ er lwa [kqyklks gq; tkoS dS vBS yksd xhr ¼Ballad½ lcn ^yksdxkFkk^ vjFkesa bZ cjrhft;ks gSA fo}ku yksdxkFkk uSa vki&vki jS <ax lwa ifjHkkflr dj~;ks gSA vka esa lwa MkW- d".knso mik/;k;] vkpk;Z fo'oukFk izlkn feJ] MkW- lR;sUnz] jfoUnzukFk VSxksj] izks- fdVjht] izks- ts-,Q- pkbYM] izks- xwej]tkstsQ] Vh- f'kIys] MCYkw-ih- dsj] lh- gksxkVZ] thjksYM vkfn ukao mYys[ktksx gSA vka lxGk jh ifjHkklkoka jSvk/kkj ika.k lkj :i esa dS; ldka dS ^cSysM] ¼yksd xhr&yksd xkFkk½ oks dFkkRed xs; dkO; gS ftdks ;krks yksd esa gh uhitS vj fodflr gqoS ;k yksd dkO; jS lkekU; :i&fo/kku uSa ys;^j fd.kh [kkl dfo dkuhlwa jphtS ft.kesa xhrkRedrk vj dFkkRedrk nksbZ gqoS vj ft.kjks izpkj tulk/kkj.k esa ekSf[kd :i lwa vsdih<h lwa nwth ih<h esa gqorks jSoSA^

b.k ifjHkklk jS ika.k yksd xkFkk jh uhpS fy[kh folslrkoka gqoSA b.kjk rhuwa lEiknd yksdxkFkk jhftdh folslrkoka jks oj.kkao dj~;ks gS &

1- jpsrk jks vX;kr gqo.kks 2- jpsrk jS O;fDrRo jks vHkko 3- ekSf[kd izozfr 4- lkewfgd HkkoHkwfe 5-izkekf.kd ewG ikB jks vHkko 6- LFkkuh;rk jh vf/kdrk 7- yEcks dFkkud vj vusdwa :ikUrj 8- vux<i.kvj vØf=erk 9- Vsd inka jh iqujkozfr 10- laxhr vj fujr jks vfHkUu lacU/k 11- minslkRed izozfr jksvHkko 12- lafnX/k vsfr;kfldrkA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh vka folslrkoka jS vk/kj iS b.kjk laiknd vkpk;Z fo'oukFkizlkn feJ] MkW-ekrkizlkn xqIr] MkW- 'kaHkwukFkflag] MkW- 'kaHkwflag ^euksgj^] MkW- d".kdqekj 'kekZ b.kuSa cSysM ¼yksdxkFkk½ bZ ekuSAvBS b.k jh yksdxkFkk jh nhB lwa foospuk djh tkoSyk &

1- jpsrk jks vX;kr gqo.kks&

yksd xkFkk vkijh yksdfiz;rk jS dkj.k fd.kh O;fDr jh fuf/k uha gq;^j lkjh turk jh fuf/k c.ktkoSA turk }kjk yxksyx m.kesa foxlko gqo.k lwa vkorS leS esa vks dso.kks dB.k gq; tkoS dSm.k jpuk jks jpsrk dq.k gS \ vk bZ izozfr <ksyk&ek: jk nwgk esa ns[kh tkoSA vtS yx b.kjSfd.kh jpsrk jks fuj/kkj.k uha gq; lD;ks gSA fljQ vUnkt lwa bZ fo}ku b.kjS jpsrk :i esa^dYyksy] xq.kfot;] dq'kyykHk* vkn jk ukao jh dYiuk djS gSA

2- jpsrk jS O;fDrRo jks vHkko&

vfHktkr jpuk esa jpsrk jks O;fDrRo tkxka&tkxka ekFkS y[kkoS] i.k yksddkO; esa m.kjS fd.khjpsrk folsl jh lSyh&vj Hkklk jh vksG[kka.k [kre gq; tkoSA ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS ckcrlaikndx.k jks er gS dS l: esa b.k jks dksbZ jpsrk jS;ks gqoSyk] i.k b.kjh izflf) jS lkxS vkjpuk lxGS tu leqnk; jh c.kxhA vk ekSf[kd :i esa xkbZt.k ykxhA b.k dkj.k b.kjS ewGjpsrk jS O;fDrRo jh vksG[kka.k iwjh jpuk esa dBS bZ dksuh feGSA MkW- Hkxorhyky 'kekZ^<ksyk&ek: uSa vfHktkr jpuk* ekuS vj m.kjS jpsrk jS :i esa bZ fd.kh izfrHkk lEiUu dfo b.kuSekaMh i.k yksd Hkkoukoka jS esG esa m.kjks O;fDrRo jGfeGxks gSA b.kh dkj.k lwa tuekul b.kuSavkijh yksdFkk tka.k vaxSth gSA

38

3- ekSf[kd ijEijk&

izks- xwej jS eqtc êkSf[kd* vj ^Jqfr* ijEijk esa bZ yksd xkFkk jks fodkl gqoSA b.k ijEijk jSdkj.k bZ ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgkêsa ?k.kk bZ izf{kIrkal vj :ikUrj feGSA nwgk vj pkSibZ :ika jSvykok vk dFkk okr :i esa Hkh feGSA laikndx.k jS er lwa rks vka nwgk :i lwa Hkh vSd twuksnwgk :i vkstwa gq; ldSA

4- lkewfgd Hkko&Hkwfe&

yksd:fp eqtc bZ xkFkkoka vkijks foxlko djSA b.kesa lxGS tuleqnk; jh psruk vj lgtHksGi lwa mnkÙk Hkoukoka uSa vkljks feGSA b.kh okLrS vS lekt jh lEifÙk c.k tkoSA b.k izfØ;kika.k ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ dkO; jh HkkoHkwfe i.k Ô;f"Vxr* uha gq;^j lef"V xr gSA b.kjh dFkkfd.kh futw Hkkouk uSa uha vaxSt^j] vk ldG izse&Hkkouk jks iksl.k djS ftdh gj fgjnS esa cL;ksM+hgSA vr% vk jpuk iwjh rfj;k lwa lekt jh HkkoHkwfe uSa njlkoSA

5- izkekf.kd ewG ikB jks vHkko&

tn dksbZ jpuk vk[kS leqnk; jh fuf/k c.k tkoS rks b.kjks ewG ikB fey.kks ?k.kks nksjks gqoSAi zkekf.kd ewy ikB jks uha feG.kk s b Z m.k xkFkk jh yksdfiz;rk gSA Hkklk jhfofo/krk] LFkkuh; ?kVukoka jS iqV lwa m.k jh vsfr;kfldrk] ewy&ikB esa cnGko vkorks jSoSAvkyksP; jpuk jh nwgke;h vusdwa gkFk&fy[kh izfr;ka esa b.kh okLrS vyx&vyx ikB feGSA b.kjSvykok izknsfld :ika esa bZ b.k dFkk jh ?kVukoka] ik=ka jS ukao vkfn esa ?k.kks vkrjks y[kkoSA vkaizek.kka ika.k vkyksP; jpuk tufiz; yksdxhr ¼yksd xkFkk½ jS cksgksr uSM+S y[kkoSA

6- LFkkuh;rk jh vf/kdrk &

LFkkuh;rk jks iqV yksdxkFkk jh [kkl fiNk.k gqoSA LFkuh;rk dS LFkkuh; jax lwa erGc gS m.kvk[;ku lwa tqM~+;ksM+S iznsl dS HkkSxksfyd vapy folsl jS jgu&lgu] jhr&fjokt] vkpkj&O;ogkj]izØfr] foLokl vkn jS fu:i.k lwaA b.k nhB lwa rks ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ lko yksdxkFkk ¼csysM½fl) gqoSA b.kjk laikndx.k fy[;ks gS ^^mlesa jktLFkkuh dh tkrh; dfork dsUnzhHkwr gSA^^ b.khckr uSa MkW- euksgj 'kekZ vka vksfG;ka esa ekaMh gS &^^dkO; ek; jktLFkku jks okrkoj.k eq[k lwa cksySgSA mUgkGS] cj[kk vj lh;kGS jks oj.ku xt+c jks gSA bZa esa nso] feu[k vj ilq&ia[ks: lxGkagh vkijks l:i vj lqHkko ijxV djS gSA^^ ,d mnkgj.k ns[khtS&

tn rw <ksyk uk vkfo;m] dktfG;k jh rhtA

ped ejsyh ekjoh] ns[k f[koark chtAA

ek: nsl mifUu;ka] ljtma i/kfj;kgA

dM+ok dns u cksygh] ehBk cksyf.k;kgAA

7- yEcks dFkkud vj vusdwa :ikUrj&

yacks dFkkud vj vusdwa :ikUrj b± yksdxkFkk jh egrkÅ [kkfl;r gSA dgk.kh jh l:vkr iwNSb.kesa dgk.kh ek; lwa dgkf.k;ka fudGrh bZ tkoSA b.klwa dFkk jks dysoj c/krks bZ tkoSA ekSf[kdijEijk jS dkj.k leS lkFkS b.k jS :ikUrjka esa bZ cnGko vkork jSoSA b.k nhB lwa ^<ksyk&ek:*jh dFkk brh yEch dksauh vj u gh b.kesa cslh ?kqeko y[kkoSA b.k laikfnr laLdj.k esa 674 nwgkgSA gk¡] vk jpuk nwgk] x|] x|&i|] nwgk&pkSibZ :ikUrjka esa feGS] i.k laikfnr nwgk vka:ikUrjka esa vkxS&ykjS feG tkoSA nwgk bZ b.k xkFkk jks twuks :i gSA b.k Hkkar yksd xkFkk jhvk folslrk b.k dkO; ekFkS iwjh rfj;k lwa [kjh uha mrjSA

39

8- vux<+i.k vj c.kkoVhi.k uha &

vyadjka lwa ynh lk iz;kl dfork dj;kSM+h dkO; jpuk OgS A i.k ^xkFkk* tu jh lgt fgjnSlwa uhith] lk iz;kl vj c.kkoVh i.klwa nwj yksdekul esa jeh Fkdh yksd dkO; :i esa OgSAxkFkk fiaxylkL= jh Hkwy&HkwyS;k esa dksuh HkVdSA ok rks lgt eq[kfjr gqoSA <ksyk&ek: jh HkklkyksdHkklk gS i.k Nan] vyadkj] xq.k] jhfr vj lSyh jh nhB lwa ok vsdne vux<+ dksuh y[kkoSAdSo.k jks erGc vk dS ^lkfgfR;drk* gqork Fkdka Hkh b.kesa xkFkk okGh vksi gSA b.kh okLrS vkvsd tufiz; ^yksd xhr* T;wa ykxSA

9- Vsd inka jh okilh &

Vsd inka jh iqujkozfr yksdxkFkkoka jks t:jh rÙo gqoSA b.k fof/k lwa dFkk esa laxhr&rÙo jksc/kkiks gqoS ft.klwa xk;d vj Jksrk nksU;w vkuUnkuqHko djSA <ksyk&ek:^ esa yksdxkFkk jh vk jhrlcGh gSA dBS bZ rks vk[kh vksGh jh vksG ikNh vkbZ gS rks dBS bZ vkSGh jS vsd ;k nks lcnkaesa cnGko dj^j b.k uSa nksgjkbft;ks gSA vsd ckuxh ns[khtS &

chtqfG;k pgGkofG] vkHk; vkHk; dksfMA

dn jS feymyh ltuka] dl dapqdh NksfM+AA

mrj vkt l mÙkjm] lgh iM+slh lhgA

ckyae ?kfj fdfe NafM;btka] fur paxk nhgAA

10- laxhr vj fujr jks xgjks lacU/k&

xs; vk[;ku bt yksd xkFkk dSbZtS ft.kjk laxhr vj fujr /kje gqoSA twuk ;wjksi esa pkj.k]^gkiZ ukao jS cktk ekFkS /kuh ekauh yksxka jS vBS ^csysM^ (Ballad) xk;^j vkijh jksth dekorkgkA ^<ksyk&ek:^ jk vkSa nwgk uS y;] jkx vj rky jS lkFkS tUrj dS jko.kgRFkS ekFkS xkbZ t.kjh ijEijk feGSA <+k<+h leqnk; esa [kkl rkSj lwa fotksx fl.kxkj jk nwgk xko.k jh ijEijk gSAb.k nhB lwa vk jpuk ^csysM^ dSbZ tk ldSA

11- lh[k nSo.k jk /;s; dksuh &

yksdxkFkkoka lwa fd.kh rfj;k jh fl{kk t:j yS; ladka] i.k m.kka jks mÌsL; fd.kh Hkkar jks minslnso.kks ugha gqoSA ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa vk;ksM+h ljl lwfDr;ka fd.kh Hkh Hkkar uhfr&dFku ;kdS minsl dFku dksuh d;h tk ldSA vka lwfDr;ka jks ewG mÌsL; dFkk uSa xfr nso.kks gq; ldS]minsl dFku dksuhA b.k nhB lwa vk jpuk yksdxkFkk jh ikar esa bZ dSbZ tkoSykA

12- lafnX/k vsfr;kfldrk &

yksdxkFkkoka esa T;knkrj bfr;kl jks vHkko bZ ns[k.k esa vkoSA tS dksbZ vsfr;kfld rFk jks c.kkogqoS rks m.kjh izkekf.kdrk lafnX/k bt jSoSA ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jk ik= uG] <ksyks] fiaxG]ekjo.kh jS ckcr bfr;kl feGS] i.k nwtk xkS.k ik=ka & ^Åejk&lwejk*] ^Åek nsoM+h*] ^paikorh*]^tSly [kokl*] vkn jS ckcr bfrgkl ekSu gSA tS dqNsd iM+fyfi;ka dS :ikUrjka esa vka jS ckcrftdh ?kVukoka jks mYys[k gS] oks lafnX/k bt gS & m.kuS fdaonUrh gh dgh tk ldSA b.k HkkarvBS bfr;kl uke ek= gS] ftdks gS oks tu&leqnk; jh dYiuk gh gSA ^<ksyk ek: jk nwgk*dkO;:i jh nhB lwa vsd tufiz; yksd xhr ¼csysM&yksdxkFkk½ gS] ft.kjh ljlrk m.kuSizcU/kdkO; jS uSM+S jks vkHkkl djkoSA

3-2-5 dFkk jks QqVjkiks &

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh ewG dFkk ekjo.kh&<ksyS jS Vkcji.kS esa C;ko] oka jS izse&izlax] fojg&latksx

40

vj ekGo.kh lkxS C;ko lwa <ksyk&ek: jS latksx jS O;o/kku lwa tqM+;ksM+h gSA ?kksM+ka jS lksnkxj jh ;kstuk vj<+kf<+;ka jh enr lwa vka jks feG.k gqoS] D;wadS vks vsd Hkkjrh; izsek[;kau gS] b.k okLrS lq[kkUr gSA <ksyk jhprjkbZ lwa ekyo.kh&ekjo.kh jS fookn jS lkUr gqo.k iwNS vS rhU;wa bZ lq[kjks thou fcrkoSA b.k Hkkar<ksyk&ek: vsd izse dkO; gS] vj b.kjks vaxh&jl ^fl.kxkj* gSA

3-2-5-1 jl&fu:i.k &

fl.kxkj jks vk/kkj izse gqoSA vkneh vj yqxkbZ jS fgjnka esa vsd nwtS lk: vsd lgt vkdjl.k &^^mUeq[kh Hkko^ jSoS ftdks vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ka ik;^j [kkl ekufld vj lkjhfjd fØ;koka lwa QGhHkwr gqoSAvk fLFkfr bt fl.kxkj ;k dS izse dSbZtSA^ fl.kxkj jl jk nks Hksn gqoS & fotksx ¼foizyaHk½ fl.kxkj vjlatksx fl.kxkjA tBS jfr Hkko fljS iwxS i.k vHkhLV jh ikorh ¼feG.k½ uha gqoS cBS d:.k foizyaHk ;k dSfctksx fl.kxkj gqoSA dkO; lkL= eqtc vS P;kj rjS jks gqoS& iwoZjkx] eku] izokl vj d:.kA iwoZ jkx fotksxjh iSyh vksLFkk gqoSA b.kesa uk;d ;k dS ukf;dk fd.kjh nwtk ek/;ea lwa vkijS izseh jS xq.k ;k lqanjrk jks Jo.kdjS ft.klwa feG.k jh bPNk yxksyx c/krh tkoS i.k oS vsd nwtS jS uSMS+ dksuh vk ikoSA eku jh vksLFkk esa izsehvj izsfedk jS eu esa vkil esa vuqjkx ¼izse½ rks jSoS i.k dkj.k&vdkj.k vsd&nwtk ekFkS jhl djrk jSoSA b.kjknks Hksn gqoS & iz.k; eku] vj ^b";kZ* ekuA izokl foizyaHk esa uk;d&ukf;dk fd.kh dkelwa nsoh&jks ljki ;kdS nslkUrj xeu jS dkj.k vsd nwtS lwa vyx gq; tkoSA d:.k-fotksx fl.kxkj jh NSyh vksLFkk dSbZth gSAb.kesa izseh&izsfedk esa lwa fd.kh vsd jks lalkj&xeu ¼fejR;q½ njlkbtSA lkFkS bZ b.kesa iqujfeG.k jhHkfoL;ok.kh bZ djhtSA

b.kh Hkkar <ksyk esa vks izse xq.k&dFku&tU; oSjkx lwa ÅiMS+ vj oks vkijh ij.;ksM+h ekjo.kh ft.kjksvtS yx m.ka uSa dksbZ cSjks dksuh gks] fey.k uSa iawxG dkauh tko.k ykxSA m.kjh nlk vksNS ika.kh esa rM+QrhekNyh tSM+h gq; tkoS&

<+k<+h xk;k fulg Hkjh] lqf.k;m lkaYg lqtk.kA

vksNbZ ika.kh eaN T;am] osyr F;m fogk.kAA

ekGo.kh jks fojg izokltU; iwoZjkx dksfV jks gSA m.k jks vks fojg latksx esa fojg jh ladk lwa l:gqoSA b.k :i esa ekyo.kh jks fojg ^iz.k; vj bZL;kZ eku jS uSM+S gSA ok dksuh pkoS dS <ksyks fd.kh bZ rjS lwaekjo.kh lwa feGSA b.k okLrS ok P;k:a dkauh iS jks fcBkoS vj iwaxG lwa vk;ksM+S lanslka uSa <ksyk yx uha iwx.knSoS] i.k m.kjS thou esa fojg jh iwx <ksyk jS iwxG dkuh tko.k iNS gqoSA ck <+ksyk jS b.k izokl uSa <kc.kokLrS fjrqoka jks okLrks nsoS A <ksyk jS Oghj gqo.k iS cka m.k uSa cqyko.k lk: lwoVS uSa HkstS] i.k m.k jks iMwÙkjrks ekyo.kh uSa iwjh rjS lwa fucGh c.kk nsoSA b.k jks [kkl dkj.k ekyo.kh jks <ksyk lkxS ykEcks lkgp;Z gSAvks bZ dkj.k gS dS ?k.kh bZ tkxka m.kjks fojg ekjo.kh vj <ksyS lwa cslh ekfeZd c.kX;ks gS&

<ksym pkY;m l[kh] okT;k fojg&fulka.kA

gkFks pwM+h f[kl iM+h] <hyk gq;k la/kk.kAA

gb js tho fuGTt rwa] fudL;wa tkru rksfgA

fiz; fcNqM+r fudL;m ugha] jám ytko.k eksfgAA

b.k nhB lwa ^<ksyk&ek:^ esa izse jh vfHkO;fDr] ^LoIu&njlutU; iwoZjkx* jS ek/;e lwa Ogh gSAekjo.kh jS fgjnS esa <ksyk lk: izse jks iSyks fcjoks m.k jh ;qokoLFkk esa <ksyk uSa liuk esa ns[k.k jS lkFkS QwVS&

vlb vkj[kb ek:oh] lwrh lst fcNkbA

lkYg dqaoj lqiubZ feY;m] tkfx fulklm [kkbAA

b.k foxr lwa <ksyk&ek: esa vfHkO;Dr ise dS fl.kxkj jh vS nks fLFkfr;ka y[kkoS&

41

¼i½ dkO; jS l: esa ekjo.kh jks fotksx gS tn dS <ksyk&ekyo.kjh jks latksx

¼ii½ dkO; jS NsdM+yS Hkkx esa ekyo.kh jks fo;ksx oj.kko gS] tn dS <ksyk&ekjo.kjh jks latksxgqo.k okGks gSA

ekjo.kh b.k izsedkO; jh ukf;dk gSA b.k okLrS bZ l: esa tn <ksyks ekyo.kh lkFkS jSoS rks dfo okajS latksx jks oj.kkao uha ekaM^j ekjo.kh jS fojg jks oj.kko djSA b.kh Hkkar mÙkjk)Z esa <ksyk&ekyo.kh jks fotksxgwo.k iS bZ ikBd jks /;ku fctksfx.kh ekyo.kh jS vkalqoka jh ctk; yxksyx <ksyk&ek: jS feG.k lk: bZdsfUnzr jSoSA

dkO; jh dFkk eqtc ^<ksYkk&ek:^ esa rhU;wa <ksyk] ekjo.kh vj ekyo.kh jks izse&nkEiR; dksfV jks gS]pkgs <ksyk&ekjo.kkjh jks nkEiR; Vkcji.kS jks gqoSA vka rhU;ka jS izse esa foxrokj euksfoX;ku vj yksdO;ogkjjh nhB bZ feGS&

Fkkg fugkGb fn.k fx.kb] ek: vklk yq//k A

Åaph pf<+ pkraxh ftma ekfXx fugkGb eq//k AA

vkijS vVwV nkEiR; izse jS dkj.k bZ ekyo.kh <ksyk uSa fcyek; jk[kSA tn <ksyks iwaxG tko.k uSa rS;kjgq; tkoS rks ok nq[kh gq;^j dSoS&

gYym¡ gYym¡ er djm] fg;M+b lky e nsgA

ts lkps bZ gYyL;m] lwrka iYyk.ksg AA

nkEiR; izse jS dkj.k bZ <ksyk&ek: esa izse jh vfHkO;fDr vsd rjQh dksuh gSA nksbZ dkauh lwa izse jhTokyk cG jS;h gSA ftrks izse ekjo.kh <ksyk lwa djS] <ksyks i.k ekjo.kh lwa c/k^j izse djSA jkr Hkj <kf<;kajS xhrka uSa lq.k^j <ksyks O;kdqyjSoSA Hkkx QkVrk bt oks <+kf<+;ka lwa lxGh ckrka tk.khA m.k jS eu esa ek:lwa vGxks jSo.k jks ?k.kks nq%[k gq;ksA oks chlwj.k ykxS vj fo/kkrk lwa chuarh djS dS gs fo/kkrk oka fnuka uSa m.kjhÅej jk fnuka esa uha fx.kS&

<ksym efu vkjfr gqbZ] lkaHkfG , fojrarA

ts fnu ek: fo.k x;k] nbZ u X;ku fx.karAA

dkO;lkL= jk fo}ku fojg jh nl dkenlkoka crkoS ftdh uk;d&ukf;dk jh yxksyx c/krh ihM+ jksifjpS nSorh jSoSA vS dkae&nlkoka gSa&^vfHkyklk] fpUrk] Lezfr] xq.kkxq.k] mn~osx] izyki] mUekn] O;kf/k]a tM+rk vjej.k*A ^<ksyk&ek: dkO;* esa <ksyk&ekjo.kh jS fojg esa fl.kxkj jh vka lxGh bZ dke&nlkoka jks ?k.kks lkarjksoj.kkao feGSA fojg jk ?k.kk bZ lkarjk mnkgj.k vka ik=ka jS fojg esa feGSA vsd mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa izse jks fr[kq.Mks la?klZ gSA b.k la?klZ jks oj.kko i.k Hkkjrh; nhB lwa djhft;ksgSA vks lkfRod izse Hkkjrh; nkEiR;&thou jks urhtks gSA vks fcjg ekjo.kh] ekyo.kh vj <ksyk lwa lEcfU/kr jk[kSA vka rhU;wa bZ ik=ka esa fojg esa fiz;&fey.k jS vHkko jh NViVkgV vj fiz;&fey.k jh ehBh ihM+vuqHko djh tk ldSA

ekjo.kh jh ¼m}sx&vksLFkk½ &

chtqfG;k¡ tkGma feY;ka] <ksyk gwa u lgsflAtm vklkf<+ u vkfo;m] lko.k lefd ejsflAA

ekyo.kh jh ¼fpUrk&vksLFkk½ &

lhax.k dkb u fljft;k¡] izhre gkFk djarA

dkBh lkg¡r ewfB&ek¡] dksMh dklh larAA

42

<ksyk jh ¼Le`fr&vksLFkk½ &

ohlkfj;k¡ u ohljb] fprkfj;ksa ukosarA

ek: lk;j ygj t¡w] fgoM+s nzo dk<arAA

latksx&fl.kxkj &

fl.kxkj jl jks nwtks Hksn gS & latksx fl.kxkjA tBS vuqdwy foyklh ¼izseh&izsfedk½ vsd&nwtS jSnjl.k] ijl vkfn jks Hkksx djS] cks vkuan lwa Hkjiwj laHkksx latksx dS laHkksx&fl.kxkj dSbZtSA latksx fl.kxkjesa uk;d&ukf;dk jS lkSUn;Z&fp=.k jks ?k.kks egÙo gSA b.kh nhB lwa Hkjrh; dkO;&jpukoka esa uk;d&ukf;dkokajS QwVjkiS u[kfl[k QqVjkiS vj nwtk xq.kka jk ?k.kk bZ vksirk fprjkae eaMhft;k gSA ^<ksyk&ek: dkO;* vkalxGh dkO;&:f<;ka lwa Hkjiwj gSA vBS <ksyS jS :i lkSUn;Z jh foxrokj pjpk dksuh Ogh gS QSj bZ m.k jSvuqie :ioku ¼nwgk 4193½ lqMksy vj lqxfBr ljhj] ÅtGh narkoGh] rstksUe; ;kSou vkfn dkauh ladsrt:j djhft;ks gS ¼nwgk 94] 436] 254] 545½A i.k ekjo.kh jS :i jh pjpk <+kf<+;ka vj ohlw pkj.k jS dkuhlwa djhth gSA ekyo.kh jks :i&oj.kkao foLrkj lkxS uha gq;^j <ksyk jS iYyk.k leS dSbZtS laoknka esa gq;ks gS&

ekGo.kh fl.kxkj lf>] vkbZ oky¡Hk iklA

eu ladksph infe.kh] izhre ns[kh mnklAA

x;xe.kh xwtj /kjk] vk.kk¡ n[k.kh phjA

eug l¡dksM+h ekuoh,] lksgb rq>l ljhjAA

ekjo.kh uS m.kjh lf[k;k] fiz; <ksyk lwa fey.k okLrS iM+ok esa iwxk; jS;h gSA m.k cxr m.kjh oka.khch.kk] lkfj[kh pky galk tSM+h vj dslikl QOokjk tSM+h ykx jS;h gSA egy dkauh c/krh ekjo.kh ;wa y[kkoST;kau >h.kka cknGka esa pkUnks pky jS;ks gqoS&

cksyh oh.kk] gal xr] ix oktarh ikGA

ek: pkyh eafnj] >h.ks cknG panAA

:ikGh ekjo.kh tn <ksyk lwa feGS rks nksbZ /kU; gq; tkoSA ekjo.kh uSa rks gj oLrq esa <ksyS jks mf.k;kjksbt nh[kSA nksbZ vsd&nwtS lwa vkfyaxuc) gq; tkoSA os uhj&[khj :i esa vsd nwtS esa lek tkoSA b.k latksxjks oj.kko dfo izrhdk jS ek/;e lwa dj~;ks gSA mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

iapb.k uba ik[kj;m] ebaxG ub en dh/kA

eksg;k csyh ek:bZ] dar isejl ihoAA

<ksym ek: ,dqBk djb drwgG dsfGA

tka.ks panu&lw[kM+b fdGxh ukxj osfGAA

lst jeaok¡ ek:oh] f[k.k esYg.kh etkbA

tk¡f.k d fodlh dsrdh] Hkej c;V~Bm vkbZAA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ dkO; jS latksx&fl.kxkj jh iwj.krk iwaxG lwa ekjo.kh uSa ys vko.k jS iwBSujojx<+ esa ekyo.kh lesr fxjLFkh :i esa gqoSA mVS ikfjokfjd gkl&ifjgkl lwa latksx jh fLFkfr njlkbtSAvsdkauh ekyo.kh vkijS uhyS daB lwa latksx okLrS ek: jS nsl jh fuank djS rks nwtS dkauh b.klwa HkM+d^j ekjo.khe:iznsl uSa ?k.kks vuqie fl) djSA c/krh jkM+ uSa <kc.k lk: vj lkap jks lkFk nsorks <+ksyks ekjo.kh jh ekurkjh lk[k HkjSA <ksyS jks O;ogkj ekjo.kh lk: vkdjl.k vj izse jh vuU;rk jks izrhd c.k tkoSA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS latksx&fl.kxkj jh ywaBh folslrk b.kesa vLVk;ke jks oj.kko gSA vBS vksoj.kkao dfo jh vsd lSyh uh gq;^j Qxr jlkLoknu uSa iq[rk dj.k esa lgk;d mÌhiu foHkko bZ gSA vk[kS

43

jkr&fnu uSa dfo P;kj&P;kj iks jk esa ckaV^j uk;d&ukf;dk jS fØ;kdykika jks njlko djk;ks gSA jkr jSrhljS vj pkSFkS iks jk esa dke&ØhMk&jr nEifr jh lkadsfrd vfHkO;atuk fdrjh dykRed ns[khtS&

=htS izgjS jS.kdS] fefG;k rsgk&rsgA

/ku ufg /kjrh gqb jgh] dar lqgkoks esgAA

pkSFks izgj jS.kdS] dwdM+ esYgh jkfGA

/k.k laHkkGS dapqoka] izh ew¡Nk¡ jk ckfyAA

fl.kxkj jl jS vykok <ksyk&ekjo.kh jk nwgk^ esa ohj jl ¼nwgk 93] 203] 638&642½( d:.k&jl ¼nwgk603&612½( jkSnz jl ¼nwgk 334] 335] 491&494½( lkUrjl ¼nwgk 618&619½( gkLkjl ¼nwgk 221&233] 654&668½jk tFkk&izlax lkarjk iz;ksx feGSA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa lM+fjrqoka vj HkkSxksfyd ifjosl jS Hkkar&Hkkar jk fprjkeka lwa vS jl vkstwmÌhIr gq;k gSA izØfr&oj.kkoka lwa b.k jpuk jS ukn&lkSan;Z uSa bZ vksi feGh gS&

Åufe;d mÙkj fnlba] xkT;m xqfgj xaHkhjA

ekjo.kh fizm laHkj~;m] u;.ks cwBm uhjAA

3-2-5-2 dYiuk&

dYiuk ljl&dkO; jks izk.k gqoSA fonslh fo}ku dkWyfjt b.k uSa leUo; vj tknqbZ lxrh dSoSAle&fole jks leUo; bZ dfo jh lkjFkdrk gqoSA b.k nhB lwa b.k dkO;&jpuk esa Hkko vj cqf) jks]izlax&eqtc leUo; feGSA <ksyk jh mMhd esa ek: jh xjnu jks dqjtka jS cPpk T;aw ykach gqo.kks] ekjo.kh jhdej uSa nks vkaxG jh crko.kks tSM+h ÅgkRed ¼cqf) ewyd½ dYiukoka lkxS bZ HkkokRed dYiuk lwa Hkj~;k nwgkajh bZ vBS Hkjekj gS &

iaFkh ,d lanslM+Å] yx <ksybZ iSgP;kbZA

tkscu [khj leqnz gqbZ] jru t dk<bZ vkbZAA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jks dfo dYiuk jS iz;ksx lwa b.k dkO; jS oLrq&oj.kkoka uSa vksi nhoh gSAvyadkj&fo/kku eas ljlrk Hkjh gSA

3-3 ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* % flYi&foospu

3-3-1 dFkk&flYi&

dFkk jks lqlaxfBr flYi m.kuSa izca/k jks :i nsoSA <ksyk&ek: jS izse jh dFkk gh b.k jh ewG dFkk gSA<ksyk&ek: dkO; jS dFkk&fodkl uSa vka rhu fgLlk esa ckaV~;ks tk ldS &

iSyks pj.k & l: lwa ys;^j <+kf<+;ka jks lansl yS;^j ujojx<+ iwx.k rkabZ;

nwtks pj.k & ujojx<+ lwa <+ksyk jS latksx lk: iwaxG yx;

rhtks pj.k & iwaxG lwa ekjo.kh uSa yS;^j ujojx< iwx.k yxA

b.k dFkk jks lkjks dFkkud ljy vj lkj :i esa gSA ?kVukoka jS fodkl esa ywaBks leUo; gSA fojg]lansl&izsl.k] u[k&fl[k vkn izlaxka esa HkkokRedrk jh b/kdkbZ lwa dFkk&lw= esa fujokGks izokg y[khtSAdFkkud :f<;ka jS ika.k dfo b.kjh dFkk jh xfr lwa ukVdh;rk jh c<+ksrjh gqbZ gS vj dFkkk uS jkspdrk feGhgSA

b.k dkO; jh vS izklafxd dFkkoka ewG dFkk jks foxlko djrk gqbZ m.kjS mÌsL; uSa lkjFkd c.kkoS&

1- lkSnkxj dkuh lwa <ksyk&ekjo.kh jS C;ko vj lanslokgdka uSa ekGo.kh jS ekjx esa ekj nso.k jh

44

?kVuk jS [qkyklS jks izlax(

2- <ksyk&ek: jS fey.k esa ck/kd ekGo.kh&ÅaV&laokn] ekGo.kh jks lwoVS uSa <ksyk duSa f[kanko.kks]ekGo.kh jS ek: nsl jS fuank&oj.ku jks izlax(

3- Åejk&lwejk jS lM+;a= jks izlax(

4- lwR;ksM+h ekjo.kh uSa iho.kS lkai jks Ml.kks] tksxh&tksx.k jks izxV gq;^j m.kuSa iqujthfor dj.kjks izlax(

5- ek:&l[kh laokn] <ksyks&ÅaV&laokn] <ksyk&lqd laokn] xMfj;s jks laokn] <ksyk&chlw laoknjk oj.kkaoA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh dFkk lq[kkUr gSA vks vUr Hkkjrh; njl.k jS vuq:i gSA uk;d <ksyks vjukf;dk ekjo.kh jS e/kqj feG.k lwa dFkk lq[kkUr Ogh gSA

vk.kan vfr] mNkg vfr] ujoj ekgs <ksyA

llusgh l;.kka&r.kk] dfy;ka jfg;k cksyAA

3-3-2 dFkkud&:f<+;ka&

vfHktkr ;k dS yksd&lkfgR; jh fd.kh jpuk esa dFkk ;k dFkk jks cks/k djko.k okGk rÙo dFkkud:f<+ dSbZtSA vkalwa dfo vkijh jpuk jh dFkk uSa ljl vj jkspd c.kkoSA b.kjh xfr uSa c/kkoSA eu pk;ks eksM+ns;^j [kqnjk mÌsL; jh iwjfr djSA b.k Hkkar Qxr ladsr lwa bZ oks ?k.kks dqN dg nsoSA vS dFkkud&:f<+;ka nksrfj;ka jh laHko gq; ldS&

¼v½ yksd foLoklka ekFkS vk/kkfjr] vj ¼vk½ dfo&dYiuk ekFkS vk/kkfjrA

vkyksP; ljapuk esa nksbZ rfj;ka jh dFkkud&:f<+;ka cjrhth gSaA cjrhth [kkl&[kkl dFkkud:f<+;ka b.k Hkkar gSa&

1- HkfoL; lwpd lqiuk &

euksfoX;kfudka eqtc ekuo&eu jh vfrjir dkeukoka lqi.kS esa izxVSA ek: jks eu esa fiz; <+ksyklwa feG.k jh dkeuk cL;ksM+h gSA <ksyk jS iwaxG iwx.k okGh jkr uSa ek: uSa b.k ckcr liuksvkoS&

ft.k fnu <ksym vkfo;m] fr.k vxyw.kh jkrA

ek: lqfg.kÅ yfg dym] lf[k;k¡ lwa ijHkkrAA

2- ljki &

ljki nso.kks ;k dS m.k jks Hk; fn[kko.kks Hkh jktLFkkuh dkO; jh vsd egrkÅ dFkkud:f<+ gSAekGo.kh djgS uSa yaxM+ks gq;j <ksyk jh enr uh dj.k jks fuosnu djrh gqbZ dSoS dS dqaokjks gqo.klwa Fkwa EgkjS nq%[k uSa uha le>SykA rn djgks ¼ÅaV½ m.k uSa iMwÙkj nSoS dS oks ij.;ksM+ks gSA m.kjhtksM+k;r dGi jS;h gS i.k ekfyd jh lsok uha dj.k iS ljki jks Hkkxh cu.kks iM+S&

vcgh esyh gsdyh] djgh djb dykiA

dfg;m yksik¡ lk¡fe&dm] lqanfj] ygk¡ ljkiAA

3- ilq&ia[ks: vj cuLirh esa okrkZyki &

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa ÅaV] lwoVks tkG vkn jk bZ laokn feGSA e/;dkyhu izsek[;kuka jh b.k:f<+ jS ek/;e lwa dFkk uSa d:.kk feGh gSA ekyo.kh&ÅaV ¼nwgk 316&329½ ekyo.kh&lqd ¼nwgk377½] ekyo.kh&tkG ¼nwgk 391&392½ laokn b.kjk mnkgj.k gSaA

45

4- vykSfdd dS nSoh; ik=ka }kjk dfBu dkjtka jks laiknu &

^<ksyk&ek:^ esa vykSfdd lxrh lEiUu flo&ikjorh] tksxh&tksx.k :i esa izxV gq;^j iho.kSlkai jS Ml.k lwa fejR;q iwBS vfHkeaf=r tG lwa iqujthfor dj^j <ksyS jks nq[k&fuokj.k djSA vksvsd vykSfdd vj dfBu dkjt gS] ft.kuSa tksxh osl/kkjh flo&ikjorh iwjkS djS&

tksxu&tksxh ijpO;m] o;.kk¡ vf/kd vikjA

ik¡.kh ea=s ikb;m] gqbZ lpsrh ukjAA

5- lkadsfrd Hkklk&

^<ksyk&ek:^ esa b.k dFkkud :f<+ jks iz;ksx m.k vkSlj ekFkS gq;ks gS tn <ksyks Åejk&lwejs jSdiVkpj.k lwa v.ktk.k e|~iku dj jS;ks gSA ek: jS ih^j jh Mwe.kh cktS esa lqj dk<^j <ksyk uSab.k dqpØ jh tk.kdkjh djkoSA <ksyks cp^j ek: lkxS ÅaV iS cSB^j ujojx<+ dkauh Oghj gq;tkoS&

ihgj&lanh M¡we.kh] Å¡ej&ganb lFFkA

ekjo.kh uw¡ rareb¡] dfg le>kob dFFkAA

6- vax LQqj.k &

ljhjka jS QM+d.k lwa lqHk&vlqHk lqxu yso.k jh Hkjrh; dkO; esa twuh ijEijk jS;h gSA b.k jpukesa b± dFkkud :f< jks iz;ksx ek: lkFkS lqHk :i esa vj ekGo.kh lkxS vlqHk :i esa gq;ks gSA<ksyks iwaxG jS ekjx esa gSA b.kh jkr ek: jk vka[k] ukfHk] Hkqtk vj v/kj LQqfjr gqoS vj fiz;<ksyk jS vkxe jks lqHk&ladsr nSoS ¼nwgk 516&20½A nwth dkauh <ksyk dkuh lwa iwaxG izLFkku jhbPNk izxV dj.k ek= lwa vkof.k;S fotksx jS otzk?kkr lwa mH;ksM+h ekyo.kh ;wa iM+ tkoS T;kaudksbZ Hkqtax m.kuSa Ml fy;ks gqoS&

ekyo.kjh dm ru rI;m] fojg iflfj;m] vafxA

ÅHkh Fkh [kM+gM+ iM+h] tk.ks Mlh HkqtafxAA

7- lqd&:f<+&

Hkkjrh; izsek[;kuka esa b.k :f<+ jks ?k.kks egRo gSA b.k dkO; dFkk esa bZ vk dFkkud :f<+cjrhth gSA <ksyks ekyo.kh uaS lwrksM+h NksM^j iwaxG dkuh Oghj gqoS rn ekyo.kh vkijh fejR;qjks lansl lqd lkFkS <ksyk uSa iqxkoS] i.k <ksyks b.k uSa ekyo.kh jh pky le>^j ikNks ugha vkoSAm.k uSa oks ^uo e.k pan.k* vj ^e.k vxj* lwa nkx dj.k jks vknsl ns;^j ikNksa Hkst fnjkoS ¼nwgk397&411½A

8- :i&xq.k lzo.k&tU; vkdjl.k jh :f<+ &

b.k dFkkud :f<+ jks iz;ksx nks ckj gq;ks gSA iSyh ckj m.k cxr tn <+k<+h ujojx<+ iwx^j ek:jS QqVjkiS jks c[kk.k djS vj b.kuSa lq.k^j <ksyks ek: lwa feG.k uSa mrkoGks gq; tkoSAek:&feG.k jS vHkko esa oks vkijS thou uSa bZ fcjFkk eku.k ykxSA b.kjks nwtks iz;ksx rn gq;ksgS tn iwaxG tkorSa <ksyS uSa jSckjh vj Åejk&lwejS jks pkj.k feGSA oS <ksyS uSa ek: jS QqVjkiSckcr Hkzked vj dwM+h ckrka crk;^j nq[kh dj nsoS ¼nwgk 444½A b.kh cxr chlw pkj.k <ksyS uSaek: jS lkpS QwVjkiS jks c[kk.k djSA b.k c[kk.k lwa <ksyks ikNks ek: dkauh vkdjflr gq;^j vkxSc/kS&

ohlw] lqf.k] <ksym dgb] fgo [kfM iwxG tkfrA

nsg o/kkbZ fnu Fkdb Egs vk,L;k¡ jkrAA

46

9- izse&ijh{kk&

iho.kS jS Ml.k lwa ekjo.kh jh fejR;q ekFkS dk:f.kd foyki djrk <ksyk uSa yksx ek: lwa rhucjlk cM+h vj paik lfj[kh lqanjh lwa C;ko djko.k jks izLrko ns;^j m.k jS izse jh ijh{kk djhthgSA flo :i tksxh i.k <ksyS uSa ek: lkxS uh caG.k jh jk; ns;^j m.kjh ijh{kk ysoSA i.k <ksykjks ek: jS izfr [kjS izse uSa ns[k^j tksxh eaf=r ty lwa ek: uSa iqujthfor djSA

10- izgsfydk&vk;kstu&

uk;d&ukf;dk jS vkilh izsekdjl.k uSa mÌhIr dj.k okLrS igsyh cq>ksoG jh dFkkud :f<+ jksdfo vk;kstu djSA vBS <ksyk&ek: jS iSyS feG.k iS b.k dFkkud :f<+ jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSAjktLFkkuh lesr czt] gfj;k.koh] fgUnh izsek[;kuka esa bZ b.k dFkkud :f<+ jk lkarjk iz;ksxfeGSA

3-3-3 flYi&lkSan;Z&

3-3-3-1 Hkklk&

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jk laiknd b.k jh Hkklk uSa ^ek/;fed jktLFkkuh* dSoS ftdh 13 oSa lbdS lwa15&16 oSa lbdS yx vkFkw.kS Hkkjr jh [kkl Hkklk ghA MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k b.kuSa ^fMaxy Hkklk jh iSyhdkO;&jpuk* ekuSA iaxks- gh- vks>k b.kjh Hkklk uSa o.kkoVh fMaxy ¼jktLFkkuh½ uha eku^j m.k cxr jhcksypky jh Hkklk ekuSA lkap vkbZ gS dS ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh HkkLkk 15&16 oSa lbdS jh jktLFkkuh lektesa cksyht.k okGh yksdHkklk ghA b.kesa vuqj.kkRedrk] ek/kq;Z vj lgtrk jk njl.k gqoSA m.k cxr jh rRlelcnkoyh jS lkxS bZ vjch&Qkjlh] nslt] izkUrh; lcnkoyh jk iz;ksx b.k dkO; jh Hkklk uSa vksirh c.kkoSAdqNsd mnkgj.k ns[k.ktksx gSa&

rRle lcnkoyh & jktk] vuwi] ukjh] dfV] dqp] uhj] l[kh] enu] fpÙk] izk.k] fo/kkrk] vacj]lTtu] voxq.k vknA

nslt&lcnkoyh & Mhdjh] lkaf<;k] ikt] gj] [kafr] Vkcj] jbckjh] jksgh] dsdka.k] fjB] gGQG]eksM+ks] MhaHkw] FkkscM+] rsM+kfo;m] eksdGk] ycwdh] lj<h] mHkk¡[kjk] lG] ifj?kG vknA

yksd lcnkoyh & pkganh] rÙkk] paxk] yTt] vTt] jÙkk ¼iatkch½; vse] tse] dkxG] dse] fotm¼xqtjkrh½;

fonslh&lcnkoyh & lkfgc] lyke] [kokl] gjke] rjQ] goky] Qkst] dke.k] cxlb] fulku]thu] f[kterh] [kqjlk.k] tgkt ¼vjch&Qkjlh½; Bkdqj ¼rsfxu½ vknA

/oU;kuqdj.kkRed lcnkoyh & dfGvy] VcDd] >cwdM++bZ] HkfM+d] >c>c] gGQG] VgwdM+k][kMfM+;k] pVDdM+k] MgDd] ycFkcrh] ?kEea?kearb] >cdg] lGlGb] d.ke.kb] gGgG vknA

^<ksYkk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh /ofu eqtc Hkkfld folslrkoka uhpS eqtc gS&

¼i½ viHkzal jh Hkkar ^.k* jh cksgksGrk&

pky.k gkj] tho.k] lqf.k] o.k vknA

¼ii½ e/kqjrk jS fljt.k okLrS ^M+k] M+h] yk] yh* jks iz;ksx&

feyÅ¡yh] djgyk] vkaxayM+h] csyM+h] lanslM+k] nwgM+k vknA

¼iii½ ikn&iwjfr lk: vjFkghu izR;; ^g^ jks iz;ksx&

dnGhg] dqok¡g] vknA

¼iv½ ^d] t] r] e] j vj l* jks folsl iz;ksx&

47

ugha d ys[k.kgkj; eksrh tM+h t gkfFk

dgm r iwaxG tk¡g; jk¡xk¡a nsg e pwfj; vts l ek: ckyA

¼v½ jsQ ;k rks ^j^ dkj c.kxks ;k tkxka cnGhtxh gS&

nzax ¼nqxZ½; czu ¼o.kZ½; lwj ¼lw;Z½

¼vi½ ^; v t* jks vkilh cnGko dbZ tkaxka feGS&

tkscu ¼;kSou½( tejka.k ¼;ejkt½( o;.k ¼opu½(

l;.k ¼lTtu½] Hkq;axe ¼Hkqtzax½ vknA

<ksyk&ek: esa tFkk izlax cjrhft;k eqgkojka vj yksdksfDr;ka bZ m.kjh Hkklk jS vjFk xkaHkh;Z uSac/kkoSA vka lwa b.k dFkk uSa izks<+rk bZ feGh gSA dqNsd mnkgj.k &

ÅpkGm fd;m] xkT;m xqfgj x¡Hkhj] gj fd;k] nG p<+oks] Msjm yh/k] vke.k&nwe.kks gqo.kks] iyk.kekaM.kks] nw/ks owBk esa vknA

b.k dkO; jpuk esa yksdksfDr;ka jks iz;ksx nks :ika esa feGS&igsyh vj dgkorka jS :i esaA <ksyk&ek:feG.k jS vkSlj ekFkS igsyh cq>ko.k izlax esa cw>~;ksM+h igsfy;ka yksdksfDr jk fljS mnkgj.k gSaA cjrhthdgkorka esa lwa vsd mnkgj.k ns[khtS&

llusgh lenk¡ ijb] olrq fg;k ea>kjA

dqlusgh ?kj vkax.kbZ] tk¡.k le¡nk ikjAA

3-3-3-2 laokn&;kstuk &

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jl&flDr yksd egkdkO; gSA ft.kjk laoknka lwa bZ m.kjks dFkk&fodkl vj ik=kajks pfjr&foxlko laHko gqoSA laoknka jh ukVdh;rk lwa m.kesa jkspdrk jks lapkj gqoSA vka lxGk mÌsL; jhiwjfr lk: t:jh gS dS laokn ik=kuqdwy gqoS] oka esa yksd jatd Hkklk cjrhtSA b.k nhB lwa <ksyk&ek: dkO;jk laokn ljy] lgt] ukVdh;rk lwa Hkjiwj] ik=kuqdwy vj izlaxkuqdwy gSA MkW- Hkxorhyky 'kekZ jS eqtc^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jk laokn ;stuk nks :ika esa ckaVh tk ldS &

¼i½ dFkksidFku jS :i esa vj ¼ii½ dFku jS :i esaA

vS laokn jktLFkkuh ifjosl uSa ÅtkGSA lqius vj m.k jS iwBS ek: jk m.kjh lgfy;ka lkxS laokn izsejh lkLor&Hkkouk uSa rks izxVS bZ gS] lkFkS gh dFkkud uSa bZ vkxS c/kkoSA dqNSd laoknka esa rks vsd lkxS lokykajh >M+h vj oka jS iMwrjka esa lthork jks vglkl gqoSA ^lkSnkxj&[kokl* vj ^<ksyk&<k<h* jk laokn b.khrfj;k jk gSaA vsd mnkgj.k &

lkSnkxj ¼loky½&

rs ns[kh] frf.k iwfN;m] dq.k , jktdqekfjA

fdg ihgj] fdg lkljm] foxrb dgb fopkfjAA

[kokl ¼iMwÙkj½ &

iqnjh fiaxy jk; uh] ek:o.kh rlq uk¡eAujojx<+ <ksybZ Hk.kh] ij.kh iqgdj Bk¡eAA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS laoknk esa euksfoX;ku Hkh feGSA Åejk&lwejk vki jS NG&diV uSa ?k.kh bZprjkbZ lwa yqdkorks <ksyk uSa dSoS&

fdm¡ Bkdqj] vGxk dgm] ckoM+] vey djkgAEgs fi.k tkL;k¡ ujojb] ,d.k lkFk [kMk¡gAA

48

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS laoknka jks vk/kkj lEcks/ku gSA vS lacks/ku <ksyk] oYykg] izhre] l[kh] jktk]<k<h] iaFkh] iihgk] ty/kj] lqd] dqjtka lwa tqM+~;ksM+k gSaaA b.kjks vsd mnkgj.k &

ckcfg;k fuy&iaf[k;k] ck<+r nb nb yw.kA

ihm esjk eb¡ ihmdh] rw¡ fim dgb l dw.kAA

3-3-3-3 vyadkj&

dFkk uSa ljl vj vkdjflr c.kko.k okLrS vyadkjka jks ljko.k tksx ;ksxnku gqoSA vyadkj] Hkko vjHkklk jk xg.kka gSaA vS nks rfj;ka jk gqoS& lcnkyadkj vj vjFkkyadkjA lcnka jS ek/;e lwa dkO; esa vksi yko.kokGk vyadkj lcnkyadkj gSA vjFk&lkSan;Z nso.kokGk vyadkj vjFkkyadkj gSaA ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa nksuwarfj;ka jk vyadkjka jks iz;ksx feGSA lcnkyadkjka esa vBS lc lwa T;knk iz;ksx jktLFkkuh jks pkoks vyadkj oS.klxkbZ vj vjFkkyadkjka esa ^lkn; ewyd* vyadkjksa jks gq;ks gSA vsd mnkgj.k &

oS.k lxkbZ &

vkfn esG &

mÙkj vkt l mÙkjm] lgh iM+slh lhgAA

e/;esG&

tkb feyhtb lkt.kk¡

vUr esG&

ru gh ek¡fg olar

miek&

xfr x;an] t¡?k dsfjxzHk] dsgfj fte df< yadA

ghj Ml.k] fonze v/kj] ek: HkdqfV e;adAA

mRizs{kk &

pgq¡ fnl nkfefu l?ku ?ku] ihm rft fr.k okjAek: ej pkrx Hk,] fim fim djr iqdkjAA

:id &

<k<h] ts lkfgc feyb] ;w¡ nk[kf.k;k tkbA

vk¡[;k¡ lho fodkfl;k¡[ Lokfrt cjlm vkbAA

vfrl;ksfDr&

ek: cbBh lst&flj] izh eq[k ns[kb rklA

iwfre&dsjs pan T;wa eafnj gqog mtklAA

vka vyadkjka jS vykok vS vyadkj Hkh cjrhft;k gS & ^vuqizkl] ;ed] iqu:fäizdkl] ohIlk]igsfydk; ifj.kke lansg] Hkzkafreku] mYys[k] viUgfr] nhid] izfroLrwiek] O;frjsd] fouksfä] ifjdjkadqj]vizLrqrizlalk] ifjtktksfä]] laHko] vk[ksi] vU;ksfä] vR;qfä] fojks/kkHkkl] foHkuk] folslksfä] fole] vf/kd]izrhi] rn~xq.k] ehfyr] mUehfyr] izLuksÙkj] lw[ke] LokHkkoksfä] ekuohdj.k] yksdksfäA*

3-3-3-4 Nan&

Nanka jS ek/;e lwa dfo dkO;kRek uS ewjfreku djSA lkL=h; nhB lwa Nan rhu rfj;k jk dSbZft;k gSa& ekf=d] of.kZd vj n.MdA vka jk le] vj/k le vj fole Hksn gqoSA ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ 674 Nanka esa

49

jphth jpuk gS& ft.k esa T;knkrj ekf=d Nan bt cjrhft;k gSaA vka esa lwa bZ [kkl rkSj lwa rhu Nan nwgk]xkgk ¼xkFkk½ vj pUnzk;.kka jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA MkW- 'kaHkwflag euksgj^ pksFkS Nan lksjBk uSa bZ fx.k~;ks gS] i.k lksjBksnwgk jks bZ vsd Hksn gSA

jkeflag raoj] lw;Zdj.k ikjhd vj ujksrenkl jk laikfnr laLdj.k esa dqy 674 Nan gSaA ft.kkesa lwa668 nwgk] 4 xkgk] ¼xkFkk½ vj nks panzko.kk Nan cjrhft;k gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk nwgk jk lxGkbZ Hksnka jksiz;ksx feGSA

xkgk ;k dS xkFkk Nan izkÑr Hkklk jks gSA ^izkÑr iSaxye~ vj jktLFkkuh dkO;lkL=h; xzaFkka esa 27xkFkkoka esa lwa vBS /kk=h ¼Na- 1½] Nk;k ¼Na- 234½] pwj.k ¼Na- 573½ vj dhjrh ¼Na- 577½ :ika jks bZ iz;ksx gq;ksgSA panzk;.kk Nan y{k.k xzaFkka lwa esG ugha [kkoS i.k panzk;.kk jh y; t:j vka Nanka esa gSA b.k Hkkar <ksyk&ek:jk nwgk^ esa Nanka jh rqdka jks iwjks fujokg gq;ks gSA b.k rqd jh iwjfr lk: ^g^ jks iz;ksx djhft;ks gSA izR;sdNan esa xs;rk gSA vkajh iqujkojru izofr xs;rk uS c/kk;ks gSA

3-4 <ksyk&ek: jk nwgk % lSyh & foospu

dkO; jh jpuk&iz.kkyh bZ lSyh dSbZtSA Hkkjrh; dkO;lkL= esa b.k lk: jhfr] ofÙk] izofÙk] ekxZ vknlcnka jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA dqard ^jhfrjkRek dkO;L; dS;^j foflLV in jpuk uSa jhfr ;k dS lSyh ekuh gSAvaxzsth esa lSyh jks mGFkks LVkby ¼Style½ gSA gj dfo vj ys[kd jh vsd [kkl lSyh gqoSA m.k ekFkS m.kjSO;fDrRo jh Nki jSoSA ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh bZ vsd [kkl lSyh gS] ft.kuSa laikndx.k ^yksd lSyh* ekuhgSA b.kjS ewGesa m.kka jh b.k dkO; iksFkh uSa fd.kh vsd dfo jh jpuk uha eku^j vk[kS tu&leqnk; jh Fkkrheku.kks gS] i.k ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh lSyh jks v/;;u uhpS fy[;ksM+h nhB lwa Hkh dj~;ks tk ldS gS&

3-4-1 ijEijk jh nhB lwa&

ijEijk jh nhB lwa e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh rhu lSfy;ka pyu esa dSbZtS&tSu lSyh] pkj.klSyh vj ykSfdd lSyhA vka rhU;wa lSfy;ka esa lwa ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ ykSfdd lSyh jh bZ fl) gqoSA HkkfldnhB lwa nwgk esa ^vb] vm* jks iz;ksx] dha nwgka esa ^f}Ùk O;atuka* vj oS.klxkbZ jk iz;ksx lwa b.k ekFkS pkj.k lSyhjks izHkko y[kkoSA pfjrk[;ku gqo.k lwa b.kuS tSulSyh jS uSMS+ dS;ks tk ldS i.k izLrqfr jh nhB lwa vk lq):i lwa ^yksdlSyh* jh jpuk gSA b.kesa yksdthou jh lgt vfHkO;fä Ogh gSA

3-4-2 vfHkO;fä jh nhB lwa&

b.k nhB lwa ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa rhu lSfy;ka gS & ljy] vyaÑr vj xw<+A izlkn xq.k jh iz/kkurkjS dkj.k vBS ljy lSyh jh bZ cgqyrk y[khtSA ljy lSyh jS dkj.k bZ vk jpuk tu&lkekU; jks daBgkjc.k ldh&

iwxG nsl nqdkG fFk;q¡] fd.kgh dkG folsflA

fiaxG ÅpkGm fd;m] uy ujojpb nsflAA

izse&fu:i.k jS izlaxka esa dFkk jh t:jr eqtc vBS lgt vyaÑr&lSyh lwa bZ ifjpS gqoSA vkvyaÑfr jhfrdkyhu dfo;ka jh nkabZa lk;kl dksuhA b.kh okLrS b.k lSyh esa eaMhft;ka oj.kkao izHkkoh c.;k gS&

/kjrh tsgk ej[kek] ue.kk tsgh dsfG

eTthBk¡ fte jPp.kk¡] nbZ] lq lTt.k esfGAA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks tkrh; dkO; dSbZft;ks gSA m.kesa vBka jh pkoh ^V&o.kZ*iz/kku] ^f}Ùk O;atuka* lwa Hkjiwj vj vkstxq.k&lEiUu ^xksM+h jhfr* jks iz;ksx LokHkfod bZ gS&

fogk¡xM+s t mnk//k;k¡] lj T;m¡] iaMqfj;k¡gA

dkyj dk>k deG T;m¡ <fG&<fG <sj fFk;kgAA 495

50

bl dkO; jpuk esa ^ikapkyh jhfr* jk bZ mnkgj.k ?k.kh tkxka feGSA b.k jhfr ¼lSyh½ esaek/kq;Z vj lqdqekjrk jks ln~Hkko jSoSA vsd mnkgj.k&

vk¡[kfM+;ka Macj gqbZ] u;.k xek;k jks;A

os lkt.k ijnsleb¡] ják foMk.kk gks;AA 165AA

3-4-3 oj.kkao jh nhB lwa&

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jks dfo oj.kkao ekaM.k esa ?k.kks ?k.kks fl)gLr gSA oks ?k.kk bZ QwVjk HkkokRedvj ltho oj.kkao vk[kjka <kG~;k gSA fjrq&oj.kkao] djgk oj.ku] dwi oj.ku] dLV oj.ku] je.kh&:i oj.ku]osl&Hkwlk oj.kko] vkn esa dfo jh oj.ku lSyh jks [kklks ifjpS feGSA lhG fu:i.k djrka dfo ekjo.kh jks;wa oj.kkao djS&

xfr xaxk] efr ljlrh] lhrk lhG lqHkkbA

efgyka ljgj&ek:bZ] voj u nwth dkbZ AA45AA

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa lSfy;ka jS vykok lansl i)fr] LoIu&i)fr] lwfDr i)fr] mikyaHk lSyh]lacks/ku lSyh] ÅgkRed lSyh jk bZ vksirk mnkgj.k feGSA

3-5 bdkbZ jks lkj &

^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ dkO; jks egRo Qxr jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa bZ uh fgUnh&lkfgR; esa Hkh fljSFkjihft;ks gSA b.kjk vusdwa dkj.k gSA izLrqr jpuk mÙkjdkyhu viHkza'k vj l:vkrh jktLFkuh Hkklk jSlaf/kdky jh lcGh jpuk gSA ohj jlkRed dkO; ijEijk jS tqx esa vk jpuk fl.kxkj jl jh iSyh jpuk gSAlkxS bZ vk jpuk jktLFkkuh izsek[;ku ijEijk jh l:vkr dj.k okGh jpuk gSA nkEiR;&izse jks ifo= lanslys;^j b.kjh fp=dyk vj ewfrdyk uSa bZ v.kwFkh nsu gSA jktLFkku jh ekuo vj ekuosÙkj izÑfr jks b.kesalkarjks fp=.k gq;ks gSA Hkklk&foX;ku jh nhB lwa b.kjh Hkklk mYys[kuh; gSA b.k dkO; esa mdsjhft;k ekfeZdfl.kxkfjd izlax eku[kS uSa Hkko&foOgy dj nsoSA b.k dkO; esa Hkko] deZ vj :i&lkSUn;Z jks ywaBks leUo;gq;ks gSA izse dFkk jh vk vsd cstksM+ jpuk gSA

jktLFkkuh tuthou lwa Hkjhiwjh vj vBka jh rn~tqxhu laLdfr jh vksG[kka.k djko.kokGh vk vsdBkoh jpuk gSA e/;;qxhu yksdfoLokl] ekurkoka] dykoka vkfn jks vBS lkarjks oj.kkao gq;ks gSA b.kesa lkfgR;]laLdfr vj bfr;kl jh f=os.kh jk njl.k gqoSA MkW- Hkxorhyky 'kekZ jS lcnka esa ^^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ ,d,slh izk.koku dfr dk fo'ks"k n"VkUr gS ftlesa vUrjax dh iw.kZrk ds lkFk&lkFk dyki{k dh Hkh lcyrk gSA^^

3-6 vH;kl jk izLu&

1- ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh dFkk jks lkj fy[krka gq;k m.kjh leh{kk djksA

2- ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS lhlZd jks [kqyklks djks vj b.kjh ik=&;kstuk uSa le>koksA

3- <ksyk] ekjo.kh] ekyo.kh vj djgs jh pkfjf=d folslrkoka uSa mnkgj.kka lwa le>kkoksA

4- ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS jpsrk vj jpukdky ekFkS fopkj djrk gq;k fl) djks dS vks vsd ukehizca/k dkO; gSA

5- ^^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ vsd tu&fiz; yksdxhr gS ^&b.k dFku uSa vksirk mnkgj.kka lwa fl) djksA

6- dkO;Lo:i jh nhB lwa ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh leh{kk djksA

7- ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa fu:fir izse ¼fl.kxkj½ jh folslrkoka jks mnkgj.kka lwa [kqyklks djksA

8- ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa mdsjhft;s e:Hkkse jk HkkSxksfyd ifjosl uSa le>koksA

9- ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jS dFkk flYi ekFkS vsd fucU/k fy[kksA

51

10- ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ jh lSyh ekFkS fopkj djksA

11- ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk^ esa cjrhth dFkkud :f<;ka jks [kqyklks djksA


1- la- /khjsUnz oekZ & fgUnh&lkfgR; dks'k] Hkkx 2A

2- la- jkeflag raoj] lw;Zdj.k ikjhd] ujksÙkenkl Lokeh & ¼laiknd=;½ <ksyk&ek: jk nwgkA

3- ia- fo'oukFkizlkn feJ & fgUnh&lkfgR; dk vrhrA

4- MkW- txnh'kizlkn JhokLro & fMaxy&lkfgR; ¼i|½A

5- MkW- Ñ".kdqekj 'kekZ & ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk*A

6- MkW- euksgj 'kekZ ¼la-½ & ^<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk*A

7- MkW- 'kaHkwflag euksgj & <ksyk&ek: jk nwgk % foospuk vkSj O;k[;kA

8- MkW- Hkxorhyky 'kekZ & <ksyk&ek: jk nwgk esa dkO;&lkS"Bo] laLdfr ,oa bfrgklA

52

bdkbZ & 4

izeq[k jpuk % chlynso jklks & dFk] flYi vj lSyhbdkbZ jks eaMk.k &

4-0 mÌsL;

4-1 izLrkouk%

4-1-1 xzaFk ifjpS

4-1-2 jpsrk vj jpukdky

4-2 chlynso jklks % dF; & foospu

4-2-1 dFkk&lkj

4-2-2 dFkk jk ik=

4-2-3 dF; jh vsfrgkfldrk

4-2-4 dkO;&l:i

4-2-5 dF; & QqVnkiks vj Hkkoxr folslrkoka

4-3 chlynso jklks % flYi&foospu

4-3-1 dFkk & flYi

4-3-2 dFkkud :f<;ka

4-3-3 flYi & lkSan;Z%

4-3-4 Hkklk

4-3-5 laokn & ;kstuk

4-3-6 vyadkj

4-3-7 Nan ;kstuk vj xs;rkA

4-4 chlynso jklks % lSyh & foospu

4-4-1 yksd&lSyh

4-4-2 ÅgkRed lSyh

4-4-3 oj.kkRed lSyh

4-4-4 laokn lSyh

4-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

4-6 vH;kl jk izLuA

4-7 lanHkZ xUFkk jh ikuM+h

4-0 mÌsL; %&

fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa *chlynso jklks* jh vksG[kk.k djko.kks bZ b.k bdkbZ jks[kkl mÌsL; gSA vSM+h jpuk ft.kesa bfrgkl jks iwjh rfj;k lwa vHkko gS] QSj bZ vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy tSM+kekuhrk fo}ku ohjjl jS vHkko esa bZ b.kuaS ohj xkFkk dky jh vk/kkjHkwr jpuk ekuh gSA vka lxGh ckrka jks[kqyklks dj.kks b.k bdkbZ jh folS lkexzh gqoSykA chlynso jklks jS jpsrk vj jpukdky ckcr fopkj djrk

53

gq;k b.k jS* dF;] flYi vj lSyh ekFkS fopkj Hkh dj~;ks tkoSykA

4-1 izLrkouk %&

4-1-1 xzaFk ifjpS &

lkfgR; esa jklks lcn nks vjFkka esa vaxSft;ks gS & vsd xs;eqDrd&ijEijk :i esa vj nwtks fujrxhrijd ijEijk :Ik esaA *chlynsojklks* iSyh ijEijk jh izfrfuf/k jpuk gSA vkfndky ;k dS izkjafHkd dky jSxs; lfgR; esa b.kjh pjpk fljS :Ik esa djhtSA vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy b.kesa ohjjl uha gqork Fkdka bZ] fgUnhjS ohjxkFkkdky jS fuj/kkj.k esa b.kuSa lkfey djh gSA b.kjh dFkk jh fojksG dfj;ka vks [kqyklks gqoS dS vk jpuklq) :Ik lwa vsd *izsek[;ku* gSA jkterh vj chlynso jS C;ko iwBS m.kka jS izse jks eaMk.k djhft;ks gSA b.kesaojf.kr fojg vj ckjgeklk jS vk/kkj ika.k b.k uSa *lansl jkld* vj *<ksyk&ek: jk nwgk* jh ijEijk jh jpukeku.kh pkfgtSA twuh jklks jpukoka jh nkbZa *chlynsojklks* jS jpsrk] jpukdky] pfjr&uk;d vkn vtS yxr; dksuh gq; lD;k gSA vka lxGh ckrka jh foLGsl.k Egka vBS fuj[k&ij[k b.k bdkbZ esa djh tkoSykA

4-1-2 jpsrk vj jpukdky &

*chlynso* jklks esa b.kjS jpsrk jS :Ik esa ujifr vj ukYg nks ukao vk;k gSA ft.k jS vk/kkj ika.k MkW-eksrhyky esukfj;k vtesj jS ujifr uSa xqtjkr jS ujifr ukYg lwa vfHkUu ekurk gq;k] *chlynsojklks* uSaxqtjkrh dfo ujifr ukYg jh jpuk ekuSA b.k jS ewy esa oS nksuwa dfo;ka jks HkkolkE; vaxStSA MkW- gtkjhizlknf}osnh i.k b.k ekurk jk lejFkd gSaA vka nksuwa dfo;ka esa 300 cjlka jks vkarjks gSA vtesj jks *ujifr ukYg*b.k jpuk jS eqtc fo-la- 1212 jks gSA tnds xqtjkr jks dfo ujifr ukYg 16oha lnh jksA b.k rjS vk nksuqokauS eku.kk rjd&laxr dksuh y[kkoSA jS;h ckr Hkko lkE; jh] rks HkkolkE; rks feG ldSA Hkkstjkt jh jpuk*fl.kxkj izdkl* vj Qzk;M esa Hkko&lkE; ns[;ks tk ldS i.k b.k jks drbZ vks vjFk dksuh dS cS ledkyhugk ;k dS vsd&nwtS jS Hkkoka jh udy djh gqoSaA b.k okLrS nksuwa dfo;ka uSa ,d eku.kks rjd&laxr dksuhA

*Ckhlynsojklks* jk laiknd lR;thou oekZ b.k uSa ujifr ukYg jh jpuk dksuh ekuSA b.k izek.k esaoS **ukYg jlk;.k uj Hk.kbZA fg;M+bZ gjf'k xk;.k db HkkbZ** vksGh jks mYys[k djSA b.k Hkkar oS ekuSa dS jklksjk Nanka uSa Nanksc) dj *ujifr ukYga lekt esa xk;k djrks gksA b.kh okLrS jpuk esa tkxka&tkxka oks *dgb*]*Hk.kb*] *c"kk.kb* bZ fy[kS &

Xkk;ks gks jkl lq.kS lc dksbA

lkaHkG~;kW¡ jkl xaxkQG gksbAA10AA ¼izFke lxZ½

ukYg jlk;.k jl Hk.kbA

Hkwyks vf'kj&vk.ktks <kbZAA11AA ¼f}rh; lxZ½

dSbZ fo}ku ujifr vj ukYg uSa HkSGk dj* j jpsrk jks ukao* ujifr ukYg crkoSA lkap vkbZ gS dSujifr ukYg nks feu[k dksuh vks vsd bZ ukao gSaA b.k jS vykoka vBS ujifr jks vjFk jktk Hkh dksuh] D;wadSukYg ukao jS fd.kh jktk jks ukao bfr;kl esa dksuh feGSA ukYg dfo jks izpfyr ukao jS;ks gqoSykA* ujifr* dfojks miukao gq; ldS D;wadS *ujifr* ukao jpuk esa gj tkxka uha cjrhft;ks gSA b.k jks iz;ksx iSys laxZ jS nwtSNan esa bt vk;ksa gSA chlynso jklks esa vkbZ ?kVukoka jS ika.k vj oalkoyh jS vHkkoa esa vks d;kS tk ldS dS*foxzgjkt pkSFkS* jS ledkyhu dksbZ ukYg ukao jks dfo b.k yksddkO; dFkk uSa ok.kh nhohA

jpukdky %&

Ckhlynso jklks esa b.kjk jpuk dky ckcr uhpS fy[kh vkSfG;ka gS &

Ckkjg lS cgksrjk¡ gk¡ e¡>kfj]

tsB cnh uoeh cq/kokjAA

54

ukYg jlk;.k vkjaHkbA

lkjnk rqfB czãz dqekfjAA

dklehjk¡ eq[k e.M.khA

jkl izxklks chly&ns&jkbAA9AA ¼izFke lxZ½

vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy *ckjg lS cgksrjka gka* ikB law fo-la- 1212 vjFk ysork gq;k b.kjh l:vkr tsBcnh ue cq/kokj fo-la- 1212 uSa ekuSaA feJca/kq i.k chlynso jklks jks jpuk laor 1220 crk;ks gSA

ykyk lhrkjke frokjh b.k jks vjFk fo-la- 1272 djSA MkW- rkjdukFk vxzoky b.k uSa ekus dksuh vjfd.kh nwth iM+fyfi jS ika.k b.k uSa fo-la- 1093 jh jpuk ekuh gSA xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k b.k uSa fo-la-1030&1056 jS chp jpht+h ekuSa tn dS MkW- jkedqekj oekZ *chlynsojkl* jks fljt.k dky fo-la- 1073 FkjiSA

MkW- ekrkizlkn xqIr dFkkuk;d vj ukf;dk jS vsfr;kfld rk jks vk/kkj ys;*j b.k jS jpuk dky ekFkSfopkj djSA oS ekuS dS tS~ b.kjks Ukk;d foxzgjkt rhtks gqoS rks bZ vks fl) dksuh gqoS dS jkterh jktk Hkkstjh dU;k ghA b.k xzaFk jh iM+fyfi;ka esa bZ dksbZ Bkok izek.k dksuh y[kkoSA MkW- ekrk izlkn xqIr b.kuaS fo-la-1400 jS vk[krh&ik[krh jh jpuk ekuSA

Jh lR;thou oekZ pksFkS foxzg jkt ¼chlynso½ uSa *chlynsojklks* jks dFkk uk;d ekurk Fkdk b.kjksjpuk fo- laor~ 1212 gh vaxStSsA oLrqr% jpuk esa ;k dS chtS lgk;d xzaFkka esa chlynso jh oalkoyh jS vHkkoesa vks dSo.kks ?k.kks nksjks gS dS vk iksFkh chlynso rhtS lwa lacaf/kr gS dS chlynso pksFkS lwaA i.k jpuk esa eaMhth?kVukoka ik.k b.kjks dFkkuk;d chlynso pksFkkS bZ gSA ftdks /kkj jS jktk Hkkst oalh; fd.kh jktk jh csVh lwaC;ko dfj;ks gksA b.kjS vykok irM+S lwa feyk.k dj.k lwa fo-la- 1212 tsB cnh ue izekf.kr gqoSA

4-2 chlynso jklks% dF; & foospu

*Ckhlynsojkl* jks dF; chlynso uSa tksM+k;r jkterh jh xqeSt uha dj.k jh lykg lwa jhl*j mM+hlkOghj gqo.kS vj ckjSg cjlka iwBS jkterh jS rSM+.k iS ikNks vtesj vko.k jh ?kVuk lwa tqM+;ksM+ks gSA dfo b.kvk[kh dFkk uSa P;kj ljxka esa ekaMh gS] ft.kjks lkj b.k Hkkar gS &

4-2-1 dFkk lkj &

/kkj uxjh esa Hkkst ijekj jkt djS gksA m.kjh Mhdjh jkterh ?k.kh :ikGh ghA jka.kh jS dSo.k lwa jktkcsVh okLrS lq;ksX; oj jh rikl esa fijksrka uSa HksT;kA cs jkterh jks C;ko vtesj jkt jk vf/kifr chlynsolkxS r; dj fnjk;ksA

Ckhlynso jh cjkr fprkSM+x<+ jS jkLrS /kkj uxjh iwxhA ek?k fiaMr jh vxqokbZ esa ?k.kS eku&lEeku vjmPNc lkxS C;ko lEiUu gq;ksA chlynso uSa Mk;tS esa ?kksM+k] gkFkh /kukfn jS vykok vkyhlkj] dqM+ky] HkMksoj]lksjB ¼lksjkLVª½] xqtjkr] lkEHkj] VksMk] Vksad vj fprkSM+ nhjhft;ksA

vsd*j vkilh ckrphr esa chlynso ?k.kS bZ xqeSt lwa jkterh uSa dS;ks dS b.k Hkkse ekFkS m.k ljh[kksdksbZ nwtks jktk dksuhA rn jkterh iM+wrj fn;ks dS bŸkks xjc pks[kks dksuhA xjc dj.kS okGS jks xqeSt[kjphtSA b.k lalkj esa vki tSM+k ?k.kkbZ jktk gSA mM+hlk jS jktk dUgS ghjk jh [kkuka gSA* vks lq.k*j chlynso?k.kks ukjkt gq;ks vj i.k yh/kks dS tnyx oks vka ghjka dh [kkuka ekFkS b/kdkj uha dj ysoS] m.k uSa pSu dksuhfeySykA jkterh vj m.kjh ftBk.kh ?k.kh dksfll djh dS cks b.k iz.k uSa rksM+ nsa i.k oks uha ekU;ksA vkijSHkrht uSa jkt lwai*j jkterh lwa] txUukFkiqjh ckcr lxGh tk.kdkjh ys;* j mn;fla/k] vpG pkSgku]cNjkt] nsoth] lxrlh vkfn jS lkFkS oks mM+hlk okLrS iyka.k dj~;ksA

chlynso jS fctksx esa jkterh nl cjl dk<+ fnjk;kA ckgj eklka jS nq[kka uSa Hkksxrka bX;kjesa cjljkterh fi.Mr uSa vsd dkxn lkFkS mM+hlk f[kank;ksA chlynso jS vsd jktk gqo.k jh tk.kdkjh iwBSa mM+hlk

55

jks jktk nsojkt m.kuSa ?k.kS /ku&/kku lkxS fonkbZ nhohA lkjh turk vtesj esa m.kjks Lokxr dj~;ksA oS lq[klkxS jSo.k&ykxkA vBS bZ pkSFks ljx esa chlynso fijksr uSa jktk Hkkst uSa rSM.k [kkrj HkstSA mPNc iwBS jktkHkkst cSVh jkterh uSa lkFk yStkoSA rhu efguk iNS chlynso jkterh uSa ykoS vj vkuan lwa jkt dj.k ykxSAjpuk jks vUr dfo jS vklhjopu lwa gq;ks gSA

4-2-2 dFkk jk ik= %

ia- xksjh'kaadj ghjkpan vks>k b.kjS ik=ka chlynso] jkterh vj Hkkst ijekj uSa vsfr;kfld ik= ekuSaAb.kka jS ckjS esa oka jh ekurk gS &**fdUrq jkterh uke dh dksbZ jkuh Kkr ugha gSA chlynso ¼foxzgjkt½ rrh;dh jkuh dk uke vo'; lkses'oj ds ohT;ksR;k ds f'kykys[k esa jktnsoh feyrk gSA gks ldrk gS fd *chlynsojkl* dk dfo bl jktnsoh dks jkterh dgrk gks vkSj mldk chlynso] chlynso ¼foxzgjkt½ rrh; ukegks] ftldk le; laor~ 1150 ds yxHkx iM+rk gSA Hkkst ijekj dk le; laor~ 1112 ds yxHkXk iM+rk gSAblfy, jpuk ds rhuksa O;fDr ,sfrgkfld gSaA** cgjgky] vks>kth [kqn b.kjh ?kVukoka uSa vsfr;kfld dksuhekuSaA izek.kka lwa vk jpuk vsd yksd *izse&vk[;ku* gS] ft.kjk ik= fd.kh :Ik esa bfr;kl ukao /kkjh gSA izsejS vk/kkj lwa vk jpuk ukf;dk iz/kku gSA vBS jpuk jS vk/kkj ekFkS jkterh jks pfj= chlynso jh rqyuk esacslh izHkkoh vj mnkÙk gSA b.kjS pfjr jh foxr ns[khtS &

jk.kh jkterh jks pfj= ukjh&lqyHk xq.kka lwa Hkjiwj gSA chlynso jh xqeSth ckrka uSa lg.kksa jkterhjS cl jS ckjS gSA b.kh okLrS ok m.kuSa bÙkks pqHkrks iM+wrj nsoS dS m.kuSa lq.k*j chauS jkt NksM*j ijnsl tko.kksiM+SA jkterh jks fgoM+ks ?k.kks daoGks gSA ck vkijS /k.kh jS fojg uSa lgu dj.k okLrS rS;kj dksuh] b.k jks izek.kgS m.kjks vks dFku &

Egs fc.kL;k cksfy;M nkslA

ix dh ikugh lafdlm jkslAA

dhM+h mifj djdh fdlhA

Egs gj;k Fks dfj tk.hk;M lkpAA

meh esfYg myx pymA

ty fcgq.kh; fde thob eaNAA

jkterh jh vS prqjkbZ okrka m.kjS /k.kh uSa ugha jksd ldhA b.k lwa oka FkksM+h&lh bZ dksuh ?kcjkoSA ckyxksyx chlynso uSa jksd.k jk tru djrh jSoSA Tkkslhth uSa ok P;kj ekl iwBS ewgwjr dk<+.k jks fuosnu djSAvka lxGk truka esa jkterh jS m.kjS ifr lf[k xgjk izse jks ifjpS feGSA m.k fgUnw&tksMk+;r jh vksG[kak.kFkjihtS dS vkijS ifr jS frjLdkj iwBS bZ ok m.k lk: gSr jks lksp jk[kSA P;kj efguk iNS tn chlynsotko.k ykxS rn rks jkterh vkijk lxGk nq%[kka uSa Hkwy* j [kqn jk mnkr pfjr jks njlko djkoS &

myx tk.k dh Fkjh; txhlA

jkt pky.k dh nsg Nb lh"kAA

bf.k fof/k jkt ekags lapjsA

cbBk jktk lHkk ij/kku]

frf.k la ehBk cksfyT;ks

tkbZ lkg.kh VwVm eku

ckf<; lfjlm efr glm

rBb jkb cksykblh Hkhrj xksfB

56

jkter dfj cksyhT;ks

dkd ubM+k v: uhph fnfgAA*

jkterh jks izse fgUnw lekt jks nkEiR; izse gSA b.kh okLrS ok vkijS ifr [kkrj lejfir gSA gj fjrqesa ok fotksx lwa nq%[kh gS] QSj bZ ok gj cqjh ifjfLFkfr jks lkeuks dj.k uSa rS;kj gSA vkijS lkapS vj lejfirizse jS dkj.k gh ok iafMr uSa chlynso uSa cqyko.k okLrS mM+hlk HkstSA chlynso lwa feG.k iS ok m.kuSa dksbZfldk;r ugha djSA m.k oxr Hkh m.k esa Hkjiwj leji.k gSA m.kjS vk[kS thou esa Hkkjrh; yksd thou jhlkso.kh >kadh feGSA

chlynso b.k dkO; & jpuk jks uk;d gSA vks chlynso foxzgjkt rhtks gS dS pksFkks & b.k ckcrdFkk esa dfo dksbZ ladsr dksuh dj;ks gS i.k oj.kkaok lwa oks vsd oSHkolkyh jktk gSA dkO;&jpuk esa m.k jSfd.kh egr~ dkjt jks dksbZ oj.kko dksuh djhft;ks gSA vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy *chlynsojklks* uSa ohj xkFkkdkyjh vk/kkjHkwr 12 jpukoka esa lkfey djS] i.k b.kesa dBS bZ dksbZ ohj jl jh ?kVuk ugha eaMhth gSA fcuk fd.khdkj.k jS vkijh vge~ rqfLV lk: oks jk.kh jkterh lwa :l*j mM+hlk ijks tkoSA mBS ;k dS ekjx esa m.kjksfd.kh lwa dksbZ tq) Hkh uha gqoSA NkuSa oks jktlsok djSA jkterh jS cqyko.k iS ikNks pqipki ckoM+* j vtesjvktkoSA b.k vk[kh foxr esa ohjrk jh ctk; m.kjh nhurk jks bZ ifjpS lkeh vkoSA b.k chp 12 cjlka rdjkterh jS fctksx] vj ckjgS eklk oj.kkao lwa rks jpuk vsd fojgxhr ;k dS fl.kxkfjd jpuk bt fl) gqoSAuk;d jS b.k fucGSi.k jS dkj.k bt vk jpuk vsd ukf;dk&iz/kku jpuk gSA b.k Hkkar chlynso QxrlkeUrh vgadkj jh ewjr gh fuxS vkoSA

Hkkst ijekj /kkj uxjh jks vsfr;kfld vf/kifr gSA jpuk esa ojf.kr ?kVukoka lwa m.kesa vkijh larku[kkrj vVwV okRlY;] vkijS tekbZ lRdkj jh Hkkouk] nkuh vkfn pkfjf=d folslrkoka jks c[kk.k gq;ks gSA dfovsfr;kfld X;ku jS vHkko esa b.kuSa vsd vuSfr;kfld dkO;&jpuk c.kk; nhoh gSA b.kesa m.kjh ekSf[kdijEijk jks bZ ;ksx jS;ks gSA dfo dBS jkterh uSa tSlyesj&ekjokM+ jh jktdqekjh croS rks l: lwa bZ m.kuSa/kkj uxjh jh jktdqekjh dSoSA tnfi dfo mM+hlk ckcr tk.kdkjh m.kjks [kqyklks djS i.k m.kjk izek.kbfr;kl esa dksuh feGSA

4-2-3 dF; ¼dFkk½ jh vsfrgkfldrk &

dFkk esa ojf.kr ?kVukoka jS vk/kkj ika.k MkW- ,y-ih- VSlhVjh] MkW lR;thou oekZ] MkW- ekrkizlkn xqIr]vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh] MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] MkW- rkjdukFk vxzoky] MkW- lhrkjke 'kkL=h vkn fo}kub.k uSa vsfr;kfld jpuk dksuh ekuSaA MkW- rkjdukFk vxzoky jh ekurk gS dS fo-la- 1633 vj 1669 jhiM+fyfi;ka esa ojf.kr dqN leku ?kVukoka gS] T;ku & pkSgku&oalh; chlynso jks /kkj jS jktk ijekj oalh;Hkkst jh csVh jkterh jks C;koA i.k b.k ?kVuk ckcr lclwa EgksVh ladk vk gS dS vks chlynso dq.klks gks \tS vks chlynso rhtks gks rks m.kjh tksM+k;r jks ukao jkterh gqo.kks vizkekf.kd gS] D;wadS fctksR; jS flykys[kesa m.kjks ukao jktnsoh fyf[kft;ks gSA QSj bZ tS Hkkst jh dU;k jks ukao jkterh vks lksp* j eku fy;ks tkoSdS chlynso rhtS jh jka.kh jktnsoh jkss ukao vkijS ih*j esa jkterh jS;ks gqoSyk vj C;ko iNS lkljS esa okjktnsoh dSbZth OgSA b.k dYiuk iNS bZ vk okra izekf.kr dksuh gqoS dS ok /kkj jS jktk Hkkst jh csVh gh] D;wadSchlynso jklks esa dfo m.kuSa tSlyesj jh xksjM+h dS;ks gS &

tueh xksjh rqa tSlyesjAij.kh vkokh x<+ vtesjAAokj ¼g½ cjl] dh xksjM+hAA ¼nwtks ljx½

vka vksfG;ka lwa [kqyklks gqoS dS jkterh tSlyesj jS egkjkt Hkkstnso jh Mhdjh gh] /kkj jS jktkHkkstnso jh dksuhA nwtS vj rhtS lxZ esa dfo jkterh uSa tSlyesj&ekjokM+ jh jktdqekjh crkoS vj iSys&pkSFkSljx esa m.k uSa /kkj jS jktk Hkkst ijekj jh cSVh dSosS & vk b.kdFkk jh lclaw cM+h nqfo/kk gSA

57

b.kh Hkkar tS foxzgjkt rhtS uSa b.k dkO; jpuk jks uk;d chlynso eku yh;ks tkoS rks vk leL;klkeh vkoS dS foxzgjkt rhtS jS leS esa rks vtesj cfl;ks bZ dksuh \ chlynso jklks esa ojf.kr lxGh bZtkxkaoka m.kjS iNS clh gS &

x<+ vtesj olbZ js HkqvkGA

pgqvk.kka dqfy fryd fl.kxkjAA

bfrgkl eqtca vtesj jks fujeak.k foxzgjkt rhtS jS ckn m.kjS oalt vt;jkt fo-la- 1165¼1108 bZ-½ esa djk;ksA dfo vBS chlynso okLrS *labHkjoky* folsl.k uSa bZ dke esa fy;ks gSA b.k folsl.k lawdfo jks vjFk *likny{k* jS jktk lwa bZ gq; ldS] ft.kesa ukxksj] e.Mksj] lksjB] Vksad vkn izkUrka jS lkxS bZvtesj Hkh jS;ks gqoSykA

chlynso jS mM+hlk & tkrjk jks oj.kko nksuwa :ikUrjka esa feGS] i.k m.kjS cBS tq) dj.k vjmM+hlk&fot; ckcr dksbZ vsfr;kfld izek.k dksuh feGSA chlynso jklks esa chlynso jh HkkStkbZ m.kuSa iSyak7 cjlka yx ckjS ;q)jr jSo.k jh ckr dS;*j mM+hlk tko.k lwa jksdSA vk foxr chlynso pkSFkS jS ckcr rkslgh cSBS i.k rhtS jS lkxS dksuhA i.k b.kjS leS jS flykys[k ¼fo-la- 1210&1220½ esa Hkh mM+hlk fot; jks dksbZmYys[k dksuh gq;ks gSA b.kjS vykok chlynso rhtS vaj pkSFkS dkuh lwa [kqnjS HkrhtS uSa jkt lwai.k jks gokyksbZ fd.kh vsfr;kfld xzaFk esa ugha feGSA

vka ?kVukoka jS vykok mM+hlk tko.k jS iSyak vki jS firk jks ljk/k dj.kS vj jkterh dkuh lwa ik.MSuSa chlynso jh ckbZl cjlka jh mej crko.k vkfn mYys[k *dfo dfYir* bt gaS] vsfr;kfld dksuhA /kkj lwaikNk vkorka vkuklkxj jks mYys[k Hkh *chlynso jklks* jk uk;d uSa chlynso pkSFkS jS :Ik esa fl) djS gSAdfo rks yksxka lwa lq.k;kSM+k vk[;ku jS vk/kkj ika.k vkijS vkJ;nkrk jh dFkk uSa yksxka uSa lq.kk;*j [kql dj.kkspkorks gksA b.kesa leS&leS ij *izf{kIr* val tqM+rk jS;k ft.klwa vlyh :Ik ncxks vj vsfr;kfld HkzkfUr;kalkeh vk;xhA chlynso jks jpuk laor~ ftdks fo- la- 1212 ekuhtS rks chlynso pksFkks bt b.kjks uk;d OgSAvUuklkxj jks fujek.k m.kh leS gq;ks gksA fo}ku b.k pksFkS ljx uSa *izf{kIr* ekuSaA lSoV] chlynso jklks jhdFkk jks laca/k bfr;kl lwa de gSA b.kjks [kkl dkj.k m.kjS jpsrk esa bfr;kl&X;ku jh deh gS] oks dksbZ cM+ksbfr;kldkj ;k dS dfo dksuh gksA

4-2-4 dkO; & l:i

Ckhlynso jklks jS dFkk jh vsfr;kfld izkekf.kdrk jh nakbZa bt b.k jS dkO;&:i ckcr Hkh fo}ku vsder dksuhA dSbZ fo}ku b.kuS egkdkO; ekuSa gS rks dqN fl.kxkj iz/kku [k.MdkO;A fo}kuka jks vsd ojx rksb.kuSa iwjh rfj;k lwa yksddkO; esa lkfey djSA b.kjS foijhr MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k fy[kS & **chlynso jklksxhfr dkO; ugha gSA jktLFkku esa ;g dHkh xk;k ugha x;k] u vkt xk;k tkrk gS vkSj u blesa xhfrdkO;ds dksbZ y{k.k feyrs gSaA xhfrdkO; dh Hkk"kk esa tks pyrkiu] NUnkas esa tks xfr] 'kCnksa esa tks eeZLif'kZrk vkSjfo"k; esa tks yksdfiz;rk gksuh pkfg;s] og blesa ugha gSA**

b.k jpuk uSa xhfrdkO; uha ekuf.k;k fo}ku b.k uSa fl.kxkj iz/kku izcU/k dkO; dSoSA izcU/k dkO; nksrjS jk gqoS & egkdkO; vj [k.MdkO;A tS chlynso jklks jks ewY;kadu izcU/k dkO; jh nhB lwa djka rks m.kekFkS izcU/kdkO; jk ekun.M [kjk dksuh mrjSA dkj.k] u rks b.kesa uk;d chlynso jS thou jh lkjh ?kVukokaeaMhth gS vj u gh m.kjS thou jh izkekf.kdrk uSa fo}ku lgh crkoSA dksbZ fo}ku m.kjS uk;d jks lacU/kfoxzgjkt pksFkS lwa tksM+S rks dksbZ rhtS lwaA ik= jS vsfr;kfld egRo jS ika.k chlynso uSa egkdkO; jks uk;dugha ekU;ks tk ldSA b.kh Hkkar egkdkO; jks dke egrkÅ gqoS i.k chlynso jS fd.kh mnkÙk dke jh dksbZtk.kdkjh ugha feGSA b.kesa fljQ uk;d jS vgadkj jks oj.kko gq;ks gSA b.kh vgadkj jS tksl esa oks izse jhxgjkbZ jS egRo uSa bZ Hkwy tkoSA oks uoksMk tksM+k;r uSa NksM*j lkearh vSaB esa mM+hlk ijks tkoS oBS bZ oks dksbZegrkÅ dke uha djS oBS jS jktk jh pkdjh djSA

58

xji dfj cksfy;M lWabHkfj ckyeks lfj'kÅ ufga voj ewMxyEgka ?kfj labHkfj vxzg bfpgwa fnlba /kka.kk js tSlyesjyk[krqfj;k ik'kj 'kM+bxksjh jktdM+ oj ltM+ x<+ vtesfjAA

b.kh Hkkar izcU/k&dkO; lk: fl.kxkj] ohj;k dS lkUr jlka esa lwa vsd jh iz/kku jl&:i esa vfuok;ZrkgSA chylnso jklks fl.kxkj jl iz/kku jpuk gSaA b.kesa fd.kh bZ egrkÅ m)sL; jh ikorh uk;d ;k dSukf;dk uSa uha gqoSA fotksx jk U;kjk&U;kSjk fprjkaeka jks dfo vBS eaMk.k dj;ks gSA izse jh ihM+ esa fotksx jhHkkoh laHkkoukoka jks fp=.k dj.kks bZ dfo jks m)sL; jS;ks gqoSA b.k dkO; jS egkdkO; :Ik uSa ugh eku.k okGkMkW- gjnso ckgjh fy[;ks gS **;g xzaFk gS rks cM+k ijUrq egkdkO; gksus dk vf/kdkj ugha j[krkA egkdkO; esa,d ;q) dk o.kZu gksuk pkfg;s vkSj ?kVukvksa esa ,d:irk jguh pkfg,A ?kVuk,a ,d&nwljs ls vlac) gSa]dFkkud f'kfFky gSA mlesa lkekftd f'ko dk vHkko gSA ns'k ;k lekt dh dksbZ fpUrk ughaA**

b.k foxr lwa y[kkoS dS *chlynsojklks* izcU/k dkO; uha gq;*j vsd izse iz/kku yksdxhr gS ft.kjksfoxlko *foizyEHk* jh laosnukoka ekFkS gq;ks gSA b.k rjS b.k dkO; esa izse vk[;ku jk xq.k lekfgr gSA b.kesam.k Hkkar jk jksekapd rRoka jks vHkko gS ftdk ykjySa izsek[;kuka esa feGSA QSj bZ *eSukor* vj *lR;orh* dFkkvkn izsek[;kuka jS lanHkZ esa vks dkO; izsek[;ku ojx esa bZ vkoSA m.k Hkkar jS izsexhrka jS fy[k.k jh m.k oxrvsd ijEijk gh ft.kkesa yksd pkok jktk&jkf.k;ka jS izse jks fprjke eaMhtrks gksA b.k dkO;&jpuk esa Hkhchlynso vj jkterh jS nkEiR; jh ?kVuk uSa vaxSth xbZ gSA mM+hlk tko.k jS iNS ckjg cjlka yx jkterhjS fojg uSa ckjgeklk lSyh esa njlkbZT;ks gSA vks fojg dkfrjk eghuk lwa l: gqoS vj gj eghus jh folslrkokaeqtc] fojg.kh jh euksnlk jks oj.ku djhft;ks gSA yksdthou lwa b.k dgk.kh jks xSa*jks lEcU/k gSA b.kh okLrSjkterh jS mn~xkjka esa yksdtho.k jks lgt >kadh feGSA

yksdxhrka ¼csysM~l½ esa izse jh iz/kkurk gqoSA b.k okLrS b.kjks iz/kku jl fl.kxkj gSA dnSl yksdxhrkajks eq[; jl ohj Hkh gqoS i.k vBS ohj jl jks dBS bZ oj.kko dksuh feGSA ohjjl jS vHkko esa bZ MkW- jkedqekjoekZ] MkW- gfjdkUr JhokLor] MkW- rkjdukFk vxzoky] MkW- jkeiwtu frokjh] MkW- gjnso ckgjh vkn fo}ku b.kdkO; uS fl.kxkj jl jh ywaBh jpuk ekuSA MkW- jkedqekj oekZ jS lcnka esa **chlynso jklks dh dfork yksdjatukFkZ xs; :Ik esa fy[kh xbZA blfy;s ;g ohjdkO; u gksdj JaxkjdkO; gh gks x;kA** MkW- gfjdkUr bZ b.khfy[kS **chlynso jkl vius orZeku :Ik esa ,d ,slh gh izse dgkuh gS ftlesa u rks jktk dh ,sfrgkfldp<+kb;ksa dk o.kZu gS vkSj u mlds 'kkS;Z rFkk ijkØe dk ghA Jaxkj jl dh nf"V ls fookg vkSj :B+ djfons'k tkus dk ¼izksf"krifrdk ds o.kZu ds fy,½ euekuk o.kZu feyrk gSA** b.kh lanHkZ esa jk.kh jkterh jSfotksx fl.kxkj jks vsd nk[kyks ns[khtS ft.kesa fotksx jh ihM+ lwa jkterh ?k.kh vkgr gS vj ok uhjh tGeuSa fojFkk bt eku.k ykxS&

vL=h; tue dkab nh/km egslvoj tue /kkjb ?k.kk js ujsljkuh u fljth; jks>M+h?k.kg u fljth; /kMyh; xkbou[k.M dkGh dksbyh

gma cblrh vack ub paik dh MkyHk"krh nk"k ohtksjM+hb.kh nq"k >qjb vcykthokyA**

59

vka vksfG;ka esa jkterh jS ukjh eu jks oj.kkao yksdpsruk jS ?k.kS uSM+S gSA yksd&psruk eqtc izse jhlqFkjh dFkk] nkEiR; izse vj nkEiR; dGg lwa lEcfU/kr ?kVukoka bZ b.k jpuk jh dFkk jksvk/kkj gSA

MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k jS er lwa *chlynso jklks* jh Hkklk xhfrdkO; lwa dkslka vk?kh gS vj m.kuSaizcU/kdkO; jh Hkklk dksuh ekuh tk ldSA D;wadS m.kesa lkL=h; nhB lwa lkfgfR;d&lkSLBo dksuh y[kkoSAm.kesa yxksyx iqujkozfr] ek=k] fyax nksl bZ feGSA vS lxGh folslrkoak vsd yksdxhr jh gq; ldSA*chlynso jklks* jh Hkklk egkdkO; jh c.kkoVh Hkklk lwa vGxh] ljy vj lgt gS m.kesa vkyadkfjrdrk jksiwjh rjS lwa vHkko gSA dfo ujifr ukYg jh dfork jks fl.kxkj ns[khtS&

fdred fyf[k;k Hkksxohfc.k HkksX;k ugha NwVlh ikiA

yksdxhrka esa minslka jh ctk; lkekftd yksd jhfr;ka uSa egRo nhfjtSA *chlynso jklks* esa dSbZlkekftd jhr&fjoktka jh tk.kdkjh feGSA C;ko jS eksdS gq;k lxGkbZ jhr&fjoktka jh foxr lkeh vkoSAjktLFkku esa bZuha vk[kS Hkkjr jS fgUnq&lekt esa ckjkr jokuk gqo.k lwa iSyh chan ?kj jS nsoh&nsorkoka &[kklrksj lwa x.kslth uSa iwtSA vBS bZ lkaHkj ujsl chlynso x.ksl&iwtk dj*j 84 gtkj tkfu;ka] 80 gtkj?kksM+k] 50 gtkj ikyfd;ka lkxS cjkr lk: vkxS c/kS &

iwth fouk;d pkY;ks Nb tkuApksjkL;k lgw nh/kM ?kj ekuAAvkB lsgl ustk & /k.khAiky[kh bBk lgl i¡pklAAgkFkh pkY;k nks<+lksvlh; lsgl pkY;k dsdk.kjFk Åijh /kt QgjbA[ksgk mej ufo lq>b Hkk.kAA28AA izFke lxZ

jktLFkkuh fgUnw lekt jks vsd egrkÅ fjokt rksj.k ekj.kks gS ft.kjks lacU/k dkenso vj jfr lwadSbZft;ks gSA m.k ijEijk jks oj.kkoa *chlynso jklks* esa ?k.kkS QwVjS :Ik esa eakMhft;ks gSA chlynso dU;k i[kjS ckj.kS ekFkS tku lkxS iwxxksA yqxk;ka m.k oxr egrkÅ jhr cjcsgM+k ¼dGl ca/kkbZ½ jks dkjt dj jS;h gSaAdfo jS lcnka esa &

rksj.k vkoh;ks chly jk;A

cj&csgM+k cankob ukfjAA

twly & ewly canh;kA

dqadqa panu vax fcyklAA

ekFkS eqdqV lksuk r.kksA

jktk bUnz lHkk eksgS dfoykl AA53AA ¼izFke lxZ½

b.kh rjS jk chtk fjoktk & paojh eaMk.k] dU;knku] gFkGsoks] ojekyk] Qsjk ¼lIrinh½] ifgjko.kh][ka/kkjks] oj&fn[k.kk] eqdykoks jk mYys[k gq;k gSA b.k Hkkar *chlynsojklks* esa ykd laLdfr jk vksirk fprjkaemdsjhft;k gSA

yksdxhrka ¼csysM~l½ esa Vsd inka jh *iqujkofr* jh ywaBh ijEijk gSA b.k lwa vS cslh izHkkoh vj ljlc.kSA *chlynso jklks* esa l: lwa vkf[kj rkabZ dfo *iqujkozfr* jks lgkjks fy;ks gSA gj ljx jh gj lksGohavksGh esa iSyh dS nwth vksGh jh iqjjkofr gS] T;wa &

60

*dj tksM+s jktk dgbZA

pkyM pmjklh jko dh tkuAA25AA

iwth fouk;d pky;ks Nb tkuA

pksjkL;k lgw nh/km Nb eku AA28AA ¼izFke lxZ½*

lSoV] b.k iqujkofr law b.k jpuk esa xs;rk esa c/kkiks gq;ks gSA *lqj* lwa *lqj* feGk*j iSyS lqj jh NSyM+Slqj esa >adkj mikM+hth gSA urhtks vks fudGS dS MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k jh ekurk jS Bhd myV vk jpukxs; dkO; dSyko.k tksx c.kh gSA

yksdxhr ;k dS yksd xkFkk jks t:jh rRo laxhr vj fujr gqoSA b.k jks iwjks iky.k b.k jpuk esafeGSA b.kjh xs;rk jS dkj.k bZ vk jpuk vkijS tqx esa pkoh jS;hA ts xhfr rRo b.kesa dksuh gqorks rks dksbZb.k uSa lqu.k jh dkslhl gh dksuh djrks vj iwjh jpuk erS bZ uLV gq; tkorhA

^chlynso jklks* jh vk pkoh xs;rk m.kuSa yksdxhr jS vX;kr jpsrk jh vksG[kka.k bZ fnjkoSA b.k dkO;jS jpsrk jks ukao ujifr ukYg dSbft;ks gSA dSbZ fo}ku b.kjh vka vksfG;ka jS ik.k ekuS dS ^chlynso jklks*ujifr ukYg jh jpuk dksuhA oS b.kuSa iNS jh fyfic) jpuk ekuSaA chlynso jklks jk lEiknd b.k ckcrfy[kS& **chlynsojklks Lo;a dfo *ujifrukYg* us dHkh fyfic) ugha fd;kA bl ckr dh iqf"V Lo;a dfods dFku ls gksrh gS &

ukYg jlk;.k uj Hk.kbA

fg;M+b gjf"k xk;.k db HkkbZ AA6AA** ¼izFke lxZ½

jpsrk jh nkabZ bt fo}ku b.kjS ewy ikB uSa bZ lafnX/k ekuS] ftdh yksdxhr jh folslrk ekuhth gSAMkW- ekrkizlkn xqIr] MkW- nhun;ky JhokLro vkn fo}ku dSoS dS vtS yx feGh gkFk fyf[kr izfr;ka esa fd.khjks bZ ikB lfj[kks ugha gSA vks bZ dkj.k gS dS ^ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk* dkuh lwa laikfnr vj Nih *chlynsojklks* iksFkh ckcr fookn gSA vtS bZ vtesj jS dqNsd fgLlk esa ekax.kokGk jko.kgRFkk ekFkS xkork lq.khtSAb.k lwa fl) gqoS dS ^^chlynso jklksa** jh ekSf[kd ijEijk jS;h gqoSykA vkt jh iM+fyfi;ka jS ikB&Hksn jks bZvks bZ dkj.k gSA MkW- bUnqckyh jS lcank esa **ihNs dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa rd ;g ekSf[kd :Ik esa yksxksa esa izpfyr FkkvkSj rnqijkUr fdlh us mls fyfic) fd;k gksxkA izk;% rhu 'krkCnh ls vf/kd tks xzzaFk ekSf[kd jgk gks mlesafdrus ifjorZu gks tkrs gSa rFkk mudk :Ik fdruk ewy ls fo:Ik gks tkrk gS ;g lgt esa vuqeku fd;k tkldrk gSA**

vka lxGh ckrka jS lkxS bZ yksdxhr jh vsd folslrk gS m.kjks yEcks dFkkudA dFkkud jS b.kfoxlko jS dkj.k bZ yksx m.k uSa egkdkO; dSok ykxSA chlynso jklks jks dFkkud ;aw rks ?k.kks NksVks gS i.kdfo jkterh jS tho.k jh vsd ?kVuk jks oj.kko pkj ljxka esa dj~;ks gSA vka P;kj ljxka esa dSbZ ?kVukokaeaMhth gS i.k vka esa egkdkO; jh ukV~; laf/k;k vj fodklkRed vksLFkkoka jks vHkko gh gSA b.k okLrS vk dFkkyksdxhr bZ gS] egkdkO; tSM+h dksuhA lSoV] vka lxGka izek.kka lwa vk jpuk egkdkO; ;k dS [k.M dkO; dksuhdS;h tk ldSA vk jpuk lq) :Ik lwa vsd yksdxhr ¼csysM½ gS ftdks yksdijEijk lwa yksdrRo uSa vaxSft;ksgSA b.k yksdrRo jks fl.kxkj dfo vkijh dYiuk lwa dj~;ks gSA

4-2-5 dF;&QqVnkiks vj Hkkoxr folslrkoka &

fo}kuka jh ekurk eqtc ^chlynso jklks* vsd fl.kxkj iz/kku yksdxhr gS ;k dS izsek[;ku gSA yksddkO; esa vj izsek[;kuka esa fl.kxkj jks vko.k LokHkkfod gSA b.k okLrS b.kjks iz/kku jl fl.kxkj gh gSA vBSb.kjS nksuwa :ika&la;ksx vj fotksx jks ?k.kks lkarjks vj vksirks oj.kko ekaMhft;ks gSA fl.kxkj jl jks vk/kkjlkSan;Z ;k dS :Ik gqoSA vBS dFkkuk;d chlynso vj ukf;dk jkterh jS QqVjkiS jk fprjke fofo/k :ika esaeaMhft;k gSA rksj.k iS vk;k lqlfTtr chlynso jS :Ik jks eaMk.k djrk dfo m.k uSa mxrks lwjt] pkan] jktk

61

bUnz lfj[kkS crk;ks gS &

^veyh&leyh vkjrh

tkf.k izr{k mxh;ks lwjAA48AA

pkY;ks l'kh djksS vkjrhA

ldy fnlks thlks iqfuepanAA

lqjuj eksgS nsorkA

fte xksoy ekafg xksO;an AA49

dqadqa panu vax foyklA

ekFkS eqdV lksuk r.kkSA

jktk bUnz lHkk eksgS dfoyklAA53 ¼izFke lxZ½*

C;ko jS iwBS chlynso&jkterh jS feG.k ekFkS gq;k laoknka esa jkterh jS ^lkSan;Z* jk ?k.kk gh fprjkelkeh vkoSA jkterh jS enekrS tkscu jks vsd fprjke ns[khtS] tBS dfo ukYg m.kjh nsg uSa esfnuh] dej uaS>h.kh] nkark uSa fujeG crkorks fy[kS &

:Ik uhjksieh esnuhA

vkNk dkiM+ Hkh.kb yadAA

yy;kaxh ?k.k dwaoyhA

vfgj?k ckyk fueZy narAA2AA ¼f}rh; lxZ½

vSM+h :iorh jkterh jk mjkst ¼Lru½ m.kjS gSrkGw uSa fj>ko.k okLrS bZ dBksj gq;k gSA ok mM+hlktko.k lwa jksd.k okLrS [kqnjk iqLV i;ks/kjka jks ykyp nsorh /k.kh chlynso lwa fuosnu djS &

dfBu Ik;ks/kj & fno d:aA

gafl dfj xksjh iwNb Nb ukgAA

, fno ¼l½ Nb ihM+ vkdjk

bZ.k fnoFkh lqjuj gq;k Nkj AA33AA ¼f}rh; lxZ½

vka lxGk latksx iy uSa iwj.krk rhtS ljx esa feGh gS tn chlynso jkterh uSa ikNks fprkSM+ fyokykoSA b.k ljx esa dfo latksx jk ?k.kkbZ ekfeZd lcn fprjke ekaM~;k gSA tSlyesj esa latksx jS eksdS jkterhfdÙkk ljy lcnka esa m.klwa cw>S dS vsd cjl esa ckjg eghuk gqoS] 12 eghuk esa 24 i[k gqoS] 360 fnu gqoSvj] bÙkht jkrka gqoSA gs fiz; vki gh crkoks bÙkk fnu vki dBS jS;k \ &

cjl nhgka dk ckjk gks eklA

ckjk ekl dk pmchl i[kAA

rhu lS lkfB , fnu x;kA

rhu lS lkfB xb Nb jkrAA

,srk fnu rqe dgk¡ gw¡rk \

bZo fde cllwa jkt dh [kkV AA95AA r`rh; lxZAA

b.k tFkkjFk jS iNS dfo jfr&dzhM+k jks oj.kko djS] tBS nksuqoka jS vax&ijl lwa chlynso vj jkterhuSa lq[k jh vuqHkwfr gqoS &

myxh tkbZ dkbZ dh;ks ukg \A

62

eksMh mlhlksa uw lwrkS ckagAA

dfBu Ik;ksgj uw ehY;kA

dsyh xHkZ lk uw ehY;k xkrAA

tka?k tksM+kokS uw uhj[kh;kSA

jaxHkkbZ j;.k uw ekaMh;ks [ksy

nso lrkokS jktk rqa fQjbA

/kho ohlkgh rq theks Nb rsyAA100AA r`rh; lxZAA

3-5-2 fctksx fl.kxkj &

latksx fl.kxkj jh Hkkar bt b.k dkO; jpuk esa vksirS fotksx fl.kxkj* jk bZ lkarjka oj.kkaoekaMhft;k gSA vka oj.kkoka ika.k dS;ks tk ldS dS ^chlynso jklks* vsd ^foizyaHk* fl.kxkj dkO; gSA latksxfl.kxkj jh rqyuk esa vBS fotksx fl.kxkj jh bt iz/kkurk gSA MkW rkjdukFk vxzoky jS lcnka esa**la;ksx&Jaxkj dk rks de ysfdu fo;ksx Jaxkj dk vHkko xzaFk esa ifjyf{kr ugha gksrkA dgk rks ;g Hkh tkldrk gS fd fo;ksx&Jaxkj dh gh iz/kkurk gSA**

mM+hlk&izokl iwBS jkterh fojg&ihM+ lwa brjh nq%[kh gS dS ok ywadM+h tSM+h irGh gq;xh gSA MkoSgkFk jh ewanM+h m.kjS tho.kS gkFk esa vko.k ykxh gSA lqi.kS esa m.k uSa latksx jk f[k.k ;kn vkoSA ok vkijS ifrchlynso lwa crGko.k ykxS vj l[kh uSa dSoS dS tS ok lius uSa lkap ekurh rks fiz;re uSa izokl lwa jksdysorh&

vkt l[kh liurj nhBA

jkx pwjs jktk iY;axs cbZBAA

bZlks gks >a>kjks eb >a"kh;ksA

tks gwa lksfg.kba tk.krh lkapAA

gfB dj tkrks jk[krhA

tc tkaxq thi iM+h x;ks nkg AA5AA ¼r`rh; lxZ½

jkterh jS m.k fojg jh rhozrk jh vfHkO;fDr lk: dfo ukYg ckjgeklk jh enn yhoh gSA vksckjgeklks dkfrx ekl lwa l: gq;ks gSA b.kesa dkfr lwa vklkst yx jh folslrkoka jS vuq:Ik fojg.kh jkterhjh euksnlk jk oj.kko eaMhft;k gSA lko.k jh f>jfej esa yqxk;ka dtjh xk; jh gSA ckcfg;ks ihÅ&ihÅ jhjV yxk;k j;kS gS] i.k vS lxGk QwVjk njlko jkterh jS daoGS fgjnS esa lwG lk pqHk jS;k gS &

J"k.k cjlb Nb NkMh; /kkjA

fiz; fo.k [ksyb do.k vk/kkjAA

l[kh; rs [ksyb dktyhA

phM+h; desM+h eafM; vklA

iihgks ihÅ&ihÅ djbA

l[kh vlylykob ekS Jko.k eklAA18AA ¼r`rh; lxZ½

vBS ckjgeklS jh b.k uqbZ l:vkr jks [kkl dkj.k vks bt gS dS chylnso mM+hlk&xeu dkfrd esadjS vj jkterh jS rSM+.k iS m.kjks jkterh lwa iqujfeG.k vklkst esa gqoSA b.k ckjgeklS esa lkL=h;rk vjLokHkkfodrk Hkh gSA b.k eghuSa dksbZ ukjh fo;ksx lSgu uha dj ldSA b.kh okLrS jkterh Hkh vkijS fcNq;ksM+kifr lwa vklkst esa feG.k jh vkl jk[kS&

63

vklkstka /ku eaMh; vklA

eaM;k eafnj ?kfj dfoyklA

ekaM~;k lk¡Hkfj dk jf.koklAA20AA ¼r`rh; lxZ½

vkl jS mijkar bZ gSrkGw dksuh ckoMS+A ok m.kuSa ekslk nsorh dSoS dS fiz; vkaxfG;k ekFkS FkkadS vko.kjh mM+hd uS fx.krk fnu xqtjxk vj dkxyS uSa mM+kork Egkajh ckag nw[k.k ykxxh gS &

vkaxqyh xh.krka fnu x;kA

dkx mM+korka nw"kb Nb ck¡gAA33AA ¼r`rh; lxZ½

;wa rks chlynso jklks* vsd yksddkO; gS] QSj bZ m.kesa fotksx jh vUrj nlkoka jks lQy fp=.k feGSAfojfg.kh jkterh jh vk[kjh vkl ¼vfHkyklk½ vk bt gS dS vsd ckj m.k jks dar ?kjka vkoSA

,d ljka ?kjka vkoT;ksA

p<+rks tkscu dgka ygsl AA55AA ¼r`rh; lxZ½

*fpUrk* dkenlk jks bZ dfo tnkjFk vj vksirks oj.kko dj~;ks gSA T;wa bZ jkterh uSa chlynso jS izokljks foLokl gqoS dS fojgtfur fpark lwa rqjUr iaM~;k uSa rSM+koS vj dkfrd ekl yx tko.k jks eqgwjr uh dk<+.kjks vknsl djS &

jkt dqaofj cksyb bZd fparACkhiz gaqdkjs csx rqjUrAAvkoh;ks izksfgr jko dks*ikM~;k* gw Fkkjs xq.knklAAnsbZ lpk oj ojl.kbZAegwjr nsbZ ohjA dkfrx ekl AA24AA ¼ogh½

^chlynso jklks* jks iz/kku jl fl.kxkj gSA m.k jS nksuwa :ika&latksx vj fctksx&jks lfoLrkj oj.kaugq;ks gSA :Ik cj.kko jks foxokl jkterh &chlynso jS laoknka esa gq;ks gS rks fojg jks eaMk.k ckjgeklk esaAizØfr jS m)hiu :i uSa vaxSt*j dfo ^izksflrifrdk* ukf;dk jkterh jS fojg uS txko.k esa iwjks lQy gq;ksgSA fl.kxkj jl jS vka oj.kkoka esa jlkHkkl gq;ks gSA ^ohHkRljl* :i esa jkterh chlynso uSa HkSalk jS :i esa¼Hk;l ihM+kM+] f}rh; lxZ N-20½ crkoS vj gkL; jl jh dYiuk esa dfo jks ewaxQG ftlh vkaxfG;k jks oj.kkovsM+h bZ tkxkoka gSA fl.kxkj jl jS vykok dfo izlax eqtc jksnz] ohHkRl] gkL; vj lkUr jlka jks bZ iz;ksxdj~;ks gSA b.k Hkkar jl ;kstuk jh nhB lwa vk vsd lQy dkO; iksFkh dS;h tk ldSA

4-3 chlynso jklks % flYi foospu &

4-3-1 dFkk & flYi %&

chlynso jklks* jS jp.kkdkj uSa dFkk&la;kstu jh Bkoh vksG[kk.k gSA vsd yacS dFkkud uSa dfo 316Nanka vj P;kj ljxka esa fy[k*j vkijh dykRedrk jks ifjpS fn;ks gSA iSyk ljx esa 85 Nan gS T;kaesa ekyoSjS v/kifr Hkkst ijekj jh Mhdjh jkterh jS lkaHkj jS jktk chlynso jS lkFkS C;ko jks oj.kko gSA nwtS ljxesa 86 Nan gS T;kaesa chlynso jh jkterh jS lk: mnklhurk vj mM+hlk trjk jh foxr dSbZth gSA rhtS ljxjS 103 Nanka esa dfo jkterh jS fotksx jks oj.kko ckjgeklk esa dj~;ks gSA b.kh ljx esa jkterh dkuh lwachlynso uSa cqyko.k vj m.k jS fprkSM+ vkxeu jks fojrkar ekaMhft;ks gSA pkSFkS ljx jk 42 Nanka esa chlynsojks vkijS Hkrht uSa jkt lwai*j fprkSM+ esa jSo.k jS lkxS jktk Hkkst uSa cqyko.k jh ?kVuk dFkhth gSA vBS bZ jktkHkkst jS lkFkS jkterh jks /kkj tko.kks vj ikNks chlynso jks jkterh uSa fprkSM+ yk;*j jkterh lkxS lq[ke;thou fcrko.k jh dFkk gSA

64

b.k fooj.k lwa [kqyklks gqoS dS chlynso jklks jh l:vkrh dFkk m.kjh Hkksedk gSA b.k dkO; jh ewGlaosnuk nwtS ljx lwa l: gqoSA vk psruk yksx&yqxkbZ jh lgt euksfoX;ku jh Hkkoukoka ekFkS vk/kkfjr gSAubZ ij.k;ksM+h jk.kh jS lkeh izsekfHkO;fDr jS ctk; [kqn jS xqeSt uSa njlkoSA vk lkeUrh lksp gSA m.kjh b.keuksnlk jh ckuxh ns[k.ktksx gS&

xjc dfj ÅHkks Nb lkej~;ks&jkoA

eks ljh[kk ugha vj HkqokyAA

Egka /kfj lkaHkj gbA

fpgwa fnl Fkk.k tSlyesjAA

yk[k rqjh ik'kj iM+bA

jkftdM Fkkfud x<+ vtesj AA2AA f}rh; lxZ

chlynso jS b.k xjc jks jkterh djM+ks iMwrj nsoS vj oks mM+hlk lwa /ku&nkSyr yko.k lk: tkoSAvks lkjks dFkk jks fodkl gSA dgk.kh jks vUr jkterh dkuh lwa chlynso uSa mM+hlk lwa cqyko.k iwBS nksuqokajS iqjufeG.k lwa gqoSA vks vUr LokHkkfod gSA dfo ukYg b.k vUr uSa ?k.kS bZ euksoX;kfud :Ik esa laokj~;ks gSAvks feG.k Hkkjrh; ukjh jks lq)&lkfRod izse gS ftdks m.k oxr jh lkekftd ekurkoka jS vuq:Ik Hkh gSA b.kHkkar ^chlynso jklks* jks dFkkud lk/kkj.k gqork Fkdka Hkh izsek[;ku dFkkudka jh egrkÅ dM+h gSA vkgh b.kdfo jh lclwa cM+h lQGrk gSA

4-3-2 dFkkud :f<+;ka &

dFkkuda uSa izxfr vj pkoks eksM+ nso.k okLrS dfo izlax eqtc dFkkud :f<+;ka jks bZ iz;ksx dj;ks gSA*chlynso jklks* vsd izsek[;kud jpuk gSA ukf;dk uSa m.kjS uk;d lwa feGk.k okLrS HkfoL;lwpd liuk vjfeG.k eqtc lqHk lxq.kka jks ?k.kks bZ lkarjks oj.kkao gq;ks gSA rhtS ljx esa jkterh vkijh Hkk;yh uSa dSoS dStS m.kuSa Bk gqorh rks lius esa feG;k vkijS uk;d uSa tko.k bZ dksuh nsorh &

vkt l[kh liurj nhBAjkx pwjs jktk IkY;axs cbZBAbZlks gks >a>kjks eb >a"kh;ksA

tks gwa lksgh.kba tk.krh lk¡pAA

gfB dj tkrks jk[krhA

tc tkaxq thi iM+h x;h nkgAA5AA

izsek[;kuka jh vsd egrkÅ dFkkud :f<+ gS & izse jh ij[k dj.kksA ^chlynso jklks* esa dwVuh&izlaxjS ekjQr vk :f<+ cjrhth gSA ok jkterh uSa m.kjSa izse lwa fMXkkoS] i.k ok vkijS fiz; chlynso jS lk:lejfir gSA jkterh jS cqykoS ij chlynso mM+hlk jS jktk&jk.kh lwa vtesj tko.k jh vkX;k ekaxSA i.k jka.khjks m.k jS lkeh nks QwVjh jkaf.k;ka jS lkxS C;ko djko.k jk ykyp lwa chlynso uSa jksd.k jh dkslhl djhthtdh izse jh ij[k jks bZ vsd fgLlks gS &

jfg&jfg iz/kku rqa th erks tkbZAnksrh djkma Fkkjks gqa C;kgAA,d xksjh nwth lkaeyhjkbZ Hkrhth u;.k lwrkjAAcgu nsckMw nsodhAFkkjks C;kg d:¡ xaxk dbZ ikjAA64AA r`rh; lxZ

65

vka dFkkud :f<+;ka jS vykok lqHk ldqu ¼f}rh; lxZ& 78&81½] vax LQqj.k ¼rrh; lxZ] 78½] ekjxeas uk;d uSa tksxh jks feG.kks ¼rrh; lxZ 69&75½] ukf;dk dkuh lwa uk;d jks vojks/k ¼f}rh; lxZ 13] 15]24] 33] 34½ vkn lkarjk mnkgj.k gSA

4-3-3 flYi & lkSan;Z &

4-3-4 Hkklk &

*chlynso jklks* jh Hkklk ckcr fo}ku vsd er dksuhA MkW- ekrkizlkn xqIr b.kjh Hkklk uSa 14oha lnhjh ekuSaA vxjpan ukgVk 16oha lrkCnh jS tSu dfo ujifr jS vk/kkj ik.k chlynso jklks jh Hkklk uSa 16&17ohalrkCnh jh ekuSaA ia- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k] MkW- mn;ukjk;.k frokjh] O;kdjf.kd nhB law b.kjh Hkklk uSafo-la- 1200&1300 jS chp jh ekuSA vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy Hkh dSoS dS* b.kjh Hkklk 16oSa lbZdS jh rks gqbZ uhaldS] 11&12oha lnh esa cksyht.k okGh jktLFkkuh jS vk ?k.kh uSM+S gq; ldSA

^chlynso jklks* pksFkS foxzgjkt jS fd.kh ukYg ukao jS vkfJr dfo jh jpuk gq; ldSA b.k ekurklwa ^chlynso jklks* jh Hkklk m.k oxr jh cksypky jh jktLFkkuh Hkklk gSA m.kesa vkFkw.kh jktLFkkuh jS vykokvjch&Qkjlh] xqtjkrh&jh lcnkoGh Hkh cjrhth gSA b.kjh Hkklk esa vsd dkuh rks viHkzal jks izHkko y[khtSrks nwtS dkauh fgUnh jks foxlkoA b.kh dkj.k lR;thou oekZ dS;ks gS dS *chlynso jklks* jh Hkklk vk/kqfud[kM+h cksyh jh ukuh ;k dS nknh gSA b.kjh [kkl&[kkl Hkkfld folslrkoka gS T;wa&dqNSd txkoka vkfn Lojyksi feGSA mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

1- Hkkstjkt r.kM+ feY;Ma NM fnok.kA

Ckgq uj cSB NbZ vax ok.khAA

2- e/;ojrh vuqukfld jk tkxk&cnGko jk fu;fer mnkgj.k feGS] T;kau &

<¡kb & BkM¡ % Hkwab & Hkwag

3- cgqopu izR;; lk: vk¡ izR;; cjrhft;ks gS &

lxq.k lqek.klk¡ lhf'kT;ks jklA

4- viknku dkjd lk: Fkh] Fkkdh] uw¡ ijlxZ cjrhft;k gSa &

Lkqjx Fkh vkfo;k lqjg foek.kADj Egkuw¡ rwBM fljt.kgkjAA

5- vf/kdj.k dkjd okLrS lfoHkfDrd iz;ksx *vb* feGS &

Lkqjxb eksgb nsorkAns'k ekykob Hk;m js mNkgA**

6- lacU/k dkjd okLrS *r.km* jks iz;ksx gq;ks gS &

*jkterh r.km jp;m fookgA*

7- jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh orZuh & jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh izofr jks vBS iwjh rfj;k lwa ikyu gq;ks gSAjktLFkkuh esa ^'k] "k] l* cjrhtS] i.k fy[k.k esa fljQ *l* jkS iz;ksx jh bZ ijEijk gSA b.k iksFkhesa 'k] "k] l lk: *l* bt fyfir gSA *"k* jks iz;ksx *[k* :Ik esa gq;ks gSA dBS&dBS *[k* i.kfy[khft;ks gS &

'"kk.k ¾ [kku ( '"kky ¾ [kky

'"ksg ¾ [ksg ( '"kkM+m ¾ [kkmM

vka O;kdjf.kd folslrkoka jS vykok ^chlynsojklks* jh Hkklk ljy] lgt] Hkkokuq:Ik vj ukn ;qDr

66

gSA b.kh okLrS b.kesa jklks jh xs;rk v{kq..k jS;h gSA ek/kq;Z xq.k lwa Hkjiwj] ukf;dk jks tksc.k tkso.k tksx gS&

Jkterh /ku dh;ks lha.kxkjAXkfy ifgj;ks Vadkmfy gkjAAIfgfj inkjFk dkapq & cM+A

dgb uq*ukYg* lkjnk dks nklAA

jktk jka.kh lwa ehybA

i<b lw.kb lfo iwjb vklAA37AA prqFkZ lxZ

4-3-5 laokn&;kstuk &

;wa rks laokn ukVd lk: t:jh rRo gqoS] i.k dkO; jpuk esa bZ lkarjk laokn vkijh ukVdh;rk lwam.kuSa lgt jkspdrk] je.kh;rk vj vi.kk;r nsoS vj ik=ka jS pfj=ka uSa ÅtkGSA b.k nhB lwa chlynso jkljS P;k:a ljxka esa Egka.kks vsd lkoBh laokn ;kstuk lwa ifjpS gqoSA b.k jpuk esa [kklrkSj lwa vS laokn feGS&

1- Hkkst jh jka.kh & Hkkst & laokn 2- ik.Ms & jktk Hkkst & laokn 3- chlynso & jktk Hkkst &laokn4- jkterh & chlynso & laokn 5- jkterh & iqjksfgr ¼ik.Ms½ laokn 6- l[kh & jkterh & laokn7- dVuh & jkterh & laokn 8- iqjksfgr & chlynso & laokn 9- tksxh & chlynso & laokn 10- mM+hlkjh iVjka.kh & chlynso laokn vknA

vS laokn jpuk esa ukVdh;rk jS lkxS bZ dFkk jh xfr uSa bZ c/kk;k gSA vka laoknka lwa dkO;&jpuk jSik=ka jS pfj= jks fodkl gq;ks gS] mBS bZ m.kka jS euksHkkoka lwa dFkk esa ljlrk i.k vkbZ gSA

4-3-6 vyadkj %&

vyadkj dkO; jh lkSHkk gqoSA vyadkjka jks lgt iz;ksx jpuk uS jl mitkoS cBS bZ m.kuSa vksi cdlSAujifr ukYg jfpr chlynso jklks* vsd yksddkO; gSA lkFkS bZ [kqn dfo bZ dksbZ lkL=h; dfo uha gq;*j vsdHkkV yksddfo gSA m.kjh b.k jpuk esa vyadkjka jk lgt vj Hkkokuq:Ik iz;ksx egrkÅ gSA ^chlynso jklks*esa LlSa lwa cslh lkL; ewyd vyadkjka jk iz;ksx gq;ks gSA vka vyadkjka jS lgkjS dfo vkijh dYiuk jh mM+kuuSa dkQh ÅapkbZ yx mM+k lD;ks gSA dBS&dBS rks vSM+k mies; miekuka jk iz;ksx gq;k gS ftdk jks lEcU/k /kjrh jS thoka lkxS uha tqM+* j tksrhl lwa feGSA miek vyadkj jS :Ik esa vSM+ks bZ njlko ns[khtS &

xkSjhuanu & f=Hkqou & lkjA

ukn osnk¡ Fkkjs mn; HkaMkjAA

dj tksM+s *ujifr* dgbA

ew'kk ckgu fryd lsanqjAA

,d narm eq[k >yey bZA

tkf.kd jksg.khm rIibZ lwjAA21AA izFke lxZ

b.kh Hkkar chlynso jS ekyoS ¼/kkj½ iwx.k uS dfo Jqfr miek lwa *xksdqy ekfg xksC;an* :Ik esa njlkoS&

chly vkO;ks /kkj e¡>kjAeu gj"kh ?ku jktdqekjApkY;kS l"kh djkS vkjrhAldy fnlks thlks iqfuepanAAlqj uj eksgS nsorkAfte xksoy ekafg lksgb xksC;anAA49AA izFke lxZ

67

^izLrqr jh vizLrqr* :Ik esa laHkkouk dj* j dfo oLrqmRizs{kk* jk bZ vksirk mnkgj.k b.k jpuk esa fn;kgSA vlk< eghuSa esa cknG ?kqeM+ jS;k gSA jkterh uSa ;wa ykxS d eneLr xa;nka jh Hkkar cknG bZ ph?kkaM+ jS;kgS &

/kwfj vlk<+ /kM+D;k esgA[kygY;k "kkY;k] ofg xbZ [ksgAAvth u vlkBka ckgqM~;ksAdksbZy dqjyb vac dh MkyAAeksj rM+wdb lh[kj FkhAekrk&eabxy T;qa ix nsbZAAlnh eroakyk T;qa ?kybZAfrf.k ?kjh vksyxh dkabZ djslrks AA17AA r`rh; lxZ

chlynso jh cjkr jS cj.kko esa vfrl;ksfDr vaydkj jk lkarjk iz;ksx dfo ukYg ekM+~a;k gSA rhtSljx esa jkterh dkuh lwa iqjksfgr lkxS chlynso uSa f[aknk;ksM+S lansl esa Hkh vfrl;ksfDr vyadkj bt gSAjkterh iqjksfgr lkxS lanslks HkstS dS vkijS fctksx esa /k.k ?k.kh nwcGh gq;xh gSA m.kjS MkoS gkFk jh eawnM+h<Gd* j m.kjh tho.kh ckag esa vko.k ykxxh gS & vks dFku yksdlhao jks mYya?k.k gS] b.k okLrS vBSvfrl;ksfDr vyadkj gS &

tk.ks no nk/kh yksadM+hA

nwcyh gqbZ >wjbZ bZe ukgAA

Mkok¡ & gkFk dks ewanM+mA

vko.k ykxks tho.kh ck¡gAA29AA

lknjl ewyd vyadkjka esa :id vyadkjka jks iz;ksx cgqr de gq;ks gSaA nwtS ljx esa cjkr vkuklkxjekFkS vk iwxh gSA tBS dfo ukjh&lkSan;Z jk oj.kkao esa :id vaydkj jks iz;ksx b.k Hkkar djS &

nhBm vkuklkxj leen r.kh cgkjA

gal&xo.kh e`xyksp.kh&ukjAA

,d Hkjb chth dfy[k djbA

rhth ?kjh ihots BaMk uhj AA75AA

vka vjFkkyadkjka jS vykok lcnkyadkjka esa dfo vuqizkl vyadkjk jks lkarjks iz;ksx dj~;ks gSA vuqizklkajh rqd lwa b.k essa xs;rk c<+h gS &

pamjh ekafg cbBM Nb jkbZA

iap l[kh fefy eaxy xkbZAA

eksrh pMd iqjkoh;kA

ckth= cktS ?kqjb fulka.kAA

pgqoka.k oa'k m/kj~;ksA

tb ?kfj vkoh tkfr ijekj AA59AA izFke lxZ

4-3-7 Nan&;kstuk vj xs;rk &

MkW- ekrkizlkn xqIr ^chlynso jklks* uSa Nan fofo/krk lwa gh.k ekuSa] i.k oS chth jklks jpukoka jhrqyuk esa b.kuSa cslh xs; dSoSA vkpk;Z fo'oukFk feJ jS eqtc *chlynso jklks* jks Nan NS vksfG;ka dS dM+od

68

ca/k esa gSA dBS&dBS NS vksfG;ka law T;knk vksfG;ka bZ cjrhth gSA cjrhft;k Nan ekf=d gaS] i.k oka esa ek=kokajh fx.krh Bhd ugha cSBSA* fo'oukFk feJ jh ekurk gS dS l:vkr jk nks pj.k i)jh Nan jk y[kkoSA xhrgqo.k jS dkj.k b.kesa dBS&dBS vfrfjDr lcn i.k feGS rks cs&erGc jh ek=koka bZ nh?kZ dj nhoh xbZ gSAi)jh Nan jS nks pj.kka iNS dBS bZ 13 vj dBS bZ 14 ek=koka jh Vsd vj QSj i)jh Nan jks vsd pj.k gS ftdksxhr jS f[kapko jS dkj.k T;knk ek=kaoka jks c.kxks gSA

lSoV] chlynso jklks jh Nan ;kstuk ckcr dksbZ Bkoks fuLdlZ dksuh fudkG~;ks tk ldSA b.kesa u rksNanka jh iwoZojrh ijEijk nwgk & pkSikbZ ;k dS laL—r Nan feGS vj u gh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa cjrhft;kfMaxG xhr NanA Nan jh nhB lwa vBS lko uqoh nhB lwa ifjpS gqoSA l: lwa vkf[kj yx b.kesa vsd bZ Nancjrhft;ks gSA Nanka jS pj.kka jh la[;k NIi; Nan jS vuq:Ik gS Nan pj.kka eas gqork bZ izR;sd Nan jh ek=kokaesa Qjd gSA NIi; Nan lk: t:jh use&iSyk P;kj pj.k jksGk jk vj NsSyM+k nks pj.k mYYykGk jh ikyukugha djSA Nan jh b.k izofr lwa y[kkoS dS dfo ukYg uSa Nanka jks l[kjks X;ku dksuh gksA

vk jpuk Lkq) :Ik lwa xs; gSA vBS xs;rk jks vjFk lkL=h; laxhr lwa uha gq;* j m.k laxhr lwa gS ftdkseku[kS jh jkxkRed izozfr lwa tqM+~;ksM+ks gqoSA

4-4 chlynso jklks% lSyh & foospu

jpuk jh folS&oLrq jh izLrqfr bt lSyh dSbZtSA b.kesa dfo jh Nki gqoSA b.kh okLrS vaxzsth esa lSyhlk: 'Style is the man' dS.kkr izpfyr gSA b.k nhB lwa lSyh ys[kd ;k dS dfo jh cqf)] Hkko vj&dYiukuSa njlkoSA ^chlynso jklks* vsd yksd izpfyr xs; izsek[;ku gSA jpsrk] jpukdky] bfr;kl vkn jh] nhBlwa fo}ku b.kesa dSbZ dfe;ka jks c[kk.k djSA b.k dkj.k b.kjh lSyhxr folslrkoka jks dBSbZ dksbZ foxrokjfoospu ugha gq; lD;ks gSA bZ dkO; jpuk jS v/;;u lwa b.kesa uhpS fy[kh lSfy;ka jks njlko djka &

4-4-1 yksd&lSyh &

Ckhlynso jklks jh dFkk jks yksd thou lwa xgjks lacU/k gSA jkterh jS thou] jh gj ?kVuk esayksdthou jh >kadh gSA dFkk esa tkxka&tkxka ojf.kr yksd&foLokl] jhr&fjokt] dFkkud&:f<+;ka jkfprjke b.k uSa vsd yksdlSyh jh jpuk fl) djSA dfo vBS dwVuh&izlax lwa Hkkjrh; ukjh jh fuLBk uSa pkohvksG[kka.k nhoh gSA dwVuh uSa jkterh jks iM~+wRrj tBS m.k jS pfjr uSa ÅtkGS] cBS bZ jktLFkkuh yksd&thoujS eaMk.k jks bZ [kqyklks gqoS &

bÙkks dgs tc pkyh Nb ÅfBAys ikVks vfj iVdh Nb iwfBAAukd ikV QM+kam gw dwV.khArs rw nsoj vjh cM+ks tsBAAthHk dkVwa th.kh cksfy;ksAFkkjks ukd ljh[kk Åiyks gksBAA23AA rhtks lxZ

yksdthou esa ldquka jks ?k.kks egRo gqoSA yksdlekt esa vk ekurk gS dS Nhad lkxS dksbZ lqHk dktugha dj.kks pkbZtSA b.kh Hkko lwa jkterh vkijS fiz; chlynso uSa Nhad gqo.k ij ikNks cqykoS &

lkegh Nhad g.kbZ dikyAvkM+h yqdM+h vkoT;kSAxksjM+h dm izh; ikNks gks okyAA76AA rhtks ljx

4-4-2 ÅgkRed lSyh &

jkterh jS fojg&njlkoka esa dfo ÅgkRed lSyh jks lgkjks fy;ks gSA b.k lSyh esa Ågk* jh vk/kkjHkwroLrq jks Lk:Ik rks ewG bt jSoS i.k m.kjS gsrq jh dYiuk djhtSA b.k rjS jS la;kstu esa mRizs{kkoka jh cgqGrk

69

gqoSA îzLrqr* jh ^vizLrqr* :Ik esa laHkkouk lwa dfo ft.k fØ;k uSa ikBdka lkeh jk[kS djS ok lkap ykxSA b.kjpuk eas ojf.kr ckjgeklk esa ÅgkRed lSyh jks Hkjiwj iz;ksx gq;ks gSA vlk< eghuSa esa cjlkGw es?k ?kqeM+ jS;kgSA ok uSa tks;*j jkterh uSa esglwl gqoS dS e;axG vkHkS esa fopj.k dj jS;k gS &

/kwfj vlk<+ /kM+D;k esgA

[kygY;k '"kkYik] ofg xbZ [ksg AA

vth u vlkBka ckgqM+~;ksA

dksby dqjyb vac dh MkyAA

eksj rM+wdb lh[kj FkhA

ekrk&eabxy T;qa ix nsbZAA

lnh erokyka T;qa ?kybZA

frf.k ?kjh vksyxh dkabZ&djslrh AA17AA rhtks ljx

4-4-3 oj.kkRed lSyh &

lSyh jh vsd Hkkar oj.kkao i.k gqoSA folS&fu:i.k gqoS dS fozr&fu:i.k] vkyksP; jpuk esa ?k.khbZljlrk lkxS eaMhft;k gSA *ckjSgeklk* esa gj eghuSa jh folslrkoka jks eaMk.k b.k jks [kkl mnkgj.k gSA iSykljx esa ckjkr] rksj.k] Mk;tkS vkn izlax( pksFkS ljx eas jktk Hkkst jks fprkSM+ vko.kks] jkterh&chlynsoizlax oj.ku lSyh jk ?k.kka ywaBk mnkgj.k gaSA

4-4-4 laokn lSyh &

Åij vkyksP; jpuk jh laokn&;kstuk eqtc pjpk djhth gSA vka laoknka lwa [kqyklks gqoS dS^chlynso jklks* esa laokn lSyh cjrhth gSA gj laokn lgt] ekjfed] gj dFkk uSa vkxS c/kko.kk lkxS bZ ik=kajS pfjr uSa bZ ÅtkGSA jkterh iqjksfgr lwa dS;j chlynso uSa dkfrd ekl yx jksd.k jks fuosnu djSA QSjfeG.k vkSlj ij ftdk laokn nksuqoka esa gqoS cS ?k.kkbZ ekfeZd gSA

lkaHkfy ckr dgS /ku ukg Agh;M+b gkFkh xyk ekgh ckag AAvkaxyh;k dVdk Q:aAikbZ ryklw ek>hv jkrAArksgh nsÅ Hkyk thoykApksyh ekgjb Fkh dkf<+ nqa ikuAAFkkjk dh/kk tb d:aArq> ljlh dhe thetS /kku AA99AA rhtks ljx

vka lSfy;ka jS vykok lansl&lSyh] euksoSX;kfud lSyh] LoIu lSyh] lacks/ku&lSyh] O;aX;&lSyh jk bZiz;ksx lanHkZ&eqtc feGSA

4-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

chlynso jklks izkphu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh vsd egrkÅ jpuk gSA jpsrk] jpukdky] bfr;kl jhnhB lwa vizekf.kd gqork Fkdka Hkh Hkklk&v/;;u jh nhB lwa b.kjks egRo gSA jktLFkkuh bZ uha fgUnh&lkfgR;esa Hkh b.k jpuka lwa îzsek[;ku dkO; ijEijk* jh l:vkr ekuh tk ldSA vk vsd Hkkoqd dfo jh ltho] ljldYiuk lwa Hkjiwj vSM+h lkarjh izsedFkk gS ft.keas *thou lxrh vkijS rjy LokHkkfod jl&:Ik esa cS; jS;h gSA*b.kesa ukjh eu jks Nh.kks njlko gq;ks gSA lkeUrdky esa ukjh jks bRrks [kqy* j cksy.kks b.k jpuk jh [kkfl;rgSA L;kr~ dfo jks vsd mÌsL; ûkjh & Lora=rk* jS;ks gqoS ft.kjks izek.k gS vS vksfG;ka &

70

*ukYg* jlk;.k uj Hk.kbZA

jktk jáks mM+hlbZ tk;AA

ckx&oka.kh eks oj nh;ksA

vL=h&jlk;.k d: c[kk.kAA86AAnwtks ljx

vL=h; tue dkab nh/km egslA

voj tue Fkkjb ?k.kk js ujslAA

jkuh u fljth; jks>M+hA

?k.kg u fljtho ?kM+yh; xkbAA

ou[k.M dkyh dksbyhA

gMa cblrh vack ub paik dh MkyAA

Hk"krh nk"k ohtksjM+hA

b.kh nq"k >qjb vcykth okyAA

MkW- ekrkizlkn xqIr jh *chlynso jklks* jS lansl ckcr ekurk gS dS **dksbZ L=h yk[k xq.korh gks fdUrq;fn og ifr ls dksbZ ckr fcuk Hkyh&Hkkafr lksps le>s djrh gS] rks mlls mldk lc dqN fcxM+ ldrk gSAblfy;s jpuk Jaxkj&ijd gksrs gq, Hkh uhfr ijd gSA** MkW- xqIr jh vk ekurk e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; ifjosljS vuq:Ik gSA vkt jh ukjh rks b.k jks fojks/k Hkh djS i.k jpuk esa rn~;qxhu L=h ckcr ekurkoka jks bZ eaMk.kgq;ks gSA vsd lgt] ljy vj yksd Hkkoukoka lwa ifjiwj.k vk dFkk izse jh iwjh vksG[kka.k djkoSA dFkk esaizcU/kkRedrk jk y{k.k rks uha y[kkoS i.k *cSysM* jh nhB lwa vk vsd lQy jpuk gSA lkxS bZ jkepUnz 'kqDyfd.kh Hkje&ol bt b.kuSa ohj jlkRed jpuk esa lkfey dj yhoh gh] ojuk vk lq) :Ik lwa izse ijd jpukbt gSA dFkk esa oj.kkRedrk jh b/kdkbZ gSA b.kesa thUlka jh ykach ikuM+h vj lsuk jks oj.kkao t:jr lwa T;knkgSA b.kh otSg lwa dBS&dBS vS oj.kkao uhjl gq;xk gSaA b.k Hkkar lkL=h; lkfgfR;drk jS vHkko esa vjvkajfHkd jpuk gqo.k lwa ^chlynso jklks* ljko.k tksx vj jktLFkkuh&dkO; jh ekusr;k iksFkh cth jSoSykA

4-6 vH;kl jk izLu &

1- **jktLFkkuh bZ uha fgUnh lkfgR; jh bZ l:vkrh jpuk gqo.k lwa *chlynso jklks* jks lnSolkfgfR;d egRo jSoSyk** & vksirka nk[kyka lkxS b.k dFku uSa le>koksA

2- *chlynso jklks* jh izekf.kdrk ;k dS vizkekf.kdrk uSa mnkgj.kka lkxS fl) djksA

3- *chlynso&jklks* jks dFkk&lkj fy[kks vj b.kjS Hkkoi[k jh fojksG djksA

4- **chlynso jklks* vsd egkdkO; dksuh dS;ks tk ldS] i.k m.kesa vsd yksdxhr ¼csysM½ jk lxGky{k.k gSA** b.k dFku jS ika.k chlynso jklks jS dkO; Lk:Ik jh leh{kk djksA

5- *chlynso jklks* jh ik=&;kstuk ekFkS fopkj djrk gq;k b.kjh vSfrgkfldrk jh fuj[k&ij[kdjksA

6- ^chlynso jklks* jS dyk&i[k uSa mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA

7- ^chlynso jklks* esa cjrhth dFkkud&:f<+;ka jks mYys[k djrk gq;k b.kjh lSyh ekFkS vkijkfopkj izxV djksA

8- *chlynso jklks* jh Hkklk&lSyh ij fucU/k fy[kksA

9- ^chlynso&jklks* lwa vksirk mnkgj.k jkterh vj chlynso jh pkfjf=d folslrkoka jks [kqyklksdjksA

71

10- ^chlynso jklks* esa vk;k fl.kxkj uSa mnkgj.kka lSarh le>koksA

11- ^chlynso jklks* jS dkO;&lkSLBo uSa mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA


1- la- MkW- /khjsUnz oekZ & fgUnh lkfgR; dks'k] Hkkx&2 A

2- MkW- jkedqekj oekZ & fgUnh lkfgR; dk vkykspukRed bfrgklA

3- fo'oukFkizlkn feJ & fgUnh lkfgR; dk vrhrA

4- MkW- n;kuan JhokLro & fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] Hkkx&1A

5- vkseizdk'k & fgUnh&dkO; vkSj mldk lkSan;ZA

6- la- MkW- lR;thou oekZ & chlynso jklksA

7- Lak- MkW- rkjdukFk vxzoky & chlynso jklksA

8- lhrkjke 'kkL=h & chlynsojkl & ,d xos"k.kkA

9- MkW- bUnw ckyh & e/;dkyhu fgUnh izsek[;kuksa ds dFkkudA

10- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;A

72

bdkbZ & 5

izeq[k jpuk % dkUgM+ns izca/k & dFk] flYi vj lSyhbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

5-0 mÌsL;

5-1 izLrkouk

5-2 ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* % ,d vksG[kk.k

5-3 ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* % yksd pko jh jpuk

5-4 bfrgkl jh nhB lwa % ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k*

5-5 ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh dFkk jks lkj

5-6 ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa tq) cj.kko

5-6-1 gfFk;kjka jh foxr

5-6-2 vf/kdkjh vj lSfud

5-6-3 HkaMkj

5-6-4 tq) jh jhr % uhr

5-6-5 vUu izfrXuk

5-7 ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa lekt

5-7-1 cke.k

5-7-2 {kf=;

5-7-3 cf.k;k

5-7-4 nwth tkfr;ka

5-7-5 Hkkstu

5-7-6 iki&iqUu jks ys[kks

5-7-7 lekt esa yqxk;ka jh BkSM+

5-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

5-9 lcndksl

5-10 vH;kl jk izLu

5-11 lUnHkZ xzUFkka jh ikuM+h

5-0 mÌsL;

,e-,- jktLFkkuh jS ikB~;Øe jh b.k bdkbZ esa vki jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS e/;dky jS izeq[k jpukdkjegkdfo i|ukHk jS izeq[k dkO; ^dkUgM+ & ns izcU/k* jS ckjs esa v/;;u djksykA ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k*e/;dky esa jphT;ks jktLFkkuh jks ?k.kksa egrkÅ dkO; gSA vYykmÌhu f[kyth jS jkt esa ?kVh ?kVukoka ckcrtk.kdkjh nso.k ckGS xzFkka jh la[;ka lko FkksM+h gSA m.kka ek;a blk xzaFk fojyk bZ gS] ft.kka uS HkjkslSeUn ekU;ktk ldSA ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* gdhdr esa blks egrkÅ xzaFk gS] ft.kesa fy[kh ?kVukoka ekFkS Hkjkslks dj~;ks tkldSA iq.;&foosd* vj izfM+r* jS fo:n lwa c[kk.khT;S dfo i|ukHk jS b.k xazFk dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa m.k osGk

73

jS U;kjS&U;kjS jkT;ka jk uke rks gS bZ] m.k leS jS lekt] lekt jh jhrka&Hkkar] [kku&iku] igjosl vjjkt&dkt jh dwVuhfr vkn jks i.k jkp.kksa fprjkae feGSA ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* eka; lkaLÑfrd xkSjo jh xkFkkdFkhth gS] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr jks :ikGks :i dksjhT;ks gS] yksd laLÑfr jks c[kk.k djhT;ks gS] tq) dGk jkslkaxksikax oj.ku djhT;ks gSA tkGksj jS jktk dkUgM+&ns jh ohjrk jh vk xkFkk] nsl jS vknjlka] vklkoka]Hkkoukoka] vkdka{kkoka] ekuoh; eksyka] ejtknkoka jh egkxkFkk gkso.k jS lkFkS ÅtkZ] R;kx] ohjrk vj cfynkujh i.k egkxkFkk gSA

b.k bdkbZ uSa ckap*j vki &

1- e/;dky jS izeq[k jpukdkj i|ukHk jh izeq[k jpuk ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jS ckcr tka.k ldksykA

2- ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh ewG dFkk tk.k ldksykA

3- ^dkUgM+&ns* jh dFkk ckcr bfrgkl fdrjh lk[k HkjS] b.k ckcr tk.k ldksykA

4- vykmÌhu f[kyth jh Qkstka jh tkGksj ekFkS geys ckcr tk.k ldksykA

5- ^dkUgM+&ns* jS dky jS gfFk;kjka ckcr tk.k ldksykA

6- cka fnuka jS tq)ka jh j.kuhfr ckcr tk.k ldksykA

7- ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa ft.k Hkkar jks lekt nhlS] m.kuS tk.k ldksykA

5-1 izLrkouk

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* dkO; jh nhB lwa ?k.kha egrkÅ jpuk gSA vk jpuk laLÑr Hkklk*jS izcU/k dkO; :ijS mf.kgkjS rks gS bZ] m.kh <+kyS <+Grh bZ nhlSA b.ka Hkkar vk jpuk ^jkld* ;k ^jklks* dkO; ijaijk jS foxlkojS :i esa i.k nhlSA jpuk&rRo jS nhB lwa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* ^Hkkst izcU/k* dS ^dqekjiky izcU/k* jh tksM+ esarqyhtS rks ohj jl jS lkFkS fl.kxkj jl jS ifjikd vj fujr&xhr jh ekso.kh jkxka jS dkj.k ^dkUgM+&nsizcU/k* iFohjkt jklks* vj gEehj jklks* ftlk yksd&dkO;ka jS cjkcj bZ fx.khatSA eje jS varl yx iwxS ftlhekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka] vykmÌhu jh dqaojh lhrbZ jS fujQG jSo.k jh nkew vj dkUgM+&ns jh dld vjdkUgM+&ns jh gkj jS vuqeku jh fcy[krh xaxk&xkSjh jS foyki jS fel d:.k jl jS lkaxksikax fprjke jS dkj.k]^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* Å¡ph dksVh jks dkO; cktSA irlkg vykmÌhu jS tqx jS bfrgkl jh Hkkjrh; nhB lwa lk[kHkjf.k;ksa vks ?k.kks egrkÅ xzaFk cktSA vykmÌhu jS tqx jS bfrgkl jks C;kSjks nsof.k;k Qkjlh xazFkka ekFkS iwjksHkjkslks uh gS b.k lk: vks fyf[kT;ks gSA ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* b.k nhB lwa bZ egrkÅ jpuk gS dS m.kesa lekt]lekt jh ijaijkoka] yksd ekurkoka vj yksd laLÑfr jk thoUr fprjke cgqjaxh] jkp.kk vj ?k.kka lkarjk gSAuxj jS c.kko] ?kj&gosfy;k¡] xGh pkSgVka] Hkkstu vj iSjosl] yksdjat.k jk lk/ku] ijc&mNc] buke bdjkj]/kje&/;ku] jhr&fjoktka vj lSfud ewY;ka jks c[kk.k ft.k Hkkar foxrokj lwa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa ekaMhT;ksgS] m.k nhB lwa vks xzFka lekt&lkL= jks i.k ,d egrkÅ xzFka gSA jktdkt jS vf/dkjfj;ka jS ukeka jhtk.kdkjh] lSfudka jS mNkg vj pfj= jks oj.ku] U;kjS&U;kjS Hkkar jS gFk;kjka dkj.k ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* vkijS tqx jks ?k.kksa i.k egrkÅ xzaFk fx.khatSA b.k ckr jh iq[rk lk[k i.k feGS dS ykjyh ih<+h jk dfo i|ukHkjS b.k xazFk lwa ?k.kka ijHkkfor gq;k vj m.kka vkijS xzFkka jh jpuk esa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh jpuk jh dkO; :f<+uS vaxhdkj djhA

5-2 ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* % ,d vksG[kk.k

Hkklk foKku jh nhB lwa twuh vkFkw.kh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS v/;;u jS ys[kS ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* lS lwaegrkÅ [ktkuk jS mueku gSA vks ,d blkS egkdkO; gS] ft.kjh cjkscjh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS foxlko jh nhBlwa dksbZ lks bZ nwtks dkO; dks dj ldS uhaA vkt lwa lk<+h ikap lkS cjl iSyk foØe la- 1512 esa tkGksj esadfo i|ukHk b.k egrkÅ izcU/k&dkO; jh jpuk dhuh ghA i|ukHk Nan&lkL= jks ukeh tk.kdkj] Åaps njtS

74

jks izfrHkkoku dfo] xq.kh] ikj[kh] ?k.kha crka jks tk.kdkj vj iafMr feu[k gksA tBS b.k dkO; jh ?kVuk ?kVh]m.kh*t tkGksj esa dFkkuk;d jh ikapoh ih<+h jS okfjl v[kSjkt jh lh[k lwa dfo i|ukHk b.k dkO; jh jpukdjh ft.k lwa dFkkuk;d dkUgM+&ns vj dfo i|ukHk nksuqoka jS bZ tl jks foLrkj gq;ks &

v[kbjkt lh[kke.k ljhA

inukHk dhjrh foLrjhAA

jktLFkku izkP;fo|k izfr"Bku] tks/kiqj lwa izks- dkfUryky cynsojko O;kl jS laiknu esa NI;S b.kizcU/k dkO; esa pkj [kaM gSA iSyk [kaM eka; 256 Nan gS] ft.kesa nwgk] pmibZ vj iokm Nan jS flok; x| esa[kklh eksVh eMkmyh bZ gSA nwtk [kaM esa 353 NUn gSA b.k Hkkar 1028 Nanka esa xwaFkhT;ksM+ks vks izcU/k dkO; ohjvj d:.k jl jS iwjS ifjikd jS lkxS /khjksnkÙk ohj iqj[kka jh dhjr&dFkk jS dkj.k ckapf.k;ka jkS eu gj[kko.kokGks vj tksl lwa jkse&jkse ÅHkk dj.k esa lejFk gSA lsuk jS lapj.k lwa ys;*j [kkax.k esa tq) jk blk thoUrfprjkea lwa tM+;ks vks xzaFk jktLFkku vj Hkkjrh laLÑfr jh veksyd Fkkrh gSA

5-3 ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* % yksd pko jh jpuk

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh jpuk foØe laor 1512 esa tkGksj esa v[kSjkt lksuxjk jS jkt esa gqbZ ghAv[kSjkt dkUgM+&ns jS oal jks gksA m.k vkijS iwjotka jh dhjr uS mtokG.k lk: vk jpuka fy[okbZ ghAlksuxjk pgqvk.kka jS flok; fd.kha nwtka jh b.k jpuk esa :fp gkso.kh de bZ lqHkkfod ykxS i.k v[kSjkt jSoaltka jS flok; bZ ?k.kka feu[kka ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* uS ckaP;ks&ljk;ksA vks i|ukHk jh jpuk jks tknw bZ gks dSvks xzaFk dfork esa :fp jk[kf.k;ka feu[kka jS daBka jks gkj dkO; c.;ksA dkO;&jfldka b.k xazFk jh fujhbZ udykaR;kj dhuhA

jktLFkkuh Hkklk] lkfgR; vj bfrgkl jS ys[kS ?k.kha egrkÅ iksFkh ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* vktk.kha vjvnhB bZ jS tkorh ts izkP;fo|k jk ?k.kka ukeh fo}ku uS vk iksFkh Fkjkn jS tSuKku HkaMkj esa uhayk/krhA Fkjkn tkGksj jh lhae ekFkS bZ cL;ks gSA laLÑr vj izkÑr jS egrkÅ xzaFkka jh [kkst djrka Fkjkn jStSu Kku HkaMkj esa MkW- Ogwyj uS vk iksFkh rkGk lwa tM+h ,d isVh esa feGhA foØe la- 1648 jS fexljon vkBe]jfookj uSA lfDriqj esa fy[khth ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh vk udy ?k.kha twuh gS b.k lk: ?k.kha egrkÅ bZ gSAMkW- Ogwyj b.k iksFkh jks egro tk.k j b.k jh udy djok;*j m.kuSa ^lky&i=* uke jS ukeha xqtjkrh NkiSjS laiknd vj twuh xqtjkrh jS xq.kha fo}ku uoyjke y{ehjke iaM;k uSa Hkst nh ft.kka b.kuS ?k.kha egrkÅle>*j lu~ 1977&78 esa bZLoh esa xqtjkrh jS pkos NkiS ^lkyi=* jS vadk eka; /kkjkokgh :i lwa Nki nhuhAfr.k iNS b.k xzaFk izkP;fo|k jk egrkÅ fo}ku~ MkW- ,p-,p- /kqzo] MkW- ds- ,p- /kqzo vj Jh Mk;k HkkbZihrkEcjnkl nsjkljh ftlk fo}kuka jks /;ku vkijS dkuh [khaP;ksA

foØe laor 1512 esa fy[;S b.k xzaFk jh U;kjk&U;kjk fyfidkjka jS gkFkka lwa fy[kh dSbZA izfr;ka feGSgSA lS lwa twuh ^izfr MkW- dkfUryky cynsojke O;kl uSA Jh vUiUrrukfe efUnj] eqEcbZ jS Kku HkaMkj esafeGhA vk izfr 1598 esa tkGksj esa bZ fy[;ksM+h gS tdks i|ukHk jS [kqn jS gkFk jh fy[;ksM+h gks; ldS gS vjfd.kha nwtk fyfidkj jS fy[;ksM+h Hkh gks; ldSA b.kha Hkkar foØe laor 1665 esa fy[;ksM+h ,d izfr nfDdudkWyst] eqacbZ jS ikaMqfyfi laxzg esa bZ feGh gSA b.kjS flok; iqjkrRo jk ukephu fo}ku eqfu ftufot; thjS laxzg esa nks izfr;ka] twuh ikaMqfyfi;ka vj fprjkeka jks laxzg jk[kf.k; eksrhpUn [ktkaph jS laxzg esa nks izfr;kadslj ckbZ Kku HkaMkj] eqEcbZ esa ,d izfr vj xkSM+h twg mikJ;] eqacbZ esa bZ ^dkUgM+ ns izcU/k* jh ,d izfrfeGh gSA b.kka flok; dha nwth [kafMr izfr;ka bZ feGSA ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh brjh lkjh ikMqfyfi;ka b.k ckrjh lk[k HkjS dS ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* dkO;] dyk vj bfrgkl lS nhB lwa vkijS o[kr jh fljS jpuk gSA

5-4 bfrgkl jh nhB lwa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k*

i|ukHk jh dkO; & dyk ckcr vki vkNh rjS tk.k pqD;k gks vj vki b.k rFk lwa okdQ gks dS

75

lkfgR; & [kkl dj*j e/;dky jS izcU/k dkO; jS :i esa dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* ,d tcjh] ywaBh vj ?k.kha egrkÅjpuk gSA ykjyk lk<+h ikap lkS cjlka lwa vks xzaFk lkfgR; jfldk jS fgoM+S jks gkj c.k;ksM+ks gSA e/;dky esajphT;ka dkO;ka esa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* vkt bZ fljS jpuk ekuhtSA

lkfgR; jS v/;;u jh nhB lwa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jks ftrjks egRo gS] Hkkjr jS e/; dky jS bfrgkljS v/;;u jh nhB lwa Hkh vks dkO; mrjks bZ egrkÅ gSA gdhdr esa vykmÌhu jS oj.kuka jh lgh vj l[kjhlk[k Hkjf.k;k xzFka vkaxfG;ka ekFkS fx.khtS] mrjk bZ yk/kSA dqy rhu xzFka bZ blh gS ftdk vykmÌhu jS leSjh gdhdr crkoS m.k esa ,d xzaFk ^[oktkbu&my Qrg* vj nwtks ^nsoyjkuh*A ,s nksU;wa bZ iksF;ka blh iksF;kagS ft.k uS vehj [kqljks vj nwth iksFkh gSA vykmÌhu jS laj{k.k esa m.kuS jkth dj.k lk: bZ fy[;ks gksAlqHkkfod :i lwa Qkjlh Hkklk esa fy[;k b.k xzFka esa vykmÌhu jh >wBh efgek c[kkf.kth gSA b.k tq) esadkUgM+&ns jS tq) jks ftØ dks djhT;ks uhaA ^[oktkbu&my Qrg* jh vkykspuk djrka bfrgkl jk ukehfo}ku izks- gchc vkijS ,d lks/k ys[k esa lkQ rkSj lwa eatwj dj~;ks gS dS vehj [kqljks jS xazFkka jh lwpukoka uSvk/kkj eku*j ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa fyf[kT;S bfrgkl vj m.k lwa lEcaf/kr jh ?kVukoka ekFkS lal; dks dj~;kstk ldS uhaA

vykmÌhu jS tqx jks ys[kks & tks[kks nso.k okGh nwth iksFkh i.k Qkjlh esa gS ft.kuS tgkaxhj jS jktes a ^QjhLrk* uke j S ys[kd fy[kh ghA ^rkjh[k&,&QfjLrk* uke jh vk iksFkh dkUgM+&nsizcU/k jS vyksi gks;ka jS nks lkS cjlka iNS fy[khth gSA b.k Hkkar vk iksFkh ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* fy[khT;k jS iNSfy[khth gSA b.k ikSFkh esa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa gq;k tq) jS cj f[kykQ vks fy[khT;ks gS dS vYykmÌhuf[kyth jS lsukuk;d ,uqyeqYd eqYrkuh ^dkUgM+&ns jS csVS ohje ns uS ckrka esa fcYek;*j vYykmÌhu jS njckjesa tko.k uS R;kj dj yhuksA* pkSgku dky jh foxr fy[kf.k;ka vkt jk bfrgkldkj i.k fcuk xgjh tkapiM+rky dj~;ka QfjLrk jh b.k ckr uSa eku.k jh Hkwy dhuh tn dS ?k.kdkj bfrgkldkj QfjLrk jS bfrgkluSa Hkjksls tksx dks ekuSa uhaA blk bfrgkldkj ekuSa dS ^rkjh[k&,&QfjLrk* eqlyekuk jS xjcS uSa c/kko.k jhnhB lwa bZ fyf[kth gSA b.k lk: b.k iksFkh jh foxrka HkjkslS dkfcy dksuhA

flykys[kka esa fyf[kth tk.kdkjh eqtc ns[kka rks edjk.k jk flykys[k esa fy[khT;ks gS dS lu~ 1297bLoh esa gq;k tq+) esa dkUgM+&ns vykmÌhu jh Qkstka uSa gjkbZ ghaA b.khat Hkkar ^tkyksj izllfr* esa i.kdkUgM+&ns jS tq)ka esa m.kjh thr jh gdhdr fy[khth gSA

^[oktkbu&my Qrg ^vj* ^rkjh[k&,&Qfj'rk* ikarj lu~ 1455 jS vM+S&xM+S fyf[kT;ksM+ks xzaFk^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* uS fu/kM+d gks;*j blks xzaFk eku ldka ft.kesa fy[khth ?kVukoka bfrgkl jh nhB lwa [kjh]okLrfod vj fujfookn gSA ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* bZ vYykmÌhu f[kyth jS lklu dky jh ?kVukoka jks Hkkjrh;nhB lwa lk[k Hkj.kokGks egrkÅ vk/kkj xazFk gS ft.kesa fy[;ka fooj.kka uSa pkSgk.kka jS bfrgkl jk tk.kdkj fo}kuaMkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ lesr bfrgkl jk Åxe.kka vj vkFke.kk bfrgkl jk lxGk fo}kuka ?k.kSa eku lwa lgh ekU;kgSA

5-5 ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh dFkk jks lkj

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh jpuk jks lkQ&lkQ ewG mÌsL; tkGksj jk jktk dkUgM+&ns jh dhjr jks foLrkjdj.kks gSA b.kesa dkUgM+&ns jh dhjr jS foLrkj jS lkFkS vykmÌhu jS tqx jS bfrgkl jh ,d >yd Hkh xawFkhtxhgSA pkj [kaMka esa jphT;S ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa fy[khth dFkk jS eqtc lkseukFk ekFkS vkØe.k dj.k lwa iSykavykmÌhu vkijh lsuk lk: tkGksj jS jkt esa gks;*j jLrks ekaX;ksA tkGksj jks jktk m.kka fnuka BsV xqtjkr jhlhe lwa ys;*j lkaHkj rd ilj~;ks Fkdks gksA cka fnuka dkUgM+&ns jks cki lej&lh tkGksj jks jktk gksAvykmÌhu lej&lh uS vks Hkjkslks fnjk;ks gks dS QkStka vkijS jLrS tkoSyh vj FkkjS jkt esa dksbZ fcxkM+ dksdjS uhaA jkLrks nso.k jh ,ot esa vykmÌhu lej&lh uSa eky eÙkks nso.k jks yksHk fn;ks i.k lej lh yksHk esavk;ks uhaA oks tk.krks gks dS uha&uha djrka bZ ekjx ekFkS iM.kokGk xkoa ywV;k tkoSyk] xk;ka ekjh tkoSyh vj

76

[ksr cjckn gksoSykA lej&lh /ku HksGks dj.k jh BkSM+ /kje jh j{kk dj.kh t:jh le>h vj m.k vykmÌhuuSa tkGksj jh lhekoka gks;*j tko.k jks uk nS fn;ksA ykpkj gks;*j xqtjkr uS ywV.k lk: vykmÌhu uSa myqx[kka vj uqljr [kka jS vk/khu nwtS ekjx lwa lsuk Hkst.kh iM+hA

xqtjkr esa vykmÌhu jh lsukoka lkseukFk jS efUnj uS ywV;kS vj xqtjkr vj dkfB;kokM+ jk eksMklk]pjksÙkj] ckou[ksM+k] /kk.k/kj] /ka/kkay] vklkmy] /kwydk] lwjr] jkusj] pkaikusj] nsoikVu] ikfnz] twukx<+ fxjukj]dPN] Hkqt] dkFk xsMM+h vj ikjdj ftlk twuk vj tk.khrk uxjka uS ywV;k] feu[kka uSa ekj~;k] [ksrka uSmtkM+;k vj gkj~;ksM+k yksxka uSa cUnh c.kk;kA

xqtjkr vj dkfB;kokM+ uSa thR;ka iNS myqx [kka brjks vfHkekuh gks;X;ks dS m.k tkGksj jS jktk uSnaM nso.k lk: tkGksj ekFkS geyks dj.kks roM;ksA rn rd lej&lh nsoyksd gks;X;ks gks vj dkUgM+&nsjktk c.kX;ks gksA dkUgM+&ns eqdkcyks dj.k lk: R;kj gksA myqx [kka vykmÌhu jh lsukoka jS lkFkS tkGksjlwa nks v<kbZ dksl jh nwjh ekFkS ladkjk.kk uke jS xkao duSa Msjks nhuksA dkUgM+&ns vkijS nwr t;ar nsoM+k uSHkst*j myqx [kka jh b.k gjdr ekFkS ukjktxh njlk;hA xqtjkr*j dkfB;kokM+ jS thr jS tksl lwa ckoGS myqx[kka dkUgM+&ns uS yydkj nhuhA tq) dj.k flok; dkUgM+&ns duSa dksbZ pkjksa bZ dks gks uhaA lkadj.kk jS eSnkuesa tq) gq;ks ft.kkesa myqx [kka jks HkkbZ efyd ,tknqÌhu vj vykmÌhu jS ,d HkrhtS lesr ?k.kka flikgh ekj~;kx;kA myqx [kka bZ uhB vkijks thou cpk;*j lsuk lesr iM+ Hkx gq;ksA myqx [kka jh lsuk uSa gjk;*jdkUgM+&ns xqtjkr lwa ywV;ks lxGks /ku&eky] /kksM+k&gkFkh*j vLrj&lLrj [kksl yhukA [kwc eky&eÙkks gkFkykxksA fgUnw dSfn;ka uSa NqMok;*j lqrUrj dhuk vj lkseukFk jS fyax uSa fo/kjfe;ka jS gkFk lwa cpk;*j m.k jkikap [kaM dhukA ,d [kaM uSa ikV.k Hkst*j m.khat feUnj esa ikNks izfrfLBr djok;ks] tBS lwa b.kuSa [kafMrdj~;ks gksA nwtk [kaM uSa ckxM+] rhtk uS vkcw] pkSFkk uSa tkGksj vj ikpoka [k.M uSa vkijS ckx esa feUnj c.kok*jFkkfir djok;ksA

myqx jh b.k Hkkar jh gkj vykmÌhu uSa iph dksuhA dkUgM+&ns uSa thr.k lk: vykmÌhu [kqn cM+hHkkjh lsuk ys;*j iSyka m.k x<+ flok.kk ekFkS p<+kbZ dhuhA vks fdyks dkUgM+ ns js HkrhtS lkrG jSvk/khu gksA iSykS eqdkcyks eaMksj esa gq;ks dkUgM+&ns jh lgk;rk lwa vykmÌhu uSa flok.kka lwa [knsM+ nhuksA vBSvYykmÌhu f[kyth jk ywaBk lsukifr ukgj efyd vj [kaMk/kj Hkkst ekj~;k x;kA

eghuka ij eghuk vj cjlka ij cjl chrrk x;kA flikgh ejrk jS;k vj vLrj&lLrjka jk HkaMkj[kwVrk X;k i.k v.k ikj jks ?kkVks [kk;*j bZ vYykmÌhu jh ftn jS dkj.k vYykmÌhu jh QkStka lfe;k.kk¼flok.kk½ jks ?ksjks ?kkY;ka iM+h jghA vieku lwa [kht*j vYykmÌhu [kqn Hkkjh lsuk jS lkFkS flok.kk ekFkS geyksdj~;ksA m.k ,d isflc c.kok;ks vj Hkk;y uke jS fd.kha foLokl?kkrh fgUnw jh lgk;rk lwa fdyk jS lS lwa Åapsfl[kj ekFkS p<+*j flok.kk jS rGko jS eka; xk; jks ekal vj xk; jks jxr u[kok; fn;ksA blk tG uS dksbZfgUnw ih ugha ldSA Hkw[kk&frjlk lxGk fgUnw vka dslfj;k dj~;ks vj lxGh jkf.k;ka & jktiwrkf.k;ka tkSgjjh TokGk esa cG Hkle gqbZA b.k Hkkar f/kz.kk mitko.k okGS vekuoh NG&cG lwa vYykmÌhu x<+ flok.kkSQrg dj~;ksA

flok.kks thr*j vYykmÌhu rks ikNkS fnYyh x;ks ijks i.k tkGksj jks x<+ thr.k lk: m.kjh QkStkavBSbZ jghA vYykmÌhu jh lsuk flok.kk jS iNS ckM+esj Qrsg dj~;ks] fr.k iNS lkapksj esa egkohj*jS feUnj uSaHkkaX;ksA /kje jS uke ekFkS xSyk gks;kM+k lSfudka oSfnd fo|k jS lS lwa eksVS dsUnz HkhuekG uSa ckG dk<;ks vjvBkajk cke.kka uSa cUnh c.kk; fn;kA b.k lwa dkUgM+&ns uSa ?k.kha jhl vkbZA m.k vkijh QkSt Hkst*j jsorh vj/kk.klk jS duSa vYykmÌhu jk yqVsjk lSfudk uSa ekj dk<;k vj m.kka jk gkFkh] ?kksM+k vj gfFk;kj [kksl fy;kAm.k fnu vekol ghA lxGk jktiwr tks)k gfFk;kj*j ?kksM+k >kM+ka jS cka/k*j rGko esa Luku dj.k ykxkA rGkojh ikG ekFkS ÅHkS fd.kha feu[k dksrd ol gks;*j eqlyekuka jk uxkM+k ctk; yhukA efyd usc] ftdks fldkj[ksy.k flfoj lwa ckjS x;ksM+ks gks] uxkM+k lqa.k*j cBS iwxks vj ns[;ks dS lxGk eqlyeku ej~;k iM+;k gS vj

77

thr jh [kqlh esa fgUnw tG esa fdyksy dj jg;k gS] m.k lxGk&Ugkork fugÙFkk lSfudk uS ?ksj*j ekj nhukA

fugÙFkk lSfudka jS ej.k jS dkj.k dkUgM+&ns jks ?k.kksa uqdlku gq;ksA mBhuSa eqMrk jS duSa eksdyk.kkesa eky&ns vj ohje&ns vYykmÌhu jS lsukifr lHl[kku jh yqxkbZ] ftdh vYykmÌhu jh csVh bZ gh] uSidM+*j cUnh c.kk; nhuhA b.k lwa [kht*j vYykmÌhu Hkkjh lsuk jS lkFkS tkGksj ekFkS geyks dj~;ksA m.kjSlsukifr dekyqÌhu xqjt tkGksj jS fdyk uSa ?ksj fy;ksA tkGksj esa jln iwx.k jk jkLrk jksd fy;kA vBhuSanqjHkkx lwa tkGksj jS fdyk ekFkyS rGkoka jks ik.kh lw[k X;kSA tkGksj jS oksikfj;ka dkUgM+&ns jh ?k.kh ennjk[khA gkj eku*j efyd usc tkGksj jks ?ksjks mBko.k jh R;kjh esa bZ gks dS dkUgM+&ns jS ,d nxkckt lsukifrchdS lstokG jkt yso.k jS yksHk esa iM+*j tkGksj jS fdyk jks xqir jLrks crk; nhuks vj m.k jLrk lwavYykmÌhu jh lSuk uSa fdyk esa ?kkG nh nhuhA b.k Hkkar /kks[kk lwa fdyk esa ofM+;k lSfudka Hkkjh yM+kbZ yM*jfdyka jks [kkl njoktks [kksy nhuksA lqYrku jh folky lsuk lwa yM+rk lxGk jktiwr ekj~;k x;k] vkijk ?kksM+kauS vki bZ ck<+ uk[;kA /ku rGko esa uk[;ksA yqxk;ka tkSgj dj~;ksA dkUgM+&ns vyksi gq;ksA ijkØe lwa yM+rkFkdk ohje&ns uSa nwLe.kka ck<a uk[;ksA foØe laor 1368 jS oSlk[k lqn ikape] cq/kokj uSa pkSgkuka uS gjk;*jvYykmÌhu jh lsuk tkGksj jks fdyks Qrg dhuksA

5-6 ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa tq) cj.kko

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa vkijS tqx jh tq) dyk jks thoUr ys[kks&tks[kks gSA gfFk;kj] HkaMkj] rsM+ks] QkStka]?ksjks] NG&cG] vUr izfrXuk vj /ku&ukl dj.k ftlh tq) dj.k jh jhrka jh foxr i|ukHk lSt&Hkko lwafy[kh gS

5-6-1 gfFk;kjka jh foxr %

i|ukHk Hkkar&Hkkar jS gfFk;kjka jks oj.ku dhuks gSA ryokj] dVkj] Vkad.kk vj f=ddwV ftlkvkeha&lkeha okj dj.kokGk gfFk;kjka jS flok; Qkjdh] f<dqyh] exjch ftlka ;a= bZ gksork ft.kka lwa vk?kklwa bZ ?k.kka t.kka uSa ,dS lkFkS ekj.k lk: iz;ksx dj~;ks tkorksA lxjch lwa rygVh lwa fdyk jh Åaph HkhrkaekFkS xksGk nkxrkA f<dfy;ka lwa HkkVk QsD;ka tkorkA nqLe.k jh QkSt esa yk; yxko.k lk: jkG dS rsy lwaHkhuks diM+ks yisV*j flGxrk Fkdk ck.k ck;k tkorkA Hkyk] {kaMk] lhax.kh ftlk gfFk;kj gksorkA

5-6-2 vf/kdkjh vj lSfud

i|ukHk jktdkt pykof.k;k U;kjk&U;kjk vf/kdfj;ka jh foxr nhuh gSA ,s vf/kdkjh jktk jS fgoM+kjh ckr tk.k.k vj dSo.k esa ekfgj vj pkrj gksorkA ^dkUgM+&ns* esa jktk jS iz/kku oeyxqfu lwa ys;*j O;kl]Jh xjlk] oSxj.kk] l.kfgrk] lsygqr nsgoklfj] vo/kkfu;k] HkaMkjh] dksBkjh] d.kgrk] jkmyk efgrk] rykj vjjky xqfu ftlk dke jS fglkc lwa inuke feGSA

flikgh ?k.k[kjk jktiwr bZ gksork ft.kka jh U;kjh&U;kjh Nrhl [kkaika jk uke ^dkUgM+&nsizcU/k* esa fx.kk;k gS i.k jktiwrka jS czkEã.kka jS yM+.k jks mYys[k i.k ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa ekStwn gSA lSfudkjh mej 25 lwa ipkl cjlka jS chp jh gksorhA vkdj.kkUr ewaNk] lkso.kk okxka vj lkQk ck/;k lSfud /khj]ohj] mnkj] foosdh] dhjr uSa tho lwa bZ Åaph le>.k okGk] LokfeHkxr vj yydkj*j nqLe.k ekFkS okj dj.kokGk gksorkA ij ukjh uSa lgksnj ekuf.k;ka b.kk ohjka jks fulk.kksa vpwd gksorks vj blk gherh gksork dSnqLe.kka jh QkSt ekFkS ,dyk bZ yksgks okojrkA lLrjka jS okj lwa cp.k lk: lSfud dop cka/krk gkA^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa djkaxh] otzkaxh] vax j[kh thoj[kh] th.klkay vj tgjth.k ftlk dopka jks mYys[k gSA

5-6-3 HkaMkj

tq) jks vklkj ykxrka bZ Hkkstu vj pkjk jk HkaMkj Hkjht.kk l: djrkA ?kh vj rsy lwa daqM vjckofM+;ka HkjhtrhA ?kksM+k lk: ?kkl jh djkb;ka vosjhtrhA vUu jk HkaMkj HkjhtrkA vUu jka/k.k lk: Nk.kksacGhrks i.k HksGks djht*j jk[kht rksA okSikjh Hkkar&Hkkar jh ftalka jk HkaMkj Hkj j jk[krk vj jktk uSa Hkjksls

78

ca/kkork dS oS ftUlka jh deh dks vko.k nsoS uhaA

5-6-4 tq) jh jhr&uhr %

U;kjh&U;kjh fLFkfr jS dkj.k fgUnqoka vj eqLyekuka jS tq) jh jhr bZ U;kjh&U;kjh ghA vYykmÌhu vjm.k jh lsuk vkØkUrk gh tn dS fgUnw dS jktk vkijS jkt jh j{kk lk: tq) djrk gkA fgUnw jktk ÅapsHkk[kjka ekFkS x<+ fp.kkorkA x<+ jS eka;uS bZ ik.kh lk: rGko dS ckoM+h c.kkorkA x<+ esa vUu] rsy] ?kh] diM+kvj ?kkl jks HkaMkj jk[krkA fdys jh Hkhrka ekFkS lwa efxjc lhax.kh vj <+sdqyh ftlk tUrjka lwa HkkVk] rhj vjxksGk nkxrkA nqLe.kk jS flfoj esa yk; yxko.k lk: diM+ka uSa jkG vj rsG lwa fHkuks;] m.kka uSa HkkVk dS rhjkaekFkS] yisV] flGxk;*j QsadrkA b.k Hkkar jktk cjlka yx vkijks cpko djrkA ?k.kka fnu chrka nqLe.kka uS ?ksjksmBko.kksa iM+rksA yM+kbZ l: gks;ka lwa iSyka bZ jktk vkijk fdyk esa ?kksM+k] gkFkh vj QkSt HksGh dj ysorkA

x<+ esa [kko.k iho.k jks lkeku fuB.k ykxrks tn <+ksy uxkjka jh xwat esa mNkg lwa ej.k&ekj.k jksuDdh dj j rygVh esa cs mrjrkA nqle.k uS vkijh lhe esa vko.k lwa jksd.k lk: jLrk jS fd.kha x<+ esa cSBk;j vkijS lSfudka vj lsukifr;ka uSa jk[krkA jktiwr nqLe.k uSa yydkj*j /kkoks cksyrkA

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa vk;S oj.ku lwa ykxS dS eqlGeku fdyk jh ?ksjk cUnh dj ysork vj jln uSafdyk esa tko.k lwa jksdrkA lsuk jLrk esa iM+ckokGk uxjka uSa ywV ysorh] feu[k&yqxk;ka uS cUnh c.kkorh vjfeUnjka uSa rksM+ j mBS efLtn c.kk; ysorhA vkijS j{kk lk: pk:esj [kkbZ [kqnok; nsorhA eqfLye lsukuk;dfd.kha fgUnwa uS yksHk ns;*j fdys jks xqir ekjx tk.k ysorks] fd.kh Hkkar fdyk jS rkGkoka ;k ckofM+;ka esa xk;jks yksgh vj ekal ?kky nsorkA Hkw[kk frjlk fgUnw nqLe.k jS gkFk esa uha iM+S b.k lk: vkijk [ktkuk uSa rGkoesa uk[k nsork] vkijS ?kksM+k&gkfFk;ka uS ekj nsork vj x<+ jk QkVd [kksy dslfj;ksa dj.k lk: gkFk esa ryokjkays; nqLe.kka ekFkS VwV iM+rkA nqle.k jS ikih gkFkka esa uha iM+S] b.k lk: yqxk;ka tkSgj dj ysorhA

5-6-5 vUu izfrXuk %

jktk tq) esa thr.k lk: vUu izfrXuk djrkA vUu izfrXuk jks vjFk gksoS vUu uha [kkao.kksA vUuizfrXuk yso.k lwa jktk vj jktk jk lSfudka esa fnz<+rk tkxrhA jktk jk izk.k cpko.k lk: lSfud tksl vjosx lwa yM+kbZ djrkA ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa dkUgM+&ns jS vUu izfrXuk yso.k jks mYys[k gSA

5-7 dkUgM+&ns izcU/k esa lekt %

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa m.k tqx jS lekt jh thoUr >kadh nhlSA lekt] jhrka&Hkkark] ekU;rkokaejtknkoka Hkkstu vkn jks lxGks fooj.k ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa iwjh foxr lkxS ns[k ldkaA

5-7-1 cke.k %

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* fy[kht.k rkabZ lekt esa oj.kka esa ca/kst esa fc[kjko vk;X;ks gks vj oj.k tkrka esacaVhtX;k gkA cke.kk jh U;kjh&U;kjh tkrka ghA cke.kka jh U;kjh&U;kjh tkrk esa i|ukHk Jh ekyh] izksfgr vjnsjklfj;k uS fx.kk;k gSaA i|ukHk Jhekyh cke.k uSa fizFkh ekFkS vorfj;S nsoka jS ftlk crk;k gS] ftdks NbZvaxka lesr P;k:a osnka] vBkgj iqjk.kka] T;ksfr[k] vk;qjosn] vkBaw O;kdj.k] dkO;&lkLrj] ukV;&lkLrj] ponSfo|koka] lkfygks= vj liuka jS vjFk jk tk.kdkj gkA foosdh] fopkjoku] fouksnh vj HkyS vkpkj okGk ,scke.k fur vxu gksrj djrk vj vkijS psyka uSa i<+korkA

5-7-2 {kf=;

i|ukHk {kf=;ka jS NRrhl jktoal crk;k gSA b.kka esa pkSgku] lksyadh] ck/ksyk] jkBkSM+] pkoM+k] ;kno]ijekj] xqfgy] nsoM+k ftlh U;kjh&U;kjh [kkaik jk uke fx.kk;k gSA NÙkhl Hkkar jk gfFk;kj jk[k.k okgk vS N=]xk;] vcyk vj foizka jh :[kkGh djrkA /khjt vj gher jk[kf.k;k vS tks/kkj tq) HkkSe eka; ej tkork i.kgh.k dje dks djrk uhaA i|ukHk {kf=;ka uSa cÙkhl y[k.kk vj fNuosa xq.kka okGk crk;k gSA vS {k=h; vkiksvki

79

jS jktk lk: yM+.k uSa R;kj vj vkijS jktk jS flok; fd.kha jS bZ lkaeha ekFkks uekork dksuhA

5-7-3 ckf.k;k

i|ukHk ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa O;kikjh ckf.k;ka jh nks tkrka fx.kokbZ gS Jkod vj ekgsljhA vka nksuwabZ tkrka esa nlk vj chlk nks Hksn jSaorkA O;kikjh tG vj FkG ekjx lwa vko.kokGh ftalk jks O;ksikj djrkAU;kjh&U;kjh ftalk jks O;ksikj dj.kokGka jk uke bZ U;kjk&U;kjk gkA /kku jk O;ksikjh tkSgjh cktrkA nqdkukaekFkS NÙkhl Hkkar jk fdjk.kk] xqM+] rsy] pksG ftlk diM+k] ikMqlw= ethB ftlh ftlka feGrhA i|ukHk jSfy[;k eqtc lxGk O;ksikjh U;ko lwa [kjhn & csp djrk vj tq) jh osGk esa ftalka jh deh uha vko.k nso.kjks jktk uSa Hkjkslks ca/kkorkA

5-7-4 nwth tkfr;ka %

U;kjk&U;kjk /ka/kk dj.kokGk dkjhxjk jk uke i.k i|ukHk ?k.kSa mNkg lwa fx.kok;k gSA jaxkbZdj.kokgk Nhik] rsy jh ?kk.kh [k.M.kokGk ?kkaph] [kky lwa twfr;ka c.kko.k okGk eksph] ckal lwa lkekuc.kko.kokGk xkaNh] diM+k lho.kokGk njth vj dkB jks dke djf.k;ka lqFkkjka lesr vBkjS Hkkar jk oj.knjlk;k gS & ^^clg uxj ekafg o.kZ v<+kjA**

5-7-5 Hkkstu

dkUgM+&ns izcU/k esa Hkkstu jS inkjFkka jh ?k.kSa foLrkj lwa foxr ekaMh gSA uje vj lqgkGh lsoka] ykMw]iap/kkjh jh ykilh] dlkj vj [kktk ftlS ehBS esa rG;ksM+k] ikiM+] ikifM+;ka ftlk uedhu vj cfM+;ka jS lkxjS lkxS vBkjS Hkkar jh jlksbZ jks c[kk.k djhT;ks gSA Hkkstu esa tkMks tE;ksM+ks ÅtGks ngh iqjlhtrks gksA lsukjS Hkkstu jks oj.ku djrka i|ukHk fy[kS dS lsuk esa lSfud [kkjd] nk[k] ukGsj] yhyk ukGsj] QksQd] [ktwj]lsyM+h] ihaMkGw] vknks ¼vnj[k½] dsGk vj /kki*j iku ftlh phtka [kkork ft.klwa rkdr o/kSA i|ukHk fy[kSdS rkdr o/kko.k lk: lsuk esa dksbZ eksV;kj /kku [kkoS bZ dksuhA Hkkstu jS iNS uxjosG jS eka; diwj ?kky*jeq[kokl nsjhtrks gksA

5-7-6 iki&iqUu jks ys[kks

lekt esa iki vj iqUu jS dkeka jS QGka ckcr ?k.kha ekurk ghA ftXu] ri] R;kx] lkap cksy.kksa] nkunso.kksa] xaxk] ujcnk] xksnkojh vj xkserh ftlh ufn;ka esa ugko.kksa] xaxk }kj ¼gfj}kj½ dsnkj] }kfjdk vjiz;ksx ftlk rhjFkka jh tkrjk] lkr iqfj;ka jk njl.k vj jke&uke jks mPpkj.k] xk;] cke.k vj /kje jh j{kklk: yM.kksa] blh yMkbZ esa ej.kksa vj ekfyd jh yw.k&gykyh iqUu jk dke fx.ktrkA

iqUu jS QG jS izrki lwa nqLe.k jks ukl gksorkA feu[k uSa /ku lEefÙk gkFkh&?kksM+k*j QwVjks l:ifeGrksA QwVjh yqxkbZ lwa C;ko gksork lUrku] vjksX;] ?k.kka ewa?kk diM+k] ghjk&eksrh&ek.kd vj xg.kk&xkaBkiqUu jS izrki lwa bZ ÅtGh dhjr feGrh] ,d lkS vkB eaxGkpkjka jks vkSlj feGrks] lTtuka lwa latksx gksorks][kksVk dkeka lwa fj[;k gksorh vj jktk lwa lueku feGrksA iqUu jS QG lwa jktk uSa Hkyk lkeUr feGrk vjlqer feGrhA iqUu jS QG lwa jktk lroknh vj iq.;&fojrh jks gksorks ft.k lwa vlaHko dke bZ laHko gks;tkorksA

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jS eqtc cksy.kksa] >wBh lk[k Hkj.kha] /kkoUrs ckGd uSa fcNksg.kksa] xkspj uSa [kM+.kksa] ?kVrksM+.kk] enek[kf.k;ka jks en HksGks dj.kksa] eka&cki vj osn jh okr uha eku.kh] cke.k uSa nku nso.k lwa uV.kksa]dqGkpkj uSa foyksi.kksa] ?kjS vk;k iko.kSa jks fujknj dj.kksa] frjlk uSa tG uha iko.kksa] ij ukjha uS Hkksx.kha] pksjh]foHkpkj] csbZekuh] ulk[kksj vj Vkcjka lwa fNik;*j [kko.kksa iki jk dke fx.kk;k tkorkA ljksojka jh ikGrksM+.kha] ihiG*j nwtk bZ yhyk fcj[k ok<+.kk] feUnj rksM+.kk] dU;k csp.kh] yw.k vj rsy fc[kksj.kks] Lokehnzksg]pksjh dj.kh] cke.kgR;k dj.kha] lwaI;ksM+ks dke uha dj.kksa vj opuka uSa uha iky.kk ftlk dke bZ iki jk dkecktrkA ikfi;ka jS ?kjka esa xksg vj lkai fudGrkA ikih feu[k cUnh c.krk] nkxhtrk] rkoM+k esa cGrk vj

80

BM esa /kwtrk] ukxk vj mck.kk jSork] jksxh vj ?kksj nq[kh c.krkA ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa Hkw[kks frlks jSo.kksa vjVkcjka lwa chNM+.kksa bZ iki jks QG fy[khT;ks gSA

5-7-7 lekt esa yqxk;ka jh BkSM+

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jS eqtc yqxk;ka jh BkSM+ ?k.kh Åaph vj egrkÅ ghA cs lqgko.kka uojaxk vks<+.kkvks<+rh vj QwVjk diM+k igjrhA yqxk;ka jS xg.kka uSa fx.kkorka i|ukHk fy[;ks gS dS yqxk;ka xGk esa cfgj[kksvj fuxksnj gkj] gkFkka esa eksR;katM+h lksuS jh =V vj ixka esa j.ku~ jh >adkj djrk xg.kk igjrh ghA ekFkkekFkS dwdwa jks fryd yxkorhA

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jS eqtc yqxk;ka ik.kh Hkj.k vj Hkkstu c.kko.k tSM+k ?kj jk dke djrh gh vjvkneh jk lq[k jk tru bZ djrh] i.k jktdkt vj nwtk dkeka esa bZ yqxk;ka jh lykg yso.k jh izFkk gh &

lkary blwa foeklh djhA

rsM+h iwNh varsmjhAA

yqxk;ka fgEerh gksorhA os /k.kha jS nslnzksg jh ckr jktk rd iqxkorh] vkijS /k.kh uSa gh f/kdkjrh vjt:jr iM+;ka m.kuS ekj u[krhA i|ukHk ghjk&ns uke jh ,d yqxkbZ jks ftØ dj~;ks gS] ft.k jktk dkUgM+&nslwa xÌkjh dj.ks jS dkj.k vkijS /k.kha chdk lstoky uSa rkacsM+S ¼rkcka jS ?kM+S½ lwa ekj nhuksA b.k Hkkar ^dkUgM+&nsizcU/k* esa /khj&ohj yqxk;ka jks oj.ku gSA lekt esa yqxk;ka jh BkSM+ ?k.kh vknjtksx ghA

5-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

laLÑr jS izcU/k dkO;ka lwa gV*j jklks ftlS yksd dkO;ka esa <kG.k jh nhB lwa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* ?k.khaegrkÅ jpuk gSA bfrgkl jh nhB lwa vk iksFkh b.k lk: ?k.kha egrkÅ gS dS vk Hkkjrh; nhB lwa vYykmÌhuf[kyth jh osGk jS tq)ka jh lk[k HkjSA dkO;] dyk vj bfrgkl jh nhB lwa vk ywaBh jpuk foØe laor~ 1512esa fy[khth vj brjh pkoh gqbZ dS dkO;&jfldka b.k iksFkh jh udyka R;kj dhuhA vYykmÌhu f[kyth jh osGkjS bfrgkl jh lk[k nsof.k;ka xazFkka esa Qkjlh esa fy[kh vehj [kqljks jh iksF;ka ^[oktkbu&my Qrg* vj^nsoyjkuh* uSa bfrgkldkj ?k.kh HkjkslS tksx iksF;ka dks ekuSa uhaA b.kjS eqdkcyk esa dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* b.k lk:?k.kha egrkÅ jpuk gS b.k esa fy[kh Hkwxksy jh foxrka ,dne [kjh gS vj bfrgkl jh foxrka gh mrjht [kjhgSA

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* pkj [kaMka esa caV;ksMks gSA b.kjh dFkk eqtc vYykmÌhu f[kyth xqtjkr jS jktkd.kZnso ekFkS p<+kbZ l: dj.k lk: tkGksj jh lhek esa gks;*j jLrks ekX;ksA tkGksj jS jktk lejflagvYykmÌhu uSa jLrks dks fn;ks uhaA ykpkj vYykmÌhu myqx [kka vj uqljr [kka jS v/khu xqtjkr uS ywV.klk: nwtS ekjx lwa lsuk HksthA xqtjkr vj dkfB;kokM+ jS U;kjk&U;kjk izkUrka uS thr*j lkseukFk jks feUnjrksM+;ka iNS m.kka tkGksj jS jktk ekFkS geGks dj~;ksA tkGksj lwa v<+kbZ dksl vds?kS ladjk.kk ¼vcS lkadj.kk½esa Msjks uk[;ksM+h f[ktyh jh lsuk ekFkS dkUgM+&ns geyks dj~;ks vj f[kyth jh lsuk uS gjk;*j lkseukFk jS fyaxuSa NqM+ok; nhuksA b.k gkj jS ikap cjl iNS lu~ 1305 bZloh esa vYykmÌhu ikNks tkGksj ekFkS geyks dj~;ksAtkGksj ekFkS geyk dj.k lwa iSyka m.kka flok.kk jks x<+ thR;ks] Hkhueky uS mtkM+;ks vj ckM+esj thR;ksA

flok.kk jh thr iNS vYykmÌhu rks ikNks x;ks ijksA vlokM+S&iNokM+S jk uxj ywV*j vYykmÌhu jhlsuk dekyqÌhu xqjx jh vxok.kh esa tkGksj jks fdyks ?ksj fy;ksA nqxZ jS :[kkyh esa rSukr chdk lstokG ukejS ,d nxkckt :[kkyS tkGksj jS fdyk jks xqir jLrks crk; nhuks ft.k lwa vYykmÌhu jk lSfud fdyk eka;vk;X;kA dkUgM+&ns ?k.kh ohjrk lwa eqdkcyks dj~;ks i.k foØe laor 1368 jS cSlk[k lqn ikape] cq/kokj jS fnuvYykmÌhu jh lsuk tkGksj jks fdyks Qrg dhuksA

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* eka; jktiwrka jS tq) yM+.k jh jhr jks lqHkkfod oj.ku gSA i|ukHk m.k o[kr jSHkkar&Hkkar jS gFk;kjka jh foxr fx.kkbZ gS ft.kesa] Qkjdh] f<ddqyh] exjch ftlk ;Urjka jS lkFkS Hkkyka] >aMk]

81

ukG vj lhax.kh ftlk gfFk;kjka jks uke bZ vk;kS gSA i|ukHk jkt&dkt esa lS;ksx nsof.k;ka vf/kdkfj;ka jkinuke i.k fx.kk;k gSA cka ohjka jS l:i vj pfjÙk jks c[kk.k djrka Fkdka Hkkar&Hkkar jS dopka jks ftØ bZdj~;ks x;ks gSA i|ukHk tq) jh jhr&uhr jS iwjS fooj.k jS lkxS tq) jS o[kr tru dj*j Hkkar&Hkkar jk HkaMkjHkj~;k jk[k.k jh ckr bZ fy[kh gSA

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* dkO; vj bfrgkl xzaFk jS T;wa bZ ijaijk vj lekt&lkL= jks blks xzaFk gS] ft.kjhgksM nwtks dksbZ xazFk uha dj ldSA b.kesa cke.k] {kf=;ka] ckf.k;ka vj nwth bZ Hkkar&Hkkar jh tkrka jk oj.ku gSAi|ukHk vkijS tqx esa jSo.kokGk vV~Bkjk ¼18½ oj.kka jks fooj.k ekaM;ks gSA

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa Hkkar&Hkkar jS Hkkstu jh foxr rks gS bZ] m.k oSGk jS lekt jh ekurk jS fglkclwa iki vj iqUu jS djeka jks foxrokj ys[kks bZ gSA iqUu jS dje dj~;ka lS HkksGko.k ojrhtrh vj iki jk dkedj~;ka Hkkar&Hkka jh foinkoka iMrhA dkUgM+&ns izcU/k esa yqxk;ka jS xg.kka&xkaBk vj igjosl jS fooj.k jS lkFkSb.k ckr jks ys[kks gS dS vkneh vkijS egrkÅ dke&dktka ckcr fuj.kS djrka c[kr vkijh ?kj&/k.;kaf.k;ka lqalykg ysorkA yqxk;ka i.k /khj] ohj] gherh] vj nslHkxr gksorh ghA b.k Hkkar ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* ?k.kh Åaphvj dykRed dkO;&iksFkh gkso.k jS lkFkS bZ bfrgkl vj lekt&lkL= jh nhB lwa veksyd vj egrkÅ jpukgSA

5-9 lcndksl

lko ¾ ,dne A jkp.kks ¾ xgjks jax gwo.kks A dksjhT;ks ¾ fpf=r gq;ksA mf.kgkjS ¾ lekuAegrkÅ ¾ egÙoiw.kZA C;ksjks ¾ fooj.kA cksjaxh ¾ ?k.kka jaxka okGkA ijc ¾ ioZA iq[rk ¾ izekf.krAlk[k ¾ lk{; ¼lcwr½A :<+h ¾ ijEijk ¼jhr½A vaxhdkj ¾ LohdkjA lh[kke.k ¾ ijke'kZ] lh[kA dhjr ¾dhfrZA HkMkMyh ¾ ohjksa dh okrkZA ukeph.k ¾ izfl)A okdQ ¾ ifjfprA fljS jh ¾ dhA vkaxG;ka ekFkSfx.khtS ftrjk ¼eq-½ ¾ FkksM+kA tqx ¾ ;qxA cj f[kykQ ¾ loZFkk fo:)A foYek; ¾ /kks[kk esa jk[k*jA xkjcS¾ xkSjoA foxrka ¾ fooj.kA dkfcy ¾ ;ksX;A fu/kM+d ¾ fuLlUnsgA tk>k ¾ cgqr cM+sA ekjx ¾ jkLrkAlqrUrj ¾ LorU=A ikG ¾ nhokjA dkSrd ¾ dqrwgyA

5-10 vH;kl jk izLu

1- Hkklk&foX;ku jh nhB lwa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jks dkabZ egRo gS \

2- izekf.kr djks dS ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* yksd&pko jh egrkÅ jpuk gSA

3- bfrgkl jh nhB lwa ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jks dkabZ egRo gS] le>koks A

4- ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh dFkk jks lkj fy[kksA

5- vYykmÌhu flok.kks Qrg fd;ka dj~;ks \

6- ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jS vk/kkj ekFkS lSfud] HkaMkj vj tq) yM.k jh jhr ekFkS Vhi ekaMksA

5-11 lUnHkZ xzaFkk jh ikuM+h

1- lEik- dkfUr yky c- O;kla & ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k*A

2- lEik- Mka- n'kjFk 'kekZ & gEehjk;.kA

3- MkW- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh & fgUnh lkfgR; dk vkfndkyA

4- uo lkglkad pfjrA

5- foØekad nso pfjrA

6- jkt rjafx.khA

7- izcU/k fpUrkef.kA

82

8- prqfoZnkfr izcU/kA

9- iFohjkt jklksA

10- gsepUnz & dkO;kuq'kkluA

11- gEehj jklksA

12- gfjoa'k iqjk.kA

13- nk laLÑr MªkekaA

14- ohlynso jklA

15- xhrkA

16- osnkUr n'kZuA

17- MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ & vjyh pkSgku MkbuLVhtA

18- Jheky iqjk.kA

19- iFohjkt jkBkSM+ ¼fofuc/k½ jkor lkjLorA

20- jl&fl)kUrA

83

bdkbZ & 6

izeq[k jpuk % j.keYy Nan & dFk] flYi vj lSyhbdkbZ jks eaMk.k&

6-0 mÌsL;

6-1 izLrkouk %

6-1-1 lkekU; ifjpS % ukedj.k]

6-1-2 jpsrk]

6-1-3 jpukdky]

6-1-4 dfo jh chth jpukokaA

6-2 j.keYy Nan % dF;&foospu&

6-2-1 dFkklkj]

6-2-2 dF; jh izeq[k ?kVukoka

6-2-3 dFkk jk ik=]

6-2-4 dkO; l:i]

6-2-5 dF; lkSan;Z]

6-2-5-1 jl ;kstuk

6-2-5-2 ;qxcks/kA

6-3 j.keYy Nan % flYi&foospu&

6-3-1 dFkk flYi

6-3-2 dkO;&:f<+;ka

6-3-3 flYi&lkSan;Z&

6-3-3-1 Hkklk

6-3-3-2 vyadkj ;kstuk

6-3-3-3 Nan&;kstukA

6-4 j.keYy Nan % lSyh&foospu&

6-4-1 fMaxy lSyh

6-4-2 oj.kkao lSyh

6-4-3 laokn&lSyh

6-4-4 dkxn jh lSyh

6-4-5 xksM+h lSyhA

6-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

6-6 vH;kl jk izLu

6-7 lUnHkZ&xzaFkka jh ikuM+hA

84

6-0 mÌsL;

b.k bdkbZ jks mÌsL; fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa vkfndkyhu jktLFkkuh dfo Jh/kj O;kl vj m.kjh egrhdkO;&jpuk *j.keYy NUn* jh lkaxksikax tk.kdkjh djko.kks gSA *j.keYy Nan* jS dFkk&flYi vj m.kesa dfodkuh lwa cjthrh lSfy;ka jk mnkgj.k nsork gq;k foospu dj.kks bZ b.k bdkbZ jh izeq[k folS&oLrq gSA

6-1 izLrkouk

6-1-1 lkekU; ifjpS % ukedj.k&

jktLFkkuh dkO;&:ika jks vsd Hksn Nan Hkh gSA Nan ukao/kkjh jpukoka vkdkj esa NksVh gqoSA ?k.kh bZ ckjvS jpukoka vsd bt Nan esa jphtS rks fujh Nan laX;d jpukoka tqnk&tqnk Nanka esa jphth feGSA b.kdkO;&:i esa l: esa rks nsbZ&nsorkoka jh Lrqrh bt fy[khtrh gh] i.k iNS dfo&tu vkijS vkJ;nkrkoka jSfo#n xku lk: bZ b.k uSa cjrht.k ykxkA vk fo:nkoyh bt Nan dSbt.k ykxhA jktLFkkuh dkO; esa Nanjks i;kZ; pfjr Hkh y[khtSA b.kh okLrS b.k dkO; fo/kk esa vkijS pfjr&uk;d jS fo:n oj.kkao okLrSa jpukokafy[kh feGS & *jko tSrlh jks Nan*] *jkensoth jks Nan*] *jktk dj.khfla?kth jks Nan*] *iùkorh Nan*]*xksj[kukFk th jk* Nan vknA

b.kh dkO;:i jh vsd izfl) dkO;jpuk *j.keYy Nan* gSA b.kjks jpsrk dfo Jh/kj O;kl [kqn b.kuSa ^cj ohj^ Nan dS;k gS ¼cj ohj Naan vkjaHks½A j.keYy Nan tqnk&tqnk 70 Nanka esa jphth vsd y?kq dkO;jpuk gSA vkijS pfjr&uk;d jS fo#n c[kk.k [kkrj bZ dfo Jh/kj b.kjks ukao *j.keYy Nan* jk[;ksA

6-1-2 jpsrk&

Msdu dkWyst] iwuk jh fo- la- 1662 exlj esa fy[kh vsd gkFk fy[kh iksFkh jh iqfLidk^^Jh/kj O;kl dr jk j.keYy NanA la- 1662 ekxZ ^ lwa b.kjS jpsrk jks ukao Jh/kj O;kl fl) gqoSA dfo jpukjh l:vkr esa vki jS vkJ;nkrk *jko j.keYy* ckcr rks iwjh tk.kdkjh nhoh gS] i.k [kqn jS ckjS esa dksbZ lwpukugha fy[khA b.k lwa [kqyklks gqoS dS Jh/kj O;kl tkr jk cke.k gkA lkL=ka jS izek.kka lwa O;kl ^O;kl^ czã.kkjks vsd miojx] vsd mikf/k vj vsd jktdh; in gqoSA j.keYy Nan^ esa laLØfr jh j{kk lk: dj~;ks j.keYYkjh ohjrk jks c[kk.k ¼Nan 39&40½ *j.keYyks t;fr HkwHkrkZ* ¼Nan 2½] *'kdny en enkZuh t;kfr* ¼Nan 10½ tSM+kvklhoZpu jk mYys[k Jh/kj O;kl uSa fcjke.kk jh vsd tkr vj vsd lkekU; dFkk okpd lwa ?k.kS ÅapS inokGks fl) djSA

ds-,e- eqa'kh Jh/kj uSa j.keYy jks jkT;kfJr dfo ekuS i.k jkor lkjLor jh ekurk gS dS Jh/kjj.keYy jks vkfJr dfo uha gksA O;kl ;k dS iqjksfgr jtokM+ka esa ekuhrks /kkjfed lykgdkj gqoSA j.keYy Nanesa Jh/kj vkijS pfjr uk;d esa yxksyx fgUnw&laLØfr jh eysPNk lwa j{kk dj.k uSa izksRlkfgr djrks nh[kSAm.kjks in HkyS bZ Åapks jS;ks gqoS i.k jkt lwa Hkj.k&iksl.k gqo.k lwa tS eqa'khth dfo uSa jkT;kfJr ekuS rks b.kesadksbZ fookn uha gqo.kks pkbtSA dkO; jpukoka esa Ådsjhft;S ltho tq) oj.kkao Hkh vka nksuwa ckrka jh iqfLV djSAtq) esa ÅHkks feu[k bt vSM+k ltho oj.kkao ekaM ldSA Jh/kj uSa jkT;kfJr dfo vj /kjekf/kdkjh nksuwagSfl;r lwa tq) esa tko.k jks vf/kdkj gksA

6-1-3 jpukdky&

dfo jS thou jh nkabZ bZ m.kjh dkO;&jpuk j.keYy Nan* jS jpukdky ckcr dksbZ izek.k dksuh feGSAJh ds-,e- eaq'kh b.k jks jpukdky fo- la- 1454 ¼1397 bZ-½ ekuSA i.k j.keYy Nan jh dFkk eqtc bZMj jSjktk jko j.keYy vj ikV.k jS lwcsnkj >Qj[kku jS fcPpS gq;k tq) eqtc ¼ft.kjks leS bfrgkldkj fo- la-1455 ¼1398 bZ-½ ekuS½ jS vk/kkj ekFkS b.k dkO; jh jpuk dfo fo- la- 1455 iNS bt djh gqoSykA dkO; jpukjks ik¡poks Nan b.k tq) ckcr ladsr djS] ft.kesa rSewjyax jks mYys[k gq;ks gSA rSewj oks eysPN tks/kk gS ftdks

85

fo- la- 1455 esa fnYyh uSa dkcht gks;*j fujvijkf/k;ka jh fgR;k djok; nhoh ghA jkBkSM+ j.keYy jS lkFkS gq;kb.k tq) esa >Qj[kku uSa j.k[ksrj NksM^j Hkkx.kks iM+~;ks gksA

6-1-4 dfo jh chth jpukoka&

^j.keYy Nan^ jS vykok Jh/kj O;kl jh nwth jpukoka esa *Hkkxor nle Lda/k*] *lIrlrh*Jh/kj Nan jpukoka jks mYys[k feGSA *Hkkxor nle Lda/k* 127 Nanka esa jphth v/kwjh jpuk feGh gSA lIrlrh^esa ekjd.Ms; iqjk.k^jS vk/kkj ekFkS 120 Nanka esa nsoh o.kZu djhft;ks gSA b.kjks iSyks Nan laLØr esalknwZy&foØhfM+r Nan gSA ckdh jk Nanka esa pkSibZ ¼?kkr½] vk;kZ ¼mixhfr½] :id] iqjcgwa ¼nksgjk½] flagfoyksfdr]lkjlh ¼gfjxhr½] gkBdh ¼ejgV~Vk½] nqfeYyk] Hkaqtaxiz;kr] ukjk vj NIi; ukao jk Nan cjrhft;k gSA

6-2 j.keYy Nan % dF; & foospu

6-2-1 dFkk&lkj&

jko j.keYy vkijS cG vj meko ika.k ikV.k jS lqyrku jks /ku&/kkU; lwa Hkj~;ks&iwjks [ktkuks cs/kM+dgq;^j ywV fy;ksA gSA oks lqYrku jS eky vj tk;nkn uSa [kqn jks ekuSa vj lqyrku jh v/khurk i.k uha vaxStSAvka lekapkjka uSa lkEHkG^j lqyrku Qjeku HksT;ks dS jko j.keYy jh jS;r ekFkS P;k: fnlkoka lwa geyks dj^jm.k uSa vj m.kk jS jkt uSa [kre dj fn;ks tkoSA b.k Qjeku uSa ik;^j lqyrku jk lSfud bZMj ekFkS vkØe.kdj~;ksA bZMj jS nksU;wa dkauh ?ksjks Mky fn;ks x;ksA dklhn dkxn ys;^j j.keYy dUgS iwxks vj dS;ks dS vkilkjh lku&lksdr NksM+ j lqyrku jh pkdjh djyksA vS cksy lq.krk bZ j.keYy jh HkkaSgka r.kxhA oks iM+wÙkjfn;ks dS ^tS Egkjks ekFkks :ih dey m.k ;ou jS ixka esa ue tkoSyk rks vkdkl :ih vkax.kS esa lwjt tSM+ksdey dksuh gqoSykA ohjoj j.keYy jS ohjrk Hkfj;k c[kk.k uSa lq.k^j m.k jh lSuk tq) lk: rS;kj gq;xhA

jko j.keYy jk opu lq.k^j lqyrku jk lSfud flfoj dkauh pkY;kS vj ekfyd uSa lyke dj^j lxGkgky crk;kA oks uxkjka ekFkS Madks fnjk;ks vj bZMj uSa ywV.k lk: Oghj gq;ksA nksuwa rjQ jk uxkM+k lq.k^jfnx&fnxUrj jh tksxf.k;ka j.keYy jS t;dkjk lkxS izlkn jh ekax djhA j.keYy vkijS j.k&dkSlG lwaeysPNk ekFkS dgj <k; jS;ks gksA tq)[ksrj esa vLoj td.k Nk;ksM+k gkA j.keYy [kokl[kku uSa idM+ j bZMjjS fdyS jh rGgVh esa iNkM~+;ksA ;ouka jh vkokt P;k: dkauh xwat jS;h ghA 'ksjcpk vj caxkyh ;ou bZMjjS fdyS dkauh c/k jS;k gkA

bZMj jh yGgV~Vh esa ?kelka.k eaM~;ksA jkBkSM+ vkijS HkqtcG lwa ;ouka lwa tw> jS;k gkA m.kka jS :.MkuSa oS ekVh esa feGk; jS;k gkA ohj j.keYy ;ou lSfudka uSa yydkj~;kA m.kjS tq)&dkSlG uSa ns[k^j ;oubpjt esa vk;xkA oks vusdwa HkV~Vka uSa uLV dj fn;kA m.k jS j.kdkSlG lwa ;ou ?kcjk;xkA oS iwB QSj^j Hkkx.kykxkA m.kka jS gkFk lwa ckth fudGrh ns[k^j lqyrku >Qj[kku Hkh ikV.k jh xSy idM+hA rn j.keYy gqdkjnhoh dS lw;ksZn; jS iSyka oks ikV.k uSaa mtkM+ nsoSykA vk[kh /kjk ekFkS m.kjks b/kdkj gqoSykA ;aouka uSa nsl lawHkxk nsoSykA b.k Hkh lkxS bZ jpuk iwjh gqoSA

6-2-2 dF; jh izeq[k ?kVukoka&

dFkk jS eqtc [kkl ckr bZMj ujsl jS LokfHkeku jh dkj.k ikV.k jS lqyRkku jS lkeh m.kjks uha ue.kksgSA lqyrku jS b.k vge~ jS dkj.k bZ >Qj[kku vj jkBkSM+ j.keYy esa ?kelka.k gqoSA b.k ?kelka.k jh[kkl&[kkl ?kVukoka gS&

1- jtRo jh j{kk vj ;ouka jS vkrad lwa cpko okLrS j.keYy dkuh lwa /ku&/kkU; jh ywVA

2- vge~ rqfLV lk: lqyrku jks bZMj ekFkS vkØe.k dj.k jks vknslA

3- nksuwa lsukoka esa ?kelka.k vj [kqn uS gkjrk ns[k^j >Qj[kku jks ikV.k dkauh Oghj gqo.kksA

4- j.keYy jS ohjRo jks c[kk.k vj >Qj[kku jh lsuk jks vkradA

86

6-2-3 dFkk jk ik=&

b.k jpuk esa bZMj ujsl j.keYy] ikV.k jS lwcsnkj >Qj[kku] ikV.k jks lqyrku] 'kelqÌhu] ;oulSfud] gEehj] jkBkSM+ lSfud] dkUgM+ns vkn ik=ka jks mYys[k feGSA vka ik=ka esa lwa j.keYy Nan dkO; jk eq[;ik= bZMj ujsl j.keYy vj ikV.k jks lwcsnkj >Qj[kku bt gSA ckdh jS ik=ka jks ukao izlax eqtc bZcjrhft;k gSaA oka izlaxka esa bZ vka jh pkfjf=d folslrkoka jS pfj= lwa ikBd :&c&: gqoSA dfo gEehj vjdkUgM+ns [kqn jS o<sjkoka jks flej.k dj^j [kqn uSa oka lwa izsfjr djS rks lelqÌhu tSM+k ;ou ohjka jks mYys[km.kka jS lkxS vki jS ohjRo jks c[kk.k djrk gq;k ;ouka uSa yydkjS dS ^Fkkajk ekuhrk ohj bZ EgkjS lkxS uha fVdlD;k rks FkSa EgkjS lkFkS dkabZ tq) djksykA **b.k Hkkar ijr[k :Ik esa rks j.keYy vj lwcsnkj >Qj[kku jS pfjrjk bZ xq.k&nksl lkEgh foxflr gqoSA vk dkO; jpuk vj bfrgkl jS xks[kS lwa vka ik=ka jks ftdks pfj= lkehvkoS m.kjks fooj.k b.k Hkkar gS&

j.keYy&

jko j.keYy vsd bfrgkl&izfl) pfjr gSA dqzaHkyx<+&izlfLr ¼fo-la- 1517 dS 1460 bZ½ lwa bZ b.kjSvSfrgkfld O;fDrRo jh vksG[kk.k gqoSA cBS mYys[k gq;ks gS dS j.keYy jS ckith tSrdj.k uSa esokM+ jkegkjk.kk gEehj vkijS v/khu dj~;ks vj gEehj jks csVks [ksrjikG >Qj[kku jS xqeSt uSa [kf.Mr dj.k okGSj.keYy uSa cUnh c.kk;ksA j.keYYk dkuh lwa >Qj[kku jS nji uSa pwj dj.k jks mYys[k lxGkbZ ekuhrkvSfrgkfld xzaFkka esa gq;ks gSA j.keYy jh vSfr;kfldrk m.kjS lkxS gq;k tq) Hkh fl) djSA vka esa lclwa tcjkstq) jpuk jh folS&oLrq gSA dfo vj bfrgkldkj jS eqtc vks tq) jko j.keYy vj lwcsnkj >Qj[kku jSfcp gq;ks gksA jk;cgknqj ds'koyky] gjinjk; /kzqo] vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy] MkW- gjh'k] MkW- f'koizlkn flag bZuSLohdkjS i.k eks- lS;n vcq>Qj unoh] MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ] Jh n'kjFk vks>k] ds'kojke] dk'khjke 'kkL=h] izks-eatqyky etewnkj] Jh t;Urd".k gfjd".k nos vkn b.k uSa efyd eqQjZg] fut+ke'kkg lqYrkuh] QjgrqyeqYd] jkLrh [kku lwa tqM~;ksM+ks tq) dSoSA vS fo}ku vkijh ckr uSa izekf.kr dj.k okLrS j.keYy Nan jS 19oSa Nan esa cjrhtS ^efyd eqQjn^ vj Nan 49 esa cjrhtS ^eqQjng^ lcnka uSa izek.k ekuSaA b.k ojx jS fo}kukajh ekurk uSa jpuk esa vk;k lcn efyd eqQjn] lqyrku] vlifr] [kqankGe] [kku vkn lcn b.kuS iq[rkÅdjSA i.k lkap vkbZ gS dS *j.keYy Nan* jks tq) jko j.keYy vj lwcsnkj >Qj[kku fcPpS bZ gq;ks gksA lcnakjS vjFk jh lgh tk.kdkjh jS vHkko esa nwtS ojx jk fo}ku b.k tq) uSa efyd eqQjZg lkxS tksM+ fn;ksA

bfrgkl xzaFkka jS eqtc lwcsnkj >Qj[kku bZMj ekFkS rhu ckj vkØe.k dj~;ks&1393 bZ- 1398 bZ- vj1401 bZ- esaA b.k jpuk jS ikapoS Nan esa rSewj jS mYys[k lwa vBS eaMhft;ks tq) 1397 bZ- ¼fo-la- 1454½ ckn jksbZ fl) gqoSA 1393 bZ- jks vkØe.k b.k jpuk jh folS&oLrq dksuh gq; ldS vj 1401 bZ- jks vkØe.k Hkh b.kjhfolS&oLrq uh c.k ldS] D;awa dS b.k cxr j.keYy bZMj NksM+ j foluxj ijks x;ks gksA b.k okLrS fo- la- 1455dS 1398 jks vkØe.k bZ *j.keYy Nan* jh folS&oLrq gSA bfrgkl b.kjh lk[k HkjS dS esa jko j.keYy b.k tq)esa >Qj[kku uSa ?k.kks Ndk;ks gksA oks tq) jks eSnku NksM+ j Hkkx x;kSA vSM+h vn~Hkqr fot; jks oj.kkao b.k jpukjh folS oLrq gqo.kks dksbZ vR;qfDr dksuhA

b.k tq) jS vykok t+kQj[kku :e ¼Nan 32½] leqlqÌhu ¼Nan 34½ jS lkxS j.keYy jS tq) jks mYys[kHkh m.kuSa vSfrgkfld *O;fDrRo* fl) djSA

jko j.keYy jS b.kh ohjRo jS dkj.k dfo Jh/kj m.kk jS ukao lkxS cjohj ¼Nan 1½] oj&de/kt ¼Nan54½ tSM+k folsl.k yxkoSA m.kuSa fgUnw /kje j{kd gEehj ¼Nan 4½] dkUgM+nso ¼Nan 62½ ljh[kka lkldka jh ikaresa lkfey djSA lqyrku jk dklhn tn jko j.keYy uSa lqyrku jh v/khurk eku yso.k uSa dSoS rks oks lkQlcnka esa yydkj Hkj~;ks iM+wÙkj nsoS dS tS b.kjks ekFkks ;ou jS ixka uesyk rks lwjt bZ uha mxSyk&

eq> flj dey esPN i; yXxb]

rq x;.kax ¼Hk½ f.k Hkk.k u mXxb AA29AA

87

vSM+h bZ xjoksfä j.keYy vk[kjh Nan esa cksyS] ft.kessa m.kjS vfl&izgkj jS izHkko jks oj.kkao gSA oksizgkj eysPNka jks lagkj dj.k okGks gS vj Hkksj gqorkbZa oks ikV.k uSa [kre djSyk&

fgo fdjekG igkfj /kkjx<+ xkgfo NaMwA

dl csdM+h fdok.k ifÍ fdyok;.k [kkaMawA

Hkqtcfy HkYyb fHkfM+v Hkjh Hk; Hk:;fp iblawA

/kjhv [kaHkkbPp vlqj flj paifo cblwaA

izg Åxfe iÍk.kh] iÍdfj] /kxM+k;.k /ka/kfG /k:aA

bZMjob jk j.keYy dfg] bDd NÙk jfo rfG d:aAA70AA

jkBkSM+ jko j.keYy lkapS vjFkka esa ohj ;ks)k gSA brjS cM+S eysPN lkld lwa oks FkksM+ks bZ uha ?kcjkoSAcjkscj m.kuSa iMwÙkj nsoS ft.klwa ;ou lSfud [kqn ?kcjk tkoSA m.kesa bÙkks lkgl vj fuMjrk gS dS lqyrkujh vkradh lsuk lwa eqdkcyks dj^j m.k uSa Hkkx.k lk: etcwj dj nsoS ¼Nan 59&61½A m.kjS ohjRo jks Hk;;ouka esa Nk;ksM+ks gSA fla>k uSa oks [kaHkkbp lgj esa ?kql^j m.kuSa /kqtk; nsoSA /kwa/kGdsS esa oks /kwGdk uxj esa vkijksMadks ctkoSA rM+dS tn ikV.koklh j.keYy jS vko.k jh [kcj lq.kS rks rGgV~Vh esa gk&gkdkj ep tkoS&

fufl [kaHkkbp u;j m/kzdb]

/kwa/kfG /kwal iM+b /kwyDdbA

izg iqDdkj iM+b ¼i<b½ iÍ.k rfG]

js j.keYy /kkfM+ to laHkfGAA14AA

b.k vnE; lkgl] fuMjrk vj ohjRo jS dkj.k bt dfo jh ekurk gS dS tS bZMj jks j.keYy tSM+ksohj m.k leS uha gqorks rks ;ou xqtjkr jS jktkoka uSa cktkj esa csp nsork&

;fn u Hkofr j.keYy%]

izfreYy ikn'kkg&dVdkuke~A

foØh;Urs /kxM+Sj~]

cktkjs xqtZjk Hkwik%AA7AA

dfo jh b.k mxr vj dkO; esa ojf.kr ?kVukoka ika.k m.kjS pfjr jh egRkkÅ folslrk gh m.kjhyksd&dY;k.kdkjh Hkkouk] jktk jS :i esa m.kjks iSyks /kje jkt vj iztk jh j{kk dj.kks gksA b.k /kje jks oksiwjks iky.k dj~;kS gSA Qxr oks vkijS jktk jS en esa ;k dS jktfyIlk okLrS bZ tq) uha djrks gksA m.kjS tq)dj.k jks mÌsL; fgUnw/kje] cke.k] xk;] vcykoka] vj Vkcjka jh j{kk dj.kks gksA >Qj[kku vk[kh /kjrh ekFkSvkrad QSyk; jk[;ks gksA Vkcj] vcykoka] cke.kka vj Vkcjka uSa oks cUnh c.kk; jk[;k gkA ¼Nan 39&41½A m.kkjh j{kk [kkrj oks >Qj[kku lwa tq) ekaMS&

vlqj vHkax vax bZMj rfG]

vlifr nG dksygy laHkfGA

cae.k ckG lqjfg vcyk NfG]

gfB mfBm de/kt HkqtkcfGAA55AA

jko j.keYy vsd vsfrgkfld ik= gSA oks iztkoRly] ohj] lkglh] fuMj vj yksd&dY;k.kdkjhjktk gSA >Qj[kku jS vgadkj uSa uLV dj.k esa bZ oks vki jS thou jh lkjFkdrk ekuSA cks HkkjrHkkSe uSa eysNkjfgr dj.kks pkgrks gksA jko j.keYy LokfHkekuh vj ejtkn ikyd jktk gks] ft.kjh lk[k dkO; esa lkgflejks vks dFku bZ HkjS&

88

vflifr lfjlq lkg fle cDdb]

eqjV eku j.keYy u eqDdbAA63AA

b.k Hkkar jko j.keYy vkijS leS jks vsd vlk/kkj.k Lora=rk izseh vj ejtkfnr jktk gksA b.k okLrSbZ oks lqyrku jh vk[kh lsuk jks foukl dj^j NÙkhl bZ cal jh /ktk QSjkoS ¼Nan 60½A vka lxGh ftlslrkokajS lkxS bZ j.keYy jfldka jS lkxS uojlka jks vkuUn ySof.k;ks jfld Hkh gSA m.kesa ohjRo vj ljlrk jks xgjksesG gSA b.k okLrS bZ oks jfldks lkFkS jfld vj ohjka lkFkS ohj uk;d c.k tkoS ckuxh ns[khtS&

vuojra Hkjr & jla]

ljlS% lga jr & jla lea L=hfHk%A

ohj & jla lg ohjSj~]

foykl;R;s"k* j.keYy~%AA9AA

lwcsnkj >Qj[kku&

lwcsnkj >Qj[kku Hkh bfrgkl izfl) ik= gSA oks vsd /kjekU/k lkld gksA b.kh okLrS oks fgUnw jktkokauSa nq%[k nsorksA oka uSa vkstwa rax dj.k lk: yqxk;ka] Vkojka] cw<k yksxka uSa cUnh c.kkorksA xmoka jkso/k djkorks gks &

vfj;.k nko.k! nhu vHk;dj

iaMjosl Fk;k fuCHk; /kjA

caHk.k ckG cafn cgq fdTtb]

/kk de/kTt /kkj dfj fyTtbAA40AA

>Qj[kku fujn;h] vR;kpkjh lkld jS lkxS bZ ?kksj vgadkjh gksA vgadkj jS dkj.k bZ oks vR;kpkjkauSa vatke nsorks gksA b.k vgadkj jh rqfLV lk: oks fgUnw jktkoka uSa /kedkorks gks] m.kk jh jS;r uS ywVrksAvj ejth & ekfQd Qjeku fudkGrksA j.keYy jS dUuS dklhnka uSa Hkst *j* m.kuSa Hk;Hkhr dj.kks vj bZMjjS P;k: dkauh lsuk jS vkrad uS QSyko.k jks Qjeku] m.kjS b.kh vgadkj jks vsd fgLlks gS] ft.kjh fdjP;ka jkoj.keYy djh gS &

¼i½ g; x; dVd FkkV mYyfV~V;]ngq fnfl iaMjosl iyfV~V;AfugqVh dfV dk<+ x<+ ?kfYy]d:ijk.k jS;r j.kefYy AA17AA

b.k Hkkar >Qj[kku vsd dqlG lkld ;k dS tks/kk jh ctk; vsd [kqjkQkrh vkradh gksA vks vkradoks vkijh folkG lsuk lwa QSyko.k esa lQy jSorks gksA dfo m.kjh lsuk jks oj.kkao djrks dSoS &

rqD[kkj rkj rrkj rsth rjy frD[k rqjaxekA

iD[kfj; iD[kj iou ia[kh ilfj ilfj fu:IiekA

vlokj vklqj val vlyhb vlf.kv vlqgm ¼M½ bZMjbA

lapjb ld lqjrk.k lkg.k lkglh lfo laxjbAA25AA

6-2-4 dkO;&l:i &

*j.keYy Nan* jk la- ewypan *izk.ks'k* eqtc dkO;l:i jh nhB lwa vk jpuk [k.MdkO; gSA [k.MdkO;izcU/kdkO; jks vsd Hksn gSA b.kesa egkdkO; lfj[kks foLrkj dksuh gqoSA b.kesa uk;d j.keYy jS thou jh Qxr

89

vsd ?kVuk & lwcsnkj >Qj[kku lkxS tq) dj yksdfgr jh Hkkouk & jks oj.kkao djhft;ks gSA y{k.k xzaFkkjS eqtc [k.MdkO; jk vS y{k.k dFkhft;k gS &

1- :i vj vkdkj jh nhB lwa [k.MdkO; NksVks gqoSA

2 [k.MdkO; esa uk;d ;k dS ukf;d jS thou jh fd.kh vsd ?kVuk jks oj.kko gqoSA

3- [k.MdkO; jks uk;d ;k dS ukf;dk mPp dqyksRiUu vj /khjksnkÙk xq.kka lwa laiUu gqoSA

4- b.kjks dFkkud vSfrgkfld] dkYifud ;k dS fefJr gq; ldSA

5- [k.MdkO; esa NUn ljxka jks dksbZ izfrcU/k dksuh gqoSA

6- nsl&dky] okrkoj.k vj laoknka jks laf{kIr] jkspd vj izHkkoh oj.kko gqoSA

7- [k.MdkO; jh Hkklk & lSyh xfjeke;h gqo.kh pkfgtSA

vka fcanqok ekFkS fopkj dj.k lwa *j.keYy Nan* vsd ohj jlkRed [k.M dkO; fl) gqoSA b.kjh dFkkfolq) :i lwa vSfrgkfld gS ft.kjks lEcU/k 1398 bZ- esa gq;S bZMj jS jko j.keYy vj ikV.k jS lwcsnkj>Qj[kku jS bfr;kl izfl) tq) lwa gSA b.kjks uk;d j.keYy Hkh jkBkSM+ oalh; {kf=; mPp dqy jks gSA m.kjko<sjk jks vsd bfr;kl gSA j.keYy vkijS iwjS ohjRo vj ejtkn lkxS vkijS jkt vj iztk jh j{kk dj.k jhlkejFk jk[kSA oks tq) Qxr vkijS ojpLo jh Fkji.kk lk: uha djS cydS vkijh iztk jS fgr esa oks nqlehjk NDdk NqM+koSA m.kuS vka lc ij xqeSt gS&

oj de/kTt ohj 'kklu NfG]

fdÙkh Qqjb uo [kafM /kjk rfGA

vlifr lfjlq bDd bZMjob]

jf.k j.keYy ewaN eqafg eq[kbZAA54AA

b.k Hkkar *j.keYy Nan* jks uk;d mPp dqyksRiUu] bfr;kl&izfl) /khjksnkRr uk;d gSA b.kh jSohjRoiwj.k dkjtka jS ika.k dfo vkijh jpuk jks ukaodj.k *j.keYy Nan* dj;ks gSA dkO;jpuk jks QG fot;Jh m.kuSa bZ izkIr Ogh gSA

*j.keYy Nan* dkO; jh l:vkr dfo [k.MdkO; jS y{k.k eqtc djh gSA l:vkr jk nl Nanka esaueLdkjkRed] vklhjoknkRed eaxykpj.k esa djrks Fkdks dfo vkijS uk;d j.keYy jS ohjRo jks c[kk.k dj~;ksgSA dfo jh ekurk gS dS tS m.k leS j.keYy tSM+ks ohj uha gqorks rks xqtjkr jk ;ou xqtjkr jS fgUnw jktkokauSa cktkj esa csp nsork ¼N- 7½A i.k jko j.keYy esa lxrkh gS] ft.kjS ik.k cks ;ouka uSa bZ gjk fn;k &

lqHkV & 'krSjfr fodVa

iVq djfV?kVkfHk:RdaVde~A

rUuV;fr j.keYyks]

j.kHkqfo dk oSfj.kka x.kukAA8AA

erGc vks dS ohj xq.kka lwa lEiUu dkO; uk;d jS lkxS bt vk jpuk [k.MdkO; jS mnkÙk dkjtkajS laiknu uSa bZ iwjh djSA dkO;jpuk jh folS&oLrq iwjh lwa ohjjl lwa ifjiwj.k gSA vks [k.MdkO; ohjjl iz/kku gSA l: lwa vk[kj yx fd.kh u fd.kh :i esa ohjjl ÅtG~;ks gSA b.kesa tq)ohj jk fprjkae tkso.k tksxgSA vsd mnkgj.k ns[khtS gS] ft.kesa j.keYy ;ou&lsuk lwa f?kj~;ksM+ks gS] i.k nkokuG jh nkbZa m.kjks tq)lapkG.k yxksyx pky fj;kS gSA&

nqTt.k :D[k bDd nkokuG g;ej]

gfB gsM+fo dksykgfG]

90

j.kokmyq j.keYy j.kkdqy]

vfl jfl xkb djb xksjh nfGAA57AA

*j.keYy Nan* esa [k.MdkO; jS vuq:i bZ nsldky vj okrkoj.k jk fprjkae eakMhft;k gSA b.k iksFkhjks fljt.kdky lkekftd] /kkjfed vj lkfgfR;d nhB lwa laØkafr jks gksA vk[kS Hkkjr ekFkS eysPNk jks vkradNk;ksM+ks gksA nslh fj;klrka esa vkilh QwV&Qthrk pky jS;k gkA Lora=rk izseh jktkoka jks jh deh ghA vsdyksj.keYy bZ m.k oxr Lora=rk izseh ujsl gks tdks lxGS bZ ;ou lkldka jh vka[;ka esa [kVd jS;ks gksA b.kokrkoj.k jks oj.kkao dfo bZa jpuk esa ?k.kS bZ lkarjS :i esa mdsfj;ks gSA m.k oxr jh iztk fd.k Hkkar vkijSjktk lkEgh] lŸkk jk Hkw[kk lkldka lwa cpko.k okLrS vjt dj jh gSA vks ltho fprjkae ns[k.k tksx gS &

fcacgj Hkfj cqackjo oTtb] tGgj fte lhaxf.k xq.kxTtbA

cgq cydkd djb ckgqCcfy] /ka/kfy] /kxM+ /kjb /kjf.k rfGAA39AA

vfj;.k nkj.k! nhu vHk;dj iaMjosl Fk;k fuCHk; /kjA

caHk.k ckG cafn cgq fdTtb] /kk de/kTt /kkj dfj fyTtbAA40AA

b.k vkrad lwa fuiV.k okLrS j.keYy tSM+k dqNsd laLØfr & :[kkGk jktkoka jS :i esa nsl izse :iuSa mdsjrks gq;ks m.k oxr jk ;ou ikrlkoka jS [ktkuS jS ywV.k jks bZ lkaxksikax cj.kko dj~;ks gSA

Hkklk&lSyh

*j.keYy Nan* jh Hkklk & lSyh vsd ohj jlkRed vkSfr;kfld [k.MdkO; jS vuq:i gSA b.k esaviHkza'k fefJr m.k oxr esa izpfyr jktLFkkuh Hkklk cjrhth gSA vk m.k oxr jh pkoh fMaxy ;k dS pkj.klSyh jh ywaBh dkO; & jpuk gSA ohj jl jS vuq:i vkst xq.kka law Hkjiwj Hkklk jks lkSan;Z b.k uSa Bkoh vksi nsoSAlkxS bZ b.kesa eaMhft;k tFkkjFk oj.kkao b.kjh oj.ku lSyh dkauh bZ blkjks djSA b.k Hkkar [k.MdkO; jh nhBlwa vk iksFkh vsd lQy vj izHkkoh ohj jlkRed vsfr;kfld [k.MdkO; fl) gqoSA

6-2-5 dF; & lkSan;Z %

6-2-5-1 jl&;kstuk %

jl ;kstuk & *j.keYy Nan* vsd tq) jS cj.kko jks dkO; gSA b.kesa ohjjl jh iz/kkurk LokHkkfodbt gSA dFkk jh l:vkr bt j.keYy jS ohjRo jS c[kk.k lwa gqoSA ikBd ?k.kS /khtS lkxS b.kjk lkarjk cj.kkouS vaxzst.k lk: mrkoGks gqorks vkxS o/kSA m.kjS lkxS bZ dFkk vkijS izokg lkxS y{; dkauh iwxrh tkoSA j.keYy jh thr jh j.kHkSjh vj ;ouka jS iyk;u jh fucGh nlk esa mRlkg LFkk;h Hkko ohj&jl jh vuqHkwfrdjk;^j dfo njldka uSa vkuafnr dj nsoSA j.k[ksrj esa ;q) jks okrkoj.k vSM+ks y[kkoS T;kau lkjks ?kelka.kvka[;ka lkEgh bt yM+ht jS;ks gSA

b.k dkO; iksFkh esa dfo jS ohjRo & c[kk.k jh lclwa eksVh folslrk m.kjS fuLi[k gq;^*j nqlehjS ohjRo jks c[kk.k dj.kks gSA b.k nhB lwa j.keYy lkapks tq)ohj gSA nqleh jks vkrad yxksyx c/k jS;ks gSAHk;Hkhr iztk vjnkl ys; *j vkijS jktk j.keYy dUuS tk;*j M+j~;ksM+k vjt djS &

vfj;.k nkj.k! nhu vHk;dj]

iaMjosl Fk;k fuCHk; /kjA

caHk.k ckG cafn cgq fdTtb]

/kk de/kTt /kkj dfj fyTtb A40AA

tuleqnk; jh vk vjnkl j.keYy uSa vkijS ohjRo dkauh vkstwa lkopsr djS vj b.k jpuk uS ohjjliz/kku cuko.k esa lg;ksx djSA b.k eksdS jks Qk;nks tksxf.k;ka Hkh yso.kks pkoSA oS j.keYy uSa tq) dj.k lk:izsfjr djrh Fkdh dSoS dS ;ou iztk uSa [kre dj jS;k gSA vki okuSa ijkftr dj.k lk: lL= /kkjks] vj EgkuS

91

cpkoks&

ijlkfn cf{k fnxUr ;ksfxfu t; t;kjo vaofjA

mNfDd] NfDd fn;Ur flD[kk ohj /khj /kjkofjA

nqÌEHk esPN foNksg jksgv [kksfg xkgfo fdTtbA

rw gfÍ mÍo.khb gÍfo yksg gRFk fyTtbAA43AA

ohjjl jS lkxS b.kjk fe= jl jksnz vj ohHkRo jl jk bZ fprjkae vsd & nks tkxkoka eaM;k gSA nksuwalsuka okajS ?kelk.k lwa vk[kks okrkoj.k ohHkRl c.kxks gS] vS vsfG;ka b.kjh lk[k HkjS&

mYykGfo >kyfo tqT> dekyg yFkcfFk yksfFk yMar~A

/kk:DdV /kkfj /kxM+ /kj /kleklh /kleklh /kCc iMarA

de/kTt mn;fxfj eaM.k lfork >yey eYy fHkMarA

/kwfj /kfl /kfl /kwal /kjb /kxM+k;f.k /kj ofj:aM jGaarAA53AA

6-3 j.keYyNan % flYi & foospu &

6-3-1 dFkk flYi&

*j.keYy Nan* esa fo-la- 1455 esa bZMj ujsl jko j.keYy vj ikV.k jS lwcsnkj >Qj[kku fcPpS gq;ksMStq) jh dFkk 70 Nanka esa dSbZth gSA vka 70 Nanka esa l:vkr jk nl Nanka esa dfo eaxykpj.k vj vklhoZpulkxS] j.keYy jS ohjRo jks c[kk.k dj~;ks gSA vks oj.kko dfo ljy laLØr Hkklk esa dj~;ks gSA b.kjS iNS Nan18 yx j.keYy jks lqyrku jh lsuk dkuh lwa /ku&/kkU; uS ywV.ka vj m.kjS vkrad jks c[kk.k djrk gq;klqyrku jS Qjeku jks c[kk.k gSA vks val b.k tq) jh Hkksedk gSA 19oS Nan lwa lqyrku jS Qjeku eqtc bZMjuSa rgl&ugl dj.k okLrS ;ou&lSfudka jks tko.kks gSA ;ou & lSfudk jS b.k vkrad jks oj.kkao & dfo/oU;kRed lcnkoyh esa ekaMrk gq;k] dklhn jS bZMj tko.k jh ?kVuk jks C;ksjks 30 oSa Nan yx fn;kS gSA vksoj.kkao 38oS Nan yx gSA b.k Hkkar vks val b.k dFkk jks vkjaHk dS;ks tk ldSA

turk jh vjt lq.k j m.kjh j{kkFkZ j.keYy jks ;ou lwcsnkj dS efyd >Qj[kku lwa tq) dj.k okLrSizLFkku] m.kjS tq) dksly] nksbZ lsuk jS tq) jks oj.kko ftdks Nan 39 lwa 69 rkabZ jpuk jks ewy dysoj gSA70 Nan esa dfo b.k tq) dFkk jh lekfIr djh gS ft.kesa dFkk uk;d j.keYy lwa gkj *j >Qj[kku uSa j.k[ksrjlwa ikV.k Hkx.kks iM+ks gSA j.keYy vBS ikV.k uS uLV dj.k jh bZ pquksrh nhoh gSA

b.k Hkkar dfo b.k jksehfpr dj.k okyh ohjdFkk uSa ok|;a=ka] vL=&lL= jh V.kdkjka] gkFkh&?kksM+k vjlSfudka dh inpkika jh /kofu lwa ?k.kS bZ jkspd :i esa izLrqr djh gSA ohjjlkRed jpuk gqork bZ b.kesa dfoJh/kj LokHkkfodrk jks iwjks /;ku jk[;ks gSA m.kesa yxksyx dFkk jh Rojk vj izokg gSA

6-3-2 dkO; & :f<+;ka &

dkO; :f<+;ka dfolekt esa dfork t:jh izfrekuka lwa dkO;lkSan;Z uSa c/kko.k jks dke djSA dkO;:f<+jks vk/kkj lkfgR; ijEijkoka jh LohØfr gqoSA b.kh okLrS lkfgR;lkL=h b.kuSa dfoleS Hkh doSA nsldky vjijEijkoka jS vk/kkj lwa vka esa cnGko vkorka jSoSA i.k dqN dkO; :f<+;ka lkoZdkfyd vj loZnsfld gq; djSA

jktLFkkuh dkO; esa u[k&fl[k oj.ku] vsd [kkl Nan esa fd.kh[kkl folS jh jpuk vj pkSlBtksxfu;ka jks oj.kkao [kkl dkO;:f<+;ka gSA *j.keYy Nan* vsd ohj jlkRed NksVh&lh dkO; jpuk gSA b.kesalxGh dkO; :f<+;ka rks ugha cjrhth gS] i.k [kklrksj lwa uefLØ;k] ohjRo jks c[kk.k] pkSlB tksxfu;ka jks;q){ks= esa inkji.k vj nqanqHkh & uxkMS+ jh Vadkj tSMh dkO; & :f<+;ka cjrhth gSA vka jS iz;ksx lwa tBS tq)jks okrkoj.k eakMhft;ks gS] oBS bt dFkk uSa LokHkkfodrk vj izokg feG~;ks gSA ;ouka jh lsuk jS oj.kkao esa

92

dkO;&:f<+ jh vksi ns[k.k tksx gSA

rGgfV~Vb esYyfo rjG rqjDdh rkj rrkj rqjaxA

mYyfV~V; vlifr vlf.kv ok;fj lk;j osfy&rjaxA

gy&gy foxjh&foxjh cksyafrv uhj ygfj fNYyarA

j.k&danfG dGb djb fdyok;.k dk;j uj jsyar AA51AA

6-3-3 flYi &lkSan;Z &

6-3-3-1 Hkklk &

*j.keYy Nan* jh Hkklk ianjosa lbdS foØe jh jktLFkkuh ;k dS e: xwtjh gS tdh lqnwj v.kfgyiqjlwa vtesj yx cksyh takorh ghA *j.keYy Nan* jks laiknd b.kuSa izkphu jktjFkkuh dSorks b.k ckcr fy[kS***j.keYy Nan** dh Hkk"kk izkphu jktLFkkuh gSA bls dqN fo}kuksa us twuh xqtjkrh Hkh dgk gSA **j.keYy Nan**ds ltZudky esa orZeku dh rjg jktLFkku ,oa xqtjkr ds izns'kksa esa fHkUurk ugha FkhA jktdh; iz'kklfudHksn dks NksM+dj lkekftd ,oa lkfgfR;d nf"V ls nksuks izns'k ,d FksA lqnwj v.kfgyiqj ls vtesj rd ,dgh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA orZeku rd miyC/k nksuksa izkphu izns'kksa dk fyf[kr lkfgR; ,d gh gSA** izks-e-j- eteqnkj b.klwa iSyh jh Hkklk jks l[kjks tkudkj gks cks laLØr esa fy[khth vk;kZoka jS vykok vk[kh jpukjh Hkklk uSa *vogV~V* ;k dS fMaxG jS iwoZZ :i jh ohjksfpr Hkklk ekuSaA

*j.keYy Nan* jks jpsrk dfo Jh/kj O;kl laLdr] izkØr] viHkza'k vj nslh Hkklkoka jks tkudkj gksAm.k uSa vjch&Qkjlh Hkklkoka jh Hkh lkaoBh vksG[kka.k ghA b.k okLrS m.kjh b.k jpuk esa de&cslh :i esa vkalxGh bZ Hkklkoka jks iz;ksx feGSA b.k dkO; jh iSyh nl vk;kZoka ¼Nan½ laLØr esa jphth gSA ckdh jk Nan;wa rks m.k oxr jh izpfyr jktLFkkuh dkO; Hkklk esa jphT;k gS i.k da esa izkØr] viHkza'k jk lq) vj vjchQkjlh lCnkoyh jks vksirks iz;ksx djhft;ks gSA dqNSd vksirh lCnkoyh jk mnkgj.k &

laLd`r & dks"k] fufl] okfV] j.kjl] ujdsljh] rqjax] rjax] oj] ohj] 'kklu] vax] vHkax] vlqj lforkvknA

viHkza'k f}r lCnkoyh & iqDdkj] iV~V.k] cDdj] dEekf.k;ka] rqD[kkj] fu:Iiek] iD[kj] efT>e]efXxlh] mV~B.khb gV~Bfo] gRFk] yfD[k] eDdM+k] flD[kfj] flYykj] HkheaG] mYyfV;] bDd] nqTtk.k] fnV~B]fnfl] eqgPNfo] fujXxG] >fÌ;] xTt.kob] nqTtM] cyDdk] lu)k] vjDdk] ljDdk] >jCck] tqT>kj]gTtkj vknA

vjch&Qkjlh & yk[kcan] gjke] gyky] f[kterh] [kqGe] pkdjh] yldj] gsTtc] lyke] fuekt]vkyfe] Qqjeka.k] lqjrk.k] gqfl;kj] Qkst] efyDd vknA

fofo/k Hkklk & iz;ksx jS lkxS bZ *j.keYy Nan* jS dFkkflYi uSa b.kesa cjrhth vuqj.kkRed lCnkoyhi.k ÅtkGSA /oU;kRed lcnk jk vuqdj.k lwa oj.kkaoka esa fp=ksierk lkdkj Ogh gSA ukn&lkSan;Z uSa bZ c/kkiksgq;kS gSA dfo ohjka jh gwadkjka jS vykok tq) & cj.kko vj vL= & lL=ka esa ukn jks QqVjkiks njlk;ks mikM+hgSA lqyrku jh lsuk tn tq) lk: vkxS c/kS rks m.kesa ckt jS;k cktka vkn jh /ofu;ka uSa dfo vuqj.kkRedlCknkoyh esa ;wa ekaMS &

<e&<ebZ <e <e dj <wadj <ksy <ksyh tafx;kA

lqj djfg b.k lj.kkb leqgfj ljl jfl lejafx;kA

dG&dGfg dkgy dksfM dyjfo dqey dk;j FkjFkjbA

lapjb ld lqjrk.k lkg.k lkglh lfo laxjbAA23AA

b.k Nan esa dfo vsd lkFkS <ksy] lj.kb] dkgy cktkoka jS /ofu&izokg uSa vuqj.kkRed lCnkoyh lkxS

93

njlk;ks gSA vka jS vykok bZ Hksfj ¼N-21½] nekek ¼N- 47½] /kkSalk ¼N- 49½ nM+oM+h ¼N-1½ vkn cktkoka vj ohjgDd uS & fccgj cqEcv cqEcv cDdb ¼N- 13½] gfl gqfl;kj gq;k bG gy dfj ¼bz- 18½ cqYyj gfB gstcgDdkfjv ¼N-29½] vkn :ika esa njlk;k gSA jko j.keYy jS ;q) lk: tko.k jks oj.kkao vuqj.kkRed vj f}ÙklCkinkoyh esa gS & *xkgfo fnVBfÌlh xf< ef< fxjh xâfj xfM~M;aA xksjh oG g.kgf.k gDdUrB gqa gqa g;g; gqdkjfo g;efj pfM;aA bZMjobZ iaMjosl lfjlq jf.k jkek;.k j.keYy djbZAA58AA**

b.k vksirh lCknkoyh lwa *j.keYy Nan* jh Hkklk ohj Hkkoka uSa vfHkO;Dr dj.k esa lejFk Ogh gSA dkO;jh folS & oLrq uSa tFkkjFkrk nhoh gSA

vuqizklHkjh lCknkoyh b.k dkO; esa uknlkSan;Z uSa ck/k~;ks gSA b.k Hkkar f}Ùk lcnkoyh cjrht.k lwatBS oj.kkoka uSa ukn & lkSan;Z vj izokg feG~;ks gS mBS bZ dkO; esa vkst Hkkoka jh vfHkO;fDr lgt gq;xh gSA

jmÌ lÌ vkleqÌ lkgflDd lwjb]

dBksj Fkksj ?kksj Nksj ikjflDd iwjbA

vgax xke xsg xkfg xkfycky fdTtb]

foNksfg tksb rsg ukFk! esPN yksfM+ fyTtbAA41AA

b.k [k.M dkO; jh Hkklk b.kjh folslrk gS & foHkfDr jfgr dkjd vj dkjdka lk:lEcU/k lwpd vO;;ka ;k dS ijljxka jks iz;ksxA b.kjh folslrk b.k uSa izkØr vj viHkzal lwa U;kjh fl) djSA*j.keYy Nan* esa vjFk & foHkze lwa cp.k okLrS dfo ftdk lacU/k&lwpd vO;;ka ;k dS ijlxka jks iz;ksxdj;ks gS] oS Hkh jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS vO;;ka vFkok ijljxka jS uSM+S gSa&

fuj~foHkfDrd dkjd &

1- fre fre j.keYy jksl Hkfj ¼Na- 24½

2- Fkj Fkj Fkk.knkj Mj daib ¼N- 13½

3- lfo j.keYy djb lkg flgqfy ¼N- 38½

4- HkqtcfG lcG eqfV~BnG ?kYybZ ¼N- 26½

5- iaMjosl Fk;k fuCHk; /kj ¼N- 40½

lacU/k lwpd vO;; vFkok ijlxZ &

ba & feab laxfj lelqÌhu uM+h ¼N- 33½

va & be cksYyb gfB rksyar g;a ¼N- 36½

vfo & gy ,s;kj gdkjfo cqYyb ¼N- 26½

NfG & oj de/kTt ohj 'kklu NfG ¼N- 54½

lfjlq & vlifr lfjlq fookn ¼Na- 42½

g & xbZ vjnkl ikfl lqjrk.kg ¼N- 11½A

6-3-3-2 vyadkj & ;kstuk &

*j.keYy Nan* esa lCknkyadkj vj vjFkkyadkj nksuwa rjS jS vyadkjka jks lkarjks iz;ksx feGSA jpuk jSgj Nan esa lgt :i lwa vyadkj jks vksirks iz;ksx ns[;ks tk ldSA lCknkyadkjka esa vuqizkl vyadkj jhcksgksGrk gSA vuqizkl vyadkj jk vS rhu Hksn vBS cjrhft;k gSa&

Nsdkuqizlkl &

Qwaxjkb Qwa Qaw Qkj Qkjd] QkSt Qfj Qjekf.k;kaA

94

gqadkj dj dMh djb lj >fM+ djfo dfj dEekf.k;kaAA19AA

ozR;kuqizkl &

ne & ne dfj neke neDdb] <e & <e <e & <e <ksy <eDdbA

rjoj iaMjosl igV~Vb] rj & rj rqjd iM+b rygV~VbAA47AA

vUR;kuqizkl &

flfj Qqjek.k /kjfo lqjrk.kh]

g; x; ¼/kj n;½ gky eky nhok.khAA28AA

oS.k & lxkbZ&

*oS.k & lxkbZ* jktLFkkuh dkO;lkL= vj dfo;ka jks pkoks vyadkj gSA ohj jlkRed jpukoka esa tSb.kjks iz;ksx uha gqoS rks bZ dkO;nksl dksuh ekU;ks tkoSA vBS dfo jh vk v.kwFkh folslrk gS dS oks ?k.kS bZ QwVjS:ika esa b.k jks iz;ksx dj~;ks gSA oS.k lxkbZ rhu rjS jh gqoS & vkfnesG] e/;esG vj varesGA b.k nhB lwa**oS.k & lxkbZ* esa oj.kka jks esG gqoSA b.k Hkkar vks vyadkj ozR;kuqizkl vyadkj tSM+ks gS &

lksufxjm dUgM flEHkjob]

osf< dfj xTt.kob vlqjbA

ngq fnfl nqTt.k nG n~kofV~B;]

lkseukFk oM gRFkb >fV~V;AA62AA

*j.keYy Nan* esa vjFkkyadkjka esa [kklrksj lwa lknjl vyadkjka jS lkFkS bZ mnkgj.k vyadkj jks b/kdksiz;ksx gq;ks gSA dqNSd mnkgj.k gS &

miek &

1- tGgj ftfe lhaxf.k xq.k xTtbAA39AA

2- to eafMfl eq> j.keYy lea]rc nsf[kfl yldj lfjlq tea AA33AA

:id &

1- lhapk.km jk de/kTt fujXxy] >M+ib pM+ob /kxM+ fpM+kAHkM+gM+ dfj lfÙkfjlgl HkM+db] de/kt Hkqt > ¼Hk½ M+ok; Hk ¼>½ M+kAA61AA

2- de/kt mn;fxjh eaM.k lfork AA53AA

vkfrl;ksfDr &

1- g; [kqj rG jS.kb jfo Nkfgm]leqgj Hkfj bZMjb vkbmA

[kku [kokl [ksfy cfy /kk;q]bZMj vMj nqXx rG xk;qAA46AA

2- mYykGfo >kyfo tqT> dekyg y;cfFk yksfFk yMarA/kk:DdV /kkfj /kxM+ /kj /klefl /klefl /kqCc iMarAde/kTt mn;fxjh eaM.k lfork >yey eYy fHkM+arA/kqfj /kfl /kfl ?kwal /kjb /kxM+k;f.k /kj ofj :aM jGarAA53AA

mnkgj.k & nG nk:.k nQj [kku t;h]

95

feab HkXxM vXxb [kXx jf;Afgo iV~V.k i)fj /kfj lqi;]ub foufM+lq lfRrfj lgl l;aAA32AA

b.k jpuk esa vyadkjka jks iz;ksx lgt :i esa gq;ks gSA lk;kl & iz;ksx dBS&bZ dksuh nhlSA vBSvyadkj lksHkkÅ vax uha gq;^j *HkkoksRd"kZ* c/kko.k okGk gSA

6-3-3-3 Nan&;kstuk &

vk[kjka jh la[;k vj Øe] ek=k] ek=k&x.kuk uS ;fr&xfr jk [kkl fu;eka esa ca/k;ksM+h i| jpuk NandSbZtSA Nan c) i| & jpuk vkiksvki esa QwVjh vj vksirh c.ktkoSA vk jpuk i|cU/k jpuk gSA b.kjS 70i|ka esa 10 vk;kZ] 27 pqIibZ] 5 lkjlh] 5 nwgw] 8 flagfoyksfdr] 2 iappkej] 4 gka[dh] 4 nqfeYy] 4 Hkqtaxiz;krvj ,d NIi; dqy nl rjS jk Nan cjrhft;k gSA vS Nan ekf=d] of.kZd vj n.Md tkr jk gSA vS lxGkbZ Nan ohjjl jh vfHkO;fDr dj.k esa lejFk gSA lkjlh] nwgw] Hkqtax iz;kr] iappkej] gk<dh] pqIibZ rksjktLFkkuh jh dkO; jpukoka jk izk.k Nan dSbZtSA pkSikbZ Nan jS :i jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa jktLFkkuh tSu dfo15 ek=koka jks pqIibZ dS pkSikbZ Nan dke esa fy;kS gSA dfo jh vk pqIibZ Nan 15 ek=koka jks bZ gS &

lfrfj lgl lkg.kob lkg.k]xbZ vjnkl ikl lqjrk.kgA

d.kx: dks"k yh/k gfj fganw]rq j.keYy bDd ug canwAA11AA

vk;kZ Nan laLdr dkO; jks pkoks Nan gSA b.kjks izek.k *vk;kZ lIr'krh*] ukao jh jpuk dS;h tk ldSAvks vsd ekf=d Nan gS ft.kjks izkØr~iSaxye~ esa xkFkk ;k dS xkgk ukao lwa foospu gq;kS gSA vk;kZ Nan jS izR;sdv/kkZyS esa P;kj ek=koka jk lkr x.k vj vsd xq: gqoSA vkaa lkr x.kka esa lwa lex.k y?kq] xq:] y?kq rjS jk gqoSvj folex.k b.k Hkkar jk dksuh gq; ldS vFkkZr~ m.kesa tx.k dksuh cjrhtSA b.k dkO; jpuk jk iSyk nlNan bZa y{k.k jks vk;kZ Nn gSa&

;e&lnua izfruhrk%]

lhrk&je.ksu nkuok% LQhrk%A

v/kquk de/kt & eYyks]

j.keYyl~ r= rku~ u;frAA3AA

*j.keYy Nan* esa cjrhft;k nlaw Nanka esa nwgw] gk<dh] nqfeyk Nanka esa ek=kfn jks fuokZg gq;ks gSAvf/kdkal Nank esa Nan jS fu;eka jks ikyu ugha feGSA *pmIib* Nan jS fu;eka jks ikyu ugha feGSA *pmIib*Nan 15 ek=koka jks le Nan gS] i.k vBS iSyh vksGh esa 16 ek=koka vj ckdh jh rhu vksfG;ka esa 15 ek=koka gSA

fcGgj Hkfj cqackjo cTtb]

tGgj fte lhaxf.k xq.k xTtbA

cgq ckydkd djb ckgqCcfG]

/ka/kfG /kxM+ & /kjb /kjf.k rfGAA39AA

vkbZ xr *lkjlh Nan* jh gSA vks le ekf=d Nan gS] ft.kjS gj pj.k esa 27 ek=koka gqoSA var esa vsdxq: ¼S½ vj vsd y?kq ¼A½ gqoS vj 16] 11 ekFkS ;fr jSoSA i.k vBS iSyk pj.k esa 29 ek=koka cjrhth gS &**ijlkfn cf{k fnxUr ;ksfxfu t; t;kjo vacfjA m/kfDd NfDd fn;ar flD[kk ohj /khj /kjkofjA nq|EHkesPN foNksg jksgv [kksfg xkgfo fdTtjA**

rwa gfÍ mVBo.khab gV~Bfo yksg gRFk fyTtbAA43AA

96

6-4 j.keYy Nan % lSyh & foospu %&

*lSyh* lcn vaxszth lcn *LVkby* jks fgUnh mGFkks gSA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa lSyh lk: *jhfr* lcncjrhtrks gksA cBS foflLV in jpuk]^ jhfr dSbtrh gh vkpk;Z dqUrd jS eqtc vk jhfr bt dkO; jh vkRekdSbZtSA jhfr ;k dS lSyh jpukdkj jh vksG[kk.k gqoSA b.k okLrS vaxzsth esa LVkby bt n eSu]^ dS.kkr izpfyrgSA gj dfo ;k dS jpukdkj vkijh nhB lwa jpuk izLrqr djSA vk izLrqfr bt dfo jh lSyh gSA fo)kuvfHkO;fDr] ijEijk] dFku] o.kZu] jhfr jh nh< lwa bZ lSyh jh O;k[;k djSA *j.keYy Nan* esa dfo jh[kkl&[kkl lSfy;ka jks foospu b.k Hkkar gSA

6-4-1 fMaxy ¼pkj.kh½ lSyh &

jktLFkkuh dkO; esa ijEijk jh nh< lwa fMaxG] tSu vj yksdlSyh esa dfo dkO; fljt.k djrk jS;kgSA vk jpuk dkO; ijEijk jh nhB lwa fMxG ;k pkj.kh lSyh jh izfrfuf/k jpuk ekuh tk ldSA tnfi*j.keYy Nan* jks jpukdkj pkj.k ugha gS] QSj bZ oks folS&oLrq eqtc m.k oxr jh pkoh lSyh uSa vkijh dkO;& jpuk lk: vaxSthA b.k lSyh jS eqtc *V* ojx jS oj.kk jh ckgksGrk f}Rr lcnkoyh jh Hkklk jS lkxS dkO;esa vkst xq.k vj ohjjl jh iz/kkurk gqoSA *j.keYy Nan* vsd ohj jlked jpuk gS] dfo jks b.kjh izLrqfrfMaxy lSyh esa dj.kks] m.k jS dfoRo X;ku jh bZ vksG[kka.k djkoSA vsd lwa vsd c/k*j b.kjk mnkgj.k jpukesa ns[;k tk ldS gSA lqyrk.k jh lsuk] fd.k vkst vj meko lkxS bZMj jh r:gV~Vh dkauh c/k jS;h lsuk lwaeqdkcyks dj.k okLrS j.keYy jh vL= lsuk jk ?kksM+k vj ohjka jh /klel lwa /kjrh jS /kl.k jks oj.kkaotkso.ktksx gS &

gs[kkjfo g;ej glefl [kqjjfo vlf.k fdik.k dlarA

m)lfo dlkdflv flrj ohfl /klefl /kjk.kh /klarA

Hkw&eaMfG HkM+ de/kt HkMksgfM+ HkqtcfG fHkM+l fHkMarA

j.keYy j.kkdqy jf.k jkslk:.ka eq.klÙkf.k rq ojarAA52AA

6-4-2 oj.kkao & lSyh &

dkO; & lSyh jks vsd :i *oj.kkao* Hkh gqoSA *j.keYy Nan* vsd ohj jlkRed pfjrdkO; gSA b.kesaohjoj jko j.keYy jS vnE; ikS:l jks oj.kkao dj.kks bZ dfo jks ewy /;s; jS;ks gSA b.k dke lk: oj.kkRedlSyh jks iz;ksx bt lVhd gksA b.k lSyh esa ohjksfpr vkst vj vfojy osx jh vfHkO;fDr lgt c.k tkoSAdfo Hkkokuq:i Hkklk jks iz;ksx dj.k esa ?k.kks dqlG gSA b.k dkO; & f[kerk jS dkj.kS bZ dfo vkijS uk;djS pfjr cG jh j{kk okLrS m.kjS fojks/kh jS cG jk bZ lkarjk fprjkae ekaM~;k gSA b.k Hkkar *j.keYy Nan*oj.kkRed lSyh jh ywaBh jpuk ekuhtSA dkO; eas <ksy] j.kHksfj] nekeks] /kkSlk] nM+oMh] dkgy] jh/ofu;ka jks oj.kkao] ohjka jks oj.kkao] tq)&oj.kkao] ;ou&lsuk] j.keYy jks iz;k.k] ;ou lsuk jS iyk;u jk ?k.kkbZ izHkkoh oj.kkao eaMhft;k gSA ;ou lsuk jS iyk;u jks vsd oj.kko vBS fn;ks tk; j;kS gSA

fta cqackv cqack myfDd lyfDd]

ft cfDd cgfDd ygfDd pefDdA

fp paxh rqjaxh rjafx pM+arkA

j.keYy fnVs~B.k nhua nMarkAA66AA

6-4-3 laokn lSyh &

laokn lSyh dFku lwa vjFk gS vkil esa ckrphr ;k dS laokn lwaA

*j.keYy Nan* esa laokn lSyh jks la;kstu dj *j dfo jpuk uSa vkstw ywaBh vj ljl c.kk; nh gSAlaoknka jS dkj.k dkO; esa bZ ukVdh;rk vk; tkoS] ftdh m.k jpuk uSa ikBdka lkEgh vkstwa ljy] lgt vj

97

ljl c.kk; nsoSA b.k NksVh lh 70 Nankaa jh jFkuk esa dfo uhpS eqtc& laokn djk;k gS &

1- [kku & ,d;kj laokn ¼N- 26½

2- nwr & j.keYy laokn ¼N- 28½

3- j.keYy & nwr laokn ¼N- 29&35½

4- efyd & nwr laokn ¼N- 36½

5- iztk & j.keYy laokn ¼N- 38&41½

6- tksfxfu;ka jh fldlk ¼N- 43½

7- lkg fle & cknlkg laokn ¼N- 63&69½

dFku jh nhB lwa vS laokn e/;e & iq:l lSyh ¼N- 26] 28] 29&35] 43] 41] 38&41] 43½ vj vU;iq:l lSyh esa bt laikfnr gSA efyd nwr&laokn ¼N- 36½ lkg fle cknlkg laokn ¼N- 63&69½ b.kh lSyhjk laokn gSA ¼N 70½ esa j.keYy jks Loxr dFku gSA vks Loxr dFku vBS laokn lSyh jh lksHkk c<k jS;kS gSA

6-4-4 dkxn jh & lSyh %&

dkxn Hkh dFku lSyh jks bZ vsd :i gS] D;wa dS dkxn lwa bZ laokn laHko gqoSA b.k nhB lwa dfo b.kjpuk esa nks i=ka jks lQy la;kstu dj~;ks gSA vS nks dkxn gS & iSyks dkxn lsukifr cknlkg uSa fy[;ks gSAb.kesa oks jko j.keYy jh fldk;r djh gS dS oks vk[kks [ktkuks ywV fy;ks gS vj vkijh gqdwer bZ uh ekuSA¼N-11½ j.keYy vusdaw ;ou&lsukifr;ka uS ijkftr dj fn;k gSA oks [kku jh fefYd;r uSa [kqn jh laifr ekujS;ks gSZ vj vkijh v/khurk okLrS euk dj jS;ks gS ¼N-15½A nwtks dkxn vka fldk;rka jS iMwrj :i esa cknlkgjks Qjeku gS] ft.kesa oks lsukifr uSa j.keYy jh jS;r uSaa nlwa fnlkoka law ?ksj *j* m.k uSa [kre dj.k jks vknslnsoS gS ¼N-17½A vka dkxnka lwa dFkk uSa vkxS c/kko.k esa lg;ksx feG~;ks gSA lkxS bZ m.k cxr jh O;oLFkkoka lwabZ ikBd :&c&: gq;ks gSaA

6-4-5 xksM+h & lSyh

jhfr jh nhB lwa *j.keYy Nan* xksM+h & jhfr jh jpuk dS;h tk ldSA lkL=h; nhB lwa b.kesa vkst vjdkafr xq.kka jh b/kdkbZ lkxS bt dBksjoj.k nhj?k lekl ?k.kk vk;k gSA b.k Hkkar dkO;lkL= esa dFkhth vklSyh jktLFkkuh dkO; jh pkoh fMaxG lSyh jS uSMS gSA *j.keYy Nan* vsd ohj jlkRed dkO; gSA b.kesa b.klSyh jh lxGh folslrkoka jks njlko feGSA dfo ?k.kS bZ vksirS :i esa vBS ohjRo jh Fkji.kk djh gSA ohjjljh nhB lwa vk vsd lQy jpuk gSA

6-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

*j.keYy Nan*] vsd ohj jlkRed] jktLFkkuh pfjrdkO; gS ft.kesa bZMj & ujsl ohjoj j.keYy jhohjrk vj iq:lkjFk uSa lkarjS <ax lwa ekaMhft;ks gSA dkO; :i jh nhB law vks vsd [k.MdkO; gS ft.kesa esabfr;kl vj dkO;Ro jks lqUnj leUo; gq;ks gSA vk jpuk vsdkauh m.k cxr jS vSfr;kfld rF;ka uS mtkGSrks nwth dkauh Hkklk oSX;kfud nhB lwa vk viHkza'k vj vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkklk ¼jktLFkkuh & xqtjkrh Ú e:xqtjh½jh ikar uSa tksM.k okGh vsd egrkÅ dMh gSA Hkklk Hkko] Nan] vyadkj] bfr;kl] laLdfr] lSyh lxGS rRokajS lkFkSa jktLFkkuh dkO; jh vk vsd ywaBh vj izfrfuf/k jpuk gSA

6-6 vH;kl jk izLu

¼i½ *j.keYy Nan^ jks dFkklkj fy[kks vj b.kjS jpsrk vj jpukdky ckcr vkijk fopkj fy[kksA¼ii½ *j.keYy Nan* jS dF; jh izeq[k ?kVukaok jks C;ksjks nsork gq;k b.kjS izeq[k ik=ka jh pkfjf=d

folslrkoka uS mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA

98

¼iii½ *j.keYy Nn* jh folS & oLrq jks [kqyklks djks vj j.keYy jh pkfjf=d folslrkoka uSa mnkgj.kkalkxS crkoksA

¼iv½ *j.keYy Nan* jh vSfr;kfldrk ekFkS vkijk fopkj izxV djksA¼v½ ^*j.keYy Nan* esa bfr;kl vj dkO;Ùo jks leUo; gq;ks gS ^ & b.k dFku uSaa lwa vksirk mnkgj.kka

lkxS iq[rk djksA¼vi½ *j.keYy Nan* uSa vki egkdkO; ekuks ;k [k.M dkO;\ vkijS er uSa izzek.kka lkxS fy[kksA¼vii½ *j.keYy Nan* jS dkO; & lkSLBo uSa mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA¼viii½*j.keYy Nan* jh dFkk uSa uS djrk ekaMks vj m.kjS Hkkoi[k jks [kqyklks djksA¼ix½ *j.keYy Nan* jh dkO; :f<+;ka jks ifjpS nsoks vj m.kjh Hkklk jh folslrk oka jks [kqyklks djksA¼x½ *j.keYy Nan* jS dyki[k uSa mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA¼xi½ *j.keYy Nan* jS lSyh i[k jh foospuk djksA¼xii½ *j.keYy Nan* jh vyadkj vj Nan ;kstuk uS le>koksA

6-7 lanHkZ xzaFkka jh ikuM+h

1- la- jkor lkjLor & *j.keYy Nan*A2- izks- e-j- eteqnkj & xqtjkrh lkfgR; uk l:iksA3- jk;cgknqj ds'koyky g- /kqzo & izkphu xqtZj dkO;A4- eksgEen lS;n unoh & j.keYy Nan vj rsuks le;A5- Jh t;ard".k gfjd".k nos & xqtjkrh lkfgR; dk bfrgklA6- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

99

bdkbZ & 7

izeq[k jpuk % gkyka >kyka jk dqaMfG;k&dFk] flYi vj lSyhbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

7-0 mísL;

7-1 bZljnkl% ,d vksG[kk.k

7-2 pkj.k ijaijk

7-3 bZljnkl

7-3-1 dqG vj tye

7-3-2 iks[k.k vj i<+kbZ

7-3-3 fljt.k

7-4 bZljnkl dh jpukok¡ dk lkarjk i[k

7-4-1 Nan

7-4-2 laxhr

7-4-3 ,drk

7-4-4 ejtkn

7-4-5 Hkklk

7-4-6 vyadkj

7-4-7 folS

7-5 gkyk¡ & >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k % vksG[kk.k

7-5-1 iw¡BHkkSe

7-5-2 lakrjk i[k

7-5-3 Nan

7-5-4 Hkklk

7-5-5 vyadkj

7-5-6 Hkko

7-6 fMaxG dfork is bZljnkl dks vlj

7-7 gkyk¡ >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k% in vj foospu & lizlax O;k[;k

7-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

7-9 vH;kl jk izLu


7-0 mísL;

^gkyk¡ & >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dks ,d egrkÅ xzaFk NSA xzaFk dk jp.kgkjbZljnkl ckjgB dh yksBh lk[k ,d lar dfo dk :Ik esa NS] iW.k ^ gkyk¡ & >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * ohj jl

100

dks xzaFk NSA fMaxG esa ohj jl dk ujk xzaFk jP;kX;k NS vj ok¡ esa bZljnkl jfpr ^ gkyk¡ & >kyk¡ jkdq.MfG;k* lSa lw¡ mYys[ktksx xzaFkka esa ,d ekU;ks tkoS NSA ;k iksFkh bZa nhB lw¡ Hkh egrkÅ NS ds ikNS dk ?k.kkajlfl} dfo;k¡ dh jpukok¡ is b± iksFkh dks yk¡Bks vlj lkQ lkQ EgSlwl dj~;ks tk ldS NSA bZljnkl dhvksfG;k¡ dk dke.k esa c¡/kck gkGk dfo;k¡ esa fMaxG dk vkxhok.k dfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k vj ck¡dhnkl dk uk¡oHkh NSA bZa bZdkbZ esa EgSa bZljnkl vj ok¡ dh vEej jpuk ^ gkyk¡ & >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * ds ckcr egrkÅckrk¡ ck¡pkaxkA

7-1 bZljnkl % ,d vksG[kk.k

bZljnkl twuh jktLFkkuh dk lSa lw¡ pkok & Bkok dfo;k¡ esa ,d NkA jktLFkku lw¡ ckjS Hkh xqtjkr]lkSjkLVª] vj egkjkLVª rkabZ oka dh dhjr QsSyh NhA fMaxG dh dfork ohjjl ds csbZ [kkl rkSj lw¡ IgSpk.khT;koS NS vj ;ks ekU;ks T;koS NS ds fMaxG dks lqHkko tq/k vj tq>kjiW.kka dk fprjke mdsjck ds csbZ cÙkkseqQhn NS] iW.k bZljnkl us rks fMaxG esa Hkxfr dh eksdGh jpukoka ek.MhA ok¡ dks lr~ vj ok¡ dh Hkxfr dsikW.k rks yksd esa ^ bZljk lks ijesljk * dh [kS.kkor gh pky iM+hA yksd us vL;ks eku ?k.kk dfo;k¡ ds rkabZUgWa c[L;ksA ^bZljk lks ijesljk* fo:n ds ikNS yksd dk vL;ks ifr;kjk NS] ts bZljnkl uS djkekrh lkfcrdjS NS vj ok¡ dh ftuxk.kh ds rkabZ ?k.kdjh vkLFkkok¡ vj peRdkjk¡ lw¡ tksM+n~;S NSA ;k¡ esa lwa dqN ckrk¡ rksjktLFkkuh Hkklk dh twuh iksF;k¡ esa Hkh e¡Mh NSA ohjjl dk pkok Bkok dfo lw;ZeYy ehl.k rxkr vi.kka xzaFk^oa'k Hkk"dj* esa vlh ?kVukok¡ dks ftdj dj~;ks NSA

bZljnkl dk peRdkj% &

¼1½ oa'k Hkk"dj esa lw;ZeYy ehl.k ek¡M~;ks NS dS twukx<+ fj;klr esa vejsyh fBdkuk dk Bkdqj chtkljoS;k dks ,d csVks Nks dj.kA dj.k uS lk¡Ik Ml fy;ks vj fol MhG esa QsSyck lw¡ Åa ejX;ksAbZljnkl Hkxoku uS lqfejrk¡ dj dj.k esa uqvk izk.k Qw¡d fn;kA bZa lw¡ [kql gks*j Bkdqj chtkbZljnkl ds rkabZ cjlM+k vj bZlfj;k xk¡o dh tkxhj c[lhA yksdekurk ds eqtc bZa vkSlj isbZljnkl Hkxoku uS eukck csbZ ,d xhr fljT;ks %&

^^/kkuarj] e;ad] g.kw] lqØ /kkoks] ujikGd :nz fj'k fuoM+]

,d ckjxh dj.k mBkM+ks] ozu'kV rVks izkxoM+ AA

Tkks rw¡ vkbZ ugha thokM+S] ljofg;ks nhuk lks pke]

Rkw> r.kks vks'kn /kuarj] ds fnu Qsj vkolh dke AA**

¼ gs /kuoarfj egkjkt] panjek] guqeku vj lqØkpk;Z th egkjkt nkSM+ksA &yksdekurk NS ds /kuoarfj ds xkSM+s lxGh cSekfj;k¡ dh vks[kn NSA panjek lw¡ befjr >jS NSA guqeku uS lathouhyk *j fyNeu dk izk.k cpk;k Nk vj lqØkpk;Z uS ej~;k esa izk.k Qw¡dck dh fo|k vkoS Nh &gs eu[kka bZa ikGck gkGk foL.kq th] flo vj fjlh fcjek th csxh djksA Ng oj.kka ds csbZvk[kkcM+ dh ukabZ vki.kka nku dh Nkao djck gkGk nkuohj dj.k uS ,d cSj rks Åcks dj ghn~;ksA gs /kuoarfj] ts rw lxGk nhu nqf[k;k¡ dk gsrkGq dj.k uS thorks djck csbZ UgWa vkoSxks]rks Qsj Fkkjh veksyd vks[kn dkabZ dke dh NS\½

bZa xhr esa dfo nsorku~ uS ok¡ dk peRdkj ;kn fnykrk Fkdka ;ks vksGeks n~;ks NS ds ts dj.k uSos lxGk fey *j Hkh thorks UgWa dj ldS rks QSj yksd dk euka esa ok¡ dh lxfr vj Hkxfr dscsbZ ifr;kjks dL;k¡ c¡/kSxks\

¼2½ ^oa'k HkkLdj* esa gh ,d Bke is ftdj NS ds xqtjkr dks lqyrku ?kksM+ka dks c.kt djck gkGkpkj.kka is ,d yk[k :Ik;ka dks dj yxk fn~;ksA Å¡ cxr ,d yk[k :Ik;k dk dj dh rks dks;lksp Hkh UgW ldS Nks iW.k bZljnkl uS bZa dk pqxrkjk dh tekur ns nh vj tn cxrlj dj

101

tek UgWa gks;ks rks lqyrku bZljnkl uS tsG esa Hkst fn~;ksA jkt dh vkM+h lw¡ ;k equknh gksxh dsuqvks panjek mX;k¡ is bZljnkl ds rkabZ eR;qn.M ns fn~;ks tkoSxksA gGkcksG ekpxhA iW.k tnuqvks panjek mxck dh jkr vkbZ rks djkekr gksxhA yksd ekuS NS ds bZljnkl uS vi.kh lxfrlw¡ panjek dks mxcks gh jksd fn~;ksA ;k djkekr ns[k *j lqyrku bZljnkl uS dj tek djokckcsbZ ,d Eghuk dh eksgyr Qsj ns nhA ;ks lepkS gGon dk jktk jk;flag rkabZ iwX;ks rks ok¡ ;kjde lqyrku ds rkabZ iwxkbZA bZa ds vykok ,d csj QSj jk;flag us vL;k¡ gh jk.kh dk xg.kkxg.kS esy *j Hkh bZljnkl dh vkM+h lw¡ ,d eksVh jde lqyrku ds rkabZ nh NhA bZljnkl dks,d nksgks Hkh bZ ckr dh lk[k HkjS NS %&

^^dkjkxzg lw¡ dkf<;ksCkhnx chth ckj AAvb;ks jk;k flag jk?kj gank mixkj AA

¼3½ lw;ZeYy ehl.k lkxS eqjkjhnku vj bZljnkl cksxlk uS Hkh bZa ?kVuk dks ftdj dj~;ks NS dS ,dcsj ,d NksVk lk xk¡o esa lkaxk xkSM+ uS bZljnkl dh fetekuh djhA lkaxk xkSM+ xjhch dk fnudkV j~;ks NksA vc[kk;k¡ gksrk lrk¡ Hkh Å¡uS bZljnkl dks ?k.kks lRdkj dj~;ksA tn bZljnkl thxk¡o lw¡ tkck ykX;k rks lkaxk xkSM+ euokj djh dS Åa bZljnkl th ds rkabZ ,d dkacGks HksaVdjcks pkg~oS NSA bZljnkl cksY;k ds os t:jh dke lw¡ tk j~;k NS] ckoM+rh cxrk¡ dkacGks ysY;SxkA bZljnkl dk ckoM+ck lw¡ IgSyh gh xk¡o dh un~nh esa ck<+ vkxh vj lkaxks vi.kh jsoM+lesr un~nh esa CgS X;ksA Mwcrh cSjka lkaxk ekSdk is ekStwn feu lw¡ vki.kha ek¡ rkabZ ;ks lansl iwxk;ksds bZljnkl th i/kkj~;koS rks ok¡ ds rkabZ dkacGks nscks UgW fcljSA bZljnkl ckoM+rh cxrk¡ i/kkj~;k rks ek¡ us ok¡ ds rkabZ dkacGks futj dj~;ks vj lkjh ?kVuk crkbZA bZljnkl cksY;k ds osdkacGks rks lkaxk dk gkFkk¡ lw¡ gh Y;SxkA ;ks d";k¡ laHkkS Nks\ iW.k bZljnkl UgW ekU;kA os un~nhrhjS X;k vj vkokt yxk *j cksY;k &^ ys lkaxk] Egw¡ vk X;ksA EgkjS rkabZ vc dkacGks ns n~;ks A** vj FkksM+h tst ikNS gh xk¡o gkGk¡ us ns[;ks ds lkaxk xkSM+ vki.kh jsoM+ ds lkxS xk¡o dh vkM+hvk j~;ks NSA

peRdkjka dh ;s ckrka druh lkaph NS] bZa dh foospuk UgWa Hkh djk¡ rks Hkh yksd dks bZljnkl dhHkxfr vj lxfr is v";ks ifr;kjks ok¡ ds csbZ yksd dk flj/kk Hkko dh lk[k rks HkjS gh NSA ;ksgh dkj.k NS ds ekaM.k Hkxr] ukHkknkl] jk?konkl] jkenkl] ijljke] dSlksnkl xkM.k] ihjnkuykyl] dfojktk HkSjonku t";k Hkxr dfo;k¡ vj lw;ZeYy ehl.k t";k ohj jl dk fl} dfous bZljnkl ds rkabZ vki.kh dforkok¡ esa flj/kk lw¡ lqej~;ks NSA ihjnkl us ^xq.k ukjkb.k usg *esa bZljnkl ds rkabZ vki.kkS ekul xq: ekurk Fkdka ek¡M~;ks NS%&

^^bZlk.ka xq: fpr eka vka.kk

Oksn O;kl uka iNS olk.kk AA**

¼xq: bZlkuan vFkkZr~ bZljnkl dks /;ku fpr esa yk;k¡ ikNS osn O;kl dks c[kk.k d:¡ Nw¡A½

7-2 pkj.k ijaijk%

bZljnkl ckjgB pkj.k NkA bfrgkldkjk¡ vj fo}kuka pkj.kka dh 120 [kkik¡ ekuh NSA okYehfdjkek;.k] egkHkkjr lesr ujk iqjk.kka vj iksfFk;k¡ esa pkj.kka dh mrir vj ok¡dk xq.kka dks c[kk.k NSA twuhiksF;k¡ esa pkj.kka ds rkabZ fl}] xU/koZ] nsork] firj] fo|k/kj bR;kn ds lkxS flj/kk lw¡ lqej~;ks X;ks NSA ekurkNS dS nsorku~ dh dhjr bZa c[kk.kck ds ikW.k ;ka bZ pkj.k fo:n feY;ks &^^ pkj;fUr dhfrZefr pkj.kk%A**

102

pkj.kka uS gj tqx esa jktk bZa /kje dks fuckg dh lh[k nsck csbZ egrkÅ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ NSA egkHkkjrdk vkfnioZ ds eqtc tn ik.Mq nsolj.k gksX;k] rn fjfl;k¡ ds lkxS tk*j pkj.k gh jk.kh dqUrh vj Å¡ dkik¡p iwrk¡ uS gfLrukiqj yk;k NkA pkj.kka vj jktiwrka dk xgjk fjLrk gesl c.;k j~;kA pkj.kka jktiwrka bZjkt/kje dh ejtkn UgWa fcljck nh rks jktiwrk¡ Hkh pkj.kka dk eku bZa c.kk;ka jk[kck esa dnh dks; dlj UgWaj[kk.khA pkj.kka vj jktiwrka dk gsr dk ukrk ?k.kk Å.Mk NkA

MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh ds eqtc pkj.k vj jktiwrka dks ;ks gsr dks ukrks vruks Å.Mks Nks ds tnpkj.k tkfr dk feu[kka esa deh gksbZ rks ujk jktiwrka pkj.kka ds rkabZ vki.kka csVk ns *j ok¡ dh dqG ejtknj[kk.kck esa lg;ksx dj~;ksA ifr;kjks NS ds ckjgB bZljnkl dk iqj[kk Hkh HkkVh jktiwr NkA

jktiwrka vj pkj.kka dk gsr dk ukrk ?k.kka etcwr NkA jktiwr tn tq} csbZ tkoS Nk rks pkj.k ok¡dks mNkg c/kkck gkGh dforkoka ek.MS Nk vj ok¡ esa ekVh dh ejtkn cpkck vj vki.kks lwjiW.kks fn[kkckdh gw¡l txkoS NkA pkj.k dfo dye lw¡ gh UgWa dje lw¡ Hkh lwjiW.kk dh vy[k txkoS NkA pkj.k dfo;k¡ ujhcsj tq}HkkSe is rGokj lkxS Hkh vi.kks tkSgj fn[kk;ks vj cxrlj tku nsck esa Hkh dksrkgh UgWa djhA bZa ys[ksgh rks lw;ZeYy ehl.k oa'k Hkk"dj esa ,d Bke is ek¡M~;ks NS & ^^ pkj.k ej.k ijk;ks pgjS@ pkj.k ej.k UgWaikMS+ pwd A** ¼ts jktiwr tq} vkM+h lw¡ ew.Mks Qsj Y;S NS] pkj.k Å¡ dh fuUnk djS NS vj vki ekSr bZa xysyxkck lw¡ Hkh UgWa pwdSA½

pkj.kka dh mRir ckcr ?k.kh ekurkoka NSA bZljnkl jksgfM+;k [kkai dk ckjgB pkj.k NkA foØe dkrsjgok¡ lbdk esa jkBkSM+ jko lhgk ekjokM+ dk ikyh uxj is dCtks dj~;ks vj [ksM+ ukao dk eqdke is uqvk jktdh Fkjiuk djhA uqvk jkt dh Fkjiuk gksbZ rks vksGs& nksGs dk pkSgku] iaokj] lksyadh vj HkkVh jktiwrka lw¡eueqVko gkscks ykfteh NksA ekU;ks tkoS NS ds ,d fnu jko lhgk dk csVk /kwgM+ uS lksyafd;k¡ vksGeks fn~;ksds Fkk¡ uS jkt dh Fkji.kk rks dj yh iW.k Fkk¡dks dks; iksGikr dks; UgWA iksGikr * vL;k feu[k ds oxZ ¼ik=½ds rkabZ c.kk;ks T;koS NS] ts lxqu dk :Ik esa eaxG dkjt dh cxr iksG ¼ckj.kka½ is vki.kks usx ek¡xs NSAjktiwrk¡ esa ok¡fnuk¡ iksGikr dh Hkwfedk Hkh pkj.k gh fuHkkoS NkA lksyafd;k¡ dks vksGeks /kwgM+ uS ykx X;ksA Å¡uS tSlyesj lw¡ pUn ukao dk ,d HkkVh jktiwr uS cqyok;ksA /kwgM+ dk csVk jk;ikG pUn uS jksgM+ ¼tcju½ lw¡vki.kks iksGikr c.kk;ks vj ckjg xk¡oka dh tkxhj c[l nhA fd'kksj flag ckgZLiR; ds eqtc jksgM+ lw¡ iksGikrcf.k;k pan dk oa"kt jksgfM+;k pkj.k cxk;k X;kA jksgfM+;k pkj.kka us jkBkSM+ jktkok¡ dk jkt esa ?k.kh egrkÅHkwfedk fuHkkbZA ;k [kS.kkor gh pky iM+h ds ^^ lksnk uS fllksfn;k] jksgM+ uS jkBkSM+ @ nqjlkor us nsoM+k]Bkok& Bkok BkSM+A**

7-3 bZljnkl

7-3-1 dqG vj tye

pan dh lkroha ih<+h esa bZljnkl dks tue gks;ksA ok¡ dk firkth dks ukao lwtkth vj ek¡ dks ukaovejkckbZ NksA bZljnkl dk tye dk laor is fo}kuka esa erHksn NS] iW.k MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] MkW- ghjkykyekgs'ojh ljh[kk fo}kuka ?k.kdjk izek.kka lw¡ lkfcr dj fn~;ks NS dS bZljnkl dks tye pSr lqfn uoeh] laor1595 uS gks;ks NksA eksV~;kj gksrk¡ gksrk¡ bZljnkl dk ekFkk lw¡ ekrk&firk dh Nk¡oGh gVxhA ok¡ dk dkdkvklkuan ¼vklksth½ ok¡ uS ikY;k& iks[;kA bZljnkl dk tye ds ckcr ,d nksgks NS %&

^^iujk lkS fiPpkuoS] tuE;k bZljnkl]

Pkkj.k oj.k pdkj esa] m.k fnu gqokS mtkl AA**

vklksth ckjgB%

vklksth ckjgB vki.kka cxr dk ekuhrk dfo NkA ok¡ jkoG ekGk jks xq.k] xksxk th jh isM+h] jkmpanzls.k jk :id] mek ns HkfV;k.kh jk dfoRr] ck?kth jk nwgk] jkoG tke jk nwgk vj xq.k &fujatu iqjk.k

103

tlh iksfFk;k¡ dh jpuk djhA ohj jl vj Hkxrh jl dk dfo dk :Ik esa ok¡ dh eksdGh vksG[kk.k NhA ekjokM+dk jko ekynso dk os [kkl iksGikr NkA jko ekynso dks C;ko laor 1593 esa tSlyesj dk jkoG yw.kdj.kdh csVh mekns lw¡ gks;ks NksA mekns dh ,d nklh Hkkjeyh ?k.kh QwVjh NhA C;ko dh jkr gh mekns vi.kka chanekynso uS Hkkjeyh lkxS vL;k gky esa ns[k fYk;ks ds ok :lxhA ekynso ?k.kka tru dj~;k] iW.k ok fetkt.kUgW ekuhA NsdM+ ekynso mek ns ds rkabZ tSlyesj lw¡ tks/kiqj ykck dks Hkkj vklksth ckjgB ds rkabZ lw¡I;ksAvklksth dks eku j[kk.krk¡ mekns ok¡ dh ySjk¡ tSlyesj lw¡ tks/kiqj vkM+h pky iM+hA xSyk esa Å¡ vklksth lw¡iwNh ds ekynso dk EgSy esa Å¡ dk eku esa deh rks UgWa vkoSxh \ vc vklksth dL;k¡ lk¡p UgWa dgrk \ ok¡,d nksgks fljT;ks&

^^eka.k j[kS rks iho rt] iho j[kS rks eka.k

nks& nks x;an u ca/kgh] gsd.k [kaHkw Bka.k AA**

¼ts eku j[kk.k.kks NS rks iho uS rt nks vj iho lw¡ ukrks j[kk.k.kks NS rks eku eku rt nksA vL;ksdnh Hkh UgW gks ldS ds nks nks gkFkh ,d gh [kw¡Vk is c¡/;k gksoSA½

Ekkurk NS ds bZ nwgk bZa lq.;ka ikNS mekns vkxs UgW cnhA ok IkSyh xwankst vj QSj dsyok esa j~gcks djhAÅ¡ vki.kh lkSr dks csVks xksn ys Y;ks] iW.k dnh iho lw¡ gsr dk xk<+k ukrk UgW j[kk.;kA bfrgkl esa mekns^:Bh jk.kh* dk ukao lw¡ izfl} NSA tn vklksth dks nwgks lq.;ka ikNS mekns iho lw¡ UgW feyck vj cksyck dhckr djh rks vklksth mek ns lw¡ oknks dj~;ks Nks ds ts ok vki.kk dkSG is c.kh j~gh rks os mekns uS vEej djn~;sxkA mekns vk.kh ckr is dkbe j~gh rks vklksth Hkh dksG fuHkk;ksA ok¡ mekns HkfV;k.kh jk dfoRr * fljT;kvj ok¡ lw¡ gh mek ns txr esa ^ :Bh jk.kh * dk ukao lw¡ txpkoh gw;xhA

7-3-2 Ikks[k.k vj i<+kbZ

bZljnkl vi.kka l:okrh 20& 21 cjl vL;k X;kkuh vj xq.kh vklksth ds xkSM+s fcrk;kA bZljnkldk nks C;ko gks;kA IgSyh iRuh nsoGckbZ lw¡ nks csVk tUE;kA nsoGckbZ ds lqjx fl/kkj~;k¡ ikNS bZljnkl dkeu+M+k esa cSjkx tkxck ykX;ksA ok¡ bZa txr esa jekck dh [ksapG esa ykX;k vklksth ok¡uS vki.kh ySjk¡ }kjdk/kke dh tkrjk is ys X;kA bZa tkrjk esa gh nksU;w¡ tkeuxj dk jkoG tke dk njckj esa i/kkj~;kA oBS bZljnklvki.kka jP;k fMaxG xhr lq.kk;k rks jkoG tke vj ok¡ dk jktxq: ihrkEcj HkV~V ds rkabZ os xhr ?k.kka nk;vk;kA ihrkacj HkV~V gh okauS uj dh Bke is ukjk;.k csbZ dfork fljtck dh HkksGko.k nhA bZljnkl tkeuxjesa gh j~g X;k vj vklksth Hkknzsl ckoM+ vk;kA tkeuxj esa bZljnkl ihrkacj HkV~V lw¡ twuh iksfFk;k¡ vj iqjk.kbR;kn dh ckrka lh[khA

jkoG tke gh bZljnkl dks nwtks C;ko jktckbZ lw¡ djk;ks vj ok¡ ds rkabZ ujk xk¡oka dh tkxhj Hkhc[lhA yxS &VxS iSalB cjl rkabZ xqtjkr& dkfB;kokM+ esa okl dj~;k¡ ikNS ftuxkuh dk NsdM+yk cxr esabZljnkl ek;M+Hkkse is ckoM+ck dks fuLpS dj~;ksA Hkknzsl esa yw.kh unh ds rhjS ,d dqfV;k c.kk *j os HkxorHktu djck ykX;kA bZa dqfV;k esa gh] yxS& VxS vLlh cjl dh mej esa] laor~ 1625 esa bZljnkl vi.kks MhGNksM+~;ksA

7-3-3 fljt.k

bZljnkl ckjgB dk ukao lw¡ ?k.kha jpukoka feyS NS] iW.k os lxGh jksgfM+;k pkj.k bZljnkl ckjgBdh ek¡Mh gksbZ dks; UgWA ts iksF;k¡ bZljnkl dh fljth ekuh T;koS NS] ok¡ dh Hkh ukGh ukGh iM+rk¡ yksd esafeyS NSAbZa dks lSa lw¡ cÙkks dkj.k ;ks NS ds bZljnkl dh jpukok¡ yksd esa ?k.kha pkoh Bkoh NS vj tu tu dhtqcku is NSA vketu ?k.kha csj vi.kk lqHkhrk vj vi.kh ;knnkLr lw¡ ewG jpuk esa cnyko dj n~;S NSA MkW-ghjkyky ekgs'ojh bZljnkl dh jpukoka esa gfjjl] gkyk¡& >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k] xq.k jkl dhyk] x#M+ izk.k]nsfo;k.k] xq.k vki.k]] xq.k vkxe] cky yhyk] Hkxoar gal] xq.k oSjkV] fuUnk Lrqfr bR;kn uS egrkÅ ekU;ks

104

NSA

1- gfjjl

bZljnkl dh jpukoka esa ^ gfjjl * yksd esa ?k.kha pkoh NSA bZljnkl dh Hkxrh vj ok¡ dk peRdkjkabZ ys *j yksd esa ?k.kka vk[;ku d;k T;koS NSA ^gfjjl* dk lkr ukGk ukGk laLdj.k feY;k NSA bZa iksFkh dkNanka dks ikjk;.k vkt Hkh jktLFkku vj xqtjkr dk ?k.kka ?kjka esa ?k.kha flj/kk lw¡ dj~;ks T;koS NSA yxS& VxS160 ewG Nanka gkGh bZa iksFkh esa dfo czg~e dk fuxqZ.k l:Ik vj lxq.k vkSrkjk¡ dh efgek dks c[kk.k dj~;ksNSA ;k¡ Nanka esa dfo tho] vkRek vj txr ds csbZ vki.kha ftKklk Hkh trkbZ NS vj Å¡ ijeslj dk ixka esaHkxfr Hkh vjt djh NSA

^^porka pfjr rqEgkjk psru]

Tkue u NkbZ iqujfi ekuo tu@

vdy vtuek vy'k vysize

Øe NqfVlb rq> dfFkrka Øe AA**

^gfjjl* dk laLdj.kka esa dqy Nanka dh la[;k ukGh ukGh NSA fo}kuka dks ekucks NS ds ewG Nank¡ dhla[;k 160 ds yxS VxS NSA ckdh Nan] ds rks yksd [ksid ¼{ksid½ ds :Ik esa tksM+ fn~;k] ds bZljnkl dh nwthjpukok¡ lw¡ ^gfjjl* esa ys fy;kA

2- gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k%&

^gkyk¡& >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * bZljnkl dh lSa lw¡ izfl} jpukoka esa ,d NSA bZljnkl dh vksG[kk.k,d Hkxr ds :Ik esa NS] iW.k ^gkyk¡&>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k* ok uS fMaxG Hkklk dk ohjjl dk fl} dfo;k¡ dslkxS ÅckS dj n~;S NSA dks; dks; fo}ku dks rjd NS ds ;k iksFkh bZljnkl dh UgW] ok¡dk dkdk vklksthckjgB fljth NS] iW.k bZa ekurk uS >w¡Bks lkfcr dj~;ks tk pqD;ks NSA ^gkyk¡& >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k* ds ckcrEgSa vkxS foLrkj lw¡ i<+kaxkA

3 xq.k&jkl dhyk

bZa iksFkh esa yxS&VxS 240 Nan NSA gj Nan ^fueks* lcn lw¡ [kre gksos NSA bZa esa ukao ds eqtc fdluHkxoku dh yhykok¡ dks c[kk.k rks NS gh ljh] nwtk vorkjka dks Hkh lkarjh Hkklk esa c[kk.k NS %&

^^jkldhyk ftdS lq.kkS] Hkkxoar osn Hka.kkS]

ru olS rhg r.kkS] nsodh r.kka fueks AA**

4 xqjM+ izka.k

ukao lw¡ ykxS NS ds bZa iksFkh esa x:M+ iqjk.k dh gh ckrk¡ gksxh] ds ;k x:M+ iqjk.k dks mGFkks gksoSxksAiW.k bZljnkl dh ^xqjM+ izkaf.k* dk l:okrh Nank¡ esa ;eiqj dks c[kk.k vj dje eqtc QG feyck dh ckrgksrk Fkdka Hkh ikNS ije czg~e dks xq.kxku vj Å¡ dh lxrh dks c[kk.k NSA bZa iksFkh esa bZljnkl vyx&vyxer vj ukGk ukGk /kjek¡ ds chpS Hkh ,drk vj lekurk dh ckr is cG fn~;ks NS&

^^lyke vys'k] vys'k lyke] jke] y'ke.kka] lkfGxjke AA

edk enhuk dkfcfy gt] x;k fiz;kx txr ,d t AA**

5 nsfo;k.k

bZa iksFkh dk nks laLdj.k feY;k NSA bZa esa egklxrh dh vkjk/kuk NSA dfo dg NS ds ok lxrh l:ikgh txr dk lxGk dkjt dh izsj.kk NSA lSa Bksjka is Å¡ dks okl NSA dfo lxGk txr esa nsoh bZa lxGknsorku~ vj feu[kk esa ekStwn crk;ks NS%&

105

^^nsoh :def.k :Ik] rw dkau lksgs]

nsoh dkau :Ik rw xksfi eksgs A

nsoh lhr jS :Ik rw jke lkFkS]

nsoh jke jS :Ik rw Hkxr gkFkS AA**

6- xq.k vki.k

bZa iksFkh esa ukGk ukGk <c lw¡ ijeczg~e dh rkxr dks c[kk.k dj~;ks x;ks NSA dfo bZa jpuk esa Hkh ekuSNS ds ijeczg~e lxGk inkjFk vj thoka esa NS ^&

^^vki.k jkae.k] vki.k jke]

vki vkilw¡ fd;k laxzke A

vki.k vacj] vki.k /kjrh]

vki.k egsl] vki ikjcrh AA**

7 xq.k vkxe

fgUnw ekurkoka ds eqtc foL.kq dks vkck gkGks vkSrkj ^dfYd vorkj* gksoSxksA xq.k vkxe esa dfYdvkSrkj dks c[kk.k NSA dfo bZa jpuk esa ,drk dks lansl nsrk Fkdka c[kk.k djS NS dS lxGk /kje vj lxGhekurkoka dk nso vj ihj vlr dk ukl csbZ ,d tqV gksoSxkA dfo dSoS NS ds /kje dh Fkjiuk csbZ lxGknso] ikapw¡ ik¡Mo] foHkh[k.k] lqxzho] guqeku] vaxn] lxGk fl}] ukS ukFk vj nwtk /kjeka dk ihj& iSxacj HkhegrkÅ tksxnku djSxkA

8 cky yhyk

bZa iksFkh dh ukGh ukGh iM+rk¡ esa Nanka dh la[;k esa vkarjks NSA iksFkh dk l:okrh Nanka esa fdluHkxoku dk ckGiW.kk vj ok¡ dk QwVjk l:Ik dk xq.kxku NS vj NsdM+yk Nanka esa nwth yhykoka c[kk.kh xhNS %&

^^cSBs ekrk xksnh vku] >kjr xÅ jt vapjku]

QSdV djr QuxV Qsjh] ydqfV vofu Åifj xsfj]

Ny dfj dk<rs ;s fNnz] Hk;k nhB gS cfuHknz]

gedwa NkfM cu dwa tkr] cu ds tho eksfga Mjkr]

vruh lqur tlqefr ek;] ykyu fy;ks mj yiVk;]

vSls njl ifj y'k osj] bZlj okfj nkj~;ks Qsj AA**

9 Hkxoar gal

bZa iksFkh dh rhu vyx&vyx iM+rka ¼ ik.Mqfyfi;k¡½ feyh NSA bZa esa yxS VxS 50 Nan NSA bZa iksFkhesa vkrek vj ijekrek dk vkilh ukrk uS xk<+ks c.kk *j nsg dk eanj esa ije nso bZa ik ysck dh ckr djhxh NSA bZa iksFkh dks dF; bZljnkl dh nwth jpukoka lw¡ FkksM+ks lks ukGks NSA

^^Hkxor gal ekags tw [kwft]

fujtho NafM ltho iwft

Hkxor gal lkSa dfj iz.kke]

eu okp dk; lq/k ys; ukeAA**

106

¼fujtho &ik[kk.k vkfn & dks iwtu rt*j ltho & feu[k & bZa iwt.kkS pkfgtSA oka ds csbZ fueGksgks.kks pkfgtS vj eu opu ds rkabZ lq) j[kk.k*j ijenso dks ukao ys.kks pkfgtSA½

10 Xkq.k oSjkV

Xkq.k oSjkV ds csbZ d;ks tkoS NS dS ;k iksFkh bZljnkl dh jpukoka uS le>ck csbZ ewG ea= dks dkedjS NSA bZa iksFkh dh Hkh nks iM+rka feyh NS vj nksU;w¡ esa N.khd lks vkarjks NSA bZa ds rkabZ bZljnkl dk QqVdjNanka dks ,d laxzS Hkh ekU;ks tk ldS NS] D;w¡dS lxGk Nan ,d nwtk lw¡ lqrarj NSA ok¡ esa dF; ;k d Hkkodh dks; yM+h dks; UgWaA ijeslj dks c[kk.k djrk Fkdka dfo dg NS %&

^^tbZ dke u dksi u dzks/k u dk;k

tbZ ekae u eerk ugha eksg ek;k]

tbZ tar u rar u ea= u ewya]

tbZ Fkki u tki u ls'k u Fkwya]

tbZ nsg u dky u ik= u nkua]

tbZ oka.kh u 'kka.kh u ika.kh u ioua]

tbZ vkHk /kjrh ugha vkfn vara]

rbZ ,d rw ,d gqarkS vuara AA**

11 fuUnk Lrqfr

bZa jpuk dh pkj iM+rk¡ feyh NSA lc iM+rk¡ esa ikB& Hksn vj Nanka dh la[;k esa vkarjkS NSA bZa iksFkhesa ijeslj vj vkSrkjka ds rkabZ vksGeks nsrka Fkdka oka dks egRr c[kk.;ks x;ks NSA bZa jpuk esa bZljnkl dk cxrvj ifjos[k dk lkaoBk njlko gksoS NSA ijeslj dk U;ko is vksGeks nsrka Fkdka dfo ,d Bkao is ek.Ms NS &

^^Hkw/kj FkkjS dS Ogk HkkbZ]

lcGk ys'kS ugha lxkbZ A

eklh fx.kS u eu esa ekek]

djS rlk igq¡pkoS dkek AA**

¼ rw UgW eklh bZa fx.kS NS] u ekeks ekuS NSA rw dks; dks lxks dks; UgWaA lxGk bZa oka dk dje eqtcQG n~;S NS A½s

7-4 bZljnkl dh jpukoka dk lkarjk i[k

7-4-1 Nan

bZljnkl lSyh vj Nan dh nhB lw¡ ?k.kka iz;ksx dj~;k NSA oka vi.kh ukGh ukGh jpukoka esa dqy feyk^j Mks<+ lkS lw¡ cRrk Nan ckij~;k NSA nwgk] dfoRr] NIi;] Hkqtaxh] papjh ¼gfjfiz;k½] ik/kjh] dq.MfG;k] lksjBk]pkSibZ] vfjYy tL;k Nanka ds lkxS oka dh jpukoka esa xhr Hkh NSA fMaxG Hkklk esa xhr dks vjFk fgUnh Hkklkdk ^xhr *lw¡ FkksM+ks vGxkS NSA fMaxG esa xhr dk 120 Hksn ekU;k x;k NSA jktLFkkuh Nan lkLrj dh iksF;k¡esa ;k¡ dh yksaBh tk.kdkjh feyS NSA ^fiaxG f'kjksef.k* esa 40 vj ^j?kqoj tl izdkl* esa 91 Hkk¡r dk xhrka dhtk.kdkjh feyS NSA ;k¡ xhrk¡ esa jktLFkkuh dks [kkl vyadkj ^oS.k lxkbZ* dk idk;r iz;ksx dj~;ks x;ks NSAbZljnkl th lkarjk nwgk Hkh fljT;k NSA egrkÅ ckr ;k NS dS jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa nwgk uS Nank¡ dks jktksekU;ks x;ks NSA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh bZa ckcr ,d [kS.kkor dks mYys[k Hkh dj~;ks NS %&

^^xq.k lkxj nksgks /k.kh] ekg egsyh lkj]

xhr& dfoRr iz/kkuM+k ] chtk igjSnkj AA**

107

¼dfork dk txr esa nwgks /k.kh] &jktk] ds ekfQd& NSA xkFkk iVjk.kh NSA xhr vj dfoRr iz/kkuea=hvj chtk Nan igjSnkj dh ukabZ NSA½

bZljnkjl vi.kha jpukoka esa Hkko vj ifjos[k eqtc Hkkar HkrhGk Nan lkarjk vj lkaoBk <c lw¡ ckij~;kNSA

7-4-2 laxhr

bZljnkl dk eksdGk Nan vj in Hkkar& Hkkar jh jkx&jkx.kh esa fuc} NS A bZa lw¡ Hkko ds rkabZ cRrhvfHkO;fDr Hkh feyS NS vj yksdtqcku is ;s in vklkuh lw¡ p<+ Hkh x;kA lbdk chR;k¡ ikNS Hkh ts ;s Nan yksddh tqcku is c.;k gks;k NS rks bZa dk ewG esa ;k¡ Nank¡ dk ca/k esa lek;ks laxhr Hkh NSA

7-4-3 ,drk

bZljnkl dh jpukoka esa Hkxrh Nh] iW.k os ukGh ukGh /kkjfed ekurkoka ds chpS ,drk dk i[k/kjNkA bZa ys[ks gh os Hkkar HkrhGh ekurkoka vj jhr ds ikNS ,drk dks lw= gsjs NkA okauS vki.kka cxr dh ukGhukGh ekurkoka ds chpS ,d,rk dks Hkko Fkjick csbZ ?k.kka tru dj~;kA oka dh ekurk Nh ds ijeslj bZ iwtckdk <c ukGk ukGk gks ldS NS] iW.k lxGh iwtku~ dks vjFk ,d gh NS & ijeczg~e ijeslj lw¡ HksaVcks vj txrdk NG& Nan Hkj~;k vkokxeu lw¡ eqxfr ikcksA

^fuUnk Lrqfr* jpuk esa dfo ,d Bke is ek¡M~;ks NS&

^^jkoka jko jk.k rw jk.kka] rqa ,dks t fgUnq rqjdka.kka]rkgjS fganok.kh rqjdk.kh] jk?ko dfg dsgh ijk.kh]ukjh ,d fiNe fnl ueS] iwjc fnl ,d ukj iz.keS]dfj ,df.k tiekGk dh/kh] nwtS gkFk rlch nh/kh],d dgS ojr] ,d dgS jkstk] ,d dgS ojkr ,d dgS gkstk]Ekjn ,d rw chth egyka] osxks QqjS xjhck cSgyka AA**

¼rw jkoka dks jko NSA fgUnw vj rqdZ& lxGk¡ esa Fkkjks oklkS NSA fgUnq vj rqdZ& lxGk Fkkjk gh NSAdks; ijk;ks dks; UgWaA ,d er ds rkabZ ekuck gkGh ck;j vkFkw.kh fnlk esa fuao.k djS NS vj nwtk er ds rkabZekuck gkGh ck;j mxS.kh fnlk bZa iz.kke vjt djS NSA nksU;w¡ dk gkFkka esa tick dh ekGk ,d L;kj dh ghNSA vkarjkS vruks lks NS ds ,d Å¡ ds rkabZ ekGk DgS NS vj nwth rlchA ,d ozr djS NS vj nwljh jkstkA,d ojkr DgS NS vj nwth gkstk DgS NSA lxGka chpS lkapks ejn rks rw ,dyks gh NS] ckdh rks lSa ck;j ghNSA½

7-4-4 ejtkn

bZljnkl Hkxfrjl dk dfo NkA os ftuxk.kh esa ejtkn fuHkkck dk ikdk;r i[k/kj NkA ;ks ghdkj.k NS ds tn ok¡uS ^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * dks fljt.k dj~;ks rks Å¡ iksFkh uS Hkh cxr dk HkkVkljh[kk fetkt is UgWa feVck gkGk ,suk.k NksM~;kAbZljnkl ^/kje * bZa lSa lw¡ ÅijS ekuS Nk vj ;ks /kje dks;,d ewjr] ds vkSrkj ds rkabZ iwtck rkabZ gh UgWa fleV~;ks NksA ok¡ ds csbZ rks lkapks /kje Nks] vki.kka drZO; bZabZekunkjh lw¡ fuHkkcksA

7-4-5 Hkklk

ckjgB bZljnkl dh Hkklk twuh jktLFkkuh dks fMaxG l:Ik NksA fMaxG ds rkabZ vlj dh nhB lw¡ohj jl dh dfork ds csbZ lSa lw¡ eqQhn Hkklk ekU;ks tkoS NS] iW.k bZljnkl dh dye lw¡ [kM+ *j ok gh fMaxGHkxfr jl dh dfork ds rkabZ Hkh ped ck¡Vrh lh nh[kS NSA bZljnkl th fMaxG dk nwtk dfo;k¡ dh ukabZcRrh rknkn esa ^V* ojx dk vk¡[kj vj la;qDr vk¡[kj UgWa ckijW;kA bZa lw¡ ok¡ dh Hkklk uS ,d lkarjks cgkofeY;ks] thaus ok¡ dk in vketu esa Hkh yksdfiz; c.kk fn~;kA

108

7-4-6 vyadkj

bZljnkl dh dforkoka vketu ds csbZ ek¡Mh xh dforkok¡ NhA ok¡ dh Hkklk LgSt Nh] iW.k bZljnklvke feu[k dh ckr Å¡ dh gh Hkklk esa djrk lrka Hkh Hkklk is vki.kh Å.Mh idM+ dk ujk izek.k fn~;k NSAok¡uS dforkok¡ esa vyadkj vruk lkarjk <c lw¡ ckij~;k ds Hkklk dks QqVjksiW.k Hkh c.;ks fj;ks vj vke eu[kds rkabZ dfork dk Hkko le>ck esa nqfo/kk Hkh UgWa gksoSA ;ed] vuqizkl] oS.klxkbZ] O;ktLrqfr tL;k vyadkjbZljnkl th vi.kh dforkoka esa ckij*j dforkbZ ds rkabZ uqvks fodlko fn~;ks NSA

7-4-7 folS

bZljnkl dh eksdGh dforkok¡ Hkxfrjl dh NS] iW.k ^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * ohj jl dh jpukNSA ijeslj dh vkjk/kuk dh izsj.kk nsrk Fkdka bZljnkl vi.kh jpukoka esa ,drk vj ejtkn c.kk;ka jk[kckis yksBks tksj fn~;ks NSA

7-5 ^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k % vksG[kk.k

^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa ohj jl dh ,d egrkÅ jpuk NSA bZa ds rkabZfljtck gkGk dfo ckjgB bZljnkl dh yksd esa egrh vksG[kk.k ,d Hkxr dk :Ik esa NSA yksd esa ?k.kdjkvk[;ku~ oka dh Hkxfr vj djkekrh lxfr dh lk[k HkjS NSA iW.k ^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k* Hkxfr jl dhjpuk UgWa gks*j ohj jl dh jpuk NSA ;k iksFkh bZa ckr dh lk[k HkjS NS ds bZljnkl dh lcn lk/kuk druhtcjh NSA eu Hkxfr esa jeS Nks] iW.k ohj jl dh jpuk ek¡Mck is vk;k rks Å¡ esa Hkh izk.k Qw¡d fn~;kA ^gkyk¡&>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k* dks egRr bZa ckr lw¡ gh le>~;ks tk ldS NS ds ohjjl dk fl} dfo lw;ZeYy ehl.kvj ck¡dhnkl rxkr is bZa iksFkh dks vlj Nks] bj ok¡ dh ujh vksfG;k¡ is bZljnkl dks vlj lkQ ns[;ks tkldS NSA

7-5-1 iw¡BHkkSe

^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k* fMaxG dk lSa lw¡ egrkÅ vj mYys[k tksx xzaFkka esa ,d ekU;ks T;koS NSAbZa xzaFk dh ik¡p ukGh ukGh iM+rk¡ fo}kuka ds rkabZ feyh NSA MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k vj nwtk fo}kuka dks ekucksNS dS ewG xzaFk esa 50 Nan NkA dks; dks; iM+r esa 53 Nan Hkh feyS NS] iW.k os ewG jpuk dk Hkkx dks; UgWaA

^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k* dk fljt.k ds ikNS Hkh jkspd fdLlks NSA ,d cj gGon dk jktk>kyk jk;flag /kzksy dk Bkdqj gkyk tlkth lw¡ HksaVck i/kkj~;kA tlkth pks[kh fetekuh djhA ,d fnu nksU;w¡pkSiM+ is ikalk jkG j~;k Nk ds tlkth uS xk¡o esa uxkM+k cktck dh vkokt lq.kkbZ nhA tlkth >Yyk *jcksY;k &Egkjh lhao esa uxkM+k ctkck dh tqjZr dq.k djh\ vgydkj nkSM~;kA rksG iM+h ds fnYyh dk ,d lardh tekr fgaxGkt vkM+h tkrjk is tk jh NS vj tkr: gh uxkM+k ctk j~;k NSA;k lq.krka gh tlkth dksvejksl enjks iM+ x;ksA os cksY;k &^^ tkr: NS rks dks; ckr UgWaA uxkM+k [kwc cktck n~;ksA **

vckj rkabZ >kyk jk;flag Nkuk &ewuk cSB~;k NkA iW.k vc ok¡ lw¡ pqi UgWa j~;ks x;ksA os cksY;k& ^^;ksrks xk¡o NS vj pkyrks xSyks NSA ujk feu[k vkoS tkoS NSA dks; uxkM+ks ckt Hkh X;ks rks dkabZ Qjd iM+S NS\bZa esa vejksl dh dkabZ ckr NS\ QSj] ts ;ks uxkM+ks tkr:ok¡ dh tekr dks UgWa gks*j dks; jktk dks uxkM+ks gksrksrks vki dkabZ dj ysrk \** jk;flag dk bZa lknk lk loky is tlkth vdM+ *j cksY;k & ^^Egw¡ Å¡ uxkM+k uSrqM+k*j fQadok nsrksA Egw¡ ;k ckr UgWa LgS ldw¡ dS Egkjh lhao esa dks; nwljks uxkM+ks ctokck dh gher dj Y;SAEgkjk jkt esa dks; nwljks Egkjh gkeG fcuk uxkM+ks UgWa ctok ldSA

;s cM+k cksy >kyk jk;flag ds rkabZ pqHk X;kA os cksY;k & ^^ ts ;s ckr NS rks QSj tq} dh R;kjh djY;ksA vkidk jkt esa vc Egw¡ uxkM+ks ctokÅWxksA ** gk¡lh& fBBkSyh esa gh ckr vBh rkabZ iwx T;koSxh] dq.klksph Nh\ pkSiM+ dh lkjka fleVxhA jk;flag gGon i/kkj X;kA vki.kka dkSG eqtc FkksM+k fnu ikNS gh osvi.kka nG cG lesr QS:¡ /kzksG tk iwX;k vj ok¡ uS /kzksG dh lhao esa vi.kks uxkM+ks ctok;ks vkSj fnu gksrk

109

rks L;kr tlkth b± cjnkLr Hkh dj Y;Srk D;w¡ dS jk;flag ok¡ dk uthdh fjLrsnkj NkA ¼ dks; jk;flag dsrkabZ tlkth dks Hkk.kst rks dks; cguksbZ crkoS NSA½ iW.k vckj rks ckr eku vj eVksV rkabZ iwx xh NhA nk.kka&L;k.kka nksU;w¡ uS tq} UgW djck csbZ HkksGko.k Hkh nh iW.k ckr UgW c.khaA tq} rks gks.kks gh NksA Hkkjh ekjdkV gksbZANsdM+ tlkth tq} esa [ksr jS;kA jk;flag ds Hkh ?k.kka ?kko ykX;kA ;ks tq} laor 1620 esa gks;ks NksA

Ekkurk NS dS tq} l: gks;ka lw¡ IgSyh tlkth vj jk;flag] nksU;w¡ bZljnkl th xkSM+s iwX;k vj ok¡ lw¡bZa tq} is dfork ek¡Mck dh vjt djhA IgSyh rks bZljnkl jkth UgWa gks;k] iW.k euokjka ds lkeS >qdrka lrka]NsdM+ ok¡ dfork ek¡Mck dh gkeG Hkj yhA vL;k¡ ^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * dh jpuk gksbZ] tha uS gkyktlk th] >kyk jk;flag vj ckjgB bZljnkl& rhuw¡ dk ukao [;kr esa vEej dj fn~;kA

bZa yM+kbZ dk izek.k bfrgkl esa feyS NS iW.k dks; dks; fo}ku ;k ckr ekuck is jkth UgWa gksoS dSvki.kh gn esa uxkM+ks ctkck tlh ekewyh ckr is vL;ks tq} Hkh gks ldS NSA ts yksx Å¡ cxr dk ifjos[kvj jtiwrh tho.k dk <c lw¡ ifjfpr NS] os tk.kS NS dS ;k dks; v.kgksuh dks; UgWaA eku vj ejtkn dh NksVhNksVh ckrka is Hkh e/;dkG esa cM+k cM+k tq} gks;k NSA QSj Å¡ cxr vki.kha lhao esa dks; nwljk dks uxkM+ks]ds ukScr cktcks rks NksVh ckr Hkh UgWa ekuh tkoS NhA

7-5-3 Nan

^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * ohj jl dks xzaFk NSA bZa esa dksbZ yM+hokj dgk.kh dks fodlko dks; UgWaAbZa esa tlkth dk tl csbZ bZljnkl dk ekaM~;k Nan NSA eksdGk Nanka esa dfo uS l:okrh nks vksfG;k¡ esa uhfrdh dks; ckr Dgh NS vj QSj Å¡ uS tlkth vj ok¡ dk tq>kjk¡ dk tho.k lw¡ tksM~;ks NSA dks; dks; Bke isbZa xzaFk dks ukao ^lwj lrlbZ * Hkh feyS NS] iW.k vL;ks dks; izek.k UgWa feyS dS dfo uS lkr lkS Nan ek¡M~;kgksoSxkA lSa lw¡ izekf.kr iM+r esa 50 Nan feyS NSA eksrhyky esukfj;k ds eqtc & ;ks xzaFk ewG esa druk i|dks Nks] bZa dh Bhd Bkd rksy UgWa iM+SA bZa dh lSa lw¡ twuh iM+r tks EgkadS lkeS vkbZ NS] ok laor 1698 dhNSA bZa esa dqy 50 Nan NSA bZa ds ikNS dh dqN iM+rka esa bZa lw¡ de Nan Hkh feyS NSA ,d gh iM+r vlh lkeSvkbZ NS tha esa 50 lw¡ cRrk] 53 Nan feY;k NSA ;k mnSiqj dk ljLorh Hk.Mkj dh iM+r NSA iW.k bZa iM+r dkrhuw¡ ukGk Nan ewG xzaFk dk fol; lw¡ esy UgWa [kkoSA--- vuqeku gksos NS ds ewGxzaFk 50 Nanka ¼ipklk½ dks NksA**

bZa iksFkh esa dfo ,d gh Nan ^dq.MfG;k* ckij~;ks NSA fgUnh lkfgR; esa ^dq.MfG;k * ukao lw¡ ,d ghNan NS] iW.k fMaxG esa dq.MfG;k dk P;kj Hksn NS &>M+myV] jktoV] lq} vj nksgkyk A bZljnkl ^gkyk¡&>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * esa >M+myV Nan esa dq.MfG;k ek.Mh NSA bZa esa IgSyh ,d nksgks gksos NS] Qsj chl chlek=k dk P;kj pj.k gksoS NSA pkSFkk in uS NsdM+ ik¡poka in esa myV fn~;ks T;koS NSA

7-5-4 Hkklk

;k iksFkh fMaxG dh f[kerk dks vki c[kku djS NSA ,d ,d in tL;k¡ tq} dk thork fprjke ek.MSNSA fMaxG dk eksdGk dfo;k¡ vi.kha ohjjl dh dforkoka esa vkst dks Hkko iuikck csbZ ^ V * oxZ dk vjla;qDr vk¡[kj gkGk lcn ckij~;k NS] iW.k bZa iksFkh esa vL;ks dks; vkxzg UgWa nh[kSA QS:¡ Hkh Hkklk vj Hkko dsrkabZ cG fn~;s NSA

bZljnkl dk cxr rkabZ vjch] Qkjlh] mnwZ dk ujk lcn lekt esa vke cksypky dh Hkklk esa ckij~;ktkck ykX;k NkA fMaxG esa Hkh ;s lcn ,desd gksX;k NkA bZljnkl fMaxG dk lqHkko eqtc ;s lcn <kG*jok¡ bZa ckij~;ks NSA cxrj ¼c[rj½] futj ¼ut+j½] lqjfr ¼lwjr½ vL;k gh lcn NSA

7-5-5 vyadkj

bZljnkl Hkko vj ifjos[k dh njdkj eqtc ^:id*] ^O;kt Lrqfr*] ^LoHkkoksfDr* tL;k vyadkjckij~;k NSA :id vyadkj dks ,d lkaoBks mnkgj.k ns[khtS &

^^tloar xqjM u mM~Mgh] rkGk&=t.k r.ksg]

110

gkdfy;k <wyk gqoS] iaNh voj iq.ksg AA**

¼rkGh ctkck tL;k¡ rrokj ctkck lw¡ tloar :Ik /kkjh x:M+ UgW mMSA gk¡d gksck is nwtk ia[ks: Hkyk¡gh neU;k iM+ T;koS] iW.k tloar tL;ks x:M+ rks cRrks xk<ksiW.k /kkj Y;S NSA½

jktLFkkuh Hkklk dks ,d egrkÅ vyadkj NS & ^oS.k lxkbZ* A bZa dk ujk Hksn NSA eksVk eksVk :Ikesa oS.k lxkbZ dks ,d [kkl uSe ;ks NS dS dks; Nan dk dks; in dh IgSyh vksGh dh Fkji.kk tha oj.k lw¡ gksbZNS] Å¡ in dks NsdM+yks lcn Hkh Å¡ gh oj.k lw¡ l: gksck gkGks gks.kks pkfgtSA bZljnkl oS.klxkbZ vyadkjdks ?k.kksa lkarjks njlko fn[kk;ks NS%&

^^fiyax egkfj.k ikSf<;ksdkGks Hkyka dgk; Atl tkSc.k lktS tlksef.keFk QkSt eYgk; AA**

¼tl vj tkscu lw¡ iwj~;ks tq>kj tlkth ¼jk;flag dh½ lsuk dk :Ik gkGh tgjhyh ukj ds rkabZvkeksn djkck esa erokGks dgyk*j egktq} :ih fiyax is iks<+ X;kSA½

^^Tkl] tksc.k lktS tlks ^^ esa vuqizkl vyadkj dh Hkh ekso.kh NVk ns[kh tk ldS NSA

7-5-6 Hkko

^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k * ohj jl dks xzaFk NSA bZa ys[ks bZa dk ewG Hkko ohj jl dk gh NS iW.kbZljnkl tqxr lw¡ bZa esa flaxkj dk Hkko Hkh fijks;k NSA cRrk Nan dfo tlkth dh jk.kh dk ew.Mk lw¡ DgSyk;kNSA jk.kh dks xjc vj tlk th ds ykjS fcrk;k lq[k Hkj~;k fN.k dh vksG~;w¡ flaxkj dk Hkko vaxsts NS iW.kvBh Hkh flaxkj voyacu gh NSA ewG Hkko rks ohjrk vj tq>kjiW.kk dks fo:n c[kk.kcks gh NS %&

^lsy /keksM+k fde lg~;k] fde lg~;k xtnar]

dfB.k Ik;ksgj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar]

dar lw¡ vksGEcks fn;ks be dke.kh

vS.k ?kV vkt jk dse lfg;k v.kh

bZ[krk vki ukjax QG vkdjk]

lg~;k fde dar vs ?kko ?kV lsy jk \*

¼gs fiz;] Fkkaus lsy ¼Hkkyk½ dk /keksM+k vj ?kko dL;k¡ LgSu dj~;k vj dL;k¡ gkfFk;k¡ dk nkar dh ekjcjnkLr djhA FkSa rks dBksj Lru dk ykxck lw¡ gh dlelkck ykx T;koS NkA vi.kka ifr uS vksGeks nsrka Fkdkaukj DgS NS dS Fkk¡uS vkt Hkkyk dh uksad dL;k¡ cjnkLr dj yh tn ds Fkk¡ ds rkabZ rks Egkjks vk¡pG ¼Lru½Hkh rh[kks ykxS Nks\½

7-6 fMaxG dfork is bZljnkl dks vlj

bZljnkl Hkxrh jl dk dfo Nk] iW.k fMaxG dh ohj jl dh dfork is ok¡ dh jpuk ^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡jk dq.MfG;k * dks eksdGks vlj ns[;ks tk ldS NSA ck¡dhnkl vj lw;ZeYy ehl.k rxkr dh ujh vksfG;k¡^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k *dh vksfG;k¡ dk vlj esa jph Fkdh ykxS NSA

bZljnkl

^^dsgfj e:¡ dGkb;ka] :fgj t jRrfM+;kag

gsdf.k gkFkG xS g.kS] nar nqgRFkk T;kag AA**

111

¼gs ukgj] Egw¡ yksgh lw¡ jkrh gksbZ Fkkjh dGkb;ka is fuNkoj Nw¡A rw vki.kka iatk dh ,d gh ekj lw¡Å¡ gkFkh uS ekjS NS] tha ds nks cM+k cM+k nkar gksoS NSA½

Ck¡kdhnkl

^^dsgfj dqaHk fonkfj;ks] rksM+ nqgRFkk nar

:fgj dGkbZ jRrM+h] enrj rSa egdar AA**

bZljnkl

lknwGks vkik lekS] fc;kSu dks; fx.kar

gkd foMk.kh fde lgS] ?k.k xkft;S ejarAA**

¼ukgj vki.kS lkeS dks; nwtk uS dkabZ UgWa fx.kSA Å dL;k¡ nwljk dh gqadkj cjnkLr dj Y;Sxkstdks vkHkS esa cknGh xjtck is gh dpdph [kkoS NS vj [kh> mBs NS\ ½

Ck¡kdhnkl

^^vacj jh vxzkt lw¡] dsgj [kht djar

gkd /kjk Åij gqbZ] dse lgS cGoar AA**

bZljnkl

**lsy /keksM+k fdl lg~;k] fde lfg;k xt nar

dfB.k Ik;ksgj ykxrka] dlelrkS rw dar AA**

¼;ka vksfG;k¡ dks vjFk Egk¡ bZa bZdkbZ esa gh IgSyh ck¡p pqD;k Nk¡A½

Lwk;ZeYy ehl.k

^^djM+k dqp uwa Hkk[krkS] iM+ok ganh pksG]\

vc Qwyka fte vkaxeS lsyka jh ?kejksG AA**

bZljnkl

^^?kksM+ka ghal u HkfYy;k] fi; uhanM+h fuokfjA

cSjh vk;k iko.kka] nG& FkaHk rw> nqokfj AA**

¼tlkth dh ?kj~ck.kh DgS NS ds gs lktu ! ckj.kka esa ?kksM+ka dh ts fgufgukgV gks j~gh NS] ;k lqHkdks; UgWaA FkSa vc uhan ds rkabZ rtksA cSjh ikgq.kk c.k*j ckj.kSa rkabZ vk iwX;k NSA½

Lkw;ZeYy

^^/k.k vk[kS tkxkS /k.kha] gwadG dGG gtkj]

fo.k uwark jk ikgq.kka] feG.k cqykoS ckj AA^^

7-7 ^gkyk¡ &>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k* in vj foospu & lizlax O;k[;k

¼l:okrh chl Nan½

gkyk¡ >kyk¡ gksolh lhgk¡ yRFkkScRFkA

/kj iSyk¡ vi.kkolh dS viuh ij gRFkAA

djS /kj ikjdh vki.kh ftdS uj A

dsfo;k¡ lhl [kx& ik.k dj.kk dpj AA

112

l=gjka ukfj ug¡ uhan Hkfj lksolh A

gypyk¡ lgh gkyk¡ ?kjS gksolh AA 1 aaAA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % yRFkkScRFk ¾ xqRFkexqRFkk( iSyk¡ ¾ iSyh( ikjdh ¾ ijkbZ] ¼cSjh dh½(dpj¾ pwj pwj( l=gjka¾ cSfj;k¡ dhA

in dks vjFk % gkyka vj >kyka vc ukgj dh ukabZ xqRFkexqRFkk gksoSxkA os vc ijkbZ /kj.kh ds rkabZvi.kkoSxk ¼rks Qsj vki.kha rks ijk;ka ds gkFkka esa dL;k¡ tkck n~sxk \½ ts eu[k ijkbZ /kj.kh dks vi.kk dCtkesa dj Y;S NS] ts cSfj;k¡ dk ekFkk vi.kha ryokj dh rkxr lw¡ dpj n~;S NS vL;k feu[k dh cSfj;k¡ dh ck;jk¡lq[k dh uhan dL;k¡ lks ldS NS\ fuLpS gh vc gkyk¡ dk ?kjk¡ esa cM+h gypy gksoSxhA

/khjk /khjk Bkdqjk¡ xqEej fd;k¡ e tkg]

Ekgq¡xk nslh >w¡iM+k ts ?kfj gkslh ukgAA

Ukkg egq¡xk fn;.k >w¡iM+k fuzHkS uj A

tkolkS dM+rGk¡ dsfe tjlkS tgj AA

:d&gFk isf[klkS gkFk tljkt jk A

fBoark iko /khjk fn;kS Bkdqjk¡ AA 2 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % xqEej ¾ xjc( fuzHkS ¾ fuHkZ;( dM+rG ¾ >kyk jktiwr( tjlkS¾ ipkokSxk( :d gFk ¾ rGokj /kkj.k djck gkGks] fBoark &pkyrk FkdkaA

in dks vjFk % ¼gkyk tlkth dh Bqdjk.kh >kyk jk;flag lw¡ DgS NS½&gs Bkdqj ! FkksM+k enjk pkyksAxjc djrka gks;ka er pkyksA ts Egkjk UgWa Mjck gkGk ifrnso ?kj is gks;k rks os >w¡iM+ka uS Hkh ew¡xk eksG isn~sosxkA gs >kyk ! FkSa tkds tgj ds rkabZ dL;k¡ ipkoksxk\ Fks ryokj idM+~;k tljkt dk gkFk gh ns[kksxkAgs Bkdqj ! ¼FkksM+k Mjks½ pkyrh osGka vi.kka ixka uS /khek /khek esyksA]

?kksM+k¡ ghal u HkfYy;k fi; uhanM+h fuokj

oSjh vk;k iko.kka nG &Fk¡Hk rw> nqokfj AA

nG& Fk¡Hk rq> nqokfj >q¡>kfj /koG r.kka]

?k.kk¡ fcjnk¡ yg.k vkfo;k vfj ?k.kka AA

?k.kka uhankGok uhan okjkS ?k.kh A

Rw¡kx ug¡ NS Hkyh ghal ?kksM+k¡ r.kh AA 3AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % ghal ¾ ?kksM+k¡ dks fg.kfg.kkcks] >¡q>kfj ¾ tq>kj( /koG ¾ tlkth ds firkdh uke( fojnk¡ gy.k ¾ tloku( rwax ¾ Å¡ph]HkkjhA

in dks vjFk % ¼tlk th dh tksMk;r DgS NS½ gs ifr ! ckj.kS ?kksM+k fg.kfg.kk j~S;k NSA ;k dks; lqHkckr dks; ugWaA FkSa uhan rt n~;ksA cSjh ikgqa.kka c.k*j Fkk¡ ds ckj.kS vk;k NSA gs gjnkSG dk iwr] tlLohtks/kk ! cSjh ?k.kh la[;k esa Fkk¡ dS ckj.kS ck;k NSA gs ?k.kk funzkGq ! ?k.kha uhanM+yh rtksA ?kksM+k¡ dks ?k.kksfg.kfg.kkcks pks[kks dks; Ug¡A

ÅBh vpwadk cksy.kk ukfj Ik;aiS ukgA

?kksM+k¡ ik[kj /ke/keh lha/kw jkx gqokg AA

gqokS vfr lha/kokS jkx okdh gdk¡ A

FkkV vk;k fil.k ?kkV ykxS Fkdk¡ AA

v[kkM+k¡ thfr [kx vfj ?kM+k [kksy.kk A

113

ÅfB gj/koG lqr vpwadk cksy.kk AA 4 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % vpw¡dk ¾ fcuk dkGE;k dsA Ik;aiS ¾ DgS NSA ik[kj & >wyA /ke/keh ¾?k.kha rixh NSA lha/kw jkx ¾ ohj jl dks ,d jkxA FkkV ¾ lewgA

in dks vjFk % tlk th dh tksMk;r vi.kka ifr lw¡ DgS NS dS gs ! dkGE;k fcuk cksyck gkGk] mBA?kksM+k¡ dh >wy ?k.kh xje gksxh NS vj fla/kw jkx ct j~S;ks NSA gk¡d ckt mBh NSA ?kkr yxkrks cSjh vk;ks NSAgs ! v[kkM+k¡ ds rkabZ thrck gkGk] cSjh Ng uS fNUu fHkUu dj nsck gkGk] gj/koG dk iwr mBksA

ÅfB v<axk cksy.kk dkef.k vk[kS dar A

vS gYyk rks Åijk¡ gw¡dG dGG gqoar AA

gw¡dGS lha/kokS ohj dGgG goS A

oj.k dft viNjk¡ lwfjek¡ cg cqoS AA

f=tM+&gFk e;an tq/k x;an&/kM+ rksy.kkA

ÅfB gj/koG lqr v<axk cksy.kk AA 5 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % vk[kS ¾ DgS NSA gw¡dG ¾ gq¡dkj A dGG & [kksjA gw¡dG dGG ¾ gkFkh]?kksM+k vj tks/kkok¡ dh feyh tqyh ph[k iqdkj A gw¡dGS ¾ xw¡t j~;ks NSA f=tM+ gFk ¾ ryokj gkGkA

in dks vjFk % tlk th dh Bqdjk.kh DgS NS dS gs ! fodV cksyck gkGk! mBA ;ks geyks FkkjS ÅijSgh NSA [kksj gks j~;ks NSA fla/kq jkx xw¡t j~;kS NSA ohjk¡ dk cksy xj.kk j~;k NSA viNjkok¡ uS oj.k djck csbZ?k.kdjk tq>kj ?kwe j~S;k NSA tq} esa gkfFk;k¡ dh lsuk ds rk¡bZ ekjck gkGk] ryokj /kkjh] ukgj dh ukabZ j~gckgkGk gjnkSG dk iwr mB!

dkGks eathBh fd;k¡ ubZ.kS uhankyq)A

vacj ykxkS ÅfB;kS fo<ok cal folq)AA

cal folq} ojh;ke lkEgkS fo<+.k A

?k.kk fnfl nksb.kka Egkafy;kS fojn ?k.kAA

FkwjgFk /koGjkS FkkV esa oV fFk;kSA

dkG& pkGkS p[kk¡ pksGcksGk¡ fd;kS AA 6 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % eathBh fd;k¡ ¾ jkrk jax dkA uhankGw ¾ uhan dks yksHkhA fo<ok ¾ yM+ckcsbZ A ojh;ke ¾ tksjkoj A FkwjgFk ¾ NksVk gkFk gkGksA dkG pkGks ¾ tq} esa dkG t";ksA pksg cksGk¡ ¾ pksytL;k jax dks] jkrks A

in dks vjFk % Åa erokGks] lq) oal gkGks] vki.kha vk¡[;k¡ uS jkrk jax dh fd;k¡ gks;k¡] mB~;ks vkSjvkHkS rkabZ iwxX;ksA ?k.kdjk cSfj;k¡ dh vkM+h ÅauS eksn lw¡ ?kwe *j ?k.kks tl tqVk;ksA NksVk gkFk gkGks] gj/koGdks csVks tlkth lsuk dk nG esa cM+ dk isM+ dh ukabZ ilj lks X;ksA tq) esa dkG c.k X;k Å¡ tlkth dhvk¡[;k¡ pksG tlh jkrk jax dh gksxh NhA

ekYgarkS ?kfj vkax.kS l[kh lhsykS xzkfeA

tks tk.kw¡ fi; ekYg.kkS ts eYgS laxzkfe AA

xzkfe laxzkfe >w¡>kj ekYgS xgM+ A

vfj ?kM+k [ksloS vki u f[klS vuM+ AA

?kkb HkkatS ?kM+k [kkx =kNS ?k.kkS A

114

Eksj eka>h tlkS gsd fj.k ekYga.kkS AA 7 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dk vjFk % ekYgarkS ¾ enjh enjh eLr pky lw¡ pkycksA [kSloS ¾ fxjkoS NSA=kNS¾ dkVs NSA

in dks vjFk % gs gsyh ! vi.kka xk¡o vj ?kj dk vkax.k esa eLrh lw¡ fQjcks vklku NSA Egw¡ rks vi.kkalk;c ds rkabZ eLrh lw¡ pkyck gkGks Å¡ cxr ekuw¡xh] tn os tq} esa Hkh vL;k¡ gh eYgkoSA tq>kj gh tq) esaeLrh lw¡ fQjS NSA Åa UgWa ueck gkGk cSfj;k¡ dk nG uS fxjkoS NS vj vki UgWa fxjSA Åa ?kko ns *j lsuk bZa uLVdjS NS vj ryokj lw¡ ?k.kha ekjdkV dj fn~;S NSA es: Mw¡xj dh ukabZ eqf[k;k tlkth gh tq} esa eYgkck gkGksNSA

,dkS yk[kk¡ vkaxeS lhg dgh ts lks;A

Lkwjk¡ tsFkh jksfM+;S dGgG rsFkh gks; AA

dGG gw¡dG vofl [ksfr lwjk djS A

/khjiS lqgM+ fj.k py.k /khjk /kjS AA

vkfx oztkfx tloar vdGko.kkS A

[kkx ofG ,dykS yk[k nG [kko.kkS AA 8 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % vkaxeS ¾ vkØe.k djS NS ¼lkeuks djS NS½A jksfM+;s ¾ ?ksj fY;S NSA /khjiS¾ /khjt fn~;s NSA vkfx oztkfx ¾ chtGh dh vkx A vdGko.kkS ¾ vkdG ckdG dj nsck gkGksA [kkx ¾ryokj] [kM~xA

in dks vjFk % ukgj Åa gh fd;ks tk.kkS pkfgtS] ts ,dyks gh yk[kw¡ dh cjkcjh dj Y;SA Åa tBhtq>kjk¡ uS ?ksj Y;S NS] mBh dksykgy ekp T;koS NSA tq} dk eSnku esa tks/kk lksj epkck ykx T;koS NSA tq)esa tks/kk¡ ds rk¡bZ Fkkol n~;S NS vj enjh pky lw¡ pkyS NSA dks; lw¡ Hkh UgW Mjick gkGks tloar chtGh dhvkx dh ukabZ NSA Å vi.kh ryokj dk cG is ,dyks ,d yk[k lsuka uS the tkck gkGks NSA

lknwGkS vkik lekS fo;kS u dks; fx.kaRrA

gkd foMk.kh fde lgS ?k.k xkft;S ejar AA

ejS ?k.k xkft;S ftdkS lknwG efg Al=k¡pk <ksy flj ldS fde tlkS lfgAA

o;.k ?k.k lk¡HkGS jgS fde ohlekS A

lqig lkwnG dqf.k fx.kS vkik leks AA9AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % lknwGkS ¾ ukgj A fo;kS ¾ nwtksA foMk.kh ¾ ijkbZA l=k¡pk ¾ cSfj;k¡dkA o;.k ¾ vkoktA lkaHkG ¾ lq.k *jA

in dks vjFk % ukgj vi.kS lkeS dks; nwljk uS UgWa fx.kSA Å nwljk¡ dh gq¡dkj dL;k¡ cjnkLr djS]tn cknG xjtck lw¡ gh v/kht gks T;koS NSA tks ukgj fijFkh is cknGk¡ dk xjtck lw¡ gh v/kht gks*j ejckykxS NS] Å cSfj;k¡ dk <ksy vi.kka ekFkS ij cktcks dL;k¡ cjnkLr dj ldS NS\ Å fodV ohj cknGk¡ dkxjtck dh ukabZ ;k vkokt lq.k*j dL;k¡ Nkuks ewuks j~gS ldS NS\ ukgj tL;ks jktks vi.kS lkeS dq.k dh fpUrkdjS NS\

lhgf.k gsdkS lhg tf.k Nkifj eaMS vkfGAnw/k fcVky.k dkiqjl ckSgGk t.kS fl;kfGAA

?k.kk fl;kfG ts t.kS tacwd ?k.kka A

115

Rksfg ug¡ iwtoS ik.k dsgfj r.kk AA

/kwf.k [kx ÅfB;kS vHkax lkEgkS ?k.kh A

Lkhg tloar ftlkS gsd tf.k lhgf.k AA 10 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % Nkifj ¾ [kqY;ks eSnkuA vkfG ¾ ?ksjkA foVky.k ¾ HkzLV djck gkGk]ytkck gkGkA ckSgGk ¾ ?k.kdjkA tacwd ¾ xhnM+] fl;kjA vHkax ¾ fuMjA

in dks vjFk % gs ukgj.kh ! ,d ukgj ds rkabZ gh tye n~;S ts [kqyk eSnku esa [ksy [ksyS NSAnw/k ds rkabZ ytkck gkGk Mjiksd rks fl;kGh ?k.kka iSnk djS NSA fl;kfG;k¡ ?k.kh NS] ts xhnM+k¡ uS tue n~;SNS] Qs:¡ Hkh os ukgj dk cG dh cjkScjh UgWa dj ldSA ryokj bZa ?kqekrk¡] dks; lw¡ UgWa Mjick gkGk Egkjk lk;clkeS ÅC;k gks;k NSA gs ukgj.kh! tloar tL;k ,d gh ohj iwr uS tye n~;SA

dsgfj e:¡ dGkb;k¡ :fgjt jRrfM+;k¡gA

gsdf.k gkFkG xS g.kS nar nqgRFkk T;k¡gAA

nar nqgRFkk T;k¡g gkfFk;k¡ lcG nG A

vko/kk¡ vjgjka pwj dj.kkS vdGAA

jksGlh [kGnGk¡ p[k¡ jkracjh A

dGk;k¡ e:¡ R;k¡ tlkS xt dsgjh AA 11 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % gkFkG ¾ gkFk dks iatksA xS ¾ gkFkh A vko/kk¡ ¾ gF;kjA vdG ¾lxGk] iwj.kA jksGlh ¾ jksGks djSxksA [kGnGk¡ ¾ cSfj;k¡ dk nGA jkracjh ¾ jkrh] ykyA

in dks vjFk % gs ukgj] Eg¡w yksgh lw¡ luh Fkkjh jkrk jax dh dGkbZ;k¡ is fuNkoj Nw¡A rw vki.kka iatkdh ,d gh ekj lw¡ gkFkh dks Hkh guu dj Y;S NS] tha ds nks gkFk ykack nkar gksoS NSA rw nks gkFk ykack nkargkGk gkfFk;k¡ dk NG cG uS] cSfj;k¡ dk gF;kjk¡ uS ldG :Ik lw¡ [kre djck gkGks NSA jkrk jax dh vk¡[;k¡gkGks rw] cSfj;k¡ chpS jksGks djSxksA gs ! gkFkh ds csbZ ukgj l:Ik tlkth] Egw¡ Fkkjh dGkb;k¡ is fuNkoj Nw¡A

dsgfj dsl Hkeax&ef.k lj.kkbZ lqgMk¡gA

lrh Ik;ksgj Øi.k /ku iM+lh gkFk eqok¡gAA

ewok¡fgt iM+Slh gkFk Hkeax&ef.kA

xgM+ lj.kkab;k¡ rkgjS xSMlf.kAAdkG ÅHkkS tlkS ldS usM+k djhAdq.k lrh i;ksgj ewN yS dsgjh AA 12 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % Hkeax ¾ lk¡i] ckldA lj.kkbZ ¾ lj.k esa vkcksA lqgM+k¡g ¾ cgknqjk¡ dsAew¡okfgr ¾ ej~;k¡ ikNS ghA xSMlf.k ¾ okjkgA usM+k & uth*dA

in dks vjFk % ukgj dk ckG] ckld dh ef.k] tks/kk¡ dh lj.kkbZ] lrh dk Lru vj datwl dks/ku ok¡ dk ej~;k¡ ikNS gh gkFk ykxS NSA gs okjkg ! lk¡Ik dh ef.k vj ohjk¡ dk vkflzr ok¡ dk ej~;k¡ ikNS ghFkkjS gkFk vkoSxkA tljkt :ih dkG [kM~;ks NSA dq.k Å¡ ds uth*d tk ldS NS\ dq.k lrh dks I;ks/kj vjukgj dh ew¡N dk ckG ys ldS NS\

l[kh veh.kk daFk jkS vax <hykS vkparA

dM+h BgDdS cxrjk¡ uM+h uM+h ukpar AA

uM+h ukpS fHkM+S Nksg yksgk fHkGS A

ÅllS lqoi eq[k ew¡N HkksSagk¡ feGS AA

116

[kxk¡ muxk¡ fil.k ikfM+ ÅHkkS lM+kS A

dgw¡ b.k Hkk¡fr <hykS l[kh daFkM+kS AA 13 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % BgDds ¾ VwVS NSA ÅllS ¾ cns NSA lqoi ¾ MhG A muxk¡ ¾ ukxhAfil.k ¾ cSjhA

in dks vjFk % gs lf[k ! Egkjk lk;c dks MhG ?k.kks <hGks NSA c[rj dh dM+h VwVS NS vj ul ulukpS NSA ukfM+;k¡ ukpS NS] tn Å vejksl esa yM+kbZ djS NSA gfFk;kj VdjkoS NS vj Å¡ dks MhG cnS NSA ew.Mkdh ew¡Nka HkkSagk¡ lw¡ fey T;koS NSA ukxh rGokj lw¡ cSjh uS vkM+ks iVd *j Å [kM~;ks NSA gs lh[kh ! vL;k¡ Egw¡Egkjk lk;c ds rkabZ <hyks Dgw¡ Nw¡A

Vhi % bZa in esa O;kt Lrqfr vyadkj NSA ifr dh fuank ds vksGkos Å¡ dh rkjhQ djhxh NSA

Xkzh>.kh dk¡b mrkoGh g; iyk.krk¡ /khj A

dk; cSlk.kw¡ l=k flj dk; vki.kS ljhj AA

vki.kS ckr dk; vkfj deG Åijk¡ A

pkiM+S jkrM+keq[kk¡ vkfe[kpjk¡ AA

/khj g; iyk.kr dgS lkEgkS ?k.kh A

Xk;.k ex vkdqGh fQjS fde xzh>.kh AA 14 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % xzh>.kh ¾ fx).kh A iyk.krk¡ ¾ dlrk Fkdk¡A cslk.kw¡ ¾ *cSBkÅ¡ A pkiM+S& tq) esaA jkrM+keq[kk¡ ¾ yky ew.Mk gkGhA vkfe[kpjh ¾ ek¡l [kk.khA vkdqGh ¾ cspSuhA

in dks vjFk % gs fx).kh ! rw mrkoG esa D;w¡ NS\ Egw¡ ?kksM+ks dl j~;ks N¡w] rw lkrk j[kk.kA gs ykyew.MkgkGh ! ek¡l [kk.kh ! tq) esa ds rks Egw¡ Fkkjs rkabZ cSjh dk ekFkk is cSBk.kw¡xks ds vi.kk MhG isA eryc;ks] ds rks Egw¡ cSjh uS ekj Mkyw¡xks] tha ls rw Å¡ dk ekFkk is cSB *j Å¡ dks yksFk [kk ldSxh ds vki yM+rk Fkdkaekj~;ks tkÅ¡xksA Egw¡ tq) lw¡ Hkkxw¡xks UgWaA lkeus ?kksM+ks dlrk Fkdka lk;c iwNS NS ds gs fx).kh] rw vkHkS dh xSyesa vL;k¡ vkdG ckdG dha ys[ks gks j~gh NS\

FkksM+k cksykS ?k.k lgkS ugpS tks usBkgATks ijokM+k vkxykS fe=k djhtS ukg AAUkkg blM+k ujk¡ okr foxM+S ugha ALkksuk jh dloVh [kjh iwtS lgh AA?k.k e> ?kkfr;k¡ Hkkj >kyS ?k.kkS ACkgqr vcxq.k fd;k¡ FkksgM+ks cksy.kkSAA 15 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dk vjFk % ugpS ¾ fuLpS gh A usBkg ¾ lSuk.khA ijokM+k ¾ tlxkuA iwtS ¾ iwjhmrjh NSA ?kkfr;k¡ ¾ cSfj;k¡ dsA >kyS ¾ xzg.k djS NS] mBkoS NSA

in dks vjFk % gs lk;c ! ;k fuLpS gh Bhd lSuk.kh NS ds ts Hkh cRrks lgck gkGks gksoS NS] Å decksycks djS NSA vL;k tq) esa ts gjkoG gks] ¼lSa lw¡ vkxs gks½] Å¡ uS vi.kks Hkk,yks c.kk.kks pkfgtSA gs lk;c! vL;k feu[k ckr ds rkabZ UgWa fcxkM+sA lku is cs [kjk mrjS NSA ?k.kk cSfj;k¡ ds chpS iwx*j Hkh os ?k.kksa cks>ksmBkoS NSA ?k.kks cksy.kks vkSxq.k NSA derh cksy.kks pkfgtSA

Y;koS yksfM+ ijkb;k¡ ug¡ ns vkif.k;k¡gALk[kh veh.kk daFk jh mjlk¡ >w¡ifM+;k¡gAAyksfM+ /kj okj oj ijkbZ Y;ko.kkAvki.kh u nS HkM+ ftdS vf/kz;ke.kkAA

117

oj.k dft viNjk okV tksoS [kM+hAT;k¡ HkMk¡ r.kh f>YyS mjl >w¡iM+h AA 16 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % yksfM+ ¾ NhudjA mjlk¡ ¾ vkHkS ekagh] lqjx esaA vf/kz;ke.kk ¾ tksjkojAf>YyS ¾ lksHkS NSA HkM+k¡ ¾ tks/kk] ¼cgknqj½A

in dks vjFk % lq.k Hkk,yh ! Egkjk lk;c dh >w¡iM+h vkHkS ekagh NSA os nwtk¡ dh /kj.kh uS Nhu *jY;koS NS( vki.kh UgWa n~;SA ok¡ lw¡ C;ko djck csbZ viNjkok¡ Åch ckV UgkGcks djS NSA vL;k tks/kk dh >w¡iM+hrks lqjx esa gh lksHkS NSA

l[kh veh.kk dar jkS vkS bd cM+kS lqHkko AxfG;kjk¡ <hykS fQjS] gkdk¡ okxk¡ jko AAokft;k¡ ohj& gd fogl ykxS fo<.k Afoye u /kkjS djrk¡j viNj oj.k AAvkojr tlkS vfj ?kM+k vf/kz;ke.kkS Arkb gs l[kh lkHkko dark r.kkS AA 17 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % fogl ¾ tksl esaA fo<.k ¾ yM+ck csbZA djrk¡j ¾ djck esa A vkojr¾ ?ksjks c.kk*j yM+cksA ?kM+k ¾ lsukA

in dks vjFk % lq.k Hkk,yh] Egkjk lk;c dks ;ks ,d lqHkko NS ds xGcfg;k¡ ds cxr rks Å <hGksj~gS NS iW.k gk¡dks gksck is jko gks tkoS NSA Å ohj vkokt gksck is ?k.kka tksl lw¡ yM+ck ykxS NS vj viNjkok¡dks oj.k djck esa tst UgWa djSA ?ksjks gksck is Hkh tq} esa tlkth cSjh dk nG csbZ ?k.kka tksjkoj NSA lq.k l[kh]Egkjk lk;c dks vL;ks gh lqHkko NSA

tloar xqjM+ u mM~Mgh rkGh =kt.k r.ksgA

gkdfy;k <wyk gqoS iaNh voj iq.ksg AA

gqoS ia[kjko fte ohj gkdfy;k¡ A

FkjgjS dk;jk¡ moj <hyk fFk;k¡ AA

Nksg djrkfG;k¡ fpM+dyk NM~Mgh A

vHkax tloar tq/k xqjM+ ug¡ mM~Mgh AA 18 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % =tM+ ¾ rGokj A r.ksg ¾ dh A gkdfy;k¡ ¾ gk¡d ykxck isA <wyk ¾xqM~Mks] <hyksA voj ¾ nwtkA iq.ksg ¾ lq.k*jA ia[kjko ¾ x:M+A fpM+dyk ¾ ik¡[khA

in dks vjFk % rGokj :ih rkGh ctk nsck lw¡ tloar :ih x:M+ UgWa mM+SA gk¡d ykxrka gh nwljkik¡[kh fuLrst gks *j Hkkx T;koS NSA iW.k Å tloar ukao dks ohj gk¡d gksck is x:M+ dh ukabZ gks T;koS NSAdk;jk¡ dk euM+k <hyk gks*j d¡id¡ikoS NSA gkFk lw¡ rkGh cktrk¡ gh nwljk ik¡[kh Hkkx T;koS NS] iW.k fuHkZ;tloar :ih x:M+ dnh UgWa HkkxSA

lsy /keksM+k fde lg~;k fde lfg;k xtnar AdfB.k Ik;ksgj ykxrk¡ dlelrkS rw dar AAdar lw¡ vksGackS fn;kS be dke.kh AvS.k ?kV vkt jk dse lfg;k v.kh AAbZ[krk vki ukj¡x QG vkdjk Alg~;k fde dar v ?kko ?kV lsy jk AA 19 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % lsy ¾ HkkGkA /keksM+k ¾ ekjA vksGacks ¾ vksGeksA v.kh ¾ uksd A ukj¡xQG ¾ LruA vkdjk ¾ rh[kkA

118

in dks vjFk % lq.kks lk;c ! vkiuS Hkkyk dh ekj dL;k¡ cjnkLr djh \ dL;k¡ gkfFk;k¡ dk nk¡r dhekj lgh\ FkSa rks vkdjk Lru dk gwck lw¡ gh dlelkck ykx T;koS NkA vL;k¡ vkSjr us vi.kka ifr uS vksGeksn~;ksA bZa MhG is vkt Fkk¡uS Hkkyk dh uw¡d dL;k¡ LgSu dj yh] tn ds Fkk¡ds rkabZ rks Lru Hkh rh[kk ykxS Nk\ gs lk;c ! Fkk¡ uS ;k¡ Hkkyka dk ?kko MhG is dL;k¡ >sY;k \

efrokGk ?kweS ugha ug¡ ?kk;y cjM+k; Ackfy l[kh ÅnzaxM+kS HkM ckiM+k dgk; AAckfy ÅnzaxM+kS clS HkM+ ckiM+k A?kko vax lgS ug¡ foHkkM+s vfj ?kM+k AA?k.kk tloar jk tks/k foglS ?k.kk AekafMlh lgh efrokGk os<he.kk AA 20 AA

dfBu lcnk¡ dks vjFk % cjM+k; ¾ ?kkok¡ dk njn lw¡ djkgoS NSA nzaxM+kS ¾ xk¡oA HkM+ ¾ ohjA ckiM+k¾ cspkjk A foHkkM+S ¾ uLV djS NSA os<he.kk ¾ tksjkoj A

in dks vjFk % lq.k Hkk,yh ! Å¡ xk¡o esa vkx yxk n~;S] tBh UgW rks erokGk ?kweS NS] UgWa ?kk;y cjM+koSNS vj tBh tks/kk ckiM+k dgykoS NS A Å¡ xk¡o esa vkx yxk n~;s] tBh tksjkoj nhu c.k*j okl djS NSA tksMhG is ?kko UgWa cjnkLr djS] UgWa cSjh nG uS [kre djS NSA tljkt dk tks/kk ?k.kk mNkg esa NSA os erokGktksjkoj fuLpS gh tq} jpSxkA

7-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

*gkyk¡&>kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k* ,d Hkxr dfo ek¡M~;ks] iW.k tL;k¡ ,d ,d vksGh esa dfo ohj jl dkHkko thork l:Ik esa fijks fn~;k NSA bZa iksFkh esa dfo vki.kka ifjos[k eqtc ekVh dh ejtkn vj vi.kka ekucsbZ tku dh ckth yxkck esa Hkh Ug¡ pwdck dh izsj.kk nh NhA ;ks iwjks gh dkO; :id dkO; dh Hkh ,d egrkÅckuxh NSA vk iksFkh lwa [;krka esa bZljnkl ds lkxS dkO; dk uk;d vj lguk;d dk ukao Hkh vEej djn~;kAA

7-9 vH;kl jk izLu

1- bZljnkl th ckjgB dh thouh ekaMksA

2- bZljnkl th ckjgB dk jpuk lalkj dh foxr ekaMksA

3- gkyka&>kyka jk dq.MfG;ka dh dkO; uS le>koksA

4- gkyka&>kyka jk dq.MfG;ka dh dkO;xr folslrkoka mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA

7-10 lanHkZ xazFkka jh ikuM+h

1- la- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] izdk'kd& jktLFkkuh xzaFkkxkj] tks/kiqj & gkyka >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;kA

2- MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh] izdk'kd& lkfgR; vdknseh] unZ fnYyh & ckjgB bZljnkl] ys[kdA

3- vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk] flonkl xkM.k] jkt- fjlpZ baLVh-] chdkusjA

4- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k] fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu] iz;kx & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;]A

5- lw;ZeYy ehl.k & ^oa'k Hkk"dj*A

6- izdk- fgrS"kh iqLrd Hk.Mkj] mn;iqj & gkyk¡& >kyk¡ jk dq.MfG;k(A

7- dfojktk HkSjonku & pkj.kksRifRr % ehekalk ekrZ.M]A

8- izdk- txUukFk izsl] fcykliqj & Nan izHkkdj % txUukFk izlkn Hkkuq]A

9- Ikzkphu jktLFkkuh xhr] lkfgR; laLFkku] mn;iqjA

119

bdkbZ & 8

izeq[k jpuk % fØlu #def.k jh osfy&dFk] flYi vj lSyhbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

8-0 mís';

8-1 çLrkouk

8-2 osfy dkO;&ijEijk

8-3 osfy jkS ukaodj.k

8-4 ôsfy* jh dFkk jkS ewG vk/kkj

8-5 ôsfy* dkO; jkS QwBjkikS

8-6 osfy esa izÑfr&fp=.k

8-7 osfy jks dyk&i[k

8-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

8-9 vH;kl jk izLu


8-0 mís’;

^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* tSM+S dkyt;h xzaFk jh jpuk egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ djhA jktLFkkuhlkfgR; eka; vk osfy* vkijh U;kjh&fujokGh BkSM+ jk[kSA ?k.k[kjk fo}kuka b.kuSa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh fljekSjÑfr crkbZ gSA bVyh jk fo}ku MkW- yqbZth fivks VSLlhVksjh b.kjh egÙkk uSa mtkxj djrka Fkdka b.kuSa fMaxGjS flejFk lkfgR; HkaMkj jkS iGiGkorkS jru crk;kS gS vj fy[;kS gS dS vks fMaxG lkfgR; jks lok±xiw.kZ xzaFkgS] dkO;&dyk jh n{krk jkS vsd uk;kc uewukS gSA b.kh Hkkar jktLFkkuh fo}ku MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k b.klaca/k esa dSoS] ^^dkO;&lkS"Bo] vyadkj pkrq;Z] Hkko&xkEHkh;Z] Hkk"kk&ykfyR;] vFkZ&xkSjo vkn lxGh nf"V;k¡lwa vkS xzaFk vuwBkS gS] vuqie gSA osfy jS dFkkud esa ljlrk] m.kjh dfork esa dkseyrk] izkÑfrd oj.kko esadYiuk jh deuh;rk vj m.kjh Hkk"kk eka; izkatGrk vj Hkkoka esa ekSfydrk gSA**

osfy jh vka lxGh [kwfc;ka uSa mtkxj djrka Fkdka b.k ikB esa ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* jkS jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jS xkSjo&xzaFk jS :i esa izfriknu djÓkS tklhA e/;dky jS HkfDr&lkfgR; eka; ehjka cgn~ inkoyh]#de.kh gj.k] ukxne.k] gfjjl tSM+k HkfDr&dkO; vkoSA b.k foxr jh vkxyh ikar esa egkdfo iFohjktjkBkSM+ Ñr ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* izfr"Bkfir gSA b.k bdkbZ jkS mís'; gS dS&

1- jktLFkkuh jh osfy&lkfgR; ijEijk fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa voxr djkbZ tkoSA

2- ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* jS dFkk&lzksrka jh tk.kdkjh fnjkbZ tkoSA

3- osfy jS vaxhjl jh fojksG djh tkoSA

4- ôsfy* jS dyk&i[k jh lkaxksikax foospuk dj*j fo|kfFkZ;ksa uSa b.kjkS egÙo crk;kS tkoSA

5- ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* ckcr U;kjk&U;kjk fo}kuka jh jk; mtkxj djhtkoSA

8-1 çLrkouk

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vkijS ohj&dkO; jS dkj.k txpkokS gSA b.k lkfgR; jS eka; ukjh jh BkSM+ ohjyyuk jS :i eka; fFkj gqbZ gSA b.k dkO; jh ukjh vcGk vj dk;j dksuh] cfYd ck ohjkaxuk Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh

120

ukjh iky.kS eka; bZ vkijS Vkcj uSa ohjrk jkS ikB i<koS&

bGk u ns.kh vki.kh] gkyfj;kS gqyjk;A

iwr fl[kkoS iky.kS] ej.k cMkbZ eka;AA

euekso.kh jktLFkkuh laLÑfr jkS lkfgR; lq.k.kS ek= lwa bZ [kwu jS eka; mQk.k vk; tkoSA ohj dkO;jS lkxS b.k lkfgR; jkS uhfrdkO; Hkh xqest dj.k tksx gSA Hkkfu;k jk nwgk] jkft;k jk nwgk] pdfj;k jk nwgkvkn uhfr&dkO; ijaijk jh fljekSM+ Ñfr;ka gSA feu[kka eka; feu[ki.kS jk Hkko txkorkS vkS uhfrdkO; vsdnji.k gSA ft.kjS eka; pks[kks vj ekM+ks lkQ&lkQ >GdSA dfo Ñikjke f[fkM+;k jS eqtc&

mitkoS vuqjkx] dks;y eu gjf[kr djSA

dM+okS ykxS dkx] jluk jk xq.k] jkft;kAA

b.k Hkkar jktLFkkuh jS lrjaxS dkO; eka; HkfDr&dkO; Hkh vkijh U;kjh vj fudsoGh BkSM+ jk[kSAHkfDrerh ehjkackbZ] lk;kath >wyk] bZljnkl ckjgB tSM+k HkDrdfo jktLFkkuh HkfDrdkO;&ijEijk uSajktLFkku jS eka; gh uha] cfYd vk[kS Hkkjr eka; ?k.kh Åaph BkSM+ fnjkbZA bZljk lks ijesljk* ukao lwa pkok dfobZljnkl ckjgB ^gfjjl* tSM+h jpuk jkS fljt.k djÓkS rks ^ukxne.k* vj ^#de.kh gj.k* tSM+h jpukoka HkhHkfDrdkO;&ijEijk eka; ?k.kh pkoh gqbZA HkfDrdkO; jh b.kh flej/k ijEijk eka; HkDrdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+jh iksFkh fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* fljekSj foxr eka; vkoSA osfy* jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk jh vsd ?k.kh egrkÅ jpukgSA twuk vj uwaok] nslh vj ijnslh lxGk vkykspdka b.kjh th [kksy*j foM+n xkbZ gSA b.k dkO; eka; HkfDr]fl.kxkj vj ohj jl jh f=os.kh cSaorh&lh y[kkoSA dkO;dyk jh nhB lwa Hkh vk vsd fljekSj jpuk gSA

8-2 osfy dkO;&ijEijk

jktLFkkuh] xqtjkrh vj czt Hkk"kk eka; eaxG dkO;ka jh Hkkar gh osfy la'kd dkO;ka jh vsd ywaBhijEijk jS;h gSA dchj Hkh vkijS ^chtd* eka; osfy ukao jh vsd NksVh&lh jpuk djh gS] ft.kjh gjsd vksGhjS vkf[kj esa ^gks jeS;k jke* lcn vkoSA b.kjS vykok tSu dfo;ka Hkh osfy ukao jh eksdGh Ñfr;ka jks fljt.kdjÓkS gSA la- 1520 eka; jP;ksM+h tSu dfo ck?kk Ñr ^fpgq¡xfr osfy* lxGka lwa twuh ekuhth gSA vk jpuk/kkjfed gS] ft.kjS eka; P;kj xfr;ka jkS oj.ku gSA

lkfgfR;d Ñfr;ka eka; osfy&lkfgR; jh lxGka lwa twuh vj pkoh Ñfr egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ Ñr^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* gh ekuhtSA b.kjS iNS fdluk vk<+k Ñr ^gj&ikoZrh jh osfy* vkoSA jktLFkkuh Hkk"kkeka; dsbZ NksVh&NksVh osfy;ka Hkh feyh gS] ft.kjS eka; nsoh&nsorkoka ;k vSfrgkfld feu[kka jkS oj.kko vkoSAb.k foxr eka; f=iqj lqanjh jh osfy*] fdluth jh osfy*] jktk jk;flag jh osfy*] jktk lwjtfla?kth jh osfy*]^jkBkSM+ lkulh [khaokor jh osy*] ^jkBkSM+ nsbZnkl tSrkor jh osy* vj ^jk.ks mnSfla?k jh osy* ?k.kh pkoh gSA

jktLFkku jS eka; osfy laKd jpukoka jh ijEijk X;kjoha lnh lwa gh feGS gS vj iSykaiSy dfo jksMkjh ^jkmyosy* vkoSA vk viHkzal eka; jP;ksM+h jpuk gSA vk jpuk vsd flyk ekFkS [kqnÓksM+h gS vj eqacbZ jS fizalvkWQ osYl E;qft;e eka; jk[;ksM+h gSA MkW- vkuanizdkl jS eqtc vk ijEijk ianzgoha lnh lwa mUuhloha lnhrkabZ jh gS] i.k chloha lnh eka; ^vejfla?k jh osy* vj ^ikcwth jh osy* Hkh fy[khthA b.kh Hkkar vk/kqfud tqxeka; Bk- eqduflag lSukGh Hkh eksdGh osfy;ka jh jpuk djh gS] ft.kka eka; lwa yxSVxS njt.k&Hkj osfy;kajktLFkkuh lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr tufgr izU;kl] chdkusj lwa izdkflr gqbZ gSA b.k Hkkar osfy&lkfgR; jh jpukijEijk X;kjoha lnh lwa ys;*j vkt rkabZ yxksyx foxlko ekFkS gSA

8-3 osfy jkS ukaodj.k

^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* ewG :i lwa Hkkxor uSa vk/kkj jk[k*j fy[khth gSA Hkkxor jkS vsd NksVkS&lksizlax gS] ft.kesa #de.kh jS gj.k vj f'k'kqikG&o/k jh dFkk gS] ft.kuSa dfo vkijS dkO;&dkS'ky lwa osy]

121

oYyjh ;k osfy jS :i eka; ilkj*j dkO; jS :i esa vfHkO;Dr djh gSA b.k dkj.k dfo vkijS b.k :id uSaLi"V djÓkS gS&

osfy rlq cht Hkkxor ok;m]efg Fkk.km fizFkqnkl&eq[kAewG MkG] tM+ vjFk] ek¡Mgblq&fFkj djf.k pf<+] Nk¡g lq[kAA

vFkkZr~ vk ôsfy* osfy jS leku gSA b.kjkS cht Hkkxor iqjk.k gSA /kjrh :ih nkl iFohjkt jkS eq[kck BkSM+ gS ft.kjS eka; vkS cht cks;kS x;kSA ewGikB b.kjh MkGÓka gSA vjFk b.kjh tM+ka gSA lq.k.k okGka jkdku eaMi gS] ft.kjS ekFkS vk ôsfy* ¼yrk½ p<rh jSoS gSA eq[k b.kjh fNa;k gSA

i= vD[kj] nG }kGk] tl ifjeG]uo jl r¡rq of/k vgks&fuflAe/kqdj jfld] lq Hkxfr e¡tfj]eqxfr Qwy] QG Hkqxfr feflAA

vFkkZr~ vk[kj b.k jk ikr gSA nksgk ¼i|½ b.kjk nG ¼eksVk ikr½ gSA Hkxoku jh foM+n gh b.kjh lqoklgSA uo jl b.kjk rarq gS] tdk jkr&fnu QGrk&Qwyrk jSoSA lkfgR; jk jfld b.kjk Hkaojk gSA HkfDr b.kjhekSM+ ¼eatjh½ gS] eqfDr b.kjkS Qwy gS vj ijekuUn jkS Hkksx ¼vuqHko½ b.kjkS QG gSA

b.k rjS dfo [kqn ôsfy* jkS vkS :id cka/k*j b.k iksFkh jS ukao jh lkjFkdrk njlkbZ gSA b.kjS lkxSgh dfo b.kjS ukao jh lkjFkdrk uSa iq[rk dj.kS lk: ukf;dk #de.kh jkS fp=ke ^dud&osfy* jS lgkjS lwadjÓkS gS& ^^dud&osfy fcgq¡ iku fdfjA** ôsfy* lcn ôYyh* jkS vuqdj.k djSA ôfYy* lcn mifu"knka vjlaLÑr jk xzaFkka eka; dkO; folsl jS [kkfrj dke esa fyjhT;kS gSA MkW- vkuanizdkl jS eqtc jktLFkkuh lkfgR;eka; ôsfy* lcn jk No vjFk fudGS&

1- ljhj] txr] dud] iki] bejr] X;ku] tl&vitl tSM+k mieku jS :i esaA

2- osfy&dkO; jS vkfn var esa dkO;&laKk jS :i esaA

3- Nan jS ukeksYys[k jS :i esaA

4- lkFkh vj lgk;d jS :i esaA

5- rjax vj yS*j jS vjFk esaA

6- yrk] oYyjh jS vfHk/ks; jS :i esaA

b.k No vjFkka jS vykok Hkh jktLFkkuh eka; osfy* jk oal ;k mej tSM+k Hkh vjFk Hkh feySA oal&of)jS :i esa ôsfy* lcn iksFkh jS [kkrj Hkh lkjFkd ykxS] D;wadS dfo b.kjS eka; olqnso jS oklqnso] oklqnso jSiz|qEu vj iz|qEu jS vfu#)] b.k rjS ihf<;ka ;k oalka jkS oj.ku Hkh ^JhÑ".k ifjokj* eka; gks;kS gS] T;wadS&

^ôlqnso firk] lqr fFk;k oklqns]iznqeu lqr] fir txr&ifrAlklw nsofd] jkek lq ogw]jkek lklw] ogw jfrAA**^^yhyk&/k.k xzgs ekuq¡[kh yhyk]tx&okflx ofl;k firkegAfirq iznqeu txnhl firkeg]ikrm vfu#/k m[kk&ifrAA**

122

b.k rjS osfy jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS vsd fljekSj dkO;:i gS] ft.kjS eka; osfy;ks ukao jS Nan jkS iz;ksxgq;kS gS vj osfy jk lxGS vjFkka jh lkFkZdrk b.k dkO; lwa izekf.kr gksoSA

8-4 ôsfy* dFkk jkS ewG vk/kkj

egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ Ñr fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* vsd izcU/k&dkO; gS] ft.kjS eka; Hkxoku Ñ".k}kjk #de.kh jS gj.k vj iNS m.kjS lkxS C;kao dj.kS jkS oj.ku gSA Ñ".k vj #de.kh jS tho.k jh vk ?kVukvkikauSa Hkkxor*] ^fo".kq iqjk.k* vj ^gfjoa'k iqjk.k* eka; Hkh i<.k uS feySA b.k dkj.k vka rhuwa xzaFkka uSa gh osfy*dFkk jkS ewG vk/kkj ;k dFkklzksr dS;kS tk; ldSA i.k dfo Hkkxor uSa gh b.kjkS vk/kkj c.kk;kS gSA dfo [kqndSoS& ^ôsfy] rlq cht Hkkxor ok;m] efg Fkk.km fizFknkl&eq[kA**

dfo }kjk ôsfy* jkS ewG vk/kkj Hkkxor gkso.kS ij Hkh b.kjh lekurk Hkkxor esa dksuh nhlSA MkW-VSLlhVksjh uSa Qxr P;kj txS gh b.kjh lekurk feyhA ôsfy* vj ^Hkkxor* dFkk jS varj uSa MkW- ujksÙkenklLokeh Hkh Li"V djÓkS gS&

1- Hkkxor eka; #de.kh jS Vkcji.kS jh voLFkk] o;%laf/k] ;kSoukxe vj i<.kS jkS dBS Hkh mYys[kdksuhA

2- C;kao jS ckjS esa ekrk&firk vj #Dedqekj jS carG jkS oj.kko Hkkxor jS eka; dksuhA b.kesa crk;kSx;kS gS dS #Dedqekj vkijS }s"kh JhÑ".k jS ctk; f'k'kqikG jS lkxS vkijh cgu jkS C;kao djko.kkSpkoSA b.k ckr lwa csjkth eka&cki iq=izse jS dkj.k f'k'kqikG jS lkxS #de.kh jkS C;kao ekaM nsoSA

3- Hkkxor jS eka; #Dedqekj jS dkuh lwa f'k'kqikG jS ?kjS iqjksfgr* Hkst.k jkS mYys[k dksuh feyS] i.kôsfy* eka; vkS izlax vkikauSa i<.k uS feySA

4- ôsfy* eka; vkS oj.ku gS dS tn f'k'kqikG vkoS rn uxj eka; ltkoV djhtSA i.k vSM+kS mYys[kHkkxor jS eka; dksuh feGSA

5- ôsfy* eka; jktk Hkh"ed jS iq=ka jkS oj.kko b.k Hkkar gS&

iap iq= rkb] NBh lq iq=h] & dq¡oj #de dfg foeG&dFkA

#de&ckgq vub #dekGh] #dedsl ub #dejFkAA

b.k rjS iq=ka jh foxr eqtc #dedqekj] #deckgq] #dekGh] #dedsl vj #dejFk vkoStndS Hkkxor jS eqtc #Deh] #DejFk] #Deckgq] #Deds'k vj #Deekyh vkoSA gks ldS foxreka; vkS cnGko dfo Nan jS eqtc djÓkS gksoSA

6- czkã.k jkS dqanuiqj eka; jkr uS BSj.kkS vj lks tko.kkS] HkksjkaHkksj vi.kS vkiuSa }kjdk eka; iko.kkSvj b.kjS iNS }kjdk jS QwBjkiS jkS oj.kko ôsfy* eka; feyS] Hkkxor eka; uhaA

7- ôsfy* jS eqtc tn cjkr vk; tkoS rn #de.kh czkã.k uSa }kjdk HkstS i.k Hkkxor eka;f'k'kqikG jS oj jS :i esa fuLpS gks; tko.kS jS iNS gh Hkst nsoS] cjkr iNS iwxSA

8- Hkkxor jS eka; Ñ".k #Deh uSa ekj.kS lk: ryokj mBk; ysoS] i.k #de.kh jS dSo.kS ij m.kuSadksuh ekjSA osfy eka; vkS oj.kko dksuh feySA b.kjh txS b.k ckr jkS mYys[k gS dS Ñ".k #de.khjS fgjnS jh ckr tk.k*j gh #Deh uSa dksuh ekjSA

9- Ñ".k #de.kh jkS gj.k dj*j vkijS lkFkS }kjdk ys; vkoS rn vka jkS [kwc vko&vknj gksoS]lqvkxr gksoS vj C;kao gksoSA b.kjkS oj.ku ôsfy* eka; ?k.kkS yackS gS] i.k Hkkxor eka; FkksM+ks*doj.ku feySA

10- C;kao jS iNS Hkkxor eka; #de.kh jkS izlax [kre gks; tkoS] i.k ôsfy* uSa lq[kn vj ljlc.kko.k jh nhB lwa gh lk;n Ñ".k jkS #de.kh lwa feyu] Hkksj jkS oj.ku] fjrq&oj.ku vj

123

Ñ".k&#de.kh jS fogkj jkS oj.k.ku vkn izlax feySA

fo".kq iqjk.k jS eqtc Ñ".k&#de.kh jh vk dFkk NksVh gSA b.kjS eka; crk;kS gS dS #Dedqekj iz.kikGS dS tBS rkabZ Ñ".k uSa gjk; uha nsoS rn rkabZ dqan.kiqj esa uha vkoSykA b.kjS eka; #Deh uSa fd.kh rjS lwa nafMrHkh dksuh djÓkS tkoS] cfYd Ñ".k vj #de.kh jkS C;kao Hkh djok fn;kS tkoSA

gfjoal iqjk.k jS eqtc Ñ".k vj cyjke dqan.kiqj eka; Qxr f'k'kqikG jkS C;ko ns[k.k lk: tkoSAbanzk.kh jS eafnj jS uSM+S Ñ".k #de.kh lwa feyS] vBS #de.kh jS QwBjkiS lwa Ñ".k jkS eksfgr gkso.kkS crk;kS x;kSgS] i.k uwaoh ckr b.kesa vk feyS dS #Deh Ñ".k lwa gkj*j [kEek jh vjnkl djS gSA

b.k rjS dfo Hkkxor] fo".kq iqjk.k vj gfjoal iqjk.k] vka rhuwa uSa gh lk;n dFkk jkS vkèkkj c.kk;kS gSAdfo jh vk folslrk gS dS dFkk jkS ?k.kdjkS Hkkx Hkkxor lwa yso.kS jS iNS Hkh Hkkxor ykjS dksuh HkktS] cfYddYiuk jh ekSfydrk vj thoarrk jS dkj.k Hkkxor jS Hkkokal uSa QwBjkiS lkFkS izLrqr djÓkS gSA b.k dkj.k^osfy* eka; Ñ".k&#de.kh izlax ?k.kkS gh QwBjks y[kkoS gSA

8-5 ^osfy* dkO; jkS QwBjkikS

dksbZ Hkh dkO; iksFkh jh ij[k dj.k [kkrj m.kjS Hkko&i[k vj dyk&i[k jh fuj[k&ij[k t:jh gksoSAosfy jkS Hkko&i[k oLrq oj.ku] jl&O;atuk] izkÑfrd QwBjkiS jh nhB lwa ?k.kkS gh lcG vj euekso.kkS gSA

oLrq&oj.ku

MkW- VSLlhVksjh jh laikfnr osfy jS eka; i|ka jh la[;k 305 gSA Bk- jkeflag vj lw;Zdj.k ikjhd }kjklEikfnr xzaFk eka; VSLlhVksjh jkS gh vuqlj.k djÓkS x;kS gSA b.kjh dFkk jkS vk/kkj Hkkxor iqjk.k crk;kS x;kSgSA dfo [kqn dSoS &

osfy] rlq cht Hkkxor ok;m]

efg Fkk.km fizFknkl&eq[kA

osfy vsd [kaMdkO; gSA [kaMdkO; eka; uk;d ;k ukf;dk jS tho.k jh dksbZ vsd ?kVuk ;k izlax uSays;*j jpuk djh tkoS gSA osfy esa Ñ".k vj #de.kh jS ckyi.kS lwa ys;*j csVk&iksrk iko.kS rd jkS mYys[kgq;kS gS] i.k dsUnz fcUnq fØlu vj #de.kh jkS C;kao vj feyu bZ gSA b.kjS vykok osfy jkS mís'; fØlu vj#de.kh jh dFkk dSo.kks gh uha gS] cfYd vsd dykiw.kZ iksFkh jkS fljt.k dj.kkS jS;kS gSA vkS bt dkj.k gS dSdfo Hkxoku jh b.k dFkk uSa ?k.keksyh vj dkO;ksi;ksxh c.kko.k lk: b.kesa cnGko djÓkS gS] ft.kjS dkj.kpfj= mHkj*j lkaeh vk;k gSA b.k dFkk eka; oj.ku jh iz/kkurk jk[khth gS] ft.kesa #de.kh jkS ckGi.kkS]o;%lafèk] fl.kxkj oj.ku] #de.kh jks fØlu uSa lanslks Hkst.kkS] fjrq oj.ku vj fjrq fogkj vkn yack oj.kugS] rks #de.kh gj.k vj tq) oj.ku vkn NksVk izlax gSA dfo b.kjS lkxS gh vkfHktkR; laLÑfr jkS oj.kudjÓkS gSA czkã.k jkS dqanuiqu esa lwo.kkS vj }kjdk esa tkx.kkS] #de.kh jS lansl jh vykSfdd ?kVuk jkS oj.kuvj Ñ".k HkfDr ijEijk jkS fuHkko djÓkS gSA osfy jS eka; dFkk txS&txS yach gksoS] i.k lkxS bZ oj.ku esafoxrokj jkspdrk feyS gS] tdh dFkk uSa LokHkkfod :i lwa ltho c.kko.k jS lkxS HkfDrHkko uSa Hkh txkoSA

jl&O;atuk

osfy jS eka; ohj] fl.kxkj] 'kkUr] jkSnz] Hk;kud] vn~Hkqr] d#.k] ohHkRl vj okRlY; jl jkS fp=.kgks;kS gS] i.k b.kjkS vaxhjl fl.kxkj bt gS vj b.kjS eka; Hkh la;ksx fl.kxkjA b.k [kaMdkO; eka; fØlu vj#de.kh jS iz.k; vj C;kao jh dFkk jkS fucU/ku gSA dsbZ fo}kuka xzaFk jh l#vkr vj lekfIr jk dsbZ inka jSvk/kkj ekFkS b.kuSa HkfDrdkO; crk;kS gS] i.k b.k fol; esa [kqn dfo iSyka jk egkdfo;ka jS n"Vkarka jkS btvuqlj.k djÓkS gSA izk;% lxGk fl.kxkj xzaFkka eka; laLÑr dfo lnho ukf;dk jS oj.ku uSa uk;d jS oj.kulwa iSyh BkSM+ nsaork vk;k gS] D;wadS fl.kxkj jl jkS LFkkbZ Hkko jfr uSa feu[k lwa cslh yqxkbZ eka; 'kkL=kuqlkj

124

cslh ekU;kS x;kS gSA t;nso dfo ^xhrxksfoUn* jS iSyS 'yksd eka; gh] ^jk/kkek/ko;kstZ;fUr ;equkdwy jg]dsy;%* dS;*j yqxkbZ jS [kkrj vkijkS ?k.kkS vknj 'kkL=&fu;ekuqlkj iznf'kZr djÓkS gSA b.kh Hkkar egkdfodkfGnkl j?kqoal eka;] ^ikoZrh&ijes'ojkS* jh oUnuk dj] efYyukFk jh Vhdk jS lcnka esa] ^ekrqjH;fgZrRokr~*]ekrk jh] firk jh mis{kk&iz/kkurk izxV djh gSA dfo b.k iksFkh uSa ^fl.kxkj xzaFk* dSoS vj b.k dkj.k ukjh jkSoj.ku iSyh djS &

lqdnso O;kl tSnso lkfj[kk]

lqdfo vusd rs ,d lUFkA

=hoj.k.k ifgykS dhtS frf.k]

xw¡fFk;S tsf.k flaxkj xzaFkAA

osfy jh vS vksGÓka Li"V djS gS dS dfo fl.kxkj jl lwa cp.kkS pkorkS rks cp ldrkS gkS] i.k dfovkS dksuh djÓkS] cfYd #de.kh gj.k jS vkxS jS izlaxka uSa fpf=r dj fl.kxkj uSa 'kkL=h; :i eka; fu:firdjÓkS gSA nwth ckr vk dS fl.kxkj jl jk nsork fo".kq ekU;k tkoS gS vj osfy jk uk;d Ñ".k fo".kq jk ghvorkj gS vj #de.kh fyNeh jkS vorkjA b.k pks[kS ekSdS jkS ykHk mBkorks Fkdks Ñ".k uSa la;ksx fl.kxkj lwatksM+ fn;kSA

Ñ".k vj #de.kh fl.kxkj jl jk vkyacu gSA vBS #de.kh jS 'kS'kodky lwa l: dj*j] foxrokj;kSoukoLFkk rkabZ jS fodklØe jkS oj.ku] m.kjS :i oj.ku vkn esa dfo jh fl.kxkjh ofÙk >GdS gSA Vkcji.kSesa [ksyrh #de.kh b.k rjS ykxS] ekukS ekuljksoj eka; gal jkS Vkcj [ksy jS;kS gS ;k lqes# ioZr ekFkS nks iÙkkokGh l|% mRiUu lksuS jh yfrdk ygjk jS;h gS&

jkek vorkj uke rkb #def.k]

eku ljksofj es#fxfjA

ckGdfr dfj gal pkS ckGd]

dud&osfy fcgq¡ iku fdfjAA

QwBjkiS jh lk{kkr~ iwrGh gkso.kS jS lkxS gh #de.kh ykt vj fgEer jS xq.kka lwa Hkjh gh] ft.kjkS dfodq'kyrk lwa oj.kko djÓkS gSA vkijS eka&cki jS lkaeh tko.k lwa vk ykt djSA iFohjkt m.kjS tkscu] QwBjkiS]xq.k] 'khy] izse] dqG&oSHko uSa vkijh ys[kuh lwa vej c.kk; fn;kSA #de.kh jS QwBjkiS jkS oj.kko djrka dfodSoS&

vkxfG fir&ekr jeafr vaxf.k]dke&fojke fNikM+.k dktAyktoarh vafx ,g yktfof/k]yktdjfUr vkos yktAA

lqgkxjkr jh csGk Hkh Ñ".k jS d{k esa tkorh #de.kh uSa ykt ?ksj ysoSA ft.k Hkkar yksgS jS yaxjka lwacaf/k;ksM+ks ¼enksUeÙk½ gkFkh pkyS m.kha Hkkar ykt lwa HkjÓksM+h #de.kh vkijh l[kh jkS gkFk idM+*j ix&ix ekFkS[kM+h jSorh Fkdh] ;kSou&en uSa >Gdkorh xtxkfeuh nkabZ pkySA dfo #de.kh jh ykt uSa b.k Hkkar iznf'kZrdjS gS&

voyafc l[kh dj ifx ifx ÅHkh]jgrh en ogrh jef.kAykt yksg yaxjs yxk,]x; fte vk.kh x;xef.kAA

125

la;ksx fl.kxkj jS lkxS gh osfy jS eka; fo;ksx fl.kxkj Hkh gSA gkykafd fo;ksx fl.kxkj FkksM+kS gh feyS]i.k ckS ^xkxj esa lkxj* Hkj.kS jkS dke djSA C;kao lwa iSyh #de.kh Ñ".k uSa gh vkijkS Hkjrkj eku ysoSA Ñ".kuSa vkijS Hkjrkj jS :i eka; iko.k jh bPNk m.kuSa fo;ksx eka; ?kky nsoSA ck eS*y ekFkS p<&p<*j tkGh lwaekjx esa ifFkdka uSa ns[kSA #de.kh jkS ru ?kjS gS] i.k eu Ñ".k eka; jeX;kS gSA ck u[k uSa ys[kuh c.kk*j vkalwfeY;ksM+S dktG jh L;kgh lwa i= fy[kS vj czkã.k uSa nsoS&

e e dfjfl <hy fgo gq, gsdeu]tkb tknok¡ bUnz t=AekgjS eq[k gq¡rk rkgjS eqf[k]ix oUn.k dfj nsb i=AA

vpk.kpd f}t uSa ikNkS vkaorkS ns[k*j #de.kh jkS fojg lwa HkjÓkS fgoM+kS vkSj Hkh cslh vk'kafdr gq;tkoSA u tk.kS vkS czkã.k dkabZ lekpkj yk;kS gqoSyk bR;kn lksp jS dkj.k fpÙk jh xfr ihiG jS dkairS iÙkSjh nkabZ gks;xhA dfo #de.kh jS fgoM+S jS var}±} jkS oj.ku djrk Fkdka crkoS&

pGi= i= fFk;kS nqt ns[kS fpr]ldS u jgfr u iwfN ldfUrAvkS vkoS fte fte vklUukS]fre fre eq[k /kkj.kk rdfUrAA

osfy jS eka; brjkS vf}rh; fl.kxkj jkS fp=.k gq;kS gS] i.k Qsj Hkh dsbZ vkykspdka b.kuSa fl.kxkjiz/kku uha dS;*j HkfDrdkO; jh Hkh laKk nh gSA vBS vkS loky ÅHkkS gksoS dS dkabZ HkfDr vj fl.kxkj esa dksbZblkS fojks/k gS dS nksuwa vsdS lkxS uha jS; ldS \ dkfGnkl f'ko&HkDr jS :i eka; txpkok gS] i.k dqEHkkjlaHko*eka; vki f'ko&ikoZrh jS fl.kxkj jkS oj.kko djÓkS gSA laLÑr jk t;nso] caxyk jk paMhnkl] rfey jkvkaMky] xqtjkrh jk ujlh esgrk] eSfFkyh jk fo|kifr vj fgUnh jk lwj] fgr gfjoa'k] Lokeh gfjnkl] jl[kkuvkn lxGk fl.kxkj jkS QwBjkS oj.ku djÓkS gSA fl.kxkj oj.ku esa bZ dfo;ka jS lkaeh jhfrdkyhu dfo vsdneQhdk iM+ tkoSA lwjnkl jS lwjlkxj jS nks&frgkbZ val eka; la;ksx fl.kxkj jkS gh oj.ku gSA ujlh esgrkjkS fl.kxkj uXu fl.kxkj gSA dkabZ vka dfo;ka jS HkDrdfo gkso.kS esa vj m.kkajS HkfDrdkO; gkso.kS esa dksbZ HkzegS \ vxj uha gS rks iFohjkt uSa HkDrdfo vj ôsfy* uSa HkfDrdkO; dSo.kS esa dksbZ vkifÙk uha gkso.kh pkbZtSA

MkW- Hkwifrjke lkdfj;k jkS dSo.kkS gS& ^îfrr&ikouh] iq.;&lfyyk tkg~uoh ftl izdkj laxe esa;equk vkSj ljLorh esa rFkk blds iwoZ Hkh vusd NksVh&eksVh lfjrkvksa ls feydj ,d fo'kky vkSj HkO; :i/kkj.k dj lcdks ikou djrh gqbZ fujarj izog'khy gS] mlh izdkj osfy dh HkfDrjl :ih lqjlfjrk esa Ükaxkjo ohj jl :ih ;equk rFkk ljLorh vkSj jkSnz] Hk;kud o ohHkRl :ih vU; vusd jl&lfjrkvksa dk feyugS] ftlls mldk Hkko&lkSan;Z fu[kj mBk gS] vkSj mlesa voxkgu ls Hk;adjre v?kksa dk fouk'k gks tkrk gSvkSj ftl izdkj xaxk var esa tkdj vius ifr egksnf/k esa fey tkrh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj osfy Hkh vuUrLo:i Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k rd igq¡pkus dk vewY; mik; gSA**

oLrqr% eksVh ckr gS dfo jh ân;&xr Hkkouk jhA vxj fgoM+S jh eq[; Hkkouk HkfDr gS] rks fl.kxkjjkS oj.ku dj*j dfo HkDrdfo gks; ldS gS vj m.kjkS dkO; HkfDrdkO; gks; ldSA iFohjkt jS fgoM+S jh eq[;Hkkouk HkfDr bZ gSA vk ckr ôsfy* vj m.kka jh nwth jpukoka lwa lkQ gksoS gSA dfo ôsfy* jkS mís'; izxVkorkaFkdka fy[kS&

ftf.k nh/k tue tfx eqf[k ns thgk]fØlu tq iks[k.k&Hkj.k djbAdg.k r.km fr.k r.km dhjru]L=e dh/kk¡ fo.k dse ljbAA

126

b.k lwa lkQ gksoS gS dS Hkxoku jkS xq.kxku bZ osfy jkS mís'; gSA vkS bt b.kjkS izsj.kklzksr gSA ys[kdjkS osfy jh jpuk jS lk: dksbZ ykSfdd mís'; uha gS] m.kuSa u rks dksbZ lezkV uSa jkth dj.kkS gS vj u gh dksbZykSfdd ykHk jh gh m.kuSa vkdka{kk gSA i.k ft;ka dS iSyh dS;kS x;kS gS] HkfDr vj fl.kxkj jS eka; dksbZfojks/k uha gSA nksuwa vsdS lkxS jS; ldS gSA osfy fl.kxkj dkO; Hkh gS vj HkfDrdkO; HkhA b.k [kkrj MkW-ujksÙkenkl Lokeh osfy jS HkfDr&dkO; ;k fl.kxkj&dkO; jh fojksG djrka Fkdka HkfDr vj fl.kxkj eka; dksbZfojksèk uha gkso.k lwa osfy uSa fl.kxkj&dkO; Hkh dS;kS gS vj HkfDr&dkO; HkhA

osfy jS eka; ohj jl jkS izlaxksfpr QwBjkS oj.ku gq;kS gSA #de.kh gj.k vj tqèk fcj[kk :id esa ohjjl jh NVk ns[k.k tksx gSA i.k vkS osfy jkS fljekSj jl dksuh] D;wadS u rks dfo jkS vkl; dksbZ ohjdkO;jS fljt.k jkS gks vj u gh lxGS dkO; jS iNS vk èofu fudGSA ôsfy* eka; vk;k 23 i|ka eka; tq/k&oj.kuuSa ohj jl jkS cseryc foLrkj uha dS;kS tk; ldSA b.k dkj.k 23 i|ka eka; tq/k jh rS;kjh] tq/k vj tq/k jkSvar] lxGk gh vk tkoS gSA vk ckr Hkh /;ku esa jk[k.k tksx gS dS vkS tq/k&oj.ku vaxh ;k eq[; fol;#de.kh& gj.k jS lkxS xSjkbZ lwa tqfM+;kS gS] m.kjS fcuk #de.kh&gj.k izlax vk/kkS gh jS; tkoSA dfo nwtkoj.kuka jh Hkkar b.kuSa ?k.kkS foLrkj Hkh dksuh fn;kS gSA f'k'kqiky tq/k 11 i|ka esa gS vj #Deh jkS Qxr 5 i|kaesa dfo oj.ku djÓkS gSA vkS tq/k oj.ku :id iz/kku gS&

dGdfG;k dqUr fdj.k dfG ÅdfG]jftr fofl[k foojftr okmA/kfM+&/kfM+ /kcfd /kkj /kk:tG]flgfj&flgfj lejoS flykmAA

;|fi osfy jS eka; ohj jl jkS oj.ku FkksM+kS bZ gq;kS gS] i.k b.kjS vorkj.k lwa vaxhjl fl.kxkj jkSiks"k.k bZ gq;kS gS( dkO; jh vsdjlrk uSa b.klwa dksbZ vc[kkbZ uha gksoSA vsdjlrk jkS vjFk vkS bZt gS dS vsdiz/kku jl gksoS vj ckdh jl lS;ksxh c.k*j vkoS] vkS uha dS ckdh jl vkoS bZ uhaA b.k dkj.k dS; ldka dSosfy fl.kxkj iz/kku jpuk gS vj b.kjkS vaxhjl fl.kxkj bZt gSA HkfDr] jkSnz] ohHkRl] 'kkUr vj nwtk jlfl.kxkj jl jk lgk;d c.k*j lkaeh vk;k gSA

8-6 osfy esa çÑfr&fp=.k

egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jS b.k dkO;&xzaFk jS izÑfr&fp=.k jh vk folslrk gS dS dfo izÑfr jkSoj.ku clar fjrq lwa l: uha dj*j mUgkGS jS oj.ku lwa djÓkS gSA vkf[kj esa clUr fjrq jkS oj.ku dj*j dkO;uSa lq[kn dYiukoka dkauh ys tko.k jkS tru djÓkS gSA laLÑr vj fgUnh dkO; jh folslrk gksoS dS dfo dkO;esa nq[kkUr jh BkSM+ lq[kkUr oj.ku djSA b.k rjS osfy eka; iFohjkt fcj[kk fjrq jkS ltho fp=ke mdsj*jvkijh fg;S jh gqGkl uSa ikBdka lkaeh jk[kh gSA cjlrh dGk;.k jh nM+M+&nM+M+ dfo jS fg;S eka; uha lekoSAdfo unh&ukGka jS mQk.k jkS fp=ke mdsjrkS crkoS&

cjlarS nM+M+ uM+ vuM+ okft;k]l?k.k xkft;kS xqfgj lfnAtGfuf/k gh lkekb ugha tG]tGokGk u lekb tGfnAA

ôsfy* eka; izÑfr jkS fp=.k izeq[k :i lwa vkyEcu] míhiu] vkyadkfjd] ijekRek jkS vkHkkl] i"BHkksevj okrkoj.k jh lf"V] vka ikap :ika eka; gks;kS gSA osfy jkS "kMfjrq oj.ku míhiu jS :i esa #de.kh vj Ñ".kjS fogkj jh i"BHkkse jS :i esa gks;kS gSA i.k b.kjh fjrq oj.ku ijEijk eqDr dksuhA dfo BkSM+&BkSM+ ekFkSjktLFkku jh jaxr uSa Hkh izxV djh gSA osfy jS izÑfr oj.ku jS [kkrj eksrhyky esukfj;k fy[kS] ^ôsfy dkizÑfr o.kZu fMaxy lkfgR; dks iFohjkt dh viuh ,d viwoZ nsu gSA----tks viuh ekSfydrk vkSj uohurk fy,gq, gS----i<+rs&i<+rs jktLFkku dh /kjrh dk fp= lkeus vk tkrk gSA dfo ds 'kCnksa esa rwfydk dh HkkfUr fp=

127

f[kaps gSaA----,slk lqUnj] LokHkkfod vkSj lqjE; izÑfr fp=.k rks laLÑr ds egkdfo;ksa ls Hkh ugha cuk gSA blesadfo dh Hkko rYyhurk] fp=dkj dk fp=dkS'ky vkSj oSKkfud dh lw{e nf"V lfUufgr gSA**

osfy jS eka; dfo izÑfr jkS lw{e fujh{k.k djÓkS gSA vkijh ekSfyd dYiuk jS lgkjS dfo izÑfr jSQwBjkiS jh [kwc [kqy*j vfHkO;fDr djh gSA vkijS lkxS jh lf[k;ka jS lkxS #de.kh jS fp= esa lxGS vkHkS jhizkÑfrd lqUnjrk jS HkaMkj uSa [kksy gh nsoS&

lafx l[kh flfG dqfG oSfl lek.kh]isf[k dGh ine.kh ifjAjktfr jkt&dq¡okfj jk;&v¡xf.k]mfM;.k ohjt vEcgfjAA

#de.kh jS :i&oj.ku eka; uSlfxZd QwBjkiS jkS euekso.kkS fp=ke mdsjrka dfo fy[kS&

ifgym¡ eqf[k jkx izxV fFkm] izkphv#.k fd v#.kksn; v¡cjAis[ks fdfj tkfx;k i;ksgj]la>k&oan.k fj[ksljAA

b.kjS vykok C;kao jS iNS fjrq&oj.ku] Hkksj jkS oj.ku vj fla÷;k jkS oj.ku vj tqèk& fcj[kk:id eka; dfo te*j izÑfr jk Hkkoiw.kZ fp=ke vafdr dj.kS esa lQyrk ikbZ gSA

8-7 osfy jkS dyk&i[k

^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* vsd dykiw.kZ xzaFk gSA vsd dkjhxj jh HkkUr dfo vkijS b.k xzaFk uSa ltk;kSgSA t:jr jh txg lcnkoGh] ukn&lkSan;Z] vyadkj vkn jkS dfo cjkscj è;ku jk[;kS gSA Hkko&i[k jh HkkUrgh osfy jkS dyk&i[k Hkh mRÑ"V gS vj b.k dkj.k b.kesa Hkko&i[k vj dyk&i[k jkS ef.kdkapu ;ksx gSAb.kjkS dyk&i[k ikBdka uSa eqX/k djÓka fcuk uha jSoSA

NUn&fo/kku

osfy esa iz;qDr NUn] xzaFk jS ukao lwa feyrkS&tqyrkS ôsfy;kS* xhfr&NUn gSA fMaxG dfork eka;lk/kkj.k :i lwa iz;qDr ?k.kk gh ekf=d NUnk jh tkfr eka; lwa ^NksVkS lka.kkSj* ukao jS tkfr folsl jk P;kjmiHksnka eka; lwa ôsfy;kS xhr* Hkh vsd gSA ^j?kqukFk:id* eka; dfooj eulkjke êaN* b.k jk y{k.k fy[krkaFkdka dSoS&

pkj Hksn fr.kjk poS] dfo;.k cM+ vkSdwcAle> osfy;kS] lksg.kkS] [kqM+n] tkaxM+kS [kwcAA

vkxS ôsfy;kS xhr* jS l:i jkS oj.ku djS&

lksGS dGk fo"ke in lktS]lein iujS dyk lektSA/kqj vBkj eksgjk xq# y?kq /kj]dgtS êaN* osfy;kS be djAA

vFkkZr~ fo"ke pj.kka eka; 16 ek=koka vj le pj.kka eka; 15 ek=koka gksoSA i.k iSyS pj.k jh folslrkdBS&dBSbZ b.k ckr esa ns[kh tkoS gS dS vkS 18 ek=koka jkS gksoS gS vj b.kjS eksgjS jh rqd jS vkf[kj esa xq# y?kq¼· A½ gksoS gSA

osfy jS eka; le pj.kka esa 13 ek=koka okGk i|ka jh la[;k lxGka lwa cslh gSA b.kjS iNS 15 ek=kokaokGk i|ka jkS uEcj vkoS gSA 14 ek=koka okGk i|ka jh la[;k lxGka lwa de gSA b.k rjS osfy jk ?k.k[kjk i|

128

[kqM+n lka.kkSj ;k [kkl NksVk lka.kkSj xhr jS vkèkkj ekFkS cf.k;k gSA osfy jS NUn uSa NksVk lka.kkSj dSo.kkS BhdjSlhA osfy jS Nan iz;ksx jS vkSfpR; lwa vkdf"kZr gks;*j dsbZ fo}kuka rks vBS rkabZ Hkh dS; fn;kS dS ^fØlu#de.kh jh osfy* Qxr osfy;kS NUn esa gh fy[khth gS vj b.k dkj.k b.kjkS ukao ôsfy* ifM+;kS gSA

vyadkj

osfy jS vyadkj lkSan;Z lk: Lo- ujksÙkenkl Lokeh jkS vkS er gks dS] ôsfy jhfr eqDr jpuk gSA mlesavyadkjksa dk izpqj iz;ksx gqvk gS& 'kCnkyadkjksa dk Hkh vkSj vFkkZyadkjksa dk HkhA ,sls i|ksa dh la[;k de ughagS] ftuesa ,d lkFk pkj&pkj] ik¡p&ik¡p vyadkj vk, gSaA ijUrq ;s vyadkj loZ= LokHkkfod :i ls vk, gSa]dgha ij Hkh iz;Ruizlwr ugha tku iM+rsA nks&,d cM+s lkax :id dfo us cka/ks gSa] os vo'; gh iz;RuizlwrgSaA muesa Hkh vLokHkkfodrk vFkok Ñf=erk ds n'kZu ugha gksrsA vyadkjksa us Hkko dks dgha ij Hkh vkPNkfnrugha fd;k gSA**

osfy jS eka; lcnkyadkjka jkS iz;ksx ?k.kkS bZ gks;kS gSA fMaxG dkO;&'kkL= jS fu;ekuqlkj oS.k lxkbZjkS iz;ksx gjsd Nan eka; dfo LokHkkfod :i lwa djÓkS gSA oR;kuqizkl] Nsdkuqizkl] ykVkuqizkl] ;ed vjiqu#fDrizdk'k Hkh BkSM+&BkSM+ nhBhxr gksoSA Nsdkuqizkl lwa jfgr i|ka jh fx.krh uha jS cjkscj gSA Jh eksrhykyesukfj;k fy[kS] ^îFohjkt us 'kCnkyadkj vkSj vFkkZyadkj nksuksa dk izpqj iz;ksx fd;k gSA Lo:icks/k vkSjHkkoksÙkstuk dh nf"V ls budh ;kstuk gqbZ gSA-----gekjs izkphu dfo vka[k dh miek dey ls vkSj eq[k dhpUnzek ls nsrs vk, gSaA bl rjg dh miekvksa ls mies;&mieku ds chp dk FkksM+k lkn'; vo'; izdV gkstkrk gS ij o.kZu esa lthork ugha vkrh] u dfFkr fo"k; dk iwjk n'; lkeus vkrk gSA ijUrq iFohjkt dhmiekvksa esa ;g ckr ugha gSA os viuh miekvksa esa u dsoy mies;&mieku dk lk/kE;Z dFku djrs gSa vfirqnksuksa ds vklikl ds iwjs okrkoj.k dks gh 'kCnksa esa yk mrkjrs gSa] ftlls Hkko ltho gksdj txexkus yxrkgSA

b.k HkkUr vkika ns[kka dS iFohjkt jkBkSM+ Ñr fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* esa vyadkjka jkS tFkktksx iz;ksxgks;kS gSA vS vyadkj liz;kl uha vk;*j LokHkkfod :i lwa vk;k gSA b.klwa egkdfo jkBkSM+ jS dkO;&dkS'kyjh f[kerk lgt :i lwa mtkxj gksoSA

Hkk"kk

osfy jh Hkk"kk fo'kq) fMaxG gS] ft.kjS ekFkS dfo jkS vn~Hkqr vf/kdkj gSA b.kjh lcnkoGh ekuks dfojh thHk ekFkS [ksyS gS vj t:jr iM+Óka lcn m.kh cxr lkaeh vk; tkoSA lcnkyadkjka jkS iz;ksx ?k.kkS gksorkaFkdka Hkh Hkk"kk jkS izHkko c.;kS jSoSA laLÑr jS ywaBS ikf.MR; jk njl.k Hkh b.kjS eka; gksoSA

lcn&p;u ?k.kS cqf)&dkS'ky lwa gks;kS gSA lcn vkijS vfHk/ks; ¼vFkok yk{kf.kd½ vjFk jS lkxS&lkxSu tk.kS fdrjk Hkko vsd gh lkxS lwfpr dj nsoS gSA LokHkkfodrk vj ltkoV jkS QwBjkS :i dfo jh egkuizfrHkk jh vksG[kk.k gSA n';&oj.kuka eka; lcnka jkS pq.kko brjh [kwch lwa gks;kS gS dS lcnka jh /ofu lwa ghHkkouk jkS fp=ke lkdkj gks; tkoS] ;Fkk&

dkGh dfj dkaBfG mtfG dksj.k]/kkjs lko.k /kjgfj;kAxfG pkfy;k nlks fnfl tGxzHk]Fkfe u fojfg.kh u;.k fFk;kAA

Hkk"kk jS ukn&lkSUn;Z vj LoPNUn izokg jS dkj.k lthork vk;xh gSA uhpS eaMÓksM+h vksGh jS iwokZ)Zeka; BSj&BSj*j nh?kZ oj.kka jkS iz;ksx djÓkS x;kS gS] ft.klwa thHk uSa chp&chp esa #drka Fkdka pky.kkS iM+S gS&

lfGlG lcG lnG flfj lkeG]iqgi&cw¡n ykxh iM+.kA

129

vkst] izlkn] ek/kq;Z xq.k jh Hkk"kk&f=os.kh ikBdka uSa jlkLoknu djkaorh pky jS;h gSA Hkk"kk jh nhBlwa osfy fljekSj xzaFkka jh foxr eka; vkijh iSyh BkSM+ c.kkoS gSA

8-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

ôsfy fØlu #de.kh jh* jktLFkkuh HkfDrdkO; ijEijk jh vsd fljekSj jpuk gSA MkW- vsy- ih-VSLlhVksjh b.kuSa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; :ih jRuxHkkZ [kk.k jS ywaBS vj nSnhI;eku jruka eka; lwa vsd fljS jrudS;kS gSA vk iksFkh laor~ 1637 eka; fy[khth ghA vkS rF; b.k iksFkh jS vk[kjh nwgS eka; izxV djÓkS x;kS gSAjktLFkku jk fo}kuka] dfo;ka vj HkDrka uSa b.k iksFkh jS dkO;&xq.kka jkS X;ku gkSA osfy jh ijEijkxr ljko.kkjk dsbZ NUn feyS gSA dfooj nqjlkth vk<+k ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* uSa îk¡poksa osn* vj ^mx.khloksa iqjk.k*ekU;kS gSA cS fy[;kS gS&

#def.k xq.k y[k.k :i xq.k jpko.k]ôsfy* rklq dq.k djS o[kk.kAik¡pekSa osn Hkkf[k;kS ihFkG]iqf.k;kS mx.khlekSa iqjk.kAA

chdkusj jS jkBkSM+ jktoa'k eka; lu~ 1549 esa tyE;k egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jh jP;ksM+h ^fØlu#de.kh jh osfy* uSa osfy&ijEijk eka; lxGka lwa Å¡ph BkSM+ feyh gSA lezkV vdcj jS njckfj;ka eka; iFohjktjkS ?k.kkS eku&lUeku gkSA lezkV jS dS;ksM+S b.k nwgS lwa iFohjkt lk: lezkV jS gsr&fgaoGkl jkS Bk ykxS&

ihFkG lksa etfyl xbZ] rkulsu lksa jkxAjht cksy gal [ksycks] x;kS chjcy lkFkAA

lkfgR;&txr~ jk eksdGk fo}kuka ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* uSa fMaxG lkfgR; jh fljekSj jpukcrkorka Fkdka b.kjkS ?k.kkS eku c/kk;kS gSA dkabZ izkphu vj dkabZ vokZphu] dkabZ nslh vj dkabZ fonslh] lxGkvkykspdka b.kjS Hkko&i[k vj dyk&i[k jS ef.kdkapu ;ksx jh ljko.kk djh gSA Jh eksrhyky esukfj;k jSeqtc] ^^dkO;&lkS"Bo] vyadkj&pkrq;Z] Hkko&xkEHkh;Z] Hkk"kk&ykfyR;] vFkZ&xkSjo vkfn lHkh nf"V;ksa ls vius<ax dk vuwBk gS] vuqie gSA osfy ds dFkkud esa ljlrk] mldh dfork esa dkseyrk] mlds izkÑfrd o.kZuesa dYiuk dh deuh;rk] mldh Hkk"kk esa izkatyrk ,oa Hkkoksa esa ekSfydrk gSA**

ckn'kkg vdcj jk eu jS ekSM+ vj xq.kka jk vkxkj iFohjkt jh ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* jh dhjrhjkS c[kk.k djrka Fkdka yD[kkS ckjgB vj HkDr ukHkknkl tSM+k ?k.kk bZ fo}kuka eksdGk xq.k&xhr xk;k gSAjkefla?k xkM.k jkS dSo.kkS gS&

#def.k xq.k jp.k flaxkj egkjl] osn rht rfl ck.k c[kka.kAikpekSa osn Hkkf[k;kS ihFkk] if<;kS mx.khlekSa iqjk.kAAdosG Hkxr vFkkg dykor] rSa*t fdlu pkS xq.k rfo;kSApgq¡ ikapekSa fuxe pkyfo;kS] uo nlekS xzaFk uhxfo;kSAAEgSa dfg;kS gfjHkxr izFkhey] Jko.kS o;.k dg.k rrlkjAjkekS dgS ihFkk egkjktk] vk[kj O;kl r.kkS vorkjAA

ek/konkl n/kokfM+;k jkS jkaejklkS* vSM+kS xzaFk gS] ft.kjh lSdM+ka izfr;ka R;kj gqbZ gSA b.kh HkkUr egkjktiFohjkt jh osfy Hkh b.k xzaFk jh foxr eka; gh vkoS gSA osfy jh Hkh dsbZ izfr;ka R;kj djhthA b.kjS lkxS ghosfy jh czt] laLÑr] xqtjkrh vj fgUnh Hkk"kk eka; Vhdkoka fy[kht.kh b.kjh egÙkk uSa eÙkSbZ mtkxj djSA

Hkkxor jS nloSa LdU/k jh Hkkar gh osfy jkS izpkj gkso.k jS dkj.k egkdfo iFohjkt uSa osnO;kl jkSvorkj dS;kS x;kS gSA iqjk.kh [;krka eka; dBS&dBSbZ vSM+k oÙkkUr feyS gS dS osfy jh udyka ¼izfr;ka½ R;kjdjok*j iFohjkt BkSM+&BkSM+ Hksth ghA egkjk.kk izrkifla?k vki jS HkkbZ jkor lxj jk.kkor duSa osfy jh udy

130

ys;*j [khank flag<k;p] fpjath f[kfM+;k] nqjxk fol.k vj x.ksl vkfl;k uSa Hksft;kSA osfy uSa iwjh lq.k*j jkorlxj brjk jkth gks;k dS vki P;kjka gh dfoljka uSa Ms[kkS] HkXxw] ckMk.kh vj tks/kM+kokl ukao jk xkao osfyjh c/kkbZ ekFkS cxfl;kA osfy jh fcM+n uSa xkaorka] iFohjkt jh HkfDr&jtiwrh ekFkS jktLFkkuh jk ywaBk dfoyD[kkth ckjgB xhr c.kk;kS] ft.kjS eka; dS;kS x;kS gS&

fdrjk vkxS oM doh] iq.;k izHkq tl is[kApkSt vksiek pkrjh] odrk izFk vknslAAukjk;.k r.kkS dkO; oM uhdks] c[kk.k.k pkS dfj folrkjApkSt de/k dfo pkf<+ vksiek] uekS ihFk fur mdfr vikjAA

b.k lxGS foospu jS vk/kkj ekFkS dS;kS tk; ldS gS dS osfy eka; dkO; jk Hkko&i[k vj dyk&i[knksuwa gh ?k.kk lcG gS vj dfo vkijS euksHkkoka] je.kh; dkeukoka vj ekfeZd vuqHkwfr;ka jS ik.k dkO; uSadykRedrk iznku djh gSA t.kS bt ôsfy* jS egÙo uSa vaxstrka Fkdka duZy VkWM dfo jh dfork eka; ^lglz?kksM+ksa dk cy* crk;*j xqest djSA lw;Zizdk'k nhf{kr vkRedF; eka; b.kuSa ^ver osfy* jh laX;k nh gSA ia-lw;Zdj.k ikjhd dfo uSa fgUnh jk HkoHkwfr ekuS gS vj eksrhyky esukfj;k uSa osfy jh miekoka gksej jh miekokaT;wa ykxS gSA b.k [kkrj osfy jktLFkkuh jh gh uha] Hkkjr jh fx.kh&pq.kh veksyd vj dkGt;h jpukoka eka;lwa vsd gSA

8-9 vH;kl jk izLu

cMk loky

1- ^ôsfy jS dFkkud eka; ljlrk] dfork eka; dkseyrk] izkÑfrd oj.ku eka; dYiuk jhdeuh;rk] Hkklk eka; izkatGrk vj Hkkoka eka; ekSfydrk gSA** eksrhyky esukfj;k jS b.k dFkuuSa ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* jh fojksG djrka Fkdka iq[rk djkokSA

2- ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* eka; HkfDr] fl.kxkj vj ohj jl jh f=os.kh cgh gSA b.k dFku uSamnkgj.k lesr le>korka Fkdka ôsfy* jS vaxhjl uSa Li"V djkSA

3- ôsfy* jS dkO;xr QwBjkiS ¼Hkko&i[k] dyk&i[k½ uSa mnkgj.k lesr mtkxj djkSA

4- U;kjk&U;kjk fo}kuka jS fopkjka uSa mn~/kr djrka Fkdka ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* jh egÙkk uSaizfrikfnr djkSA

5- ^êgkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ izÑfr jk fprsjk dfo gkA** b.k dFku uSa foLrkj lwa le>kokSA

8-10 lUnHkZ xazFkka jh ikuM+h

1- la- ujksÙkenkl Lokeh] Bk- jkeflag] ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd & ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy*A

2- la- vkuUnizdk'k & ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy*A

3- la- MkW- iq#"kksÙke vklksik & ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy*A

4- MkW- dY;k.kflag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] laLÑfr]A

5- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk lkfgR;]A

6- MkW- ek/kksflag bUnk & jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ehekalk]A

7- lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lEink]A

131

bdkbZ & 9

izeq[k dfooj & dq'kyykHkbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

9-0 mÌsL;]

9-1 izLrkouk%

9-2 dq'kyykHk jks thou&oÙk]

9-2-1 tGe vj oal]

9-2-2 xq#&ijEijk] fl{kk&nh{kk vj lEiznk;]

9-2-3 fejR;qA

9-3 dq'kyykHk % lkfgR;&fljt.k&

9-3-1 dkO;&fljt.k jh lh[k]

9-3-2 dfo jh cgqX;rk ¼tk.kdkfj;ka½]

9-3-3 dfo jh jpukoka % lkekU; ifjpSA

9-4 dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka jks ojxhdj.k&

9-4-1 vkdkj jh nhB lwa]

9-4-2 dkO;&l:i jh nhB lwa]

9-4-2-1 dFkkdkO; ijd [k.M dkO;

9-4-2-2 Lora= y?kq dkO;

9-4-3 folS&oLrq jh nhB lwaA

9-4-3-1 izsek[;kud jpukoka

9-4-3-2 tSu

9-4-3-3 ikSjkf.kd lkfgR;

9-4-3-4 jhfr &lacU/kh jpukoka

9-5 dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa pfj=&fo/kku&

9-5-1 ik=&;kstuk

9-5-2 ik=ka jh vsfrgkfldrk

9-6 dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka jks lkfgfR;d&oSHko&

9-6-1 Hkko&lkSan;Z]

9-6-2 jl&foospu] 9-6-3 izØfr&oj.kuA

9-6-4 flYi&lkSLBo&

9-6-4-1 dFkk flYi vj dFkkud&:f<+;ka]

9-6-4-2 Hkklk&lSyh]

9-6-4-3 vyadkj&fo/kku]

9-6-4-4 Nan vj xs;rk ¼laxhrkRedrk½]

9-6-4-5 dkO;&nkslA

132

9-7 dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa yksdrÙo

9-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

9-9 vH;kl jk izLu

9-10 lanHkZ&xzaFkka jh ikuM+hA

9-0 mÌsL;

b.k bdkbZ jks ewy mÌsL; fo|kfFkZ;ka uSa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS e/;dky jk izeq[k tSu dfo dq'kyykHkjS thou vj lkfgR; jh iwjh tk.kdkjh djko.kks gSA fd.k ifjfLFkfr;ka esa jktLFkkuh lkfgR; vkijks fodkldj;ks] dq'kyykHk fd.k Hkkar lkfgR;&txr esa inkji.k dj;ks&vkn jks oj.kkao m.kka jS thou&ifjpS djkorkFkdka dj~;ks tkoSykA b.k jS iwBS m.kka jS vk[kS lkfgR; jS ifjpS lkxS m.kka jS fljt.k jh fuj[k&ij[k dj.kksb.k bdkbZ jh folS&oLrq gqoSyhA

9-1 izLrkouk

e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa tSu dkO;/kkjk jh ywaBh tkxka gSA b.kh dkO; /kkjk jk vsd egrkÅdfo dq'kyykHk gSa] T;ka jks thoudky foØe jS 16 oSa lbdS jS NSyS pj.k lwa 17 oSa lbdS jS v/kkZal yx gksAvka jS thou vj fljt.k jh tk.kdkjh jh vksG[kka.k okLrS m.k cxr jh tk.kdkjh t:jh gS] D;awdS fd.khjpukdkj m.k tqx jh nsu gq;k djSA

dq'kyykHk jks lacU/k vkFkw.kS jktLFkku lwa gks ft.kesa tks/kiqj] chdkusj] ckM+esj] tSlyesj] vj mn;iqjvkn jkt?kjk.kk fx.khtSA dq'kyykHk tSlyesj oklh gksA m.k jS thoudky esa tSlyesj esa ekynso HkkVh]tks/kiqj esa jko ekynso jkBkSM+] chdkusj esa jko dY;k.key vj esokM+ esa egkjk.kk mnSfla?k jkt dj jS;k gkAvka lxGh fj;klrka esa vkilh dGg QSy;ksM+h ghA jko ekynso jkBkSM+ tSlk.kS ¼tSlyesj½ ekFkS fo-la- 1609esa geyks dj*j vkijS v/khu dj fy;ksA tSlyesj esa ekynso jh fejR;q iwBS m.k jks csVks gjjkt iksl lqfn 6lqdjokj fo-la- 1618 uS xÌhulhu gq;ksA

vdcj jh *nhubykgh* uhfr jS ik.k jktiwr vj eqxyka esa csVh lEcU/k lq: gq;ksA b.k lwa fo-la- 1648rkabZ jktLFkku vj xqtjkr ek;S vdcj jks vsdN= jkt gq;xksA urhtks vks gq;ks dS fgUnqoka ekFkSbLyke jks izHkko c<+.k ykxksA jktLFkku&xqtjkr esa tSu /kekZoyEch vsgydkjka jS gqo.k lwa oS vsd lhek yxtSu mikljkoka jh lqj{kk esa lQy Hkh jS;kA b.k tqx esa tSu /kje jh lqj{kk jks nwtks dkj.k chtS fgUnq&iaFkakjh rqyuk esa tSfu;ka jks vkijs lEiznk; jsS lk: cslh dêj gqo.kks gksA vka dkj.kka jS vykok tSlyesj] vcqZn]tkyksj] ikGhr.kk] ikV.k] fljksgh] vgenkckn] chdkusj vkn uxjka jh /kkjfed tkrjk dj bZ vS vkijS /kjeuS c/kk;ksA fj;klrka jk lkld i.k b.kk uSa gj rjS jh enÙk ns;^j iwjh enn djhA

b.k HkwHkkx ekFkS b.kk lkeUrh&lekt jh cgqyrk ghA NksVh tkr jS yksxksa jks lkeUr lksl.k djrk gkAvka gkykrka jks Qk;nks eysPNka uSa gq;ksA oS vka uSa ykyp ns;^j [kqjjS /kje esa vko.k uSa etcwj dj~;kAfo/kehZ C;ko lacU/kka jS dkj.k ckG i.kS esa gw.kokGk&C;ko vj vUrjtkfr C;ko uSa c/kkiks feG~;ksA lekt esauSfrdrk yxHkx [kre gq;xh ghA

lkeUrh izHkko vj tSu mikljkoka jh fFkjrk jS dkj.k lkfgR; fljt.k uSa vkSlj feG~;ksA pkj.k dfofMaxG lSyh esa jpuk dj.k ykxk rks tSu trh vj dfo tSu lSyh vj yksd lSyh esa dFkkRed vj Lrqfrijdjpukoka jks fljt.k dj.k ykxkA

9-2 dqlyykHk jks thou&o`Ùk

9-2-1 tGe vj oal&

dq'kyykHk jh 18 jpukoka esa dBS bZ fd.kh jpuk esa m.kk jh tGe&frfFk] tGe&jh tkxka] ekbZrka

133

HkkbZ&ca/kq] larku vknw jks dksbZ mYys[k dksuh feGSA nwtk Hkh vsM+k dksbZ vsgGk.k uha feGS T;ka jS vk/kkj ika.km.kka jS thouoÙk ckcr dksbZ iôh ckr dbZ tk ldSA i.k dq'kyykHk jh galnwr ¼iM+ fyfir jpuk fo-la- 1600½jh *iqf"idk* vj jpuk frFk jS fy[;ksM+h jpukoka *ek/kokoy& dkedanyk pkSibZ* ¼fo-la- 1616½ rstlkj jkl¼fo-la- 1624½] vxM+nÙk jkl ¼fo-la- 1625½] fiaxyf'kjksef.k ¼fo-la- 1635½] Hkhelsu gal jkt pkSibZ ¼fo-la-1643½] xq.klaqnjh pkSibZ ¼fo-la- 1648½ vkn jS vk/kkj ekFkS Egka dq'kyykHk jS thou dky i; dj;ks tk ldSgSA vka jpukoka ika.k dq'kyykHk jks thoudky fo-la- 1580&85 lwa fo-la- 1655 yx eku ldkaA galnwr ¼fo-la- 1600½ jh *iqf"idk* eqtc dq'kyykHk mik/;k; vHk/kje jk psyk fiaMr mikf/k/kkjh eqfu gSA b.k rF; lwa fo-la- 1600 yx m.kk jh mej 20 cjl yx jS;h gqoSykA lk/kq&larka jh lksp fujokGh vj vxe gqoS] b.k okLrSb.k mej yx fiaMr jh mikf/k /kkj.kks dksbZ vk.kwFkh ckr dksuhA *ek/kokuy dkedUnyk pkSibZ* dfo jh iSyhjpuk gS] ft.kjks jpukdky fo-la- 1616 gSA b.k cxr rkabZ dq'kyykHk jh mej 30&35 jS vk[krh&ik[krh jS;h]ft.kesa b.k rjS jh ukeh vj lkfgfR;d jpuk jks fljt.k laHko gSA dfo jh NSyh jpuk ^xq.klqanjh pkSibZ jksjpukdky ¼fo-la- 1648½ jS chp jk[krka fo}ku m.kka jS lqjxokl jks leS fo-la- 1650 ;k dS b.kjS vk[krh&ik[krhekuSaA dfo dq'kyykHk tSlyesj jS jkoG gjjkt jk vkfJr gkA jkoy gjjkt uSa oS dkO;fl{kk Hkh nh gh vj*fiaxykf'kjksef.k jh jpuk oS m.kka jh fl{kk lk: bZ djh ghA b.k Hkkar gjjkt jS lkludky vj m.kka jhjpukoka jh frfFk;ka lwa dq'kyykHk jks leS fo-la- 1580&85 lwa fo-la- 1655 yx fl) gqoSA

9-2-2 xq:ijEijk] fl{kk&nh{kk vj lEiznk;&

dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa m.kka jS xq# jks ukao] dqG] ekrk firk vkn ckcr dksbZ tk.kdkjh uha nhfjthgS] i.k oS vkijS xq# vj m.kka jh ijEijk jh tk.kdkjh [kqn jh lxGh bZ jpukoka esa nh gSA galnwr^ jh *iqf"idk*jh nkabZ ckdh jpukoka esa oS vkijS xq# jks ukao *vHk;/kje* crkoS vj okuSa [kJrjxPNh; ftuHknz lwfj jh larkuvj mik/;k; in lwa foHkwflr crkoS gS&

1- ikl ub Lokeh lqilk;] xq# Jh vHk;/kZ mo>k;Arklq lhl gj[kb ?kf.k;] okpd dqlyykHk be Hkf.k;¼ftuikfyr ftujf{kr laf/k xkFkk] xkFkk 91-½A

2- mo>k; jh vHk;/keZ lhlg] LrO;q izHkq lsokHk.kAJh dq'kyykHk lqefr csk/k cksyb lnk lm laifr ?kyhAA¼xkSM+h ik'oZukFk Lrou] Na- 61½A

3- Jh [kjrj xfPN lg xq# jk;] xq# Jh vHk;/keZ mo>k;A¼rstlkj jkl pkSibZ] pkS- 408½A

4- Jh ftupanz lwfj larku] vHk;/keZ mo>k;Arkl lhl ÅyV ofr ?k.kb ckpd dqlyykHk beHk.kbZAA¼Hkhelsu&galjkt pmibZ] pkS- 622½A

b.k Hkkar dfo dq'kykHk [kjrxPN laiznk; jS vf/kLBkrk ftupUnz lwfj jh flL; ijEijk esa mik/;k;vHk;/kje jS duS nhf{kr gqvkA dq'kyykHk m.kk jh ns[k&js[k esa bZ vkijh vk/;kfRed fl{kk iwjh dhoh vjokpd jh mikf/k rkabZa iwX;kA eksguyky nyhpan nslkbZ okuS dq'kyykHk mik/;k; ukao lwa lacksf/kr dj;ks gSAb.k lwa yj[kkoS dS oS mik/;k; rkabZa fl{kk ik;h ghA tSu lk/kq lekt esa fl{kk jh nhB lwa vS nksuwa fols.k.k¼fl{kk jh mikf/k;ka½ egrkÅ gSA [kjrjxPN lEiznk; esa vk ejtkn jS;h gS dS ftdks Kku esa fljS gqoS oksegkegksik/;k; dSbZtSA b.k ekurk ika.k mik/;k; Hkh lEekuh; mikf/k gSA

[kqnjS b.k X;ku jS dkj.k bZ oS tSlk.kS jk dqaoj gjjkt jk xq# jS;kA dfo jh fiaxy f'kjksef.k^ jpukb.k jks izek.k gSA dfo jh *ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ*] *<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ* vkj jpukoka Hkh b.kjh lk[kHkjSA b.k lwa Hkh vks izekf.kr gqoS dS dfo dq'kyykHk jkt jk Hkh lEeku izkIr xq# vj tfr gkA

134

9-2-3 fejR;q&

*xq.klqanjh pkSibZ* jS vk/kkj ekFkS fo}ku fo-la- 1650 ;k dS b.kjS vk[krh&ik[krh m.kka jS lqjxokl jhlaHkkouk djSA *Hk.k ikjlukFk Lrou* jh cM+s feanj okGh iM+fyfi esa b.k jks jpuk dky fo-la- 1653 fyf[kft;ksgS i.k dfo jh jpuk *l=qta; ;k=k Lrou* ¼j-dk fo- 1645½ vj *xq.klaqnjh pkSibZ* rkbZa dfo thfor gkA b.kleS jS iNS 5&10 ;k dS 2 cjlak yx dfo uS Egka vkstw thorka ekuka rks m.kka jh laHkkfor fejR;q frfFk fo- la-1655 ekuh tk ldSA b.k leS yx m.kk jh mej 60&65 cjl jh gqoS] ftdks m.k leS jh vkSlr vk;q jS uSM+SgSA

9-3 dq'kyykHk % lkfgR;&fljt.k&

9-3-1 dkO;&fljt.k jh lh[k&

Åij fyf[k;ksM+h ifjfLFkfr;ka lwa dfo jks izHkkfor gqo.kks laHko gSA vka ifjfLFkfr;ka esa dfo jks esG vsM+hizsj.kkoka lwa gq;ks ft.kk lwa izHkfor gq;^j oks tSlyesj] ikV.k] [kaHkkr] ohjeiqj jS jktkoka jk jkT;kJ; vj/kje jk mikljkoka esa cSB^j ?k.khbZ egrkÅ jpukoka jks fljt.k dj;ksA

1- jkT;kJ; &

dq'kyykHk tSlyesj jk jkoG gjjkt jk vkfJr dfo gkA vkijS vkJ;nkrk jh eulk eqtc oSlkfgR;&fljt.k l: dfj;ksA dfo b.k ckcr vkijh *ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ*] *<ksyk&ekjo.khpkSibZ* vj *fiaxyf'kjksef.k* esa mYys[k djrks gq;ks fy[;ks gS&

jkmy eky lqikV/kj] dqaej Jh gfjjkftAfojph vS fl.kxkj jl] rkl dqrwgy dktAA ¼ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ½

jkoy eky lqikVifr] tSly gfj;anoklAdqlyykHk dfo oj.kO;ks tkl dqrwgy dktAA ¼fiaxykfljksef.k½

dfo jh *txnEck Nan* vj *egkekbZ nqxkZlrlbZ jpukoka bZ dfo jS vkJ;nkrk uSa lh[k nSo.k[kkrj fy[khthA nsl esa c/krS eGSPN izHkko jS f[kykQ jktiwr tkr jks [kqn jh j{kk [kkfrjvkOgku dj.kks bZ vka jpukoka esa lansl gSA

2- /kje&Hkkouk vj Hkxrh &

dq'kyykHk tSu&trh gkA m.kka jks tSu mikljkoka lwa uSM+S jks lEcU/k jS;ksA tSu /kje jh dFkkoka]vj Hkxrh Hkkouk Hkh oka uSa lkfgR; fljt.k okLrS izsfjr djhA jkT;kJ; iNS tn dfo mikljkokaesa jSo.k ykxks rks vkijS /kje vj iaFk uSa yksd pkoks vj O;kid c.kko.k lk: vj vkre&dY;k.kjh Hkkouk lwa izsfjr gq;^j **ftuikfyr &ftujf{kr laf/k xkFkk] ik'OkZukFk nlHko Lrou] vxM+nÙkjkl] Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ] LFkwfyHknz NŸkhlh] uodkj Nan] egkekbZ nqjxklizlrh] txnEckNan** tSM+h Hkxrhijd jpukoka jh fljt.kk djhA

tSu lk/kqoka jks /;s; lekt jh /kkfeZd psruk esa c/kkiks vj tSu /kje jS vknslka jks izpkj dj.kksjS;ksA vS jpukoka vka mÌsL;ka jh iwjrh djSA *LokUr% lq[kk;* vkijS vkjk/; jks flej.k dj.kks bZvka jpukoka jks ewG gSA

3- xq# vj rhFkZadjka jh ewjr&

vkijS xq# jS minslka uSa lq.k^j dfo dq'ky ykHk dkO; fljt.k dj;ksA dfo dq'kyykHk*Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ* jh jpuk xq# jS minsl uSa lq.k^j djhA *LraHku ik'oZukFk Lrou*] JhiwT;okg.k xhr] xkSM+h ik'oZukFk Nan vkn Lrks=ka jh fljt.kka m.kka jh ekso.h ewjrka jh fNc vjlkL=ka esa djhft;ka oj.kkoka lwa eqX/k gq;^j djh gS] ckuxh ns[khtS&

¼i½ tk= djsok eqt gqarh jGh] izHkq rqEg HksaV~;k vkl lgq QGhx x x

135

fte lxq# Jh eqf[k lq.kh ok.kh] lkL= vkxe lerbZAA

¼Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ½

¼ii½ Jh xq# uk xq.k Kku g"kZ Hkf.k;.kM jsAA

dq'kyykHk dj tksfM+ Jh xq# i; uebZ js

Jh iwT; okg.k xhr lq.krka eu jebZ jsAA

¼Jh iwT;okg.k xhr½

9-3-2 dfo jh cgqX;rk&

dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa of.kZr oj.kkoka lwa tk.kdkjh feGS dS oS vsd X;kuh dfo gkA /kkfeZd xzaFkkajS euu lkxS bZ oS NUnlkL=] dkelkL=] laxhrlkL= vj yksd&lkfgR; jks bZ xsgjks v/;;u dj;ks gksA tSulk/kqoka eqtc dq'kyykHk jktLFkku] ekyok] xqtjkr vkn txkoka jh tk=koka djhA *'k=qat;&;k=k Lrou* ukaojh jpuk esa m.kka jS HkkSxksfyd X;ku jks lkarjks ifjpS feGSA *ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ*] *<ksyk&ekjo.khpkSibZ*] *vxM+nkl jkl*] *rstlkj jkl pkSibZ*] *Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ* vkfn jpukoka esa m.kka jS lkeUrhflLVkpkj] yksd jhfr&fjoktka] vykSfdd ?kVukoka] m.k cxr jh jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd O;oLFkk jhlkarjh tk.kdkfj;ka feGSA tSu&jpukoka m.kka jS laxhr X;kau jh vksG[kk.k djkoSA ^fiaxyf'kjksef.k^ m.kka jhdkO;lkL=h; X;ku jh tk.kdkjh djkoSA

9-3-3 dfo jh jpukoka % lkekU; ifjpS &

fo- la- 1616 lwa fo- la- 1648 yx dq'kyykHk jh fy[;ksM+h NksVh&eksVh 18 jpukoka feGSA dfo vkajpukoka jks fljt.k iwjS thou rkbZa dj~;ksA dfo jh izeq[k jpukoka gSa&

1- *ek/kokuy dkedanyk pkSibZ* ¼fo- la- 1616½] 2- *<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ* ¼fo- la- 1617½]3- *ftuikfyr&ftujf{kr laf/k xkFkk* ¼fo- la- 1621½] 4- *ik'oZukFk nle Lrou* ¼fo- la- 1621½]5- *rstlkj jkl* ¼fo- la- 1624½ 6- *vxM+nÙk jkl* ¼fo- la- 1625½ 7- *fiaxyf'kjksef.k* ¼fo- la- 1635½ 8- *LraHkuik'oZukFk Lrou* ¼fo- la- 1638½ 9- *Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ* ¼fo- la- 1643½ 10- *'k=qat; rhFkZ;k=k Lrou* ¼fo-la- 1644½ 11- *xq.klqanjh pkSibZ* ¼fo- la- 1648½ 12- *uodkj Nan* 13- *xkSM+h ik'oZukFk Lrou* 14- Jh*iwT;okg.kxhr* 15- *egkekbZ nqxkZ&lizlrh* 16- *Hkokuh Nan* dS *txnEck Nan* 17- *LFkwfuy Hknz NÙkhlh* vj18- *dfoÙk&loS;k*A

vka jpukoka jS vykok dq'kyykHk [kqn jS i<+.klk# fd.kh chtS dfo;ka jh vka nks jpukoka jks laiknudj;ks ,d gS *galnwr* vj nwtks *Kkunhi*A

jpukoka jks lkekU; ifjpS &

ek/kokuy dkedanyk pkSibZ &

foØekfnR; dFkk&pØ jh ek/ko vj danyk jS yksd izpfyr b.k vk[;ku dkO; jh dq'kyykHk jpukdfo fo- la- 1616 Qkxq.k lqfn rsjl vnhrokj uS iwjh djhA

bUnlHkk esa [ksy;ksM+ ukVd esa xSj gkftj ns[k*j bUnz eaxSt.k viljk t;Urh uSa ljki fn;ks ft.klwaok fizFkhyksd jh iqLikorh uxjh esa flyk:i esa izxVhA bUnz jS opuka eqtc m.k jks mÌkj cke.k jS csVS ek/kolkxS O;ko dj.k lwa bZ laHko gks lD;kSA

vsd^j dSykl ijcr ij lekf/k /kkj~;k Hkxoku 'kadj jS eu esa jfrHkko mit.k lwa oS L[kfyr gq;xkAHkxoku fo".kq fizFkh jh j{kk [kkfrj b.k L[kfyr jsrl~ uSa vkijh vatqGh esa <kc^j xaxk unh jS vsd deyukGesa lqjf{kr j[k fnjk;ksA f'koth jS jsrl~ lwa deyukG esa vsd rstLoh Vkcj tGE;ks ft.kuSa f'koth jh izsj.kklwa iqLikoyh uxjh jS jktk xksfoUnpanj jks larkugh.k iqjksfgr vkijh iRuh lkxS xaxk rV lwa vkijS ?kjka ys

136

vk;ksA Vkcj jks ukao ek/kokuy jk[khft;ksA ckjSg cjl jh mej esa unh jh ikG ekFkS vkijS lkfFk;ka lkxS jerkam.k jks C;ko ljki fy;kSM+h viljk t;Urh lkFkS gq;xksA bUnz jS ojnku lwa t;Urh lki eqxr gq;^j ikNhbUnzyksd iwx xhA

bUnzyksd esa t;Urh ek/ko jS fo;ksx esa ?k.kh nq%[kh jSo.k ykxhA NkuS&NkuS ok ek/ko lwa feG.k [kkrjfizFkhyksd vko.k ykxhA b.k Hksn jS [kqy tko.k jS lki jS Hk; lwa tn ok ek/ko lwa feG.kks can dj~;ks rksek/ko bZUnzyksd vko.k ykX;ksA b.k Hksn jS [kqy.k lwa ok dkekorh uxjh jh jktosL;k dkek jh csVh :i esatGeh vj m.kjks ukao jk[khft;ks dkedanykA

vBh uSa fctksxh ek/ko jS QwVjkiS vj oh.kkoknu lwa vkdjflr iqLikorh uxjh jh ckykcka vj vUrjiqjjh jkaf.k;ka dkeklä gqo.k ykxhA ukxfjdka jh fldk;r lq.k^j jktk xksfcUnpUnj m.kuSa nsl fudkGkS fn;ksAoks dkekorh uxjh iwxksA dyk&fuiq.k ek/ko jktnjckj jS laxhr uSa lq.k^j ekFkks dwV.k ykxksA ek/ko jS b.kO;ogkj uSa lq.k^j jktk m.kuSa njckj esa cqyk;ksA m.kjS dGkoka jk X;ku lk: jktk m.kuS buke fn;k djSAdkedanyk vj ek/ko nksuwa vkil esa ns[kSA danyk jh fujrdyk uSa ns[krka bZ oks danyk uSa vksG[k ysoS vj bZukeesa feGh lxGh oLrqoka danyk ekFkS fuNkoj dj nsoSA jktk b.kuS [kqn jks vieku le>S vj ek/ko uSa vkijSjkt lwa fudkG fnjkoSA vsd jkr danyk lkxS fcrk;^j oks dkekorh lwa mTtSu Oghj gqoSA

danyk jS fojg lwa nq[kh ek/ko mTtSu jS egkdky f'ko feanj esa vsd fojg xkFkk fy[ks] ft.k uSa i<+ jfoØekfnR; ?k.kks dGiSA Hkksxfoykfluh^ osL;k jh enn lwa oks ek/ko jh izse&ijh{kk ysoSA b.k rikl esa ek/kouSa [kjks ik;^j foØekfnR; dkekorh uxjh ekFkS p<+kbZ djSA dkelsu lwa danyk uSa ys;^j m.kjh izse&ijh{kkdjsA ek/ko vj danyk nksuwa vsd nwtS jh fejR;q jks lekpkj lq.k^j ewfNZr gq; tkoSA oSrky lwa oks ikrky yksdlwa bejr eaxkoS vj nksuqoka uSa thaork djSA nksuwa foØekfnR; lwa lhd ys;^j vkijS uxj iqLikorh vkoSA cBSjktk lesr lxGk uxjoklh oka uSa c/kkoSA iNS [kqn jk ekrkfirk vj P;kj csVk lkxS lq[ke; thou fcrkorka]eks{k ikoSA

<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ &

dq'kyykHk b.kjh jpuk fo- la- 1617 jh vk[kk tht uSa djhA dFkk jks lkj b.k Hkkar gS&

nku yso.k vk;k vsd HkkV lwa tkyksj jS jktk lkearlh nsoM+k jh Mhdjh mek nsoM+h jS QwVjkoS jksc[kk.k lq.k^j iwaxG jks jktk fiaxy m.klwa C;ko ekaM~;ksA vka lwa vsd csVh tGeh] ft.kjks oS uke jk[;ks*ekjo.kh*A ,d^j nqdkG jS dkj.k oS ekjo.kh lkxS iq"dj x;kA rn bt ujojx<+ jk jktk uy bZ vkijS csVk<ksyk ¼lkYg dqaoj½ jh tkr nso.k uSa cBS vk;ksM+k gkA oS jktk fiaxy jS MsjS iwX;kA cBS <ksyk jks ifjpS gq;ksAekjo.kh uSa ns[k^j jktk uy m.k jks C;ko vkijS dqaoj <ksyk lkxS dj.k jks fuosnu dj~;ksA mek nsoM+h jh ladkjks lek/kku djrk jktk fiaxy ekyo.kh jks C;ko lkYg dqaoj lkxS dj fn;ksA lkr cjlka iNS ekjo.kh jkseqdykoks dj.k jS opuka lkxS nksuwa jktk [kqn*jS jkt dkauh Oghj gq;kA b.k oxr ekjo.kh Mks<+ cjl jh vj <ksyksrhu cjl jks gksA

r; leS yx fiaxy dkauh lwa dksbZ lekpkj uha feG.k lwa uy vkijS MhdjS jks C;ko ekGoS jS jktk Hkhejh csVh ekyo.kh lkxS dj fn;ksA iSyS O;ko lwa <ksyk uSa vutka.k jk[krk b.k ckr jks bZ vsyku djk;ks x;ks dSjkt jks dksbZ feu[k m.k uSa b.k ckcr dha uha crkoSykA i.k vsd^j <ksyk jh eka paikorh ekyo.kh ekFkS jhlkcGrh ekjo.kh jh izlalk dj fnA b.k lwa <ksyks ekjo.kh lwa fey.k [kkrj mrkoGks gq;xksA ekyo.kh i.k lkopsrgq;xh vj ok P;k: dkuh iS jks fcBk; fn;ks ft.k law <ksyks ekjo.kh duS uh iwx ldSA

ujojx<+ lwa iwxG iwX;k ?kksM+ka jS O;kikjh lwa <ksyk jS C;ko jh tk.kdkjh lq.k^j jktk fiaxy vki jSfijksr uSaa <ksyk duS f[kanko.kks pk;ks i.k ekjo.kh vj ekrk Åek nsoM+h jh jk; ekurk gq;k jktk fiaxy <kf<;kauSa <ksyk duS Hksft;kA HkkÅ HkkV jh enn lwa jkr Hkj oS egy uhpS ek: jh fojg xkFkk lq.kkbZA ?k.kka bZukens;^j HkkÅ HkkV lkxS <ksyks okauSa lhd nh vj [kqn csxks bZ iwxG iwx.k jh rS;kjh dj.k ykX;ksA <ksyk jh ekjo.kh

137

duS iwx.k jh ckr uSa lq.k^j ekyo.kh vpsr gq;xhA QSj bZ ok ?k.kka bZ fnuk yx m.k uSa jksd jk[;ks i.k vSdjkr <ksyks ekGo.kh uSa lwrh NksM+ j iwxG lk: Oghj gq;xksA ?k.kh bZ vkinkoka uSa lgu djrka oks iwxG iwxksA

ik.kh iho.k jS fel <ksyks dq, ekFkS ÅaV lwa mrj;ksA ÅaV jh vkokt fiNk.k^j jSckjh jktk fiaxy uSa<ksyk jS vko.k jks lansl fn;ksA jktk fiaxy <ksyk jS Lokxr lk: cSjs ekFkS iwxks vj m.kuS ?k.kS eku lkxS ?kjSys;xksA ckykoka ekjo.kh uS fl.kxkjh vj fla>;ka uSa fiz;re <ksyk duS iqxkbZA nksbZ vsd&nwtS lwa ekQh ekax.kykxk vj brjk fnuka jS fotksx uSa djeka jks QG eku.k ykxkA

vsd i[k iNS <ksyS jh ek: lkxS fonkbZ OghA ?k.kks Mk;tks nhjhft;ksA ekjx esa iho.kks lkai ek: uSaMl fy;ksA <ksyks ek: lkxS T;wa bZ fprk esa cG.k ykxks] f'ko&ikjorh tksxh Hksl esa izxfV;k vj ek: uSiqujthfor dj fn;kSA <ksyks [kql gq;^j tksfxuh uSa uolj gkj HksaV dj~;ks vj ujojx< dkauh vkxS pkY;kSAi.k chp ekjx esa [kksVh uhr lwa Åejk&lwejk <ksyk uSa nk: okLrS rsM+k;ksA ek: jS ihgj jh Mwe.kh jS xhr uSalq.k^j <ksyks m.kka jS lM+;a= lwa cpxksA

xSys jh vc[kk;ka lwa fuoM+rk nksuwa ujojx<+ iwxkA Lokxr lk: uy mRlo ekaM+~;ksA vsd^j <ksyks]ekjo.kh vj ekyo.kh jf.kokl esa cSB~;k gk dS ekyo.kh vj ekjo.kh esa vkijS ih^j jh folsllrkoka uS ys;^jjkM+ B.kxhA <ksyks vkijh prjkbZ lwa oka jS dVq fookn uS fouksn esa cnG fn;ksA b.k Hkkar oS ?k.kk bZ lq[k Hkksxrkgq;k vkijks thou iwjks dj~;ksA

*ftuikfyr ftujf{kr laf/kxkFkk*&

viHkza'k dkO;&ijEijk lwa izHkkfor vk dfo dq'kyykHk jh NksVh vj egrkÅ tSu vk[;ku d jpukgSA vk[kh jpuk esa lhy jks lansl nhjhft;ks gSA dfo b.k jh jpuk lko.k lqfn 5 fo- la- 1621 uSa iwjh djhA

paikuxjh jS lsB ekdank jS ftuiky vj ftujf{kr ukao jk nks csVk gkA m.kka jh eka jks ukao HkÌk ¼Hknzk½gksA ek;r vkijS nksuwa csVka jks C;ko tokuh esa bZ dj fn;ksA vsd fnu oS vkijS firk jh vkX;k jks iky.k djrkgq;k O;kikj lk: Oghj gqvkA m.kka jks tgkt rwQku esa uLV gq;xksA

oS rhtS fnu j;.knhi iwX;kA cBS oS vsdyk cSB~;k gk dS oka uSa vsd yqxkbZ vkorh nh[khA ok vki jSfodjkG :i lwa oka uSa ekj.kkS pk;ksA nksuwa HkkbZ;ka jS vuqu;&fou; lwa lksGSa&fl.kxkjka lwa lt^j ok m.kka uSavkijh je.ksPNk izxV djhA nksuwa HkkbZ m.k jS Hkksx&foykl esa lq[k lkxS jso.k ykxkA

vsd fnu ck yqxkbZ nksuwa Hkk;k uSa fn[k.k fnlk uSa NksM chth fnlkoka esa Hkze.k jh vuqerh ns;^j dBSbZ ijh xbZA jkr&fnu Hkze.k jks vkuUn ysork vsd^j oS fn[k.kkan taxG esa tk; fudG;kA cBS oS vsd folkDrxa/k vj fc[kj~;ksM+k gkM+dk gkso.k jS lkxS bZ vsd feu[k uSa Åa/kksa yVD;ksM+ks ns[;ksA yVD;ksM+ks feu[k oka Hkkb;kalwa lkjh ?kVuk lq.k^j oka uSa b.k yqxkbZ jS QanS lwa NwV Hkkx.k jh rjdhc crkbZA oS dS;ks dS oS vxw.kh fnlk esavkBe] pkSonl vj iwue uSa fogkj dj.k okGS t{k jh iwtk djSA feu[k jh jk; eqtc oS t{k jh iwtk dj^jm.k uSa jkth dj~;ksA lSyok uke jks t{k oka uSa t:jh ckrka crk;^j vkijh iwB ekFkS p<+k; fy;ks vj lkxjikj pEikiqj dkuh Oghj gq;xksA

yqxkbZ j;.kk nsoh ikNh vkbZ rks nksuwa HkkbZ m.kuSa cBS ugha feG~;kA [kM+x mBk^j ok m.kka jks ykjksdj;kSA lsyx t{k lwa m.kjks ?keklk.k tq) gq;ksA ftuikfyr lSyx uS vkijks nqleh crkork j;.kkns lwa vkijS izse jks iznjl.k dj~;ksA lSyx vkojh iwB lwa ftuikfyr uSa uhpS iVd fn;ks vj ftujf{kr uSa pEikiqjh iqxkfn;ksA

FkksM+k fnuka iNS o/kZeku lkaeh fogkj djrk gq;k cs pEikuxjh vk;kA ftujf{kr dkuh lwa vki jS HkkbZckcr iwN.k ij oS crGk;ks dS ftuikfyr fonsg {ks= esa tGfe;ks gS vj oks dsoyh gqoSykA ftuikfyr jks foxrlq.k^j ftujf{kr o/kZeku fjfl lwa nhf{kr gq;^j ^ftuikfyr ftujf{kr la?k^ jh Fkji.kk djhA lalkj uSa vsdfolky lkxj ljh[kks le>^j lSyx ftL;k xq# lwa tSu /kje jks X;ku ik;^j oks floiqj ¼eks{k½ uSa izkIr dj~;ksA

138

ikjlukFk nlHko Lrou&

dq'kyykHk jh vk tSu Hkxrh jh 61 Nanka jh vsd NksVh lh jpuk gSA dfo b.k uSa jkmnzg ¼ekjokM+½esa fo- la- 1621 esa jphA

/kje ikyf.k;ksa eks{k ikoSA b.k nlk jS iwBS ftÙkh ckj izk.kh tGe ysoS] tSu /kje esa oS Hko dsbZtSAHkxoku ikjlukFk Hkh b.k Hkkar nl tGe fy;k ftdk m.kkajk nl Hko dSbZtS vj nl Hkoka jks bZ oj.kkao dfob.k jpuk esa ekaM~;ks gSA

iksruiqj uxj jS jktk vfjozan fijksr olq Hkwr jS nks csVk gkA cM+k csVk jks ukao deB vj NkSVS jks ukaoe:Hkwfr gksA e:Hkwfr lHkko lwa lqlhy gksA m.k jh tksM+k;r deykorh i.k ?k.kh QwVjh vj ljy ghA deBnqjkpkjh gksA m.kjk e:Hkwfr jh tksM+k;r lwa voS/k lacU/k gkA deB jh tksM+k;r vyoar jh fldk;r ij jktkm.k uSa nsl fudkGks fnjk fn;ksA viekfur deB rkil c.kxksA vsd^j e:Hkwfr deB lwa ekQh ekax.k iwxks rksvkijS iSyMS+ csj jks cnGks yso.k lk: m.k ekFkS flyk QSadhA b.k izgkj lwa e:Hkwfr ejxksA fejR;q jS mijkaBoks fo|kfxjh esa gfFkfu;ka jks twFkifr c.;ksA deB vkijh fejR;q iNS lji c.;ksA

vc vkxyk tGeka esa nksuwa HkkbZ;ka jks feG.k nqfLe;ka jS :i esa gqorks jS;ksA gjHko esa e:Hkwfr uSa LoxZesa lkarjh txka feGrh vj deB uSa ujd esa BSB uhpS jh tkxka feGrhA nloS tGe esa e:Hkwfr ikjlukFk jS:i esa cukjl uxjh esa okeknsoh jS ?kjS tGE;ks vj deB vsd xjhc cke.k jS ?kjS tGE;ksA eka okek vsd^jdeB jS ri uSa ns[k.k xbZA ikjlukFk ¼e:Hkwfr½ i.k m.kka jS lkFkS gksA deB jh riFkGh jh /kw.kh jS ydfM+;kaesa vsd lji jks tksM+ks cGj;kS gksA ikjlukFk m.kuSa vxu lwa ckjS dk<+~;ksA uodkj ea= lwa oS ukx&tksM+k jksm)kj dj~;kasA ukxjkt fejR;q iNS vj.k ukao jks bUnj gq;ks] vjkx.k m.k jh tksM+k;r iùkorh ukao jh nsohc.khA deB ej^j es?kdqekj :i esa tGE;ksA oks [kwc cjL;ksA /kj.ksUnz jS Vksd.k ekFkS oks lkopsr gq;ks vj uhpSmrj^j Hkxoku ikjlukFk jS pj.kka esa lj.k yhohA

rstlkjjkl &

*rstlkj* dkYifud vj tknqbZ dFkkud jks vk/kkj yS;j jphth dq'kyykHk jh egrkÅ dkO; iksFkh gSAtSu egkiqjk.k ekFks vk/kkfjr vj nhinku jS egÙo uS mtkG.k okGh b.k jpuk jks fljt.k dfo fo- la- 1624esa dj~;ksA dFkk jks lkj b.k Hkkar gS&

**cukjl jS jktk ohjlsu jh iVjk.kh iùkorh lius esa izTTofGr nhi ns[;ksA liuk jks ikj[kh b.kvk/kkj ika.k jk.kh jS rstLoh csVS jS tGe jh HkfoL;ok.kh djhA ckGdjks tye gq;kS vj m.k Vkcj jks ukaorstlkj jk[kkSft;ksA lkr cjl jh NksVh mej esa rstlkj jh eka ejxhA jktk nwtks C;ko jpk;ks ft.klwa m.kjS foØefla?k ukao jks csVks gq;ksA foekrk jS izHkko lwa rstlkj cki jk gSr lwa vk?kks gq;xksA

vsd jkr oks vkijks [kk.Mks ys;^j fudGxksA oks =aclsu jktk uxjh iwxks vj mBS xaxnÙk vks>k jSvkJe esa i<+c ykxksA m.kjh tksM+k;r nqLVk fldksÙkjh ghA ok m.k uSa taxG lwa ?kkl yko.k jks vknsl dj~;ksAtaxG esa oks xSyks HkwyxksA vsd jk{kl m.k uS [kk.kkS pk;ksA Hkkxrk jktdqekj rstlkj vkijh izk.k j{kk okLrSvsd tksxh lwa n.M fy;ks vj jk{kl ekFkS izgkj dj~;ksA jk{kl ekj lwa cp.k okLrS m.kuaS nks fo|koka fl[kk;hAoks n.M lwa xq#iRuh ftdh fldksÙkjh gh] jS tknwbZ lwa [kqn vj [kqnjk lfFk;ka jh bZ j{kk djhA

xq# iRuh lwa cp^j taxG esa Hkkx tko.k lwa fd.kh tksxh dkuh lwa cka/khth fot;Jh ukao jh :ikGhjktdqekjh uSa oks ca/k.k lwa eqxr djhA tksxh m.kuSa ¼rstlkj uSa½ :i cnG.k vj vfnzL; gqo.k jh fo|kfl[kk;hA vusdaw futa/kjh ?kVukoka jks lkekuks djrk rstlkj fot;Jh] vs.kkeq[kh] iqLikorh vkn lkrjktdqekfj;ka jh j{kk djh vj oka lwa ijf.k;ksA

vkf[kj esa O;arjh&:i esa vkdklpkjh vkijh eka vj vs.kkeq[kh jh eka lwa m.kjh HksaV OghA nksU;w feG^jvsd vksirS vj lEiUu uxj jks fujek.k dj;ks] ft.kjks ukao rstlkj jS ukao ekFkS rstGiqj jk[;ksA oks vkijS

139

nqleh lejlsu uSa ijkLr dj^j lkrwa jkf.k;ka lkFkS cBS lq[k lwa jSo.k ykxksA

FkksMS+d fnuka iNS vkijS firk ohjlsu jS cqyko.k ij rstlkj [kqnjS eqgrka uSa jkt lwai^j lifjokjcukjl tkoSA ohjlsu lqozr Lokeh lwa nh{kk ys;j jkt rstlkj uaS lai fn;kSA vkijh jkf.k;ka lwa tGE;k vkBwacsVak jS o;Ld gqo.k ij m.kka uSa ij.kkoS vj oka uSa U;kajk&U;kajk jkt lwai^j [kqn bZ eqfu lqozr Lokeh lwa la;ejh esgek jks minsl ysoSA lalkj jh vlkjrk jks vuqHko djrk gq;k oks oSjkx /kkjSA Hkkoh tGe esa cM+ks fl)gqoSA iNS] Jkod dqG esa tGe^j X;ku vaxStS vj floiqj jh izkfIr djSA

vxM+nÙk jkl&

^olqnsofg.Mh^ lwa fy;ksM+S b.k vk[;ku dkO; jh tSu lkfgR; esa ?k.kh twuh ijEijk gSA dfo dq'kyykHkb.k jh jpuk fo- la- 1625 esa dkfrx lqfn xq:okj uSa xqtjkr jS ohjeiqj uxj esa djhA

319 nwgk&pkSibZ esa dSbZth dqlylky jh b.k jpuk jh lkj esa dFkk b.k Hkkr gS&

**clariqj esa jktk Hkhelsu jkt djrk gkA m.kka jS cGlk lkeUr lwjlsu jks o/k dksbZ ckjyks ohjnqan&tq) esa dj fnjk;ksA jktk Hkhelsu m.k uSa vkijks lsukifr c.kk;ks vj m.kjks ukao vHkaxlsu jk[;ksA

vHkaxlsu jS Hk; lwa lwjlsu jh tksM+k;r [kqn*jS :ioku cSVS uSa i<+.k lk: lwjlsu jS fe= lksenÙk duSpaikuxjh Hkst fn;ksA vM+xnÙk cBS ,d O;kikjh jS ?kj jSo.k ykxksA vsd^j oks :a[k uhps foJke djS gks] rnenueatjh m.klwa izse&fuosnu dj~;ksA nks;uqoka esa Hk.kkbZ iwjh gq;ak ij.kck jks dksy gq;ksA

fl{kk iwjh gq;ka tn vM+xnÙk ?kjS tko.k ykxks rn bt fd.kh egktu] uxj esa pksjka jS vkrad jhfldk;r djhA jktk pksjka uSa idM+.k lk: lok yk[k jks chM+ks ?kqek;ksA vM+xnÙk chM+ks Lohdkj~;ks vj lkrfnuka esa pksjka uSa jktk jS lkeh gktj dj.k jks opu fn;ksA NBS fnu m.kjh HksaV okafNr pksj lwa OghA oks m.klwa nksLrh dj^j pksj lkxS pksjh dj.k uSa x;ksA lkxj lsoh O;ogkjh jS pksjh dj^j pksj lks;kM+k dkexjka jhfgR;k jh vkQG djhA m.kh oxr vM+xnÙk ryokj m.k ekFkS HkkathA ejcka jS iSyka pksj vkijS [ktkuS jksfBdk.kks crk;^j [kqn jks [kk.Mks m.k uSa lawI;ks vj vkijh cSu ohjerh lwa ij.kck jks opu ekaX;ks] D;wadS m.kjks vks iz.k gks dS ftdks m.k jS HkkbZ jh fgR;k djSyk] m.k lwa bZ ok ij.kSykA

pksj jS dS;k eqtc vM+xnÙk m.kjh cSu duS iwxksA oks m.kjh eulk uSa fiNk.kxhA oks ohjerh jS flGkizgkj lwa cp^j m.kjS [ktkuS uSa dkcht dj^j jktk duS ys vk;ksA vM+xnÙk vkijS dksy eqtc enueatjh lwaijf.k;ks vj vikj /ku vj lsuk lkxS clUriqj dkauh izLFkku dj~;ksA oks xSyks HkwyxksA vkijh tk.kdkjh eqtcxSyk esa vk;k P;kj ladVka ¼unh] dsljhfla?k] lji vj pksj½ ekFkS fotS; ik^j oks clUriqj uSM+S vk; iwxksAuxjoklh vj lEcU/kh m.kjk Lokxr okLrS iwxkA vkijS firk jS fgR;kjS vHkaxlsu uSa nqantq) esa ekj~;kSA ifjtukauS clariqj fonk dj^j [kqn enueatjh lkFkS cBS bZ :D;ksA

vsd uHkpkjh fo|k/kj enueatjh uS ekj.kks pk;ks i.k b.k jS iSyka bZ vsd lji m.kuS Ml fy;ksAvM+xnÙk m.k jS lkxS cG.k ykxkS i.k fo|k/kj enueatjh uSa thounku ns;^j vM+xnÙk uSa cG.k lwa jksd fn;ksAfo|k/kj vM+xnÙk jS izse jh izlalk djrk gq;k enueatjh jh ijiq:l lkFkS je.k jh bZ ckr dS; fnjk;hA

m.kh jkr enueatjh dkuh lwa vM+xnÙk uSa ekj.k jks njlko nS[k^j] nsgjS esa yqD;ksM+S pksjka jS eu esaoSjkx ÅiM+ksA oS pksjh jks [;ky NksM+ vsd tSu eqfu lwa nhf{kr gq;xkA vM+xnÙk enueatjh lkFkS ?kjS iwxksAm.kjS csVks gq;kSA vsd^j vM+xnÙk riL;kjr Hkqtaxe pksj uSa ns[;ksA oks m.k lwa b.k oSjkx jks dkj.k iwN~;ksA pksjenueatjh dkuh lwa vM+xnÙk jh foxr lq.kk; nhA vM+xnÙk lkjh foxr lq.k^j cBS bZ m.k lwa nhf{kr gq;xksAukSoS xok{k uS ikj dj^j oks floiqjh iwxksA

fiaxyfljksef.k&

vks jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks iSyks y{k.k&xzaFk gS] ft.kesa dfo Nazn] vyadkj] dksl ¼ukeekyk½] fMaxy xhr]izgsfydk] flyksdk vkfn fol;ka ekFkS pjpk djh gSA b.k esa lkjh lkexzh vO;ofLFkr :i lwa uo v/;k;ka esa

140

gSA b.k vO;ofLFkr fol;&lkexzh uS vka P;kj v/;k;ka esa ckaVh tk ldS&

1- Nan&fu:i.k 2- vyadkj fu:i.k

3- fMaxy uke ekyk] vj 4- xhr izdj.kA

[kqnjh lkL=h; folS&oLrq uSa le>kao.k okLrS dfo dbZ dFkoka jks lgkjks fy;ks gSA ekf=d Nanka uSa oksjke dFkk lwa le>koSA xhr&izdj.k jS foLysl.k esa oks vsfrgkfld ukedka eqtc xhrka uSa vaxsft;k gSA Hkxrheqtc xhrksa uSa dfo gueku jh ohjrk] fØl.k Hkxrh] fo".kq&x:M+ jh dFkkoka lkxS le>k;ks gSA b.k Hkkar dfodq'kyykHk vkijh b.k jpuk esa y?kq&xq:] lksMl djey{k.k jS lkxS 104 NUnka jh O;k[;k djh gSA 72 rjSjS NIi;ka uSa y{k.k&mnkgj.k lesr ikBdka lkekS jk[;k gSA vyadkj fu:i.k esa oks vyadkjka jS bfrgkl uSacrkorks 75 vyadkjka jh fojksG djh gSA b.kh izlax esa oks fp=kyadkj jh O;k[;k lkxS uLVksLVd] vUrykZfid]cfgykZfidk] xw<ksÙkjk] vusdksÙkjk] lklksÙkjk vkfn jks foLGsl.k dj~;ks gSA

*ukeekyk* ijEijk esa dfo 23 lcnka jk 389 i;kZ; crk;k gS vj xhr&izdj.k esa 40 xhrka jh O;k[;kdjh gS] ft.kesa 23 xhrka jk mnkgj.k Lojfpr gS vj 17 xhrka jk mnkgj.k vkijS ledkyhu dfo;ka jk gSA

dfo b.k jpuk jks fljt.k vkijS vkJ;nkrk jkoy gjjkt okLrS dj~;ksA b.kuSa oks fo- la- 1635 jhlko.k lqfn ue jfookj uSa iwjh djhA

FkaHk.k ik'oZukFk Lrou &

dfo jh vk Lrqfrijd Hkxrh jpuk gSA jpuk jh iqfLidk lwa b.kjh jpuk frfFk fo- la- 1638 pS= lqfnbX;kjl eaxyokj gSA dfo b.k jh jpuk xqtjkr jS [kaHkkr uxj esa djhA

folS&oLrq jh nhB lwa vk jpuk vsd *;k=k&o.kZu* gSA b.kesa dfo ;k=k&LFky ikV.k iwx^j ft.ksljjh ewjr FkjiSA m.kka jh lÙkj Hksnh iwtk jS njl.k lwa oks ?k.kks izHkkfor gqoSA ft.ks'oj jh Lrqfr] Fkae.k ik'oZukFkjS ukaodj.k vj m.kjh mrir] }kjdk uxjh jS egRo lkxS vusdw tkxka ewjr jh Fkki.kk jks egRo crkorks dfoFkae.k ik'oZukFk jS egkRE; jks izfriknu fnzLVkarka lkxS dj~;ks gSA jpuk jh bX;kjeh xkFkk esa dfo ikyhrk.kkauxj esa jSork gq;k izfl) fdfe;kxj ¼jlk;u lkL=h½ ukxktZu jks bZ oj.kkao dj;ks gSA

Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ &

Hkkouk&fol;d b.k dkO; jpuk jks fljt.k dfo dq'kyykHk fo- la- 1643 jh lko.k lqfn lkre uSadfj;kSA izkphu tSu lkfgR; esa b.k rjS jh dFkk uSa ys;j fd.kh jpuk jks izek.k dksuh feGSA b.k Hkkar dfojh vk jpuk iwjh rjS lwa m.kjh ekSfyd dYiuk gSA dfo b.k ckr jks mYys[k dj^j vkijh lksp uSa izkekf.kdc.kkbZ gS dS Hkxoku egkohj jk uoka x.k/kj vpy HkkbZ vkijS psyka jh fouarh ekFkS oka uSa *Hkhelsu&galjkt* jksfojrkar lq.kk;^j Hkxoku ft.ks'oj jh vkjk/kuk dj.k jh lh[k nhA jpuk jks dFkk&lkj b.k Hkkar gS&

*fd.kh ij;Vd jh vkykspuk lq.k^j Jhiqj jk jktk Hkhelsu vkijS uxj esa bZ Qyk&Qwyka] r#&yrkokalwa lEiu ^uUnuou^ jks fujek.k djk;ksA jktk jS ea=h lqerh jks ikapeksa csVks fgrlkxj jktk jks fe= gksA oksuUnuou esa vk;^j cBS jh ouLirh ckcr jktk jh ladkoka jks lek/kku djrksA

cBhuS folkyiqjh jks jktk fj.kdsljh vj m.k jh jka.kh deykorh enekrS ;kSou lwa Hkjiwj QwVjh dU;kenueatjh jS C;ko ckcr ea=.kk dj jS;k gkA txUukFkiqjh jh tkrjk dj vk;ks vsd lU;klh jks lqd ¼rksrks½oka uSa Jhiqj jS jktk Hkhelsu jS xq.kka jks c[kk.k djrks gq;ks m.klwa jktdqekjh jS C;ko jks lq>ko fn;ksA enueatjhrks m.kuSa vkijS ifr :i esa /kkj fy;ks i.k jka.kh uSa nwjh jS dkj.k vks izLrko nk; ugha vk;ksA m.k jkslacU/k fla?kynhi jS jktk lxjjk; lwa iôks dj fn;ksA enueatjh laU;klh lwa m.kjks lwoVks ys fy;ksA ok vkijksizse&fuosnu lwoVk lkxS Hkhelsu duS f[kank;ksA fe= fgrlkxj lwa lykg dj oks lwoVk lkxS lansl HksT;ks dSoks csxks bt lxjjk; lwa tq) dj^j m.k uSa ij.kSykA oks lwoVS lwa vks bZ dSyok;ks dS enueatjh m.k lwa taxGesa vk;^j feGSA

141

C;ko jS fnu enueatjh f=iqjk nsoh jh euksrh jS fel ou dkauh xbZA cBS laU;klh osl esa fgrlkxjvxu izosl djrh enueatjh uS jksdh vj Hkhelsu lwa m.kuSa feyok;ksA nsoh lkeS nksuwa vsd nwtS lwa ij.khtxkAjktk fj.kdsljh vj jka.kh deykorh Mhdjh uSa thoarh ns[k^j ?k.kk jkth gq;kA /kks[kka jh tk.kdkjh gqo.k ijlxjjk; Hkh Hkhelsu uSa ekj.k jh uhr lwa taxG esa ?kkr ?kkG~;k cSB~;ks gksA nksuqoka esa ?keklk.k tq) gq;ksA fot;ik;^j Hkhelsu vkxS c/;ks i.k enueatjh m.kuSa cBS ugha feGhA oks tG ej.k jh izfrX;k djhA lxqf.k;k m.kuaSfoLokl fnjk;ks dS enueatjh m.k uSa lkrosa fnu feG tkoSykA b.k foLokl lkxS oks vkregR;k jks fopkj NksM+fn;ksA

nwth dksuh enueatjh i.k ?k.kh nq[kh ghA Hkw[kh&frlh] Mj;ksM+h fojg O;kdqy enueatjh vsd ljksojuSM+S iwxhA cBS ok vsd tgjhyks QG [kk; yh/kks] ft.klwa ok ewfNZr gq;xhA rilh jh enÙk vj Hkhelsu jS iwx.kjh [kcj lwa enueatjh uSa gksl vk;ksA nksuwa rifLo;ka jS vkJe esa nl fnu jS;kA m.kk lwa ljika jks folfudkG.k vj vfnzL; gqo.k jh fo|k lh[kh vj Jhiqj okLrS Oghj gq;kA

i[ks:oka jS dyjo lwa vsd jkr nksuqoka jh uhan VwV xhA oS gal&galuh lwa [kqn jh izlalk lq.khA rnbt gal galuh uSa dS;ks dS oks vkt lwa 21 oSa fnu iNS ejsyk vj enueatjh jS xjHk esa m.k jks vorkj gqoSykAjka.kh xjHk /kkj;ksA ok bejr QG jS vkgkj jks nksgn fy;ksA enueatjh jh nksgn&bPNk uSa gafluh iwjh djhAjka.kh jS csVks tGE;ksA m.kjks ukao galjkt jk[khft;ksA gafluh galjkt jS :i esa vorfjr vkijS iwoZ Hko jS ifrgaljkt lwa feGrh jS;hA

galjkt mÙke ?kksM+ka jh lokjh jks vH;kl dj.k ykxksA vsd^j ijcl gq;^j oks vVoh esa iM+xksA ?k.khnsj yx dqekj uSa uha vk;k ns[k^j Hkhelsu [kqn lsuk lesr m.kjh rikl esa fudG~;ksA vsd Hkk[kj jS uSMS+ galjktvki jS firk lwa feG;ksA galjkt lwa m.kjS lkgl jh ?kVuka uSa lq.k^j oks ?k.kks jkth gq;ksA FkksM+h^d nsj iNSgaljkt uaS unh esa dwnrh yqxkbZ futj vkbZA oks m.k dkauh pkY;ksA oks m.k yqxkbZ uSa ckjS dk<+hA m.k jS lxGSvkHkql.kak uSa yS;^j oks vkijS flfoj esa vk;ksA Hkhelsu Jhiqj iwx^j m.k uSa ;qojkt in lwa foHkwflr dj;ks vjvoUrhiqj jS jktk fla?k jh csVh :ierh lkxS Lo;aoj djk;ksA

ekjx esa feG~;k fjlh eqfu;ka uaS oS Jhiqj cqyk;kA galjkt uaS jktikV lwai^j Hkhelsu oSjkx /kkj~;ksAgaljkt Hkh Jkod c.k^j la;e use lwa jkt&lapkG.k dj.k ykxksA m.k jS t;Hknz vj cfGHknz ukao jk nks csVkgq;kA vUr uSM+S tk.k galjkt vkijS cM+S csVS t;Hknz uSa jktikV lwai fn;ksA lq) /;ku lwa laFkkjks djrk dsoyhgq;j fujoka.k uSa izkIr dj;ks vj Hkkoh tGe esa uoe~ x.k/kj Jh oj.k jS :i esa vorfjr gq;ksA

l=qat; ;k=k Lrou &

dfo jh vk 75 xkFkkoka esa fy[;ksM+h v/kwjh jpuk gSA folS&lkexzh jh nhB lwa ykxS dS b.k jks vsd i=vkstw gqo.kks pkfgtS ft.kesa dFkk jS NSyS Hkkx eSa twukx<+ jS vf/kifr jS tq) vj dfo&izlfLr jks cj.kkao gq;ksOgSA jpuk jS izlaxk lwa dfo jpuk jh l:vkr ek?k lqfn 10 vnhrokj] fo- la- 1644 uSa djh vj pS= lqfnikape fo- la- 1645 uSa [kqnjh l=aqt; tk=k jS iwjh gqork bZ] jpuk uSa Hkh iwjh djhA

b.k Hkkar vk jpuk vsd tkrjk fojrkar gS] ft.kesa dfo b.k rhjFk jh esgek] [kjrxPNh; ftupUnz lwfjjS lkFkS fudkfG;k la?k jks oj.kkao] tkrjk esa ekjx esa vk;ksM+h vc[k;ka] eqxy&lkldka jh ywVekj] m.kka jS lkxSgq;k tq)] la?k dkuh lwa yqVsjka uSa Lo.kZ eqnzkoka ns;^j tkrjk uSa fujkin c.kko.k vkn jks cj.kkao djhft;ks gSAdfo b.k uSa frFk lesr fy[kh gS] T;wa&tkrjk jh l:vkr fo- la- 1644 jh ek?k lqfn ikape uSa la?k bUnj iwtkdj^j jktuxj ¼xqtjkr½ dkuh jokuk gq;kA dfo b.k oj.kkao esa m.k leS jh ifjfLFkfr;ka jks lkarjks oj.kkaoekaM~;ks gSA lkekftd ,sfrgkfld] Hkwxksfyd tk.kdkjh jh nhB lwa dfo jh vk jpuk ?k.kh ywaBh gSA

uodkj Nan &

lrjS Nanka jh b.k NksVh&lh jpuk esa dfo dq'kyykHk iapijesLBh Hkxoku ftusLoj jks esgek&xku

142

dj~;ks gSA dfo jks dFku gS dS uodkj jS useka jS iky.k lwa bZ jktk Jhiky jks jkt izfl) gq;ksA m.kh jSfof/kor tki lwa fol/kkjf.k;ks lji Hkh vfezr&/kkj cjlko.k ykxSA m.kjS tki lwa bZ eku[kks lalkj esa lq[kikoSA b.k Hkkar uodkj ea= jks vkn vUr dksbZ uha tk.kSA ikapw rjS jS izeknh vj fol;ka uSa rt^j iapijesLBh]iapX;ku] iapnku] iappfjr vkn ikap vkpkjka jks iky.k dj.kks pkfgtSA dfo ef.k/kj uS vsd eksj tSM+h vksfG;kajS ekjQr uodkj jS izHkko lwa fgald ilq&ia[ks:oka ekFkS vfgalk jk Hkko tkxrka vj ladV&xzLrka uSa ladV lwaeqxr gqork] fn[kk;^j uodkj jh esgek jks c[kk.k dj~;ks gSA

xkSM+h ik'oZukFk Lrou &

rSchl Nanka esa jfpr b.k jpuk jh l:vkr dfo dq'kyYkkHk lqjk.kh] Lokfeuh] opu&foykl jh oka.khvkn folsl.k lkxS eka lqjlr jh oanuk lwa djh gSA dfo vBS feu[kka uSa bZ uh nso] vlqj] bUnj] O;arj]fo|k/kj vkn uS bZ xkSM+h ikjlukFk jh oanuk djrka njlk;ks gSA oka uSa oks fparkef.k lkfj[kk eu okafNrdkeukaoka uSa iwj.k djf.k;k] vikj lxrh lwa lEiUu nso :i esa c[kk.kSA b.k jS QG jh esgek jks c[kk.k djrkdq'kyykHk dSoS dS xkSM+h ik'oZukFk jS /;ku dj.k lwa fizFkh jk lxGk dLV [kregw tkoSA eku[kks lnkpj.kdj.k ykxSA vka lxGk xq.kka lwa xkSM+h ik'oZukFk uodksfV ekjokM+ jk vf/kifr gSA

Jh iwT;iko.k xhr &

67 Nanka jh b.k xhfr&jpuk esa dq'kyykHk vkijS xq# jh esgek jks c[kk.k dj~;ks gSA dfo b.k jpukjks fljt.k *'k=qat; ;k=k Lrou* jS vk[krh ik[krh dj~;ks gqoSyk&jpuk jh 1647 fo- la- esa fy[;ksM+h vsdiM+fyfi lwa vks vuqeku dj~;kS tk ldSA

vBS dfo vkijS xq# jh Lrqfr uSa bZ lalkj :ih lkxj lwa ikj mrkj.k esa lejFk vsd okgu ;k dStgkt jh laX;k nh gSA b.k xhfr jpuk esa vkfn ftusLoj] lj.kkxr oRly ikapoS rhFkZadj ftuikj'oukFk]ckbZloka rhFkZadj usfeukFk vj pkSchloka rhFkZadj o/kZeku] jS dkjtka jks xq.kxku djhft;ks gSA o/kZeku bt oksokgu gS ftdk jh iwtk lwa Jkod b.k lalkj:ih lkxj jS ek;k&eksg lwa eqxrh ik; ldSA Hk.Mkjh ohjth] jkdk]ukxth] ineth] Hkk.kth] Hk.Mkjh ekM.k] vkoM+] euq] lgth;k vkn Jkod vka jks /;ku /kj^j eu&pk;ks QGik;ks gSA vSM+k egku~ xq# jh izfrLBk ikV.k tSM+h tSu rhjFk&uxjh esa djhthA b.k egku~ xq# jks Lrou djrkagq;k tSu la?k =ackorh uxjh esa Jh ftupanz lwfj jh vxqokbZ esa vk;kA cBS oS lxGk Jkod la?kk uSatSu&leolj.k jks minsl fn;ksA la?k jh fouarh ekFkS iwT; Jh mBS P;kj ekl yx jS;k vj Hkxoku jhewjr&izfrLBk] nh{kk vkn /kkjfed dkjtka uSa lEiUu dj~;kA

tSu&Hkxrh r=~ lwa vkofjr ftusLoj jS izopuka uSa lkaHkG^j r:&jkfl i.k izlUu gq;xhA xq: jhnf{k.kk lwa vkHkks xjt.k ykxksA dksfdyk iape lqj esa xq:&esgek jks c[kk.k dj.k ykxhA eksj ukp mB~;kApdksjka jh vka[;ka esa bZ xq:&minsl jk Hkko nh[k.k ykxkA P;ka: dkauh lxGks okrkoj.k xq:e; gq;xksAdkO;Ro vj laxhr jh nhB lwa vk ?k.kh ywaBh jpuk gSA

*egkekbZ nqjxk lkrlh*&

*nqjxklkrlh* jh jpuk ekjd.Ms;&iqjk.kxr nqjxk lIrlrh jh dFkk jS vk/kkj ij djhth gSA b.kesa366 Nan gS] ft.kesa 362 Nanka esa eka nqjxk jS tGe vj yksddY;k.k lk: djhft;k egrkÅ dkj.kka jks oj.kkaogq;ks gSA nsoh jh vts; lxrh uS vlqj&lagkfj.kh] nso&jf{k.kh vj ekuo&dY;k.kdkjh dFkhft;ks gSA

dq'kyykHk b.k ikSjkf.kd vk[;ku uSa T;wa jks R;wa uha yS;*jA t:jr eqtc b.kesa uhpS fy[;k cnGkodj~;k gS&

1- dq'kyykHk dFkk uSa uke vj v/;k;ka esa uha ckaVS] tn dS *nqjxk lIrlrh* esa lkjh dFkk v/;k;kaesa caV~;ksMh gSA

143

2- vBS ewG dFkk esa of.kZr nsoh dS jk[kllka jh lsuk] m.kka jS j.k&dkslG ;k dS egkre vkn jksfoxrokj oj.kkao Hkh uha djhft;ks gSA

3- vBS ladsr djhft;ks gS dS jktk vj oSL; m.kka lwa nsoh pfjr uSa le>ko.k jks fuosnu dj~;ksA

4- b.k jpuk esa jktk vj oSL; ¼iz/kku&iq=½ taxG esa vpk.kpwd feY;k tBS oS uha rks vkil jhtk.kdkjh yhoh vj uh bZ vkijS vUrj}U} uaS c[kk.;ks gSA

5- êgkekbZ nqjxk lkrlh^ esa e/kq&dSVHk jk[kllka jks tGe Hkxoku fo".kq jS dkuka lwa gq;ks gS u dSdkauk jh eG lwaA b.kh Hkkar psruk vko.k iS nksuwa jk[kl Hkxoku fo".kq uSa tq) esa yydkjS tndS êkjd.Ms;&iqjk.k^ esa vSM+ks dksb mYys[k dksuh feGSA

6- iwoZdky esa nsorkoka vj jk[kllka jS fcpS lkS cjlka yx gq;ksMS+ tq) jks oj.kkao] jk[kllka jh lsukjS usrk efglklqj vj nsorkoka jS usrk bUnj jks bZ dq'kyykHk lkrlh^ esa dksbZ mYys[k dksuh ekaMSAvBS rks dfo e/kq vj dSVHk jS o/k jS Bhd iNS efglklqj jks nsorkoka lkxS tq) fn[kk nsoSA

7- lkrlhdkj lqxzho vj lqaHk jS okjrkyki uSa uqoS :i esa fn[kk;ks gSA vBS lqxzho uSa prj crk; lqaHkm.k uS nsoh duS f[kankoSA oks vki jh cqf) lwa bZ nsoh lkxS ckr djS] tn dS êkjdd.Ms; iqjk.kêsa lqaHk dfFkr lansl bZ lqxzho nsoh uaS dSoSA b.kh Hkkar Hk.M&eq.M jh fejR;q iwBS laqHk jh lqxzhodkuh lwa Bkoh tqxr tku.kks Hkh dfo jh dYiuk gSA

8- nsorkoka jh lxrh lwa iwjh gq;^j êgkekbZ nqjxk lkrlh^ jh nsoh laqHk jks foldU;k :i esa oj.kdjS vj nSR; jxrcht uSa m.kh jS Lokeh lqaHk jS gqde lwa ekjS] tn dS êkjd.Ms; iqjk.k^ esa nsohjxrcht jS lagkj ekFkS lqaHk&fulaHk nsoh uSa ekj.k ykxSA

9- êkjd.Ms;&iqjk.k^ jh nakbZ dq'kyykHk nqjxk nsoh jh QG&Lrqfr vj jktk lqjFk vj oSL; uSa nsohjk fn;ksM+k ojnkuka jh dFkk jks vkf[kj esa dksbZ mYys[k uha djSA b.kjh vis{kk 24 Hkqtaxh Nanak esansoh jh tqnk&tqnk :ika jh Lrqfr djhth gSA b.k lwa tBS dFkk jks foLrkj de gq;ks gS] cBS bZm.kesa uohurk vj jkspdrk jks bZ c/kkiks gq;ks gSA

txnack Nan ;k dS Hkokuh Nan &

dqlyykHk jh jpuk *txnEck Nan* vkijS i;kZ; ukao Hkokuh Nan lwa bZ feGSA b.kesa dfo 48 Nanka esansoh jS 263 ukoka jks mYys[k djrk gq;k txnEck jh esgek jks c[kk.k dj~;ks gSA dfo dSoSd eka Hkokuh¼txrEck½ jh fdjik lwa Hkxr fjf)&flf);ka jS lkFkS bZ Hkxrh] lkSHkkX; vj lkejkt izkIr dj ldSAlq[k&eEifr vj larfr uSa nso.k okGh Hkxorh jh lsok dj^j bUnzjkfnd nsox.k LoxZ esa vopG lkejkt jkslq[k Hkksx jS;k gSA dfo b.k jpuk jks [kkl mÌsL; vkijh ftOgk jks ifo=hdj.k ekuSaA

L;wfGHknzNÙkhlh &

vkpk;Z LFkwfGHknz jh izlalk esa fy[khth b.k jpuk esa dfo czãp;Z jh esgek jks c[kk.k djrk gq;k xq:jS egÙo uSa crk;ks gSA vk[kh jpuk 36$1 Nanka esa fy[khth gSA dfo b.k jS jpuk dky ckcr eksu gSA lkj:i esa dFkk b.k Hkkar gS&

**fjf)&flf) lwa lEiUu ikVyhiq= uxj jS iz/kku jS LFkwfGHknz vj Jhoar ukao jk nks csVk gkA LFkwfGHknzuxjo/kq dkslk ekFkS vuqjä gksA 16 cjlka jh mej esa bZ oks laHkwfr fot; lwa nhf{kr gq;^j Jkod c.kxksA vkijS xq: jS vknsl eqtc oks uxjo/kq dkslk jh fp=lkGk esa pkseklks dj~;ksA cBak jS okrkoj.k lwa oks lko+ vGxksjS;^j vkijks pkseklks iwjks dj^j xq: jS vkJe ikNks vk;ksA

vkJe esa xq: dkuh lwa LFkwfGHknz jS folsl Lokxr uS ns[k^ j chtk Jkodka uSa bZldks gq;ksA vkxyS cjlvsd Jkod dkslk jh fp=lkyk esa pkseklks dj.k jh vkX;k ekaxhA xq: jS ckj&ckj le>ko.k iS bZ oks uhle>;ks rks xq: m.k uSa dkslk duS pkseklks fcrko.k jh vkX;k ns nhA iSyh jkr esa bZ oks dkslk jS :i&lkSan;Z

144

lwa vkdjflr gq;^j [kqn uSa dkslk lkeh lejfir dj.kks pk;ksA dkslk leji.k lk: Jkod uSa usiky lwajru&tM+;ksM+k dkEcG yk;^j HksaV dj.k jh ljr jk[khA ljr eqrkfcd Jkod usiky lwa jru&tM+;k dkEcGdkslk HksaV dfj;ksA dkslk m.k lwa vkijks MhG iwaN^j dkacG uSa xanS ukGS esa Qsad fn;ksA tn Jkod b.k O;ogkjekFkS vkifÙk djh rks dkslk iMwÙkj fn;ks ^tn FkSa [kqn jh jru tM+h veksyh dk;k :ih dkacG uSa Egksjks tSM+hxanh ukGh esa cxko.k jks fulpS dj fy;ks rks m.kjh rqyuk esa vks jru tfM;ks dkacG rks dksbZ eksy uha jk[ksA^dkslk jk vS opu Jkod jS fgjns uS fca/k fn;ksA oks ?k.kh ykt lkxS xq: jh lj.k iwxks vj ekQh ekax.k ykxksA

LQqV dfoÙk&loS;k &

vsd dfoÙk&loS;k okGh b.k jpuk esa dfo izgsfydk lsSyh esa uk;d&ukf;dk jS latksx jh vuqHkwfrjks oj.kko dj~;ks gSA lk;n dfo b.kjks fljt.k *ek/kokuy dke dUnyk pkSibZ* dS *Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ*esa lkfey dj.k okLrS dj~;ks gqoS] D;awdS b.k <kG jk NUn vka jpukoka esa feGSA

9-4 dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka jks ojxhdj.k &

dfo dq'kyykHk jh vka jpukoka esa vf/kdkal v.kNih gSaA dfo jh Ni;ksM+h jpukoka gSa &*ek/kokuy&dkedUnyk pkSibZ*] *<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ*] *FkaHk.k ik'oZukFk Lrou*] *uodkj Nan*] *Jh iwT;ikg.kxhr* vj *LFkwfGHknz NÙkhlh*A dfo jh lxGh jpukoka jks ij[k vkdkj] dkO;:i] folS vkn jh nhB lwa djhstk ldS&

9-4-1 vkdkj jh nhB lwa&

vkdkj jh nhB lwa dfo jh mij jpukoka nks rjS jh gS&,d eksVh vj nwth NksVhA *ek/kokuy dkedanyk pkSibZ*] *<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ*] *rstlkj jkl*] *vxM+nÙk jkl*] *fiaxyf'kjksef.k*] *Hkhelsu&galjktpkSibZ*] *xqa.koarh lqanjh pkSibZ* vj *egkekbZ nqjxk lkrlh* dfo jh cM+s vkdkj jh jpukoka gSaA ckdh jh jpukokaftdh Lrou] Nan] xhr] xkFkk] dfor vkn ukoka lwa tqM~;ksMh gS] dfo jh NksVh iksF;ka gSA

9-4-2 dkO;&l:i jh nhB lwa&

dkO;&l:i jh nhB lwa dq'kyykHk jh iksF;ka jk vS nks Hksn gq; ldS&

9-4-2-1 dFkkdkO; ijd [k.M dkO; &

b.k ojx esa *ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ*] *<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ*] *rstlkj jkl*] *vxM+nÙkjkl*] *Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ*] *xq.korh lqanjh pkSibZ* vj *egkekbZ nqjxklkrlh* dkO; jpukokauSa jk[k ldkaA

9-4-2-2 Lora= y?kq dkO; &

*ftikfyr&ftujf{kr laf/k xkFkk*] *ik'oZukFk nlHko Lrou*] *FkaHk.k ik'oZukFk Lrou*] *l=qat;;k=k Lrou*] *Jh iwT;okg.k xhr*] *xkSM+h ik'oZukFk Nan*] *uodkj Nan*] *txnEck ;k dS HkokuhNan* vj LQqV Nan dq'kyykHk jh y?kq dkO; jpukoka gSA

9-4-3 folS & oLrq jh nhB lwa&

v/;;u lk: folS&oLrq jks egÙo gqoSA b.k nhB lwa dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka jks ojxhdj.k b.k Hkkardj~;ks tk ldS&

9-4-3-1 izsek[;kud jpukoka &

ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ] <ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ] ftuikfyr&ftujf{kr laf/k xkFkk] rstlkjjkl] vxM+nÙk jkl] Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ] xq.korh lqanjh pkSibZ] LFkwfGHknz NÙkhlhA

9-4-3-2 tSu &

Hkxrh eqtc jpukoka&ikLoZukFk nlHko Lrou] Fkae.k ikLoZukFk Lrou] l=qat; ;k=k Lrou] Jh

145

iwT;okg.k xhr] xkSM+h ikLoZukFk Lrou vj uodkj NanA

9-4-3-3 ikSjkf.kd lkfgR; &

*fiaxyfljksef.k* esa ojf.kr *jke&dFkk*] *egkekbZ nqjxklkrlh* vj *txnEck* ;k dS Hkokuh NanikSjkf.kd lkfgR; jh ikar esa vkoSA

9-4-3-4 jhfr &lacU/kh jpukoka&

*fiaxyfljksef.k* vj *dfoÙk loS;k* dfo jh jhfr jpukoka gSA

9-5 dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa pfj=&fo/kku&

9-5-1 ik=&;kstuk&

dq'kyykHk lkef;d okrkoj.k&vuq:i vkijS lkfgR; esa ik=ka jks la;kstu dj~;ks gSA m.kk jh jpukokaesa Egk.kks ifjpS vykSfdd vj ykSfdd nks rjS jk ik=ka lwa ifjpS gqoSA vS ik= vkijS pfj= jS mBko jS lkxS bZ?kVuk&Øe uSa vkxS c/kkork futj vkoS rks fujh tkxk oS ikBd vj Jksrkoka jh bpjt uSa txk^j dFkk uSajkspdrk nsoSA b.k nhB lwa vka jpukoka esa ykSfdd&vykSfdd] ekuo&vekuo jks vUrj dBS bZ dksuh y[kkoSAilq&ia[ks: bZ ekuoh; xq.kka uSa /kkj^j ckrphr djrka nh[kS rks izsfe;ka jS izse jh iwjfr djrk gq;k vk;ksMS ladVesa bZ oka uSa enÙk djSA

ekuo ¼L=h&iq:l½] ekuosÙkj ¼ilq&i[ks:½] fnO; ¼nsbZ&nsork] ;{k] fo|k/kj½] vfnO; ¼jk[kl] O;arjh]lhdksÙkjh½ lxGk ik= dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka jk lg;ksxh gSA tSusÙkj jpukoka esa tBS feu[kka jS lkxSilq&i[ks:] nsoh&nsorkoka ¼f'ko&ikjorh] fjlh equh½ jks oj.kkao feGS] cBS bZ tSu dkO; esa ;{k] fo|k/kj&fo|k/kfj;ka] jk[kl] bZ feu[kka lwa crGkoSA *rstlkj jkl* esa rstlkj vkB O;arfj;ka lwa ij.kS rks *vxM+nÙk jkl*esa fo|k/kj vxM+nÙk uSa ukjh&pfjr ckcr crkoSA *ek/kokuy dke danyk pkSibZ* esa ek/ko jks tyensoh&nsorkoka jks ojnku gS rks *egkekbZ nqjxk lkrlh* esa nsoh vkijh lxrh lwa jk[kllka jks la?kkj djSA

b.k Hkakr dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa ykSfdd ik= ekuoh; ik= gS&ek/kokuy] foØekfnR;] xksihpan]dkelsu ¼ek/kokuy dke danyk pkSibZ½] <ksyks ;k dS lkYg dqekj Åejk&lwejk] jktk uy] jktk fiaxy]lkeUrlha] HkkÅ HkkV] tSly [kokl ¼<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ½] ftuikfyr&ftujf{kr] rstlkj] vxM+nÙk]lksenÙk taxe pksj ¼vxM+nÙk jkl½] Hkhelsu] galjkt] lxjjk; vknA ykSfdd ukjh ik=ka esa mYys[kuh; ukegS&dkedanyk] ekjo.kh Åek nsoM+h] ekyo.kh] enu eatjh ¼*vxM+nÙk jkl* vj *Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ*½]dkslk] deykorh] fot;Jh] vs.kkeq[kh ¼*rstlkj jkl*½ vknA

vykSfdd ekuosÙkj ik=ka esa ÅaV ¼djgks½] ?kksM+k] gkFkh] x/kks] canj] lwoVks] gal] dqj>ka] pdok&pdoh]lji vkn dfo jh dSbZ jpukoka esa v;k gSA

dq'kyYkkHk jS lkfgR; esa vykSfd ik=ka jh flzLVh uhpS fy[;k mÌsL;k jh iwjfr djS&

1- nqLVka jS foukl lk:] 2- izseiaFk jk ifFkdka jh ladV esa enÙk lk:] 3- uk;d&ukf;dk vj ikxkajh ij[k lk: 4- dFkk uS lq[kkUr c.kko.k okLrS izseh&izsfedka jh fejR;q gqo.k iS oka uS ikNk thfor dj.k okLrS]vj 5-dFkk esa dqrwgy vj peRdkj Y;ko.k okLrSA 5- gjflf) nsoh] pØsLojh] fgaxqykt] iùkorh] flo&ikjorh]bUnj] ;{k] fo|k/kj&fo|k/kfj;ka] viljkoka] vkn dq'kyYkkHk jh jpukoka jk vykSfdd fnO; ik= gSa] ftdkm.kjh tSu vj tSusÙkj jpukoka esa Åij fy[;ksM+S mÌsL;ka jh iwjfr djh gSA dfo jh jpukoka esa vk;ksM+k*vykSfdd vfnO; ik=* gSa&nkuo vj jk[kl] ¼rstlkj jkl pkSibZ] ftuikfyr&ftujf{kr laf/k xkFkk] egkekbZnqjxk lkrlh½] oSrky ¼dkedanyk pkSibZ½] fldksÙkfj;ka] O;arfj;ka ¼rstlkj jkl] vxM+nÙk jkl½ vknA

9-5-2 ik=ka jh vSfrgkfldrk &

dq'kyykHk jk ekuoh; lxGk ik= bfrgkl fl) gSaA <ksyks ¼lkYg dqekj½] ekjo.kh] ekyo.kh] jktk

146

uy] jktk fiaxy] foØekfnR; jS ckcr ekjokM+] Xokfy;j vj ekyoS jk bfrgkl&xzaFk izek.k gSA Hkhelsu ckcri.k *eqgrka uS.klh jh [;kr* izek.k nsoSA tSu&vkxeka jS vk/kkj ekFkS *ftuikfyr&ftujf{kr*] *rstlkj*]*vxM+nÙk*] *LFkwfGHknz* vkn ik=ka jS vfLrRo jh flf) gqoSA vka dFkkoka esa ojf.kr tkxkoka ¼uxj&uxfj;ka] iqjvkn½&iqgqikorh ¼iq"ikorh½] ikV.k] dkekorh uxjh] dqlqeiqj] ikVyhuxj ¼iVuk½] mTtS.kh paikorh] gjflf)nsoh jks feanj] l=qat;fxjh] lesnfl[kj] JkoLrh vkfn jh iqfLV] fot; ukjk;.k ekFkqj jh iksFkh vsfrgkfldukekoyh lwa gqoSA

9-6 dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka jks lkfgfR;d oSHko &

9-6-1 Hkko&lkSUn;Z

dq'kyykHk l: esa tSlGesj jS jkoG gjjkt jks vkfJr jS;ks i.k m.kka jh jpukoka lwa y[kkoS dS oSgjjkt jh fejR;q iBS iwjh rjS lwa mikljak esa jSo.k ykxksA b.k okrkoj.k esa jS;^j oS tSusÙkj vj tSu izsek[;kukajS lkxS bZ tSu vj tSusÙkj Hkxrh jpukoka jks fujek.k dj~;ksA b.k Hkkar folS&oLrq jh nhB lwa dq'kyykHk jhjpukoka nks rjS jh gS&izsek[;kud dkO; vj vk/;kfRed jpukokaA izsek[;kud jpukoka esa dfo Hkjiwj fl.kxkjjl jks vkLoknu djkoS rks vk/;kfRed jpukoka lwa lkUr jl jh vuqHkwfr djkoSA

dq'kyykHk jh izsek[;kud jpukoka esa fl.kxkj jk latksx vj fotksx nksuwa :i feGS *ek/kokuy&dkedanykpkSibZ*] *<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ*] *rstlkj jkl*] *LFkwfyHknz NÙkhlh*] *Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ* vkn jpukoka esauk;d&ukf;dk jS fl.kxkj izlk/kuka lkxS :i&o.kZu gq;ks gSA dkedanyk jks :i o.kZu ns[khtS&

^^paid ldksey vafxA eLRdosf.k tkf.k HkqeaxAv/kj jax ijokGk osfy] x;oj gal gjkobZ dsfyAA

ukd ftL;ks nhok uh fl[kk] ckags jru tfM+r cfgj[kkAeq[k tk.kS iwfue uks pkan] v/kj opu vezr panAA

ihu i;ks/kj dfBuksrax] ykspu tk.ks =lw dqjaxAHkky fryd fljos.kh naM] Hkeg oad eueFk dksnaMAA

dfo jh vka jpukoka esa uk;d&ukf;dkoka jh jl&psLVkoka] jfrdsfy;ka] fogkj] cksf)d euksjatukRedizgsfydkoka jh la;kstuk Hkh feGsA voyksdu] feyu&mRlkg] vkosl vj vJq tSM+k vuqHkkoka vj liukvfrZirh] ykt tSM+k lapkjh Hkko iznjld izlaxka jk bZ dfo vksirk oj.kko dfj;k gSA <ksyk jS iwaxG iwx.k ijekjo.kh uS fiz;re jS vkxr&latksx jks lwpd liuks vkoS ft.klwa m.kesa vkijS fiz; fey.k jh vkl tkx mBS&

?kj uh xqy nhoM lty] Nktb iq.kx u ekbZAek: lwrh uhan Hkfj] lkYg txkbZ vkbZAA

lkjfl lÌkjsg] Hkw"kM =kl iekaf[k;kaAvfM+;ks va=kjsg] tk.ks <ksym vkfo;ksAA

lqjfg lqxaf/k okV] tk.ks fdj eksrh tM~;kAlwrh ekf>e jkr] tk.ks <ksyks vkfo;ksAA

vka foHkko&vuqHkkoka] lapkfj;ka jS lkxS bZ dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa fotksx fl.kxkj jh iwoZjkx] izoklvj d:.k fotksx jh vksLrkoka jk lkarjk fprjkae bZ eaM~;k gSA *<ksyk ekjo.kh pkSibZ* esa ekjo.kh jS izse]xq.kdFku vj *LoIu n'kZu* esa *galjkt&Hkhelsu pkSibZ* esa lqd vj tksxh dkuh lwa Hkhelsu jS :i vj xq.koj.kkao esa vj *ek/kokuy&dkedanyk* esa ijr[k njlu lwa iwoZjkx uSa txk;ks gSA d:.k fotksx jh vuqHkwfrenu&eatjh jh fejR;q ij vxM+nÙk jS foyki esa] ekjo.kh jh fejR;q ij <ksyk jS foyki esa] enu&eatjh jSvfnzl gqo.k ij Hkhelsu jS vxu izosl jS fulpS esa] dkedanyk vj ek/ko jh izse&ijh{kk esa Ogh fejR;q mijkarokrkoj.k esa feGSA izokl fotksx jh vfHkO;atu *ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ* esa dkelsu dkuh lwa ek/ko uSa

147

nsl&fudkGS jS leS] dkedanyk jh fojgkfHkO;fä esa] vj <ksyk ekjo.kh esa <ksyk jS iwxG okLrS izLFkku jh osGkekyo.kh jS foyki esa Ogh gSA

b.k Hkkar dq'kyykHk jS izsek[;kuka jks vaxh jl fl.kxkj gS i.k dqlyykHk ewyr% tSu ;fr gSAb.kdkj.k m.kjh jpukoka esa tSu lSyh jks iwjkS izHkko nhlSA b.k izHkko lwa vka izsek[;kuka jks mÌsL; lkUr fojkxjh ikorh gSA ?kksj fl.kxkj lwa l: gq;^j vUr lkUr jl esa gq;ks gSA b.kjS vykok dfo jh vk/;kfRed jpukoka¼tSu vj tSusÙkj½ esa Hkxrh rÙo jh izeq[krk gSA [kkl rkSj lwa tSu Hkxrh eqtc] jpukoka jks mÌsL; bZ jkx&}sllwa vGxks jS;^j feu[k uSa ohrjkxh ekjx dkauh c/kko.kks gS b.kh mÌsL; lwa oks uodkj esgek jks cj.kko djSAHkxoku ftusLoj jh ikorh lk: oks ik=ka uSa xq: lwa nhf{kr djkoS rks dnS bZ rhjFk ;k=k djSA

lgk;d jl jS :i esa lkUrjl jS vykok dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa izlax eqtc Hk;kud] jksnz] ohHkRl]ohj] gkL;] d:.k] vn~Hkqr] okRlY; jlka jk bZ lkarjk mnkgj.k feGS] mnkgj.k ns[khtS&

9-6-2 jl foopsuk

ohjjl &

¼i½ cgq dksykgy /kkfM feyk cgq iwj ia[kkyk lsuk fc<b lgwlgw lsu >w>b uj vew>b lcG nG Hk; laHkGhAfr.k okj vki p<+m rjaxe Hkhelsu egkcyh,dyh jfFk frgka jgh] jkek chgrh Hkqbaz ÅrjhAvk/kkj r:eb e/; ibBh QkSt fcBw fnlh ijgjhAA ¼Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ½

d:.k jl&

lji Max nh/kb [kM+gM+h] vxM+nÙr ub [kksGb iM+hA

dqej djb rc gkgkdkj] gs] gs nso gqoM fuj/kkjAA ¼vxM+nÙk jkl½

Hk;kud jl&

lhg.kh uh;fj Ållg.kh] dfj tcdb djikyA

vkoh iq:"kka Åijbth] :i fd;m fodkjkyAA

cSbZ cksybZ chgrk th] lkfe.kh vEg lk/kkfjA

dám rqEgkjm dhtlhth] vEg thorka mxkfjAA ¼ftuiky&ftujf{kr laf/k xkFkk½

jkSnz jl&

dkfydk nzwv czãeaM dh/kk] jksfgj Hk.k.k tksx.kh fj/kkA

xM+xM+b fla/kq iwjafr xzkg] vfjgh nso vfjnG.k vkgAA<kyh;k nso xq.k l;y <hp] HksM fx) fHkM+b nka.koh HkhpAÅllb "klb fuglb vikj] /kM+gM+ lwj /kx/kxbZ /kkjAfugfl;k fuoM+ oktkfu =hB] fj.k ekfg:d ckijb jhBAA ¼egkekbZ nqjxklkrlh½

ohHkRl jl&

dky o.kZ Øwj fodjky] eqf[k ewadb osLokuj >kGAix izgkj Hkqab /kjgjba] dksi p<~;M eqf[k dGdG djbA ¼rstlkj jkl½

okRlY; jl&

iq= mG[;ks izksfgr ftlbZ] gj"kj owBk vkalw frlbZAvk?kks ys vkfyaxu nh;bZ] vfr vk.kanba [kksGb fy;bAA ¼ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ½

148

gkL; jl&

vkor ns"kh l"kk ifgpkU;ks] , rks Jh FkwGHknz ujslAthj.k ol= eyhu ru gLr deaMy yqafNr ds'kAgafl djh dgfr l"kh;uq vc rks uhdks cU;ks rqEgkjks os'kukb , xgh ufg rs ;ksxh rkil ufga ufga lU;klhAvkblkS Hks"k dh;ksfg dy Hknz dgr eksfg vkor gklhA ¼LFkwfyHknz Nrhlh½A

9-6-3 izØfr oj.ku&

dq'kyykHk e/;dky jk ekuhrk dfo gSA b.k leS dkO; esa izØfr jk fprjkae [kklrkSj lwa mÌhiu vjfooj.kkRed :i esa bZ eaMhtrk gkA dfo vkijh jpukoka esa izØfr jS vka :ika uSa mdsj~;k gS] i.k dqNSd txkokaij dfo izØfr jS vkyEcu :i esa bZ mdsjSA vka oj.kkaoka esa [kkl rkSj lwa fcj[kk jk fprjkae T;knk eaMhft;kgSA *rstlkj jkl* lwa vsd mnkgj.k vBSfn;ks tk fj;kS gS&

vuqØfe vkO;M ikol ekl] es?k ?kVk Nk;ks vkdklAlka> leS osyk va/kkj] ?kfj iznhi dh;ks fr.kokjAArSy ysbZ vkoS ftlS] lcG esg vkO;m frgka frlSA/kkbZ ibBh nsgjk ekafg] ewy xaHkkjS ?k.kS mNkfgAArSy ijoS nhik frxexb] ukfj ,dyh jgh ufo ldSAcjlbZ esg v[kafMr /kkfj] tM+h fdekM+ cSBh rs ukfjAA

dfo jS vka fprjkeka jks mÌsL; Hkxrhe; okrkoj.k jks fujeka.k dj.kks gksA b.k okLrS bZ *Jh iwT;ikg.kxhr*] *ek/kokuy dkedanyk pkSibZ*] *rstlkj jkl*] *Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ* vkn jpukoka esa dfo izØfr jSminslkRed] jgL;kRed vj nklZfud :ika jS ek/;e lwa bZ okrkoj.k jks fujeka.k dj~;ks gSA

9-6-4 flYi&lkSLBo&

9-6-4-1 dFkk flYi vj dFkkud :f<;ka &

dFkk&flYi&

dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka jh l:vkr eaxGkpj.k lwa Ogh gSA vS eaxGkpj.k x.kifr] lqjlr] 'kadj]fo".kq] egkekbZ] dkenso] ftuizHkq ftus'oj] ikjlukFk] xksre fjfl jh Lrqfr lwa tqM~;ksM+k gSA tSuHkxrh jS dkj.k jpukoka esa tacwnhi] l=qat; fxjh lesnfl[kj jk ijpk bZ feGSA dq'kyykHkjpukoka jks lekiu iqfLidk lkxS djSA iqfLidk esa lclwa iSyka oks [kqn jS vj vkijS xq:[kjrnxPNh; mik/;k; vHk;/kje jks oj.kkao ekaMSA Lrks= lhlZd vj nsoh Hkxrh ¼ikSjkf.kdvk[;ku½ eqtc jpukoka esa vks vUr ^dGl^ Nan lwa gq;ks gS&

ba=kfnd lqj vlqj lnk rq> lsok lkjSLoxZ e`R;q ikrkG vpG rqefp vk/kkjSfxj xqgn oj fooj vxj iqjoj f=d pkpjvki Nafn vk.kan 'kfä [ksys lpjkpjflo lxrh ;qxrh ofy lnk fofo/k :i foLosLojhAdfo dqlkyykHk dY;k.k dfj t;&t; txnhLojhAA ¼txnaok Nan½

izsek[;kud jpukoka esa [kkl ¼vf/kdkfjd½ dFkk jh l:vkr fd.kh fu%larku jktk ;k dS fijksrjS larku iko.k jS truka lkxS Ogh gSA nsch&nsorkoka jS chtk ifo= rhjFk vkn jh tkrjk lwa jktkjS larku gqbZ gSA eksV~;kji.kS esa fd.kh vijk/k ;k dS jktk lwa dgh&lq.kh gqo.k lwa jktkX;k lwa m.kuSa nsl&fudkGks nhfjft;ks gSA b.k nsl fudkGS jS ek/;e lwa bZ dfo *ek/kokuy&dkedanyk

149

pkSibZ*] *vxM+nÙk jkl*] *rstlkj jkl*] *Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ* vkn jpukoka esa izse rÙotxko.k esa lQG gq;ks gSA uk;d&ukf;dka esa izseksnhi.k lk: lwoVks] ea=h&iq=] HkkV] [kokl]l[kk] lgsfy;ka lg;ksxh gq;k gSA *Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ* jh enu eatjh vkijh lgsyh jhtqxr lwa bZ feanj esa feGS rks ekjo.kh uSa m.kjh lgafy;ka m.kesa fiz;re <ksyk jS izse uSa txkoSA

fctksx iNS tn uk;d vkijS ?kjka ckoM+S rn xSyk esa m.kjks iM+uk;d lkxS ?kelka.k eaMSA b.kesauk;d thrSA [kql gq;^j oks T;wa bZ vkxS c/kS rn fd.kh nq?kZVukol ukf;dk jh fejR;q gq; tkoSAukf;dk jS fojg esa uk;d uS ejrka ns[k^j ukf;dk uSa dksbZ tksxh&tksx.k] flo&ikjorh ;k dSfo|k/kj ljthfor djSA *<ksyk ekjo.kh pkSibZ* esa tksxh&tksx.k ekjo.kh uSa thokoS( *vxM+nÙkjkl* vj *Hkhelsu galjkt* esa enueatjh uSa fo|k/kj thokoSA b.k rjS jS dFkk&la;kst.k lwadq'kyykHk vkijS dFkk&lkfgR; esa Bkoks flYi ckf/k;ks gSA

tSu dFkkud eqtc jpukoka esa uk;d jS Lonsl vko.k iS dksbZ xq: m.k uSa nh{kk nhoh gSA nhf{krgq;^j oks vkijS ikVoh csVS uSa jkt&dkt lwai^j laU;kl /kkjS] tn dS tSusÙkj jpukoka esa lq[ke;ikfjokfjd thou lkxS dFkk uSa fojke feG~;ks gSA

dFkkud :f<+;ka&

yksd izfl) fopkj bZ dFkkud :f<+ dghtSA vS :f<+;ka dFkkoka esa ?kVuk uSa xfr nsoS] Jksrkoka;k dS ikBdka jh mRlqdrk uSa c/kkoSA ladsrka lwa dFkkdkj pkoks ?kqeko ns;^j vkijS bLV izHkko uSamitkoSA vka :f<+;ka jk nks vk/kkj gqoS& yksd foLokl vj dfo jh dYiukA dq'kyykHk vkijhjpukoka uSa pkoh c.kko.k okLrS vka nksuwa rjS jh yksd dFkkud :f<+;ka jks iz;ksx dj~;ks gS] i.kiz/kkurk foLoklka ekFkS vk/kkfjr dFkkud :f<+;ka jh bZ gSaA dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa vk;ksM+h[kkl&[kkl dFkud :f<+;ka uhpS eqtc gS&

1- uk;d jks izkØfrd :i esa tGe] 2- feu[k jks tarj&earj lwa iqujthfor gqo.kks] 3- :icnG^j yM+kbZ dj.kks] 4- uk;d jks vkdkl&xeu] 5- ljki] 6- iSyS Hko jS djeka jk QG] 7-HkfoL;&lwpd liuk] 8- taxG esa uk;d jks xSyks Hkwy.kks] 9- lksfr;k Mkg 10- viljkoka jksukf;dk :i esa vorj.k] 11- nks Hkkb;ka jks dFkk&rarq] 12- nksgn&dkeuk] 13- pkSalB tksxf.k;kajh :f<+ 14- lqd&:f<+ 15- dqyVk yqxkbZ jks /k.kh ;k dS izseh uaS /kks[kks nso.kks] 16- ukf;dk uSavsdyh ns[k^j m.kjks vigj.k] 17- ukf;dk jh fprk jS lkFk uk;d jS tG ej.k jks fuj.kS 18- ouesa tksxh ;k dS egknso&ikjorh jks feG.kks] 19- bUnz egksRlo] 20- izse&ijh{kk] 21- fd.kh [kkltaxG ;k dS fnlk dkauh tko.k jh eukbZ] 22- ukf;dk dkuh lwa uk;d jks vojks/k dj.kks] 23-ekjx esa uk;d ;k dS fd.kh ik= uSa ljksoj] esgy] tksxh jks feG.kks vj m.kjks Jkod c.k.kksvknA

9-6-4-2 Hkklk & lSyh &

Hkklk &

;aw rks dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa e/;dkyhu vkFkw.kh jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj tSu lSyh jks iz;ksx gq;ksgS] i.k Hkklk jh nhB lwa oka uSa nks :iksa esa ckaV;ks tk ldS&

1- lq) fMaxG lSyh ;k dS jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh jpukoka] T;aw & *egkekbZ nqjxklkrlh*]*txnEck ;k dS *Hkokuh Nan* vj *fiaxyfljksef.k*A

2- twuh xqtjkrh ;k dS twuh jktLFkkuh jh jpukokaA

vka nksuwa :ika esa fol;kuq:i Hkklk&iz;ksx dq'kyykHk jS lkfgR; jh [kkfl;r gSA tn oS jksnz jllwa Hkj~;ksM+h vuqHkwfr uSa ekaMS rks fy[kS&

150

dkfydk nzwv czã eaM dh/kk] jksfgj Hke.k tksx.kh fj)kA

xMxMb fla/kq iwjafr xzkg] vfjgh nso vfj ny.k vkgAA

fl.kxkj&{ks= esa dfo jh cjrhth lcnkoGh brjh e/kqj c.k tkoS d m.k uS Qdr Hku.k lwa bZjksekap gqo.k <wdS&

vkO;ks ekl vlk<+ >cwds nkfeuh js

tksobZ&tksobZ fiz;M+k okV ldkseG dkfeuh js

pkrd e/kqjb lkfndh izhm&izhm ÅpjbZ js

ojlbZ ?k.k cjlkr lty ljoj >jbZ jsAA

dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka jh Hkklk jh [kkl&[kkl folslrkoka uhpS eqtc dSbZ tk ldS&

¼i½ e/kqjrk lk: lcn jS vkf[kj esa M+k] M+h] Gk] Gh izR;;ka jks iz;ksx&

**fn;M+k & fg;M+k QwfV ilk; dj dsrk nq%[k lgsl

narkG & nafr dfg narkG] ,d nl.k yacksnjA**

¼ii½ ikn & iwjfr okLrS g] t] ; jks vkxe gq;ks gS&

iq=g & fdvk o/ko.k iq=g r.kk]

rwfgt & euNk :i rwfgt egkek;k]

ldrh; & dwM+kS oj ikb dqaoj dwM+ lwa ldrh;A

¼iii½ fØ;koka jks vuqukfldhdj.k feGS&

Hkjafr] lgarh vkfnA

¼iv½ d] l] o /ofu;ka foxrokj x] N] e esa cnGhth gS&

izxV ¼izdV½&

ekdZaM egkek;k egkre izekf.kl

izxV izdkj izkØeA

viNj ¼vIljk½&

fgo viNj gwa vfogM+ usgA

ehurh ¼fourh½&

e;k djm eq> ehurh HkkjA

¼v½ ^u^ /ofu jh ctk; ^.k^ jks iz;ksx feGS&

.kkVd ¼ukVd½&

.kkVd dyk xhr vH;lbA

dke.kh ¼dkfeuh½&

dygj dwMs dkae.khA

¼vi½ dBS&dBS egkizk.k jh vyi izk.k /ofu jks yksi feGS&

tygj ¼ty/kj½ &

tygj fte nhirkS

vkjkgb ¼vkjk/kb½

151

izfrek ftu uh ftuoj vkjkgb ,darA

¼vii½ f}Ùk oj.kka jh cksgksGrk feGS&

rqYym] rqT>] eT>] dEe vkfnA

¼viii½ ^[k^ jh ctk; ew/kZU; ^"k^ oj.k cjrhft;ks gSA

lSyh&

dq'kyykHk jS lkfgR; esa jktLFkkuh ijEijk eqtc pkj.kh] tSu vj ykSfdd rhU;wa lSfy;ka jksnjlko OgS i.k tSu vj yksd lSyh jk iz;ksx T;knk gq;k gSA

tSu izsek[;kuka esa flYi tBS tSu lSyh jks gS] cBS bZ dFkk yksd lSyh jh gSA vka jpukoka esa dfoyksdekul jh >kadh njlkbZ gSA yksd&thou jh lgt lqHkkfod Hkkoukoka uSa oks izseh;ka lwa izxVSAm.kjh jpukoka esa yksd esa izpfyr vusdwa iz:f<+;ka jk lkarjk iz;ksx feGS] T;ka jks Åij mYys[kb pqD;k gSA

*ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ*] *<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ*] *Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ* esa dkxn Hkst.k]dqjtka jS ek/;e lwa lansl Hkst.k vj lwoVS uSa Hkst.k jh ?kVukoka lwa lansl lSyh jks bZ ifjpS feGSAvka jS vykok dFku jh nhB lwa dq'kyykHk vU; iq:l lSyh jks ?k.kks iz;ksx djSA jhfr jS vk/kkjekFkS bZ m.kka jh jpukoka esa oSnjHkh] xkSM+h vj ikapkyh jhfr;ka ¼lSfy;ka½ jk mnkgj.k ns[khtSA izsejh lq/k fnyko.k [kkrj dfo *ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ*] *<ksyk&ekjo.kh LFkwfGHknz NÙkhlh*esa uk;d&ukf;dk dkuh lwa mikyEHk lSyh jks bZ iz;ksx djS&

ek.kl Fkh ia[kh Hkyk] vyxk pw.k pq.kafrArjoj Hkfe la>k leb] Hkkyb] vkob feyafrAAlTtu Fkh folgj Hkyks] Madh thot tsgAusg ogkbZ nwjbZ jgbZ] ix&ix lyb lusgAA

9-6-4-3 vyadkj fo/kku &

dq'kyykHk jks y{k.k&xzaFk ^fiaxy f'kjksef.k^ esa lCnkyadkjka jh vis{kk vFkZyadkjk jks foospufoLrkj lkxS feGS i.k dkO; jpukoka esa dfo nksuwa rjS jS vyadkjka jks Hkjiwj iz;ksx dj~;ks gSA dfodkuh lwa cjrhft;k izeq[k vyadkj gS&o;.k lxkbZ] ykVkuqizkl] Nsdkuqizkl] ;ed] miek] :id]mRizs{kk] ifj.kke] izrhi] rqY;tksfxrk] rn~xq.k] ehfyr] fojks/kkHkkl] vlaxfr] dkO;kfyax] vuqeku]Lej.k] mnkgj.k] vU;ksfä] vizLrqr izlalk] vR;qfä vkfnA dqNsd jk mnkgj.k ns[khtS&

o;.k lxkbZ&

fiaxy cgq ns[ks izxV] lQy fljksef.k lkjAiy&iy izfr isf"k gS] iwj.k ekjx ikjAA ¼fiaxyf'kjksef.k½

Nsdkuqizkl&

deyi= ys ikaoh Hkj~;MAysbZ ukjh laeq[k lapj;mAA ¼rstlkj jkl½

;ed&

lkjax lqr okg.k /kj.kh] vkl.k vl.k u vafxAlkjax lckn egfy;k] ikM+kslf.k lqjafxAA ¼ek/kokuy&dkedanyk½ pkSibZ½

mÙizs{kk&

152

ta?k lqiÙky dfj dqvayh] >h.kh ykac izyacA<ksyk ,goh ek:bZ] tk.ks dk; da.kAA

miek&

y?kq dsljh tsg dM+h yadA ¼Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ½

:id&

Hkolkxj leqnz leku] jkx }s"k fou m/kk.kAeerk r".kk tyiwj] feF;kr exj vfr ØwjAAekstk Åapk vfHkeku] fo"k;kfnd ok;q lekuAlalkj leqnz ea>kfj] tho HkE;k vuar okfjAA ¼iwT;okg.k xhr½

izrhi&

dfV yafd thrm dslfjA ¼Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ½

rqY;;ksfxrk&

ukjh osL;k rafr ty] lj iRFkj dsdkj.kAts lkrs gh va/kyk] Qsj.kgkj lqtk.kAA ¼ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ½

fojks/kkHkkl&

iSfgyh gqbZ n;ke.kks] jfo vkFke rsa tksbaAjfo mxrk fodlS dey] "kh.ksd oho.kks gks;AA ¼<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ½

9-6-4-4 Nan vj xs;rk ¼laxhrkRedrk½&

Nan&

dq'kyykHk NanlkL= jk fiaMr gkA b.k jks izek.k gS m.kkjh ^fiaxyf'kjksef.k^ jpuk esa djhft;ksNan&foospuA dfo b.k jpuk esa fofo/k Hkkar jk Hksnksiesn lesr 104 Nanka jks iz;ksx dj~;ks gSAvka Nanka jS vykok m.kka jh jpukoka esa cjrhft;k Nan nwgk] lksjBk] pkSibZ] xkgk] ik/kM+h] ekfyuh]lknwZy foØhfM+r f=Hkaxh] pkodh dfoÙk] fl[kfj.kh] oLrq] dkO;] NIi;] g.kwaQky] ukjkp] Hkqtaxh]eksrhnkae] v)Zukjkp] =ksVd] jsed ¼jkse dh½] yhykorh] fcvD[kjh] vk;kZ] gkVdh jS lkxS bZfMaxG xhr Nan lko>M+ks] vsdGo;.kks vkn gSA

vka Nanka esa law ekfyuh] fl[kfj.kh] lknwZyfoØhfMr] vuqLVqi] ukjkp] v)Zukjkp] vk;kZ vkn NanlaLdr&ijEijk jk gSa] rks xkgk] nwgk] lksjBk] oLrq] dGl] ik/kM+h] pkSibZ tSM+k Nan izkØr vjviHkza'k Nan ijEijk lwa yh;ksM+k gSaA

xs;rk ¼laxhrkRedrk½ &

fofo/k Nanka esa jpuk djrk gq;ks dfo dq'kyykHk tBS vkijh dkO;&jpuk uSa lkL=h; vjlkfgfR;d :i fn;ks gS cBS bZ tu:fp jS vuq:i c.kko.k okLrS vj vkijS /kje&izpkj jh nhBlwa vkijS leS jS pkoS ykSfdd vj lkL=h; laxhr&ca/kk uS bZ vaxSft;k gSA vkijS b.k mÌsL; jhiwjfr lk: oks laxhr jh lkL=h; jkxka vj yksd esa izpfyr nslh <kyka jks vkJ; fy;ks gSAlkL=h; jkxka esa vklkojh] jkefdjh] xkSM+eygkj] Jh] [kaHkk;rh] lksjBh] lkesjh] dsnkj] xkSM+h]xwM+&xksM+h] xqMh&xqtjkrh] /kU;kfljh vj gqlSuh jks iz;ksx gq;ks gS rks nslh <kyka esa osyh uh <ky]exkadys[kk uh <ky jgq uh <ky] trh uh <ky] Mwaxjnkuh uh <ky] xhrkuh <ky] lkesjh <ky]<ky okgyh vj <ky mYykGk jks iz;ksx djhft;ks gSA b.k lwa vks lkj fudGS dS dq'kyykHk uS

153

laxhr lkL= jks X;ku gksA lkxS bZ oks izkphu tSu ijEijk jks vsd dqlG /kje&izpkjd Hkh gksA*Hkhelsu&galjkt pkSibZ*] *Jh iwtokg.k xhr*] *ik'oZukFk nlHko Lrou*] *ftuiky&ftujf{krlaf/k xkFkk*] *'k=qat; ;k=k Lrou* jpukoka esa dfo lkL=h; jkxka vj <kyka jks iz;ksx lkxS dfj;kSgSA

9-6-4-5 dkO;&nksl&

dkO; esa tBS [kkl vjFk jh vuqHkwfr esa :dkoV vkoS] cBS dkO; nksl ekuhtSA :dkoV mikM+.kokGk dkj.kka esa [kklrkSj lwa lcnka jks xGr iz;ksx] ijEijk fo#) vkpj.k vkn gq; ldSAjktLFkkuh Hkklk jS dkO;lkL=h vka nkslka jh la[;k bX;kjS dS;h gSA va/k] NcdkG] gh.k] fuuax]ikaxGks] tkr&fojks/k] vil] ukGNsn] i[krwV csgjks vj veaxGA vka esa lwa dfo jh jpukoka esaNcdkG] vil] ukGNsn] cgjks vj veaxG nksl feGS] T;kau&

cgjks nksl&

Hkhafr fy[;ks nsoj Hk.kb] HkkHkh HkkjFk nsf[kAfujr dfj nso fujf[k jkek;.k lfols[kAbUnzg vklu jfo lqru] lqxzhog HkaMkjAvs rhus dh/kk vsdBk] dfg lf[k dmu fopkjAA ¼ek/kokuy&dkedanyk pkSibZ½

ukGNsn nksl&

y?kq dslfj tsg ohdfM yad] efy ufjgr eq"k tkf.k e;adjHkk xkHk ftlh tqx ta?k] mfnr fcYo le mjt mraxAv/kj iDo fcack v.kqgkfj fdj iwryh fp= vkdkjjA ¼Hkhelsu&glajkt pkSikbZ½

vka jktLFkkuh dkO;&nkslka jS vykok dfo jh jpukoka esa fgUnh jk vS izpfyr dkO; nksl bZfeGS & xzkE;Ro nksl] vLyhy nkslA

9-7 dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa yksdrÙo &

ijEijk jS ijokg esa ekuo lekt jh vfHkO;fä yksdrÙo gSA dq'kyykHk jS lkfgR; esa bZ vSM+h vusdwavfHkO;fä;ka eq[kfjr Ogh gS ftdh rRdkyhu lekt jS ikjEifjd jhfr&fjoktka] jgu&lgu] vkLFkk vjfoLokl] yksd&jhfr vj uhfr jks eaMk.k djSA

dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka lwa [kqyklks gqoS d m.k leS lekt esa oj.k&O;oLFkk ghA lekt esa P;k: bZoj.k gk] i.k cke.k fljS oj.k gksA b.kh okLrS dfo cke.kk uSa *ek/kokuy&dkedanyk* esa lhrGtkr ¼ifo=cj.k½ dSoS vj *<ksyk&ekjo.kh pkSibZ* esa lansl&okgd jks dke ?k.kks NksVks eku^j fiaMr uSa jktk uy duS ughaHkstSA lkEiznkf;d erHksn jS dkj.k dq'kyykHk cke.kk ekFkS nkslkjksi.k Hkh djSA *rstlkj jkl* esa izfrLBkuoklhcke.k lksenÙk jS csVS oYyHk uS >waBks crk;ks gSA

dq'kyykHk jh dbZ jpukoka esa vkJe&O;oLFkk jks oj.kkao feGSA xq: jS vkJe esa czãp;Z jks iky.kdjrk gq;k Vkcj fo|k/;;u djS vj ij.k^j fxjLFkh clkoSA foj)koLFkk esa oSjkx Hkkouk jks mn; vj vkijSikVoh uS jkt&ikV ns;^j jktk lU;kl /kkjS & b.k O;oLFkk jks oj.kkao dfo jh lxGh vk[;ku jpukoka jhdFkk esa gq;ks gSA

dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa fi=lrkRed ifjokj jks C;ksjks feGSA ?kj jks ekfyd ?kj jks cMsjks gqorks gksAifjokj esa vsd vuqlklu gksA vuqlklu jh voX;k djf.k;S uSa n.M nhjhtrks gksA csVk jS tGe jks ?k.kks egRogksA m.kjS tGe lk: ekurk yhjhtrh ghA nwtS C;ko jh O;oLFkk ghA csVs jS HkykbZ lk: tkr nhjhtrh gh]mRlo euhtrk gkA *ek/kokuy dkedanyk pkSibZ* esa iqjksfgr ladj nkl csVk jh bPNk lwa bZ vusd C;ko djSA

154

<ksyk&ekjo.kh jks jktk csVS jh tkr nso.k okLrS iq"dj vkoSA *rstlkj&jkl* esa voUrhiqj jks jktk fujkl gq;^jvkijS Hkk.kst lejlsu uS xksn ysoSA

C;ko tokuh esa gh gqorks gks i.k Vkcj i.kS jS C;ko jks bZ fjokt gksA jktdqekfj;ka Lo;acj lwa ifr oj.kdjrh ghA *Hkhelsu galjkt pkSibZ* esa :ieatjh jks jktgal jS lkFkS C;ko b.kh fof/k lwa gqoSA cgqiRuh izFkk jksbZ izpyu gksA <ksyks nks C;ko djSA rstlkj vkB O;arfj;ka uSa ij.kSA *Hkhelsu galjkt pkSikbZ* esa fu%larku jk.kh[kqn vkijS /k.kh uSa nwtks C;ko dj.k uSa izsfjr djSA

m.k oxr osL;k lekt jks t:jh vax gksA m.k jks dke ukp&xk.kks dj.kks vj vknfe;ka jhdke&okluk uS frjir dj.kks gksA jktnjckjka esa dykdkjka uSa yk[k ilkoka vj lL=kHkwl.kka lwa eku&lEekunhjtrksA xÅ] cke.k] L=h] Vkcj vj lk/kq&lU;klh lekt esa ekQh jk gdnkj gkA lk/kq&lUrak lk: lektjh v[kwV vkLFkk ghA dfo jh jpukoka esa tSu&eqfu;ka jks mYys[k gq;ks gS] ft.kk jS vko.k ij ?kj&?kj eaxGxhr xkbZtrkA jktk [kqn eqfu;ka jS njl.k okLrS m.kka jS vkJe tkork gkA vkdklpkjh eqfu;ka jks mYys[kbZ dfo jh jpukoka esa gq;ks gSA

[kku&iku] fl.kxkj&lk/kuka] oL=kHkwl.ka jS oj.kkoka lwa y[kkoS dS m.k oxr jks lekt lEiUu gksAeuks&fouksn jk iwjk lk/ku gkA oSL; lekt fc.kt O;kikj jks vf/kdkjh gks vj jkt esa fljS ekuhtrks gksApksj&yEiVka jh lks/k okLrS xqIrpjka jh O;oLFkk ghA Qkyrw jks [kwu&[kjkcks Bhd uh ekU;ks tkorks gksA jktkokajS duS folkG lsuk gh ft.kesa gkFkh] ?kksM+k] jFk vj iSny lSfud gkA pkj.k&HkkV jktk jk fo#n xkork gkAiztk gh dqlG [kse lk: jktk tokcnsg gksA lekt esa fl{kk lk: xq:dqG gk T;ka esa lg&fl{kk jh bZO;oLFkk ghA *vxM+nÙk jkl* esa mYys[k gS dS enu eatjh vj vxM+nÙk vsd bZ xq:dqG esaa Hk.krk gkA

dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa yksxka jh vykSfd lxfr;ka dkuh vVwV vkLFkk] tksfx;ka jh HkfoL;okf.k;ka esaturk jh vikj J)k vaxka jks QM~d.kks] lius esa pkoh oLrq jk njl.k] Nhad] ilq&ia[ks:oka jk lqj] oka jks ekjxdkV.kks] LFkku folsl esa m.kka jks njl.k] iwjc tGe jS djeka jS QGka vkn ekFkS ?k.kks foLokl gksA dfo ?k.kSljl] ljy vj dkO; jl lwa ljkcksj oj.kkao ekaM+;k gSA iwjc tGe jS djeka jS [kkrj vkLFkk jks izek.k <ksykjk vS cksy gS&

iSys Hko iki eSa fdvk] rks rq> fc.k brjk fnu x;kAlS xq.k ckr djS c[kk.k] thou rue vkt lqizek.kAA

dq'kyykHk jh jpukoka esa dfo jh HkkSxksfyd okuLifrd vj izk.kh&txr eqtc l[kjh tk.kdkjh jhbZ vksG[kka.k OgSA vka jpukoka esa izlax eqtc xaxk] f{kizk] vkcw] lksoufxjh] l=qat; fxjh] fl)kpG] iq.Mjfxj]oSrk<~+; ijcr] iqLdj] ekuljksoj] yfyr ljksoj] lq[klkxj] ifPNe ou] nf{k.k&ou] ou[k.M] uanuou]uonzks.k ukao jS ouk ij crk] cSjk vkfn jkS mYys[k gq;ks gSA b.kh Hkkar vke] dnyh] dusj] paik] cM+] tkG]vkd] panu] dsj] [kk[kjks ¼iykl½] flfjl] [ktwj] yoax ¼ykSax½] fry] lsokj] ukxj osy] xq.kosy] daVkyk] Qksxvkn :[kka] ikS/kk] yrkoka jh tk.kdkjh feGSA izkf.k;ka esa eksj] dqjtka] iihgks] lkjl] pdksj] gal] dks;y] lwoVk][katu vkn ia[ks:oka vj ekNyh] MsMdks ¼es<+d½ iho.kks lkai] Hkaojks] fVM~Mh] cjh vkn dhV&iraxk vj lkaikjk ukao bZ feGSA

9-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k lxGS fooj.k ika.k tSu lkfgR; esa mik/;k; vHk;/kje jk psyk okpd dq'kyykHk jh Åaph tkxkajSoSykA dq'kyykHk jS lkfgR; jS okLrS *osfy fØl.k :de.kh* jk dfo fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ uSa lezkV vdcj dS;ksdS ^Fkkadh osy uS rks <ksyk jk djgyk pjxkA^ dq'kyykHk jh b.k lsgtrk vj ljlrk lwa m.kkaa jS ledkyhutSu vj tSusÙkj dfoljka lwa tS rqyuk djka rks m.kka jS lkeh fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ vj ghdGl tSM+k dfolj bZBS j ldSA b.k jk nks dkj.k gSa &

155

1- ykSfdd vuqHkwfr jh vf/kdrkA

2- dfo jks jkT;kfJr vj ifjozktd xq.kka lwa iwjks gqo.kksA

b.k Hkkar lkj :i esa dS;ks tk ldS dS okpd dq'kyykHk 17 oSa lbZdk jk vsd egrkÅ tSu dfo gkAm.kka jh jpukoka esa e/;dkyhu flLVkpkj] rhtfrokj] jhfr&uhfr] oslHkwlk] yksd&oSokj jk ?k.kka QwVjk vjlkarjka fprjkae feGSA oS lkeUrh vj tSu&laLØfr jk fprsjk yksddfo gkA lkfgR; vj lekt jh oka uSa ywaBhvksG[kk.k ghA

9-9 vH;kl jk izLu

¼i½ dqlyykHk jS leS jh ifjfLFkfr;ka jh tk.kdkjh nsork gq;k m.kka jS thouoÙk jks [kqyklks djksA

¼ii½ dqlyykHk uSa lkfgR;&fljt.k jh lh[k jks ifjpS nsork gq;k m.kka jh cgqX;rk jh tk.kdkjh djkoksA

¼iii½ dqlyykHk jh jpukoka jks ojxhdj.k djrk gq;k dqlyykHk jh tSu&Hkxrh eqtc jpukoka jks ifjpSfnjkoksA

¼iv½ dqlyykHk jh izsek[;kud jpukoka jks ifjpS djkoksA

¼v½ dqlyykHk jh jpukoka esa pfj= fo/kku lhlZd lwa vsd ys[k fy[kksA

¼vi½ dqlyykHk jh jpukoka jS dFkk&flYi jh folslrkoka uSa crGkork gq;k m.kk jh Hkklk&lSyh jks [kqyklksdjksA

¼vii½ dqlyykHk jh jpukoka esa yksd rÙo jks [kqyklks djrk gq;k m.kk jh jpukoka esa cjrhth dFkkud :f<+;kaekFkS vsd Vhi fy[kksA

¼viii½ dqlyykHk jh jpukokajS Hkko&lkSna;Z uSa mnkgj.ka lSarh le>koksA

¼ix½ dqlyykHk jS dkO; esa cjrhft;k vyadkj vj Nan fo/kku uSa le>koksA

¼x½ dqlyykHk jh jpukoka esa of.kZr Hkwxksy vj m.kka jh jpukoka esa laxhr rÙo jh vksG[kka.k djkoksA

¼xi½ dqlyykHk jS tSusÙkj izsek[;kauka jS flYi&oSHko uSa le>koksA

9-10 lanHkZ xzaFkka jh ikuM+h&

¼i½ la- eksguyky nyhpan nslkbZ & vkuan dkO; egksnf/k] ekSfäd 7 A

¼ii½ MkW- eueksgu Lo:i ekFkqj & dq'kyykHk % O;fäRo vkSj dfrRoA

¼iii½ ogh &dfo okpd dq'kyykHk % ^vsd vksG[kka.k^ ¼Hkk"k.k ekyk½&jktLFkkuh 'kks/k laLFkku] pkSikluh] tks/kiqjA

¼iv½ czteksgu tkofy;k & dq'kyykHk A

¼v½ MkW- izselkxj tSu & fgUnh tSu Hkfä dkO; vkSj dfoA

¼vi½ Jhpan tSu & tSu dFkkvksa dk lkaLÑfrd v/;;uA

156

bdkbZ & 10

izeq[k jpukdkj % iùukHkbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

10-0 mÌsL;

10-1 izLrkouk

10-2 iùukHk % ,d vksG[kk.k

10-3 dkO;&ijaijk vj iùukHk

10-3-1 izcU/k dkO; ijaijk

10-3-2 jklks dkO; ijaijk

10-4 iùukHk jks dkO; lkSUn;Z

10-4-1 /khjksnkÙk uk;d

10-4-2 lsuk jS dwp jks thoar cj.kko

10-4-3 tkGksj jS x<+ jks njlko

10-5 ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka jks dfo iùukHk

10-5-1 #nz lwa loky

10-5-2 lqYrku esa #nz&#i jk njl.k

10-5-3 dkafl;ks uha ctko.k jh mn~Hkkouk

10-5-4 ohje&ns lkFkS lhrbZ jh jkx&Hkkouk

10-5-5 dkUgM+&ns uS foL.kq jks vorkj crko.kks

10-6 iùukHk jS dkO; esa jl] vyadkj vj NUn

10-6-1 iùukHk jS dkO; esa ohj jl

10-6-2 ohHkRl jl

10-6-3 d#.k jl

10-6-4 vyadkj

10-6-5 NUn

10-7 iùukHk jh Hkklk] lSyh vj flYi

10-7-1 iùukHk jh Hkklk

10-7-2 iùukHk jh lSyh

10-7-3 flYi

10-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

10-9 lcndksl

10-10 vH;kl jk izLu

10-11 lUnHkZ xzaFkka jh ikuM+h

157

10-0 mn~nsL;

,e- ,- mÙk- jktLFkkuh jS ikB;Øe jh 20oha bdkbZ lwa vki :c: gks; jS;k gksA b.k bdkbZ esa vkijktLFkkuh lkfgR; jS e/;dky jk izzcU/k dkO;ka jh ijaijk jS pkok dfo vj ^dkUgM+ ns izcU/k* ftlk egrkÅizcU/k dkO; jk fy[kkjk iùukHk jS tho.k vj m.k jh dkO;dyk jks v/;;u djksykA jktLFkkuh izcU/k dkO;kajh ijaijk esa iùukHk ,d blks egrkÅ dfo gS] dS m.kjks dkO; ^dkUgM+ ns izcU/k* vkijS oxr jks bfrgkl rksgS bZ m.k cxr jS lekt jks i.k ewjr :i gSA dkO; jks vuqHkwfr i{k gksoks] dS vfHkO;fDr i{k] iùukHk lxGhnhB lwa fljS dfo gSA ohj jl jS lkxS dfork uS Hkkar&Hkkar jS jlka lwa iks[k.k esa fl) iùukHk jh dfork d#.kjl lwa i.k xgjh Fkdh Hkhuh gSA o;.k lxkbZ vj eksgjka esG lwa lth&/kth iùukHk jS dkO; esa vuqizkl] miek]mRizs{kk vj :id ftlk vyadkj vkijh iwjh /kt jS lkxS jktSA tu&eu esa meko jS lkFkS mNkg jks c/kkiksdjf.k;S iùukHk jks vks izcU/k&dkO; jkLVªh; vknjlka] vklkoka] vkdka{kkoka vj jkLVª&xkSjo jh Hkkouk jS vkxzglwa v[kwV vj vijkts; ladGi jh eaxG xkFkk c.kX;ks gSA b.k bdkbZ uSa ckap*j vki &

• iùukHk jS tho.k jS ckcr tk.k ldksykA

• iùukHk jh jpuk jS ckcr tk.k ldksykA

• iùukHk jS le; jh dkO; ijaijk ckcr tk.k ldksykA

• iùukHk jh ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka ckcr tk.kdkjh dj ldksykA

• iùukHk jS dkO; esa dkO;&jlka jh tk.kdkjh ys ldksykA

• iùukHk jh Hkklk] lSyh vj flYi jS ckcr tk.k ldksykA

10-1 izLrkouk

iùukHk m.k osGk jks dfo gS] tn ek#&xwtjh iznsl jh Hkklk viHkzal lwa U;kjks&fujokGks vkijks vyx:i /kkj.k dj fy;ks gksA iqjkrÙo jk xgjk vj ?k.kka ukeh tk.kdkj eqfu ftu&fot; b.k Hkklk uS ^e#xqtZjh*uke fn;ks gSA

cka fnuka jh ijaijk uS ns[kka rks lqHkV fuxS vkoS dS iùukHk jS fnuka esa bZ uha m.k lwa ?k.kk iSyk laLÑrftlh twuh] lez) vj Hkyh Hkkar lwa foxlh&iljh Hkklk jk dfo;ka uS i.k xq.kxzkgh jktk vkljks nsorkA T;wadS okftc bZ gks] jktk jks vkljks ysof.k;k dfolj bZ vkljks nsof.k;S jktkoka jS xq.kka jk fo#n c[kk.krkAegkdkO; vj izcU/kdkO; jS :i esa ns[kka rks ijr[k nhlS dS ck.kHkV~V jS ^g"kZpfjr* lwa ys;*j foYg.k jS^foØekadnso pfjr* vj dYg.k jh jktrajfx.kh* gksorka Fkdka izcU/k dkO; jks vks bZ :i viHkzal Hkklk jS dkO;kaesa oijhT;ksA Hkklk jS foxlko jS lkFkS izcU/k dkO; jks vks jks vks :i twuh jktLFkkuh Hkklk esa vk;ksA

oks tqx bZ tq) esa ohjrk ns[kko.k jks gksA /ku vj /kf.k;ki ohjrk jS vk/khu gkA olqU/kjk uS ohj iqjlbZ HkksxrkA feu[kka esa ejnkuxh vj ohjrk jk Hkko Hkj.k lk# dfojktk dfork fy[krkA ohjrk uS o[kk.krhb.k dfork esa tBS&tBS :i fl.kxkj vj izse jS latksx&fotksx jh nlkoka jk fprjke bZ dksjhtrkA flykys[kk esa eaM;k vj rkcka irjka ekFkS mdsfjT;kA b.k dkO; yksd esa ?k.kka pkok gq;kA dfo;ka jh m.kh ijEijkesa iùukHk ?k.kks pkoks vj Bkoks dfo gS] ft.k m.kuS vkljks nsof.k;S jktk v[kS jkt jh uh( v[kSjkt jk cM+sjkm.k dkUgM+ ns jh tl xkFkk fy[kh] ft.k /kje vj laLÑfr uS c/kkbZ jk[k.k lk: ekSr jks oj.k dj*j bfrgkljS ikuka eka; uke vej dj~;ksA

10-2 iùukHk % ,d vksG[kk.k

dfo iùukHk jh vksG[kk.k djko.kks ?k.kks nksjks dke gSA vkijS ewaMS feV~Bw c.k.kks Hkkjrh; lekt esapks[kks dks ekuhtS uhaA ckYehfd lwa ys;*j fd.kh dfo vkijS tho.k jS ckcr NksVh&eksVh tk.kdkjh bZ dks nhuhuhaA Qwy jks c[kk.k rks lkSjHk djS] Qwy vkijks [kqn jks dkabZ c[kk.k djS \ c[kk.k rks m.kjS dkO; uS

158

ckapf.k;k&lq.kf.k;k djS] dfo vkijks c[kk.k] vkijS [kkunku jks c[kk.k vkijS [kqn jS eqaMS lwa dkabZ djS\ cjlkachR;ka Hkh yksxka uS dfork ;kn jSoS] dfo jk jfp;k ik= ;kn jSoS] dfo jks rks Qxr uke ;kn jSoS] ckdh jh dksbZtk.kdkjh ;kn dks jSoS uhaA b.k lk# iùukHk jS tho.k jS ckcr bZ ?k.kks dha rks dgîks tk ldS uhaA gka]^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa iùukHk vkijS ckcr tBS&dBS bZ tks dha bZ FkksM+ks ?k.kks fy[;ks gS] m.k lwa m.kjS tho.kjS ckcr ekewyh lks vuqeku yxk;ks tk ldSA

^dkUgM+ ns izcU/k* jS eqtc iùukHk ohly uxj uke jS xkao jks gks vj tkr jks ukxj cke.k gksA T;awdS ^dkUgM+ ns izcU/k* esa fy[;ks gS &

ôhlyuxjm ukxj ,dA

iùukHk dfo iq.; foosdA*

folyuxj xqtjkr esa gSA tkGksj jks xqtjkr lwa lea/k ?k.kksa twuks gSA ijekjka jS jkt jh c[kr xqtjkrjks ?k.kks lkjks Hkw&Hkkx tkGksj jks fgLlks gks A vkt bZ tkGksj jh teha rks xqtjkr lwa tqM+;ksM+h gS bZ] Hkklk vjlaLÑfr jh nhB lwa bZ tkGksj jks vkFkw.kksa fgLlks fn[k.kknS xqtjkr lwa jG~;ks&feG~;ks gSA b.k iùukHk uSa xqtjkrjS folyuxj lwa vk;ksM+ks eku.k esa dksbZ vkaV dksuhA

ukxj czkã.k xqtjkr lwa ÅB*j fn[k.kkns vj Åxw.kS fnYyh] vkxjk vj nwth BkSM+ ?k.kha nwj rdilj~;k nhlS] b.k lk# iùukHk jks lko duS tkGksj rd iwx.kks dksbZ cM+h ckr dksuhA xqtjkr esa ukxj czkã.knwtk czkã.kka lwa ?k.kka Å¡pk&ekU;k tkoSA iùukHk [kqn uS iafMr vj lqjaxh ok.kh okGks QwVjks vj feB cksykslqdfo nksuwa bZ dSoS & îùukHk iafMr lqdfo] ok.kh opu lqjaxA* ^dkUgM+ ns izcU/k* uS ckaprk iùukHk jh vkckr lgh bZ ykxS dS oks iafMr bZ gks] vj lqdfo bZA

iùukHk dBSbZ&dBSbZ [kqn uS caHk dSoSA tk.kS & ^cksybZ iùukHk dfo caHkA* ;wa rks rqd feGko.k lk#[kqn uS czkã.k jh BkSM caHk dSo.kks t:jh ykxS] i.k b.kjS lkxS dfo jS tho.k ckcr ,d jgl bZ mtkxj gksoSAftdks czkã.k cke.kka jS dke] elyu ftX; dj.kks vj djko.kks osn vj lkLrj ckap.kks] iwtk dj.kh vjdjoko.kh] nku yso.kks vj nso.kksa] i<+.kksa vj i<+ko.kksa NksM+*j jktkoka jS fo#n xko.k ftlk gh.k dje dj.kykX;k] feu[k m.k czkã.ka uS czkã.kka lwa gh.k fx.k*j ^caHk* dSo.k ykxkA rsjoha lnh jS yxS&VxS fujkbZ blkxazFk yk/kS ft.kkajk jpukdkj czãHkV~V] }kjHkV~V vj caHk uke okGk dfo gSA

iùukHk uS /ku&ek;k jh pkouk dksuh] fuzeG cqf) jh pkouk gSA fuzeG&cqf) gks;ka bZ jkLVª&/kje vjjkLVª xkSjo uS o/kko.k okGks l[kjks izca/k jpht ldSA b.k lk# iùukHk vkSj dha uha] Qxr fujeG cqf) ekaxS& ^|kS eq> fueZGefÙkA*

iùukHk jl&fl) dfo rks gks bZ] euekSth bZ gksA iùukHk jS tho.k jks v/;;u djrka c[kr ,d ckrekFkS xgjkbZ lwa fopkj dj.kksa pkbtSA ok ckr vk dS ?k.k[kjk dfo;ka m.kkuSa vkljks nso.kokGk jktkoka&BkdjkajS lkeh m.kk jh Lrqfr djh gSA blh Lrqfr Bkdqj&lqgkrh dS pkiywlh bZ gks ldS] i.k iùukHk m.kuS vkljksnso.kokGS lkeUr v[kSjkt jks fo:n gh v[kk.;ksa uha] m.k ckjyS geykoj jks ejrs ne rd eqdkcyks djf.k;SjkLVªHkDr jktk ^dkUgM+&ns* jS R;kx vj cfynku jh xkSjo xkFkk xk*j vkijh dye uS ÅtGh dhuhA m.kjhdfork yksd&Hkkouk jS lkFkS tqM+h Fkdh rks gS bZ] yksd&Hkkouk jS lkFkS tqM+h Fkdh rks gS bZ] yksd&Hkkouk uStxko.k vj izsj.kknso.k okGh bZ gS] ft.k lwa eu uS eksn feGS & ^ftfe ikewa eu jaxA*

iùukHk izfrHkkokGks vj jl&fl) dfo gksA m.kjks c[kk.k îq.;&foods* jS fo#n lwa gksorksA m.kjSdfork jh rkdr lk/kkj.k feu[kka uSa bZ ub±] dfo tuka uSa bZ eqx/k dj.kkGh gSA vkijh cqf) vj fo#n jS ckcriùukHk ?k.kS HkjkslS lwa dSoS &

ôhly uxjm ukxj ,dA

iùukHk dfo iq.;&foosdA

159

,gowa fo#n vknjb vuhA

ygb cqf) dfotu jatuhAA*

10-3 dkO; ijEijk vj iùukHk

4-3-1 izcU/k&dkO; ijaijk

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* ft.k tqx jh jpuk gS m.k tqx esa nks Hkkar jS dkO;#ika jh ijaijk [kkl rkSj lwa pyuesa ghA iSyh ijaijk laLÑr jS egkdkO;ka jh ijaijk jS pyu ekFkS gh] vj nwth yksd&dkO; jh jkld* dS jklks*ijaijk pyu esa ghA

izcU/k&dkO;ka jS uke ekFkS viHkzal jk U;kjk&U;kjk dkO; ns[;k tk ldSA vka esa ^oYyky* jks ^Hkkstizca/k*] ^ftu eaMy* jks ^dqekj iky izca/k* vj esj] rqax jks ^izca/k fpUrkef.k* [kkl gSA

brjks gksorka Fkdka bZ ,d ckr lkQ gS dS m.k tqx esa jS egkdkO;ka jh ijaijk esa xzaFk dks jphtrk gkuha] Nrka laLÑr jS egkdkO;ka jks FkksM+ks & ?k.kks vlj izcU/k dkO;ka ekFkS t#j jSorksA

vly esa laLÑr jk egkdkO; nsl esa lkafr vj lezf) jS nkSj esa fy[khT;k gS] tn dS yksd Hkklk esaizcU/k dkO; tq) vj mFky&iqFky jS tqx esa fy[khT;k gS b.k lk# nks;ka esa Qjd gSA

laLÑr jS egkdkO;ka jk ftdk xq.k ^dkUgM+ ns izcU/k* esa vosfj;k x;k gS] m.kka uS fx.kka rks ^dkUgM+ns izcU/k* laLÑrHkklk jS egkdkO;ka jh gksM+ esa pkyrks nhlSA felky jS ys[kS ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* lxZ c) dkO;gSA b.k jks uk;d /khjksnkÙk xq.kkaGks] ohj] dqyhu] {kf=; gS] ft.kuS dfo foL.kq jks vorkj fy[;ks gSA vks xzaFkohj jl jks xzaFk gS ft.kesa d#.k vj lkar jl vaxhHkwr :i esa gSA ukVd jh lS lfU/k;ka jS lkFkS bfrgkl jkadFkk] eks{k jS mÌsL;] eaxykpj.k] uxj] jktegy] mNc vj tq) jS lkaxksikax oj.ku] uk;d jS uke ekFkSukedj.k vk laLÑr vj ijaijk jh izlalk jS dkj.k ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* twuS vkpk;k± jh Fkjih egkdkO; jhdlkSVh ekFkS i.k [kjks ÅrjSA Qjd Qxr brjks gS dS ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa Qxr pkj lxZ gS] ?k.kdj ,dbZ NUn iz;ksx gq;ks gS vj o.kZuka esa foLrkj gSA

10-3-2 ^jklks* dkO; ijaijk

cka fnuka jS yksd Hkklk jS dkO;ka uS ns[kka rks futj vkoS dS yksd Hkklk jS dohljka laLÑr Hkklk jSvkpkjtka jS y{k.k xazFkka jh vksG vj ?k.kS lxk± Hkkar&Hkarhyk Nanka jS cksGkl] dqnjr jS fl.kxkj jS nhj?k c[kk.kvj BkSM+&BkSM+ oj.kuka jh yach foxr jS nhB lwa myka?kh gSA vka yhdka uS yka?k*j iùukHk bZ vkijh osGk jSdfo;ka jS lkFkS bZ ixY;k HkjSA

dha vkxS c/k*j ns[kka] rks ykxS dS iùukHk laLÑr jS y{k.k xazFkka jS izfrekuka uS lhdkjrka Fkdka bZ vkijSle; jS yksd&dkO;ka jS jpuk&fo/kku jS ?k.kks usM+ks gSA cka fnuka jS yksd&dkO;ka esa jklks uke jk dkO; ?k.kkapkok gkA dkUgM+&ns izca/k* jS yxS&VxS fy[khT;k iFohjkt jklks*] [kqek.k jklks*] lxrflag jklks* vj gEehjjklks* ftlk ohj jl jk dkO; vj chly nso jklks ftlk fl.kxkj dkO; cka fnuka jh jpukoka gSA

fo".kqiqjk.k esa fd.kha ,d VksGh esa ,d nwtk jks gkFk idM+*j ukp.k uS ^jkl* dgîkS gS & ^gLrsuxgîpSdsdka xksihuka jkleaMyaA* jklks dkO;ka esa fujr vj xhr jks [kkl esG jSorksA dkO;kuqlklu esa vkpk;Z gsepUnzlq.k.k vj ns[k.k jS esG jS dkO; uSa jklks d;ks gSA vkt jk MkafM;k fujr esa jklks jks bZ foxlko nhlSA

izrhekuka jh nhB lwa jklks dkO; jks foospu djka rks nhlS dS jklks dkO; esa bfrgkl jh dFkk gqoSA dFkkjks uk;d dS rks egku tks/kks gqoS dS egku izseh gqoSA xhr vj fujr rÙo jklks jk [kkl xq.k ekuhtSA lewpksjkl ,d bZ jkx esa xkbtS] jklksdkO; esa ik=ka jk laokn] ehBk] pqVhyk vj euekso.kk gksoS] vj pqVhyk laoknkajS dkj.k vfHku; esa xfr vkoSA

vka rÙoka jS vk/kkj ekFkS ns[kka rks iùukHk jS dkO; dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* jh dFkk bfrgkl iqjl dkUgM+&ns

160

jS tho.k jh gS] b.kesa lhrbZ jS izse&izlax jh okjrk gSA b.kjS Nanka uS U;kjh&U;kjh jkxka esa xk;k tk ldS vjfujr :id T;wa ukp*j [ksyht ldS] b.kjS lkFkS bZ laoknka esa pqVhyksi.k bZ gSA b.k Hkkar dkO; rÙoka jS vk/kkj ekFkS dkUgM+&ns izca/k jks dkO; :i jklks dkO; jS ?k.kks usM+ks nhlSA

10-4 iùukHk jks dkO; lkSUn;Z

10-4-1 /khjksnkÙk uk;d

dkO; lkSUn;Z jh nhB lwa iùukHk ywaBks dfo gSA m.k egkdkO;ka jS ekunaM eqtc vkijSizcU/k uS lxk± esa ck¡/k*j dFkk jks foxlko dhuks gSA m.kjS izca/k dkO; jks uk;d tkGksj jks jktk dkUgM+&ns dksbZeux<+Ur feu[k dksuh] ckrka&[;krk esa fo[;kr bfrgkl iqjl gSA dkUgM+&ns [kqn /khjksnkÙk xq.kka okGks vjÅ¡ps [kkunku jks {k=h; gSA m.kjks uk;d ?k.kks fopkjoku] vfLouhdqekjka ftlks :ioku] ohjka jh okVtk.kf.k;ks] nfGnjka uS nku nsof.k;ks] oSHkolkGh vj iqUulkGh gSA

HkkbZ lwa izhr jk[k.k esa jke ftlks] dkSy uS fuHkkof.k;ks] xkS&czkã.kka jks j{kd] iq.;krek] fj/k&fl/k lwaHkj~;ks rj~;ks] vj Hkxoku fo".kq ftlks vorkjh gSA b.k Hkkar doslj iùukHk dFkkuk;d jks thoar fprjke ck/;ks gSA

10-4-2 lsuk jS dwp jks thoar cj.kko

egkdkO;ka jh dlksVh eqtc dfo uS dqnjr jks] fjroka jks] ou leqnz] tq)] C;ko] latksx&fotksx vjeU=.kk jks oj.ku ?k.kS foLrkj lwa dj.kks pkfgtSA iùukHk tq) jks dfo gSA oks nwtk oj.ku rks ?k.kS foLrkjlwa dks dj lDîks uha] i.k lsuk] lsuk jS Hkkstu vj lsuk lapj.k jks oj.ku ?k.kS foLrkj lwa dj~;ks gSA

iùukHk lsuk jS lapj.k jh osGk jks ?k.kS C;ki Qyd ekFkS blks >h.kksa fprjke dksj~;ks gS dS oks ckaprkbZ vk.kan vkoSA blks ykxS] tk.kS oj.ku ckpf.k;ka jS lkeha lsuk ijr[k dwp djrh gksoSA QkSt jS dwp djrhc[kr <ksy vj uhlka.k <aldS gSA QkSt lk: jLrks c.kko.k lk: flykoV lkFkS jk lkFkS gSA

nks;.k lwa yM+.k lk: lsuk brjh vk[krh gS] dS cSB*j the.k jh osGk bZ dksuh] lSfud pkyrka&pkyrkbZ HkaT;ksM+k /kku Qkd jS;k gSA eneLr gkfFk;ka jS xGk esa j.k>adkj dj.kokGk eksVk&eksVk Vadksjk ca/;k FkdkgSA lsuk jk gkFkh i.k blk m)r gS dS oS egkor jS vkadl uS bZ dks ekuS uhaA iaxr esa pkyrk folkGdk;gkFkh blk ykxS] tk.kS dksbZ Hkk[kjka jh ykach drkj pkyrh gksoSA ?kksM+ka jh lsuk vkijh /kt esa U;kjh bZ pkySgSA m.k lsuk esa pkyrh lka<+k ¼ÅaVka½ jks oj.ku bZ dj~;ks x;ks gSA v.kfx.kr iSny lsuk lS I;knka jS mrkoGlwa pkyrk ixka jS pksV lwa mM+rh /kwM+ lwa blks va/kkjks ilj~;ks gS dS vkHkS esa lwjt bZ dks nhlS uhaA QkSt jS dwpjks blks thoar fprjke yksd&dkO;ka esa fcjyks bZ nhlSA

10-4-3 tkGksj jS x<+ jks njlko

dfo iùukHk tkGksj jS x<+ jks oj.ku bZ ?k.kSa mNkg lwa dhuks gSA fdyk esa BkSM+&BkSM+ ?kw?kjka cktS gSAlekpkj nso.k lk# jSckjh nkSM+rk vkork&tkork nhlSA tkGksj jS x<+ jS c[kk.k esa nwtk x<+ka lwa rqyukdjrka&djrka dfo rUe; gks tkoSA iùukHk vkesj] vklsj] pkaikusj] fp=dwV] ekaMyx<+] lkysj] ewysj vjXokysj ftlk iwjs Hkkjr jS pkok&pkok x<+ka uS fx.kkorks Fkdks fy[kS dS dksbZ nwtks x<+ tkGksj jS x<+ ftlksnqjxe] tfVy vj folkG dksuhA f=dylka lwa lksHkS blk b.k x<+ esa fujk lkjk ?k.k[kaMk egy vj ekfG;kgSA ey;kfxjh pUn.k jh tkfG;ka vj fØL.kkfxjh dkB jk QwVjk Fkkaek gSA egy jh HkkSe jks ef.k eafMr vkax.kksa?k.kksa ekso.kksa gSA Hkk[kj ekFkS cL;S b.k uxj esa izosl dj.k lk: U;kjh&U;kjh iksGka gSA rygVh esa cL;S uxjeka; ?k.kka lkjk pkSagVk] pkSd] pcwrjk vj xfG;ka gSA

10-5 ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka jks dfo iùukHk

dfo jks lS lwa cMks /ku m.kjh dYiuk&laxr gSA fur uoks mUesl dj.k okGh m.kjh izKk vj izfrHkk

161

dfo jh lS lwa cM+h iwath gSA fd.kh ?kVuk esa dha uoks lw= tksM+*j i<+f.k;ka uSa vpaHkS esa ?kky*j m.kka jS eu esavk.kan mitko.k okGks dfo bZ egku~ dfo cktSA dkO; jh dFkk esa ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka lwa dfo izKk jks ys[kksys[ohtSA b.k nhB lwa dfo iùukHk vn~Hkqr izKk jks /k.kh gSA dkUgM+&ns izcU/k esa BkSM+&BkSM+ iùukHk jh ekSfydmn~Hkkoukoka mtkxj gksoSA vkoks] vkik iùukHk jh ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka uS ,d futj lw fuj[kkaA

10-5-1 #nz lwa loky

iùukHk vkstLoh Hkko jks izoh.k dfo gSA m.kjh mn~Hkkouk bZ ikBdka esa vkst HkjSA lkseukFk jS [kafMrfyax lwa iùukHk loky djS dS Fksa rks Hkhl.k Øks/k lwa nSR;ka jks ukl dj~;ks gks] f=iqj jks lagkj dj~;ks gks] dkensouS ckG dk<+;ks gks vj nsoyksd jk Hk; VkG*j /kjrh ekFkS iq= ojrk;k gk] vcS b.k fo/kjeh vkØe.k djf.k;kalkeha FkkjS b.k f=lwG dkabZ dj~;ks \ ikjEifjd jpukoka lwa gV*j iùukHk #nz lwa vks loky iùukHk jhizxfrlhyrk gh lkfcr djSA

10-5-2 lqYrku esa #nz :i jk njl.k

iùukHk jh ,d pfdr dj.kokGh ekSfyd mn~Hkkouk vk gS dS Hkxorh vklkiqjh [kqn lkry ns uSlqYrku vYykmÌhu esa flo #i jk njl.k djkoSA lkry nS vkijh dqynsoh vklkiqjh lwa fouUrh djS dS FkSiSyk bZ vlqjka uS ekj~;k gk vj nsorkoka jks ladV VkG~;ks gks] rwa EgkjS b.k ladV uS VkGA vklkiqjh lkry uSlwrS vYykmÌhu duS b.k lk# ys tkoS dS oks m.kuS lwrS FkdS uS ekj uka[kSA oBS lkry lwrS FkdS vYykmÌhuesa tVktwV/kkjh] HkLekax fyiVj;ks] #aMekG iSj~;ks ck?kkacj/kkjh f=lwGgÙFk lk{kkr~ floth nhlSA vYykmÌhujS ?kko ?kkY;ka fcuk bZ lkry ns lkxSb ix ikNks ckoMS+A

flo la?kkj jks nso gS vkijS nqLe.k esa flo:i jk njl.k djoko.k fo/kjeh esa bZ vkijS nso uS ns[kk;*j,d ijelÙk uS mtkxj dj.kks iùukHk jh izfrHkk jks bZ peRdkj gSA

10-5-3 dkafl;ks uha ctko.k jh mn~Hkkouk

dkUgM+&ns jks ,d Bkdj eghi nsoM+ks ekSr jS Hk; lwa tq) jS eSnku lwa ix ikNk ns;*j ?kjS vk;ksA m.kjScsVs dkaNy vkijh eka lwa d;kS dS eka] Fkwa FkkG iqjlrh osGk dkafl;ks tksj lwa er ctkbtSA dkj.k dS yksg lwayksg ckt.k jS Hk; lwa Egkjks cki j.kHkwfe lwa UgkV vk;ks gS] yksg lwa yksg jks okt lq.k.k jS dkj.k dBSbZ oks vBkalwa bZ UgkV uha tkoSA csVk jS ewaMS lwa vk ckr lq.k*j eghi nsoM+ks ikNks tq) dj.k x;ks vj cBS tcj tax djrkanksuqoka uS ekj*j yksgks mtokfG;ksA

iùukHk jh vk mn~Hkkouk ykjyS dfo;ka uS brjh okYgh ykxh dS m.kka vkijS dkO;ka FkksM+k Qsj&QkjjS lkFkS dnSbZ eka jS uke lwa rks dnSbZ iRuh jS uke lwa dk;jka uSa psrkorh jghA

10-5-4 ohje&ns lkFkS lhrbZ jh jkx Hkkouk

iùukHk jh ,d QSj ekSfyd vj eje&ijlh mn~Hkkouk gS vYyknÌhu jh lgtknh lhrbZ ¼fQjkstk½jh ohje ns lkFkS jkx&Hkkouk vj C;ko dj.k dh bPNk U;kjh&U;kjh tkrka bZ uha] U;kjk&U;kjk /kjeka esa C;kodj.k jh vk bPNk iùukHk vkt lwa ikap lkS ipkl cjlka iSyk njlkbZ gSA iùukHk lwa cM+ks izxfrlhy dfodq.k gks ldS] ft.k m.k tekuSa esa blh dYiuk djhA

ohje&ns lhrbZ jh b.k bPNk jS fo#) C;ko dj.k lwa uk ns nsoSA ohje&ns jh ekSr jS iNS lhrbZ m.kjSykjS lrh gkso.k jks tru djS i.k ohje&ns jks ej~;ks ewaMks bZ m.kjS lkeha lwa viwBks fQj tkoS &

,d vlaHko rs Hk.kma] ts uhj rjpk ik[kk.kA

ej.k iwfB eLrd fQfjma] chtw , ijek.kAA

10-5-5 dkUgM+&ns uSa foL.kq jks vorkj crko.kks

iùukHk blks dfo gS ft.k vkijS dkO; jS uk;d dkUgM+&ns uS foL.kq jks nloksa vorkj Fkjfi;ks gS &

162

pkgw vk.k dqfy nleh okjA

vkfn iq#"k yh/km vorkjAA

b.k Hkkar&Hkkar jh ekSfyd vj eje&ijlh mn~Hkkoukoka jS dkj.k iùukHk ikBdka uS vpaHkk esa ?kkySA

10-6 iùukHk jS dkO; esa jl vyadkj vj NUn

twuka vkpk;kZ jlkRed okD; uSa bZ dkO; ekU;ks gS & ^jlkRed okD;a dkO;a* Hkjreqfu foHkko] vuqHkkovj O;kfHkpkjh Hkko jS latksx lwa jl jh fuLifÙk ekuSaA dkO; esa jl jh nhB lwa ns[kka rks lqHkV nhlS dS iùukHk,d jlfl) dfo gSA iùukHk [kkl rkSj lwa ohj jl jks dfo gS] i.k vaxhHkwr :i esa nwtk jl bZ iùukHk jSdkO; esa vk;k gSA vkoks] vkika iùukHk jS dkO; jh jl&fu:i.k jh nhB lwa fuj[k ij[k djkaA

10-6-1 iùukHk jS dkO; esa ohj jl

iùukHk jS dkO; esa ohj jl jks ckGkS og;ks gksoSA vkn lwa ys;*j var rd mNkg Hkko jks QSyko iwjSizca/k esa vtlz :i lwa vk;ks Fkdks gSA vkstLoh ok.kh esa tq) jS rst jks oj.ku ohj jl jks iwjks ifjikd djSAmNkg Hkko jks osx Hkj~;ks mQk.k ohj jl uS [kkl rkSj lwa iks[kSA ohj jl uSa vkljks nso.k jh BkSM+ gS fg;ks] tdksohj jl jks vklu c.;ks gS] nqLe.k uSa thr.k jh dS j.k esa yM+ ej.k jh gwal lapkjh Hkko jS :i esa ifjiqLV gks;*jfoHkko ohj jl jS :i esa ÅitSA b.k Hkkar iùukHk jS dkO; esa ohj jl jks :i lkaxksikax nhlSA

10-6-2 ohHkRl jl

iùukHk dkO; esa ohj jl jS lgk;d jl jS :i esa ohHkRl jl jks jkp.kks fprjke jPpkS gSA nksbZ lsukokajS lSfudka jh yksg ykxh yksFkka iM+h gSA ekal jS yksHk esa fxN lsukoka jh yksFk ekFkS >iV*j pksapka ekj&ekj*jekal uksp jg;k gSa &

vrfj i{k izgkjks fHkM+bA

okyb nksV ia"khvk iM+bA

x`?kzlsu #vkN;ka fQjbA

vkfe"k yksHk pap okojbA

ohHkRl jl jk blk lkaxksikax fprjke ekaM*j iùukHk ohj jl uS vkS:a b/kdks vljnkj c.kk;ks gSA

10-6-3 d#.k jl

iùukHk ohj jl jS iwj.k ifjikd jS lkFkS vkafxd jl jS :i d#.k jl jk fprjkae ekaM;k gSA vSfprjke fg;S uS dGikoS ftlk gSA blS izlaxka jk fprjkae ekaMrk iùukHk dkO; esa xhr ftlks Nan fy;ks gS]ftdks jl uSa vkS:a rh[kks djSA Hkk;y ¼jktiwrka jh ,d tkr½ vS ¼nqLe.kka lkeh½ Hksn [kksy fn;ksA rGkc esa xk;jks ekal ?kky.k lwa m.kjks ik.kh iho.k tksx jg;ks dksuhA ifjokj esa lxGka ekSr gkso.kh bZ gSA vlqjka jh vklkiwjh gqbZA gs csVh] vcS FkuSa oGke.kh dq.k HkstSyk \

b.kh*t Hkkar ohje&ns jh ekSr ekFkS lhrbZ jks foyki bZ fgjnS fonkjS ftlks gSA iwjc tGe jS izse uS;kn dj*j jksorh dqojh jks gkj vklqaok lwa Hkhx X;kS gSA dqaojh iwNS dS dkabZ dkj.k gS dS lS xq.k pwd vj vkSxq.kgks; X;k gS] vcS Ega fd.k jS lk# fl.kxkj ltkowayk &

iwjc izse laHkkjhm] vkalwMS+ Hkhum gkjthA

xq.k QhVh voxq.k Fk;k vEgdfg dkjf.k ¼fla.kxkj th½

b.k Hkkar jl lapj.k jh nhB lwa iùukHk jlfl) dfo fl) gksoSA

10-6-4 vyadkj

dkO; esa vyadkjka jks iz;ksx dkO; jS vfHkO;fDr i{k uS lcGks c.kkoSA iùukHk ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa

163

jlkuqHkwfr jS lkFkS bZ lqHkkfod :i lwa vyadkj xwafFk;k gSA laLÑr Hkklk jS y{k.k xzaFkka Hkkar&Hkkar jS vyadkjkajk Hksn fx.kk;k gSA R;wa bZ fMaxy jks i.k vkijks dkO; lkL= gSA laLÑr jS dkO; lkL= jS vyadkjka jS lkFkSfMaxG jS vyadkjka jks i.k cksGkl lwa ?k.kksa vksirks iz;ksx dj~;ks gSA

laLÑr jS dkO; lkL= jS ijek.kSa iùukHk vuqizkl] ;ed vj iqu#fDr izdkl ftlS lcn vyadkjkajks iz;ksx dhuks gS rks m.kjS dkO; esa miek] mRizs{kk] :id jh nksuwa bZ Hksn&lkax:id vj fujax :id vjmnkgj.k ftlk vFkkZyadkj bZ yk?kSA fMaxy jS vyadkjka esa iùukHk o;.k lxkbZ ft.kesa vf/kd vj U;wu nksuwabZ Hkkar jh o;.klxkbZ HksGh gS jS lkFkS vf/kd] le vj U;wu rhuwa bZ Hkkar jS eksgjka esG jks vksirks iz;ksx dhuksgSA

10-6-5 NUn

NUn jh nhB lwa iùukHk ?k.kk iz;ksx dks dhuk uhaA iwjks izca/k nksgk vj pkSikbZ NUn esa bZ xwaF;ks FkdksgSA tq) jS osx njlko.k lk: pkSikbZ law yxrs Fkds iokM+k NUn jks iz;ksx dhuks gS ft.kjS dkj.k oj.ku esavkst jks izHkko nhlSA iùukHk vkijS xhrka esa U;kjh&U;kjh jkxka jks iz;ksx bZ dhuks gSA dkO; NUn vj jkxkapquko izcU/k uSa jkl T;wa je.k tksx c.kkoSA

10-7 iùukHk jh Hkklk] lSyh vj flYi

Hkklk] lSyh vj flYi jS nhB lwa iùukHk vuwBks dfo gSA vkoks] vkika iùukHk jh Hkklk] lSyh vj flYiekFkS foxrokj fopkj djkaA

10-7-1 iùukHk jh Hkklk

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS tGe vj foxlko jh nhB lwa iùukHk jh Hkklk ?k.kha egrkÅ gSA iùukHk jh Hkklkm.k dky jh lk[k HkjS tn ^xqtZj viHkzal*] ^ek:&xqtZjk* gksorh Fkdh xqtZj izHkko uS NksM+rh Fkdh vj ek:Hkklk jS fMaxy jks :i /kkjrh Fkdh nhlSA jl lwa vuqdwyrk jk[k.k esa iùukHk jh Hkklk esa ?k.kh f[kerk gSAvkst vj ukn iùukHk jh Hkklk jk [kkl xq.k gSA tq) vj tq) jS mNkg jks oj.ku djrka Fkdk iùukHk lizk.kvj i#l /ofu jks iz;ksx dhuks gS rks d#.k okrkoj.k jh flzLVh lk# m.k e/kqj] dwaGk vj v?kksl oj.kk jksiz;ksx dhuks gSA njckj jks fprjke jprka Fkdka iùukHk njckjh Hkklk jks iz;ksx djSA o;.k lxkbZ vj eksgjkaesG ftlk lcn vyadkjka jS dkj.k iùukHk jh Hkklk jh ekso.kh /kt U;kjh bZ NktSA laLÑr jS rRle vjrn~Hko lcnka jS lkFkS iùukHk jh Hkklk esa nslt vj vjch&Qkjlh jk lcn i.k ?k.kk nhlSA iùukHk Hkko jSeqtc Hkklk fy[k.k esa cstksM+ gSA

yksdksfDr;ka vj eqgkojka lwa ifjiwj.k iùukHk jh Hkklk O;atuk vj y{k.kk jh nhB lwa bZ Hkjh iwjh gSA

10-7-2 iùukHk jh lSyh

lSyh jh nhB lwa iùukHk vkijh U;kjh bZ [kkfl;r jk[kSA iùukHk oj.k.k vj fooj.k jks dfo gSAU;kjk&U;kjk uxjka x<+ka] ?kksM+ka vj feu[kka jh U;kjh&U;kjh tkrka jks fooj.k ns;*j iùukHk gdhdr uS ikBdkajS lkeha mrkjSA ohjka jk uke fx.kka fx.kk*j iùukHk vkijh lSyh lwa bfrgkl uSa vosj~;ka jk[kSA

fd.kha ?kVuk] fLFkfr] okrkoj.k dS dke jks gw&c&gw fprjke [khap.k esa iùukHk ekfgj gS rks vk[kjklwa ukn&lkSUn;Z mitoko.k esa i.k dksbZ nwtks dfo m.kjh tksM+ esa ÅHkks dks nhlS uhaA

10-7-3 flYi

b;ka rks iùukHk jks flYi lknxh fy;ksMks gS i.k tn vk[kjka lwa fprjke xwaFkS rn iùukHk jS dkO;jks flYi vn~Hkqr futj vkoS BkSM+&BkSM+ ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka dfo jh dkjhxjh esa U;kjks bZ ck/ksiks ykoSA

164

10-8 bdkbZ jks lkj

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* esa fy[kh tk.kdkjh eqtc iùukHk folyuxj jks jSoklh gksA oks tkr jks ukxjczkã.k gksA m.k fnuka jksth&jksVh jh fQjkd esa ukxj czkã.k xqtjkr lwa ÅaB*j tkGksj bZ dkab±] BsV mÙkj Hkkjrrd iwx X;k gkA iùukHk tkGksj jS jktk v[k;jkt jks jktdfo gksA m.kuSa iafMr vj iq.; foosd jS fo#nlwa c[kk.;ks tkorks gksA vkijS nsl jh vfLerk c.kk;ka jk[k.k lk# >w>kj gksof.k;S jktk dkUgM+&ns vjohje&ns jk tcjk o[kk.kdj.k okGh iùukHk jh ok.kh uSa ^lqjax* dSo.kks ,dne okftc gSA

iùukHk jl fl) vj eu&ekSth dfo gks] b.k lk: m.k m.kuS vkljks nsof.k;k jktk v[kSjkt jS xq.kkajk oj.ku uha dj*j nsl vj /kje lk# vkijks ljol fuNkoj djf.k;S jktk dkUgM+&ns jh xkSjo xkFkk xkbZAiùukHk jks dkO; yksd&Hkkouk lwa tqM;ks gSA iùukHk jks dkO; dfo tuka jks bZ jat.k djS ftlks gSA

^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k* m.k dky jh jpuk gS] tn ijaijkxr egkdkO;ka vj yksd&Hkklk jk yksd dkO;kajks lsG&HksG gks; jg;ks gksA vks bZ dkj.k gS iùukHk vkijS dkO; esa iqjkru vkpjtka jS c[kk.;S egkdkO;ka jSxq.kka uSa rks vosfj;k bZ gS] lkFkS m.k o[kr jk pkok yksd&dkO; ^jkld&dkO;* jS rRoka uSa i.k vkijSizca/k esa laokj~;k gSA iùukHk jks dkO; ft;ka ckaP;ks& vj lq.kk;ks tk ldS gS fo;ka bZ jkl&yhyk T;wa jaxHkkSeekFkS [ksY;ks bZ tk ldS gSA

dkO; lkSUn;Z jh nhB law iùukHk ywaBks dfo gSA pkj lxk± esa ca/;S m.kjS dkO; jks uk;d /khjksnkÙk] xq.khvj [kkunkuh gSA uk;d jS xq.kka jh pjpk djrka dfo m.kuS foL.kq jks vorkj crkoSA njlkoka jks lkaxksikaxoj.kko esa dj.k esa iùukHk fl) dfo gSA lsuk jS lapj.k] ?kksM+k jh /kt] I;knka jh xfr] x<+ vj uxj] lSoj.kuka esa iùukHk jks mNkg ns[krka bZ o.kh vkoSA

dkO; esa ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka dj.k esa bZ iùukHk vkijh Bkodh BkSM+ jk[kSA #nz lwa loky] lqYrku esa#nz #i jk njl.k] tq) Hkwfe lwa mj vj ?kj vk;ks cki] yksgs lwa yksgks cktrka ns[k mj lwa ?kj lwa bZ uha HkkxtkoS] b.k lk# eka uS dkafl;ks ctko.k lwa cjtrS csVs] xaxk vj xkSjh jks foyki vj lgtknh lhrbZ ¼fQjkstk½jks ohje&ns lwa izse iùukHk jh blh ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka gS] ftdks ikBdka uS vpaHkk esa ?kkyrh Fkdh dkO; esajl jks ifjikd djSA

vyadkj vj NUn jS iz;ksx jh nhB lwa bZ iùukHk fu[kkGks dfo gSA m.kjS dkO; esa foHkko] vuqHkko vjO;fHkpkjh Hkko jS esG lwa ohj jl jks iwj.k ifjikd gq;ks gS rks ohHkRl jl vj d#.k jl bZ lkaxksikax NVkfc[ksjh gSA vyadkjka jh nhB lwa iùukHk jktLFkkuh jS vkijS oS.k&lxkbZ vj eksgjka esG ftlS vydkjka jS lkFkSdkO; lkL= jh ijaijk jk vuqizkl] ;ed vj iqu#fjDrizdkl ftlk lcnkyadkj vj miek] mRizs{kk] :id]vj mnkgj.k vyadkj ftlk vjFkkyadkj bZ iwjh [kerk jS lkFkS okij~;k gSA

vkst vj ukn lwa Hkjh iùukHk jh Hkklk laLÑr jS rRle vj rn~Hko lcnka jS lkFkS nslt vjvjch&Qkjlh jS lcnka lwa bZ iwjh rjh gSA iùukHk Hkkoka ftlh Hkklk fy[k.k jks dkjhxj rks gS bZ] yksdksfDr;kavj eqgkojka jS cksGkl jS dkj.k m.kjh Hkklk vkijh U;kjh fiNk.k jk[kSA lSyh jh nhB lwa iùukHk oj.ku vjfooj.k jks dfo gSA lcnka lwa fprjke jp.kksa vj ukn lkSUn;Z mitko.kksa m.kjh lSyh jh [kkfl;r gSA flYijh nhB lwa iùukHk jks dkO; lknxh fy;ka gSA

10-9 vH;kl jk izLu

1- iùukHk jh vksG[kk.k djkork Fkdka crkvks ^iq.;&foosd* fo#n lwa vki dBka rd lSer gks A

2- dkUgM+&ns izca/k* uSa egkdkO; ekuka dS jklks dkO; \ foLrkj lwa le>koksA

3- fl) djks iùukHk dS oj.ku vj fooj.k jks dfo gSA

165

4- iùukHk jh ekSfyd mn~Hkkoukoka jks fooj.k fy[kksA

5- iùukHk jS dkO; esa ohj&jl jks iwj.k ifjikd gq;ks gSA le>koksA

10-10 lcndksl

nksjks ¾ dfBuA eqtc ¾ vuqlkjA fn[k.kkns ¾ nf{k.k esaA vkFkw.kksa ¾ if'pehA vkaV ¾ dfBukbZA/kwzokns ¾ mÙkj fn'kk esaA Åxe.kS ¾ iwoZ esaA l[kjks ¾ vPNkA eksn ¾ izlUurkA ,gowa ¾ ,slkA vknjb ¾ vknjnsukA ygb ¾ izkIr djrk gSA gksM+ ¾ rqyukA okV ¾ jkLrk] ijaijkA dkSy ¾ opuA dloVh ¾ dlkSVhAvosfj;k ¾ lqjf{kr j[kkA felky ¾ mnkgj.kA ys[kO;ks ¾ ekuk x;kA fj/k &fl/k ¾ _f)&flf)Anks;.k ¾ nq'euA flykoV ¾ iRFkj dk dke djus okys dkjhxjA vkadl ¾ vadq'kA iaxr ¾ iafDrA/kt ¾ 'kkuA ojrkO;k ¾ ckaVsA ?kko?kky.kksa ¾ okj djukA dkafl;ks ¾ pEepA okYgh ¾ I;kjhAokg~Gks ¾ ukykA ogîks ¾ izokfgr gqvkA mNkg ¾ mRlkgA O;ki ¾ izlkjA lkaxksikax ¾ vax&mikax lfgrAjkp.kks ¾ yky gksukA QhVh ¾ feVdjA Fk;k ¾ gq,A vEg ¾ eSaA vkoxs ¾ LorU=A vksirks ¾ lqUnjA

10-11 lUnHkZ xazFkk jh ikuM+h

1- lEik- dkfUryky c- O;kl & ^dkUgM+&ns izcU/k*A

2- lEik- MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ & gEehjk;.kA

3- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh & fgUnh lkfgR; dk vkfndkyA

4- uo lkglkad pfjrA

5- foØekadnso pfjrA

6- jkt rjafx.khA

7- izcU/k fpUrkef.kA

8- prqfo±'kfr izcU/kA

9- iFohjkt jklksA

10- gsepUnz & dkO;kuq'kkluA

11- gEehj jklksA

12- gfjoa'k iqjk.kA

13- nk laLÑr M~kekA

14- ohlynso jklA

15- xhrkA

16- osnkUrn'kZuA

17- MkW- n'kjFk 'kekZ & pkSgku MkbuLVhtA

18- Jheky iqjk.kA

19- iFohjkt jkBkSM+ ¼fofuc/k½ jkor lkjLorA

20- ,l- fl)kUrA

166

bdkbZ & 11

izeq[k doslj&ujgfjnkl ckjgBbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

11-0 mísL;

11-1 izLrkouk

11-2 ujgfjnkl ckjgB jkS thouh vj fljt.k

11-2-1 tho.k ifjpS

11-2-2 C;ko vj larku

11-2-3 ujgfjnkl jh jpukoka jh lkekU; tk.kdkjh

11-3 ^vorkj pfj=* jh leh{kk

11-3-1 fØLlukorkj

11-3-2 jkekorkj

11-3-3 dfiykorkj

11-3-4 fj[kHknsorkj

11-3-5 ckeukorkj

11-3-6 gfjorkj

11-3-7 cq)korkj

11-3-8 /kzqo orkj

11-3-9 nrk=s;orkj

11-3-10 eRL;korkj

11-3-11 uflagorkj

11-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

11-5 lcnkoyh

11-6 vH;kl jk izLu


11-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks mísL; jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS e/;dkyhu fØLlu Hkxr dfo ujgfjnkl ckjgB jS O;fäRovj dfrRo uS mtkxj dj.kks gSA e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa pkj.k tkfr jks folsl ;ksxnku jS;ks gSAvkajkS ^^vorkj pfj=** Hkxoku jS pkSchl vorkjka jh efgek jks xq.kxku djSA b.k [kkrj b.kuS ^^vorkj xhrk**Hkh d;kS tkoS gSA b.k bdkbZ esa ^^vorkj pfj=** jh leh{kk Hkh djh tkoSyhA

11-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkku jh ikou /kjk larka] lwjekoka] Hkxrk vj dfo;ka jh gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa e/;dky Hkxrh]ohjrk vj fl.kxkj dkO;ka lwa Hkj~;ks iwjks gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk fØLlu Hkxrh dkO; esa ujgfjnkl ckjgB

167

jks LFkku fljs ekuhtS gSA b.kkjks ^^vorkj pfj=** bZlj jk 24 vorkjka jh efgek jks xq.kxku djSA vS yD[kkthjksgfM+;k jk csVk gk b.kk ekjokM+ jS jktkoka jh ?k.kh lsok djh vj jkT;kJ; ik;ks] vkiuS dSbZ tkxhjka vjlEeku Hkh vkiuS feG;kA vki jktkoka jh ohjrk jk dSbZ xhr Hkh fy[;k b.k bdkbZ esa ujgfjnkl jk dkO;xq.kk jh tk.kdkjh djko.k jS lkFkS&lkFkS b.kkjS O;fDrRo vj dfrRo jh xkSjo xfjek ekFkS izdkl Mky~;kstkoSykA

11-2 ujgfjnkl ckjgB jkS thouh vj fljt.k

11-2-1 thou ifjpS

ujgfjnkl ckjgB yD[kk ckjgB jk csVk gk] ujgfjnkl vdcj cknlkg jS ukS jruk esa lkfeyk jS;kgk] vS tks/kiqj ujsl mnSflag] chdkusj jS ujsl jk;flag vj vdcj vj tgkaxhj jk ledkyhu gkA b.kkjkStGe jksgfM+;k lk[kk esa fo-la- 1648 ¼1591 bZ-½ eas ukxkSj ftys jS esM+rk duS ^Vsgyk* xkao esa yD[kkth ckjgBjS ?kjka Ogh;ks gks] b.kkjh ekrk jks uke dhdkorh gksA b.kkjh fejR;q fo-la- 1733 esa Ogha gh vS tks/kiqj ujslxtflag jk njckjh dfo gk] b.kkjk firk yD[kkth Hkh tks/kiqj ujsl lwjflag jh lsok djh] rnS b.kkuS lkstrjS duS jsguM+h xk¡o tkxhj esa feY;ks gksA ujgfjnkl uS Hkh tks/kiqj ujsl tloarflag ¼1696&1735 la-½ujgfjnkl jh fo}rk lwa izHkkfor OgS*j yk[k ilko ns;*j lEekfur dj~;h ghA

doslj ujgfjnkl 18oha lnh jk l:okrh dky jk Hkxr dfo;ka esa mYys[kuh; gSA b.kkjh fl{kk&nh{kkfirk yD[kkth ckjgB iafMr fxj/kjnkl djkbZ ghA eFkqjk esa jS;*j b.kk Hkxrh lk/kuk djh ghA b.kkuS laLdr]fMaxG] fiaxG] czt vkn Hkklkoka jh xSjh tk.kdkjh ghA

dfooj ujgfjnkl ckjgB uS tks/kiqj ujsl xtflag Vsgyk xk¡o tkxhj esa fn;ks gksA

11-2-2 C;k*o vj larku

ujgfjnkl ckjgB jks C;k*o tks/kiqj jS dfojktk tksxfy;k ¼lqtkux<+½ fuoklh gse lkeksj jh cS.k vjx.kslnkl lkeksj jh csVh ukjk;.kh nsoh lwa Ogh;ks] b.kkjS dksbZ larku uha Ogha gh] rn vs NksVk HkkbZ fxj/kjnkluS csVks c.kk;ks gks] rks NksVs HkkbZ jh yqxkbZ ujgfjnkl jh yqxkbZ uS fu%larku gkso.k jks rkuks fn;ks] rnujgfjnkl dS;ks dS Egkjks uke rks EgkjS dkO; lwa vej OgS tklhA

11-2-3 ujgfjnkl jh jpukoka jh lkekU; tk.kdkjh

doslj ujgfjnkl ckjgB jh jpukoka esa ^vorkj&pfj=*] ^n'keLdU/k Hkk"kk*] ^vejflag jk nwgk*]^jkepfj= dFkk*] ^vfgY;k m)kj*] ok.kh vkn [kkl gSA

¼1½ ^vorkj pfj=* & vkS e/;dky jks egkdkO; fx.khtS] b.kesa foL.kq Hkxoku~ jk U;kjk&U;kjk :ikajks cj.kko feGSA ikap lkS chl ikuka esa ft.kesa 320 esa ^jkekorkj* jks cj.kko vj ckdh jk esa^fØLlukorkj*] ^dfiykorkj*] ^eRL;korkj*] ^cq)korkj* jks c.kko feGSA vkS dkO; ^czt fefJr*fiaxy vj fMaxy jks ywaBkS dkO; fx.khtS] Hkxrh vj bZlj jk vorkjka lwa lEcU/k jk[k.k okGkSegkdkO; gS vj pkj.k lSyh jks ywaBkS dkO; fx.khtS gSA b.kjks [kkl Nan i)fj gSA

¼2½ vfgY;k m}kj& vks y?kq dkO; Hkkês c.;ksM+h vfgY;k jh tho.k dFkk uS mtkxj djS gSA Hkxoku~Jhjke lwa m.kjkS m)kj Ogh;ksa gks] vkS dkO; lkfgR; laLFkku] jktLFkku fo|kihB jk vfHkys[kkdkjesa eka; miyC/k gSA

¼3½ jko vejflag jk nwgk & b.k esa dfo ukxkSj uS jko vejflag jkBkSM+ jh ohjrk lEcU/kh 507lksjBk gSA vejflag jkBkSM+ jh lqjxokl fo-la- 1701 esa vkxjk esa gq;ks gksA jko vejflag jk nwgk*dkO; vkf[kjh nwgk esa dfo ijkØeh vj LokfHkekuh O;fDrRo jk /k.kh vejflag jkBkSM+ jh eghekjks xku b.k Hkkar dfj;ks gS&

168

^^jfo tsr jkdsl] /kj vacj tka yx /kjeA

ujoS [kSM ujsl] dqG nhid rka yx vpGAA**

¼4½ ^fMaxG xhr* & pkok lkfgR;dkj lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor jS duS ûjgfjnkl ckjgB* jfpr 29ohj xhrka jks laxzS gSA dfo jk LQqV xhrka esa uk;dka jS uke vj xhrka jh l#okrh iafä;ka nh tkjS;h gSA vka QqV*j xhrka esa ohjk dkuh lwa yM+;k x;k tq)ka jks cj.kko gSA vka ohj iq#lka esa jktklwjflag ¼tks/kiqj½] jktk xtflag ¼tks/kiqj½] jktk tloar flag ¼tks/kiqj½] jko vejflag jkBkSM+¼ukxkSj½] jko djelsu jkBkSM+ ¼fHk.kk;½] jko mnS;Hkku jkBkSM+ ¼ckanjokM+k½] txUukFk jkBkSM+tljktksr] ukgj[kkau jkBkSM+ ekaM.kksr] Hkxokunkl jkBkSM+] ek/kksflag jkBkSM+] ek/kksflag eqdanflagjkBkSM+] jruflag jkBkSM+] jktflag jkBkSM+] jktk jkeflag jkBkSM+ ¼fHk.kk;½] folunkl jkBkSM+]';keflag jkBkSM+] gfjflag jkBkSM+] jktk jkeflag ¼tSiqj½ vkn [kkl gSA

vklksi jk ohj lwjek jruflag jkBkSM+ jh ohjrk ckcr dfo vsd xhr fy[;ks gS&

^^rfg dsgk [k=h i;aiS jrukS] pkg pf<+;ka =kfoMS+ p<+sA

eu >kafi;ka lekiS ekStka] ohjkjfl pkafi;ka fo<+SAA

nG vkxG [ksekG nwfljkS] onS uzika [k=oV ofj;kaeA

eu ykft;ka Fkdk nu eaMS] flj okft;ka djS laxzkeAA**

dfo tks/kiqj jk /k.kh tloar flag jh LokfHkeku vj fuMjrk ekFkS vks nwgks jP;ks gS tdksljkg.ktksx gS&

^êgk eafM;kS tkx mTtS.k [kkxka e/kS] :nu fcy[kkorh jgh jksrhA

gsGoh ^vej* jh gh; djrh gj[k] ^tlk* viNj jgh ckV tksrhAA**

vka fMaxG xhrka esa dfo vkijS pfj= uk;dka jh ohjrk jks cj.kko Hkkar&Hkkar jk Nank esa dj~;ks gSAujgfjnkl tSiqj jS jktk jkeflag dNokgk uS vkijS vsd xhr esa ^riks/ofu*] ^cknlkg vkSjaxtscuS ^tuest;* vj N=ifr jktk f'kokth uS ^r{kd crk*j jktk tuest; jS ûkx&;K* jks :idcka/;ks gSA xhr jh vksfG;ka fuEu gS&

^^lji nkg tuest; ikfrlkg >ky.k flokS]

izFkhir fcUgS gfB iM+S v.kikjA

ljf.k lk/kkj [k=Hkkj /kfj;ka lxgA

vklrhd tsfe fFk;S jke vk/kkjAA

11-3 ^vorkj pfj=* jh leh{kk

^vorkj pfj=* fMaxG vj fiaxG jks ywBkS Hkxrh ijd dkO; gSA b.kesa foL.kq jk 24 vorkjka jks c[kk.kdj~;ks x;ks gSA ft.kka jk uke&^^vkfnojkgkorkj] ludkfnorkj] ;Kkorkj] uj&ukjk;.korkj] dfiykorkj]nÙkk=s;orkj] _"kHkkorkj] /kzqorkj] iFkqorkj] g;xzhorkj] dwjeorkj] eRL;korkj] uflagorkj] ckeuorkj]gfjorkj] galkorkj] eUoarjkorkj] /kUorfjorkj] ijlqjkeorkj] osnO;klorkj] Jh jkekorkj] Jh fØLlukorkj]cq)korj] dfYdorkj** vkn [kkl gSA

MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh vkijS xzUFk ^^tkEHkksth fc'uksbZ lEiznk; vkSj lkfgR;** esa vsd Hkxreky jksmYys[k Hkh dj~;ks gS] ft.kesa ujgfjnkl jh rqyuk bZljnkl lwa djh gS&

^^ckjgB bZljnkl ft.kh ^gfjjl* gfjxq.k xk;ksA

ckjgV ujgfjnkl ft.kh ^vkSrkj pfj=* c.kk;ksAA**

169

b.k esa vorkjka jS vorfjr gks.k jS ckjs eas dfo dSoS gS&

^ûjgj izHkq vorkj Hkks] vofu mckju gsrA

fujewyu fnfr tkr dqG] nsg lR;e; LosrAA**

^^vorkj pfj=* folkGe; Hkxrh dkO; gSA b.k xzUFk esa 16]861 Nanka jks cj.kko gq;ks gSA ^vorkjpfj=* egkdkO; jh efgek okfYedh jkek;.k vj xqlkbZ rqylhnkl jk ^jkepfjr ekul* jS leku ekuh x;hgS&

^ôkYehd rqyNh Hk;s] rqyNh ujgjnklA

rhuksa ,d gh val gS] dhukS jke izdklAA**

Nank jh Hkkar Hkrhyh fNc lwa vkS dkO; jkrksekrks gSA b.k dkO; jk [kkl Nanka esa nwwgk] lksjBk] i)jh]loS;k] lkjlh] =ksVd] xkFkk] dfor] Hkqtax] xq.k vk;kZ vkn gSA

^vorkj pfj=*& 1676 bZ- esa jp;kSM+k b.k xzUFk jh x.kuk jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS pkoS ljl xzUFkka esa djhtkoS gSA b.kesa 24 vorkjka jh dFkk 520 ikuk vj 16000 Nanka esa ojf.kr gSA dfo uS 320 i"Bka esa jkekorkjvj 'ks"k i"Bka esa fØLlukorkj] dfiykorkj] cq)korkj vkn jks lkj :i esa cj.kko izLrqr dj~;ks gSA

ujgfjnkl jks pkaokS Nan NIi; jS;ks gksA ft.kjh lqxfBr jpuk jS [kkrj cS ?k.kka pkaok Ogh;ka gka&

^^l:i dfor] ujgfj NIi;] lwjtey ds NanA

xgjh /ked x.ksl jh] :id gqdehpanAA**

^^vorkj pfj=** jks nwtks uke ^^fot; vorkj xhrk** Hkh ekuhtS gSA xzUFk esa lclwa T;knk cj.kkojkepfj= jks feGSA pwafd b.kesa Hkxoku~ jk vorkjka jks ys[kksa gSA b.k [kkrj b.k xzUFk jks uke ^^vorkj pfj=**lgh y[kkoSA

11-3-1 ^fØLlukorkj*&

dfo jS eqtc fØLlu lk{kkr~ Hkxoku gS] oS vorkj uha] vorkjh gS] ¼^^d".keLrq Hkxoku~ Loa;e~**½]fØLlu rks lfPpnkuan gSA dfooj gj gfjnkl fØLlu jS fojkV fprjke uS mdSj~;ks gSA fØLlu jh ckGyhyk]jklyhyk] ek[k.kpksj vkn lSax izlax vorkj pfj= jS fØLlkukorkj esa ns[k.k feGS gSA fØLlukorkj jhHkkxor~ jS nloks Lda/k esa tk.kdkjh gSA fØLlukorkj esa ;equk] oUnkou] ukxne.k] oPNkgj.k] oL=kgj.k] tq)vj :i c.kko jk njlko ?k.kka jkspd gSA dkyh; ukxne.k jS ckjs esa dfo dSoS gS&

^^'kqHk fdadfu efu uxe; lesfV] iV ihr olu dfg rV yisfVA

mfg dnac fl[kj ij pf<+ mNkg] vo yksfd uhj rgka vfr vFkkgAA**

fØLlukorkj esa eka tlksnk uS fØLlu vkijS eqaMs esa lxGkS czãk.M fn[kk nsoS gSA okS fgt ckGi.kSesa] b.k cj.kko uS dfo ?k.kS jkspd <ax law b.k Hkkar njlk;ks gS&

^^,d fnol tlqnk vuqjkxh] lqrfg f[kykor vad lHkkxhA

bgka d`Lu dS vkbZ taHkkbZ] nsoh ek;k vxe fn[kkbZAA

onu dks"k czãa foyksD;kS jpuk foLo fujf[k eu jksD;kSA

lj lfjrk ioZr ou lkxj] /kjfu vkdkl gal mfM lflgjAA**

dfo feu[kk tq.k uS nqjyHk crkorks gS] Hkxon~Hkxrh jks vkg~oku Hkh djS&

^îq#l r`;k r`; iq#"kkfg /kwrS] ifr dks NkfM+ o<+kofg iwrSA

eu fgr ols xzsg frag ekagh] ukjkbu dga phrr ukghAA

170

tue euq"; nqyZHk yfg tkBj] izHkq rsa foeq[k miklr gs ijA

dkekfnd lq[k lwdj dwdj] rsÅ jgar fujUrj rr ijAA**

^fØLlkukorkj* esa iwruk jks o/k] dal&o/k] eYy;q) vj ck.kklqj&laxzke] oL=kgj.k vj oPNkgj.ktSM+k dSbZ izlaxk esa dfo jh dkO; izfrHkk ns[k.k tksx gSA

11-3-2 ^jkekorkj&*

^jkekorkj* esa dfo Jhjke jh tho.k ?kVukoka jks cj.kko dj~;ks gS] ft.kesa jke jks ou xeu] lqo.kZ fejxjks fldkj] lhrkgj.k] tq) vkn izlax ?k.kk ljkg.ktksx gSA lhrk gj.k jh c[kr jko.k jh dwV uhfr jks cj.kkons[k.k tksx gS&

^^le; ik; yads'k bgk jko.k [ky vk;ksA

lT;kS os"k lU;kl nsg jk{kl tq nqjk;kSA

nso nrdh; 'kCn vkfu f=u 'kkyk vaxuA

lh;k nsf"k dksm vfrfFk lk/k fof/k tqr d`r oanuA

foJke djgqa dNq Nu foey] egk rjksoj Nkag eqfuA

vkbZ gS ohj vogh mHk;] iwtS rqefg fo'ks"k iqfuAA** ¼dfor½

^jke vorkj* jks cj.kko dj.k jks m/;s; Hkh dfo dfor esa crk;ks gS&

^^jke pfj= jlky ;g tq vU>r f'ko xk;kSA

iwN;kS f'kokl izse lqxe Hkwrs"k lquk;kSA

fy"kS lquS okpS fulad iqfu Hkko izdklSA

tUe lgl dh; vd`r tky fuewZy lq uklSA

lks ygS HkfDr ujgj lqdfo] v# ,dksrj m}jSA

d#.kk fu/kku j?kqukFk dkS] ;g pfj= d`r mPpjSAA** ¼dfor½

Hkxoku~ jke dkuh lwa jko.k jks o/k jks c.kko Hkh dfo uS jkekorkj esa b.k rjS dj~;ks gS&

^^NksM+;ks cku Hk;kud frfg Nu] nq"V ewaM dj dkfV nlkuuA

ije izfl) cku t; ikor] vlqj foukfl vax fQfj vkorA

dj flj dVs vls"k tq dVad] vlg :aM /kkor T;kS vard AA** ¼f}v{kjh½

11-3-3 ^dfiykorkj*&

dfo b.kesa xaxk vorj.k jks cj.kko djrk Ogh;ka ^dfiykorkj pfj=* esa dkO;/kkjk xaxk jh rjS ghizokfgr djh gS&

^^xax rjax vuar xfr] vfr vkorZ vFkkgA

ijs vkfu f'ko lhl ij] iljs iqU; izokgAA**

11-3-4 ^fj[kHknsorkj*&

b.kesa dfo tSu rhjFkadj fj"kHknso ¼_"kHk½ jks vorkj jktk ukfHk jS iq= jS :i esa es:nsoh jS dks[k lwacrk;ks] ft.kkjh lk/kuk] flf) lwa vS vfgalk jk iqtkjh c.k x;k gk] dfo fj[kHknso jks vorkj pfj= eas ?k.kSlgt vj ljy Hkklk esa cj.kko dj~;ks gS&

^^_"kHknso vorkj Hk, vo/kwr vlaxhA

171

eksg eku en ekfj vax rS Hk, vuaxhA

oftZr fo"k; fodkj lhy larksl lgt leA

n;k :i fut nsg nhu oRly vkre neA

ij czã ije ikou iq#l] vfodkjh vkuane;A

iwj.k izfl) ujgj lqizHkq] t;fr t;fr _"kHksl t;AA** ¼dfor½

11-3-5 ôkeukorkj*&

dfo 14 osa vorkj jS :i esa ôkeukorkj* jks cj.kko dj~;ks gSA jktk cfy vj okeu jks izlax ikBdkauS ?k.kka pks[kk ykxSA b.k esa jktk cfy jk ?ke.M uS Hkh pdukpwj dj~;ks x;ks gS&

^^gfj /kj~;ks&pj.k tc pkafi lhl] cfy x, lqry nkuo v/khlA

cfy lk/kq&lk/kq dfg lqj lekt] rgka djh lqeu o"kkZ fojktAA**

11-3-6 ^gfj vorkj*&

b.kesa dfo exjePN jS ika.kh eas xt jkt uS idM+.k jks fprjkx gSA xt gfj uke lqfej.k djS ft.klwaJh gfj m.kjkS m}kj djS&

^^xzkg xzás cgq dky Hk;ks] cy ghu Hk;kS ty Fkkg u ik;kSA

iwr fiz;k ifjokj u izhre] izhfr NqVh Hk;kS nsg ijk;kSA

L;ke lqtku gdkj lqU;kS] fut uke eraxfj dkj rkS uk;kSA

vkfu vpkud gh bfg chp] NqVs ufga izku xtsUnz NqM+k;kSAA** ¼loS;k½

11-3-7 ^cq)korkj*&

dfo 23 osa vorkj jS :i esa ^cq)korkj* jks cj.kko dj~;ks gSA ckuxh ns[khtS&

^îzHkq dj~;kS ckS) rc cqf) izdkl] Jh iwT; lwfj laKk lgklA

lc rqaM eqaM yqa fpr ljhj] /kfj :i dj~;ks dpuk l/khjA

dhukS lqdsl fuewZy dkt] oiq olu 'osr lw{e fojktA

ij B;ks iê vklu izfl)] lqj f'k"; ØksfV rsrhl fl)AA** ¼i)jh½

11-3-8 ^/kzqo orkj* &

dfo b.kesa vk[kM+h dj.k okGS /kzqo jS pfj= jks cj.kko ^vkBosa vorkj* jS :i esa dj~;ks gS&

^êSa x`g NkaM+;ks use dfj] D;kS fQfj tkam xzsgA

opu rqejks lhl ij] eu miT;ks lansgA

izk.kh ru iks"k.k djr] vklk c<+r folkyA

vkfu vpkud chp fg] >ifV tkr yS dkyAA** ¼/kzqo mokp½

11-3-9 ^nrk=s;orkj*&

b.k dkO; iksFkh esa dfo vfXu jS iq= jS :i esa Hkxoku~ ^nrk=s;* vorfjr OgS*j vkijS X;ku jks ekjxizlLr dj~;ks gSA b.k vorkj jk mnkgj.k ns[k.k tksx gS&

^^ri dj~;ks vf= _f"k f=; lesr] OgS ,d fpr ijczã gsrA

ri djr chr tc dNqd dky] gh; njl nso vkjr n;kyAA** ¼i)fj½

11-3-10 êRL;korkj*&

172

b.kesa dfo fizFkeh jh foukl lwa fjPNk [kkrj ehu ¼eNGh½ jks :i /kkj.k dj~;ks vj *eRL;korkj* jS:i esa pkok Ogh;k gk] b.k vorkj jh efgek jks xq.kxku b.k Hkkar gS&

^^ujgfj izHkq dkju fuf[ky] lqu gqa tFkkØe larA

i`Foh jk[kh izy; rS] Hk, ehu HkxoarA

nzkfoM+ nsl ujsl Hk;ks] lR; ozr bfg ukeA

osn iz.khr fo/kku e;] ldy /keZ dkS /kkeAA** ¼nksgk½

11-3-11 *u`flagorkj*&

b.k vorkj dFkk esa dfo Hkxr izgykn vj *gfj.;kd';i* dFkk eas Hkxr izgykn jh fjPNk [kkrj vjgfj.;kd';i jS vkrad uS [kre dj.k [kkrj vorkj fy;ks gks] b.k vorkj jks mnkgj.k fuEu gS&

^^tc lquS eeZ fNn opu jkb] vfr dksi p<+;ks mj vlqj vkbZA

dfj Øks/k dgks u`i opu ,gqa] rksfg jk"kS rk dga cksfy ysgqaA

rc j{kd ns"kS gegq rkfg] fdfg :i jax v: dkSu vkfgAA**

11-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k bdkbZ jks lkj vkS gS dS Hkxrhdky esa ujgfjnkl ckjgB jS tho.k izlaxk uS yS;*j m.kkjh iksF;kjS ifjpS jS lkFkS ^vorkj pfj=* dkO; jh jdjh xbZ gSA *vorkj pfj=* esa [kkl*j fØLlkuorkj] jkekorkj]dfiykorkj] fj[kHknsorkj] okeukorkj] gfjorkj] cq)korkj jk c.kko jk mnkgj.k lesr m.kkjh leh{kk djhx;h gSA vkS dkO; e/;dky jks egkdkO; ekuhtS gSA b.k jh Hklk czt fefJr fMaxy vj fiaxy gSA mnkgj.kakokjh lcnkoyh jkS ifjpS Hkh fn;ks x;ks gSA vorkj pfj= esa i)jh] dfor] loS;k vkn Nanak jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA

11-5 lcnkoyh

b.k v/;k; esa dfo ujgfjnkl ckjgB dkO; jh lcn ;kstuk jh fiNk.k djkbZ xbZA dfo jk dkO;esa czt] jktLFkkuh vj fgUnh Hkklk jk lcn ns[k.k uS feGS gSA

fgUnh Hkklk jk lcn& nsg] lqxe] HkfDr] vlqj] xfr] izokg] eksg] ije] lqeu] izhfrA

jktLFkkuh jk lcn& eafM;kS] v.kikj] rqyNh] fujf[kA

czt Hkklk jk lcn & olu] mfg] rgka] NkfM+] frag] rsÅa] bgk] dksm] frfg] vkor] Hk;ks] bfgA

vjch&Qkjlh jk lcn& ikfrlkgA

11-6 vH;kl jk izLu

uhpS fy[;ksM+k lokyka jks iM+wrj 500 lcnka eas fnjkokS&

¼1½ ujgfjnkl ckjgB jk O;fDrRo vj dfrRo ekFkS fVIi.kh fy[kksA

¼2½ ^vorkj pfj=* dkO; jh *jkekorkj* vj *fØLlkuorkj* jh dkO; dFkk le>koksA

uhpS fy[;ksM+k lokyka jks iM+wrj 150 lcnka esa fnjkokS&

¼1½ ujgfjnkl ckjgB jh jpukoka jh lkekU; tk.kdkjh fnjkokSA

¼2½ ujgfjnkl ckjgB jS fMaxG xhrka jh tk.kdkjh fnjkokSA

¼3½ ^vorkj pfj=* eka; lwa *fØLlkukorkj* dFkk [kqn jk lcnka esa ekaMksA

11-7 lanHkZ xzUFkk jh ikuM+h

¼1½ lhrkjke ykyl & jktLFkkuh lcndkslA

173

¼2½ jkor lkjLor & fMaxG xhrA¼3½ ujgfjnkl ckjgB & vorkj pfj=A¼4½ MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A¼5½ MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLdfrA¼6½ MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkku dk fiaxy lkfgR;A¼7½ MkW- eksguyky ^ftKklq* & pkj.k lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼Hkkx&1½A¼8½ ujgfjnkl ckjgB & *d".kkorkj*A¼9½ vksadkj flag y[kkor & ckjgB ujgfjnklA¼10½ lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lEinkA

174

bdkbZ & 12

izeq[k doslj & vklkuan ckjgBbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

12-0 mísL;

12-1 izLrkouk

12-2 pkj.k dfo;ka jh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lsok

12-2-1 pkj.k lSyh

12-2-2 pkj.k lSyh jh folslrk

12-3 vklkuan ckjgB jks O;fDrRo vj dfrRo

12-3-1 vklkuan ckjgB jks tho.k ifjpS

12-3-2 vklkuan ckjgB jh jpukoka

12-3-3 vklkuan ckjgB jh izlfLr dkO; jh fuj[k&ij[k

12-3-4 vklkuan ckjgB jks Hkxrh ijd dkO; vj xhr

12-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

12-5 lcnkoyh

12-6 vH;kl jk izLu


12-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks mísL; jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa pkj.k dfo;k jS ;ksxnku vk pkj.k lSyh jh folslrk okauS njlko.k jS lkFkS pkj.k dkO; ijEijk esa vklkuan ckjgB jS O;fDrRo vj dfrRo uS mtkxj dj.kks gSAvklkuan ckjgB vsd Hkxr dfo gk] ft.kkjk tlxku dkO;ka eas ?k.k[kjk ohjka vj ohjkaxukoka vj Hkxrka jhefgek jks c[kk.k feGS gSA

12-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkku jh Hkkse ohjka] Hkxrka vj larka jh jS;h gSA b.k Hkkse jS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; fljt.k esa pkj.kdfo;ka jks [kklkS ;ksxnku jS;k gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jks nwtks uke fMaxG Hkh gSA vkS uke pkj.kka jh nsu gSA pkj.klSyh jks lkfgR; ohj] fl.kxkj vj Hkxrh jl jh f=os.kh njlkoS djS gSA e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa dSbZywaBk pkj.k dfo gq;k gS] ft.kkesa bZljnkl ckjgB] ujgfjnkl ckjgB] lka;k >wGk] tXxk f[kfM+;k]ek/kksnkl n/kokfM+;k tSM+k [kkl gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk vj lkfgR; esa pkj.k dfo;ka jks egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSAb.kht ijEijk esa vklkuan ckjgB Hkh vsd rstLoh Hkxr dfo gq;k gSA b.kkjkS lkfgR; ?k.kkS fujkGkS gSA b.kkjkHkxrh vj ohjrk jk fMaxG xhr Hkh ?k.kk pkok gSA

12-2 pkj.k dfo;ka jh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lsok

jktLFkku jh twuh fj;klrka esa pkj.kk jh [kkl BkSM+ jS;h gSA pkj.k vsd tkpd tkr gh] b.kkuS ckjgBuke lwa Hkh tk.;kS tkoS gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jS izkphu vj e/;dkyhu lkfgR; jS fljt.k esa pkj.kka jks [kklLFkku jS;ks gSA b.kkjh jpukoka eas ohj jl jh iz/kkurk ns[k.k feGS gSA

175

MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k uS pkj.k* lcn jh mRifÙk ekFkS fopkj dj;ks gS&^^pkj;fUr dhfrZ bfr pkj.kk**vFkkZr~ dhjrh jks lapkj djS gS] b.k [kkr*j b.kkuS pkj.k dSoS gSA** pkj.kka jS lEcU/k eas ckjgB fdlksjflag jhekurk gS dS pkj.k yksx flU/k lwa iSyka xqtjkr jh rjQ lwa vk;k] QSj ekjokM+ esa vk;k gk] xqtjkr esa jSo.kokGk pkj.k ^^dkNSyk pkj.k** vj ekjokM+ esa jSo.k okGk ^^ek: pkj.k** dghT;kA

fMaxG xhr Hkh pkj.k lSyh jS :i esa pkok gqvk gS] fMaxG xhrka esa >wy.kka] NIi;] dq.MfG;ka] nksgkNanka jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA

12-2-1 pkj.k lSyh

fMaxG jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vsd [kkl lSyh jS;h gS] ft.kuS pkj.k lSyh d;ks tkoS gSA b.k lSyh jksewGk/kkj vkFkw.kh jktLFkkuh vFkkZr~ ekjokM+h gSA e/;dkyhu jktLFkku jh vSfrgkfld vj lkaLdfrd ekurkokajks fp=.k b.k lSyh jS lkfgR; esa feGSA pkj.kka jS vykok b.k lSyh eas fy[k.k okGk esa jktiwr] <k<+h cke.k]<+ksyh] eksrhlj] jko] Hkkê] lsod vj vkslokG vkn tkr jk dfo;k jks ;ksxnku Hkh ?k.kks gSA b.k lSyh jkslkfgR; ohj jlkRed gSA ohj jl jS vykok b.kesa Hkxrh] uhfr] fl.kxkj] X;ku] minsl vkn dSbZ fol;ka jhjpukoka feGS gSA b.k lSyh jS pkj.ksrj dfo;ka esa fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ jh ^^oSfy fØLlu :de.kh jh**] eaNkjkelsod jks ^^j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks** tSM+ka dSbZ ywaBk xzUFk feGS gSA

b.k lSyh jk izcU/k dkO;ka esa osfy] :id] izdkl] foykl] >ekG] vkn jS] jS :i eas eksdGks i| dkO;feGS gSA x| lkfgR; esa opfudk] nokoSr] flyksdk vkn jS :i esa v.kikj lkfgR; feGS gSA

12-2-2 pkj.k lSyh jh folslrk&

pkj.k lSyh jS lkfgR; jh folslrkoka esa ekSf[kd dkO; ijEijk] lcnka esa /oU;kRedrk] cS;.klxkbZvyadkj jh iz/kkurk] Nanka jh foo/krk] ohj Hkxrh vj fl.kxkj jl jh iz/kkurk feGS gSA

1- ekSf[kd dkO; ijEijk & b.k lSyh jh folslrk vsdkuh ekSf[kd ijEijk gS rks nwtS dkuh b.kjhekSf[kd lSyh jh izpqjrk gks.k jS dkj.k lcnka esa ukn lkSUn;Z jks egRo gSA ft.kjS dkj.k dkO;uS lq.k.k esa vka.kn jh izkfIr gksoS gSA vk ijEijk vkxs lwa vkxs pkyrh jS;h ghA

2- lcnka jks /oU;kRed iz;ksx& b.k lSyh jh folslrk eas lcnka jks folsl iz;ksx gSA tdka lcndkseydkUr inkoyh eas ojftr fx.;k tkoS gS] m.kkjkS iz;ksx b.k dkO; lSyh esa ns[k.k feGS gSAV] B] M] <+] .k] ddl oj.k ekU; tkoS gS] i.k pkj.k dfo;ka b.kjkS ?k.kkS lqUnj iz;ksx dj~;ksgSA vka lcnka jS iz;ksx lwa Hkklk esa /oU;kRedrk vk tkoSA

3- oS;.klxkbZ vyadkj & jktLFkkuh Hkklk dkO; esa oS;.klxkbZ vyadkj vkijkS [kkl LFkku jk[kSgSA nwth Hkklkoka esa b.kjkS iz;ksx uha feGSA pkj.k lfgR; esa b.k vyadkj jh ^vfuok;Zrk* jknjl.k feGS gSA e/;dky jk ftrk Hkh pkj.k lSyh jk dkO; gS m.kkesa oS;.klxkbZ ^vyadkj* gSA

4- Nanka jk iz;ksx& fMaxG lSyh jS dkO; esa U;kajS&U;kajS Nanka jks iz;ksx gq;ks gSA xhr Nan jk 108Hksn fx.kk;k tkoS gS] ft.kk jh vkijh folsl ijEijk jS;h gSA ^^j?kqukFk :id xhrka jks** xzUFk esajktLFkkuh jS eksdGk Nanka jk y{k.k vj mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gSA fMaxG jk ukeh Nanka esa nwgks]lksjBk] loS;k] dfor] =ksVd] fulka.kh] pkSikbZ] xhfrdk] jksGk] mYykGk] NIi;] >ekG] lqia[kjks]>wy;k] =cadM+ks] lk.kksj] fulk.kh] dq.MfG;ks] opfudk] eankØkark] fl[kj.kh] Hkqtax rksVd] iappkej] ?kuk{kjh] clar frydk] pEidekG vkn gSA

5- ohj] Hkxrh vj fl.kxkj jl jh f=os.kh & b.k fMaxG dkO; lSyh jS lkfgR; esa vk rhu jlkajks laxe ns[;ks tk ldS gSA pkj.k dfo ohj jl jks lkfgR; b/kdks jp~;ks gS] i.k dSbZ dfo Hkxrhvj fl.kxkj jh jpukoka Hkh fy[kh gSA T;ka esa fizfFkjkt jkBkSM+ vkijh osfy esa Hkh vk rhuwa jlkjh xaxk cgk;h gSA

176

12-3 vklkuan ckjgB jks O;fDrRo vj d`frRo &

b.k esa vklkuan ckjgB jS O;fDrRo vj dfrRo jh lkaxksikax tk.kdkjh nh tkoSykA

12-3-1 vklkuan ckjgB jks tho.k ifjpS&

vklkuan ckjgB jks tGe fo-la- 1563 ¼1506 bZ-½ eas ckM+esj ijxus jS xk¡o Hkknjsl esa Ogh;ksa gks] b.kkjSfirk jks uke xh/kksth gks] vS ikap HkkbZ gka] ft.kkesa lwtksth ukeh lkfgR; izseh gk] Hkxr dfo bZljnkl ckjgBb.kkjka Hkrhtk gk] b.kkuS laLdr] izkdr vj fMaxG Hkklk jks ywaBkS X;ku gks] vS tho.k Hkj czãpkjh jS;k gk]ekjokM+ jk jko ekyns o b.kkjS xq.kk lwa ?k.kkS izHkkfor OgS*j b.kkuS jkT;kJ; iznku dj~;ks gksA vklkuan th jkoekyns o jh :Bh jk.kh mekns HkfV;k.kh uS euko.k [kkrj dkslko.kk xkao Hkh x;k gk vj jk.kh mekns uS euko.k[kkrj vks nwgks d;kS gks&

^^ek.k j[ks rks iho rt] iho j[ks rt]

nks; x;an u ca/k gh] gsd.k "kaHkw Bka.k ek.kAA**

vkS nwgks lq.k*j mekns HkfV;k.kh tSlGesj pyh x;hA

tho.k ifjpS&

chdkusj jk jko yw.kdj.k jk jktdaoj jko djelh cS vklkth jS vsd dkO;kal [kkrj djksM+ ilkonS;*j b.kkuS eku fn;kS gksA dfo Hkknzsl NksM*j chdkusj jS dkyw jS duS ukFkqlj xkao esa Hkh jS;k gkaA

ck?kkth jh fejR;q jS rhu cjl iNS vS Hkh lqjxoklh gq;kA

vklkuan ywaBk fo}ku vj Hkxrh Hkko okGk pkok dfo gkA b.kk vkijh jpkukoka lwa jko ekynso jhdhjik izkIr djh ghA vS tSlGesj jS dksVM+k jk jko ck?kkth jk Hkh vkfJr dfo jS;k gkA ck?kkth lwa b.kkjhxSjh fe=rk ghA

12-3-2 vklkuan ckjgB jh jpukoka&

vklkuan ckjgB dSbZ Hkkar jh jpkukoka jks fljt.k dj~;ks gksA m.kka ohj lwjohjka jh dhjr jS c[kk.k?k.kkbZ dkO; Hkxrh ijd dSbZ fMaxG xhr Hkh jP;kA b.kkjh jpkukoka jk uke gS&

1- y{e.kk;u

2- xq.k fujatu izk.k

3- xksxkth jh isM+h

4- ck?kkth jk nwgk

5- mekns HkfV;k.kh jk dfor

6- jko pUnzlsu jk :id

7- jkoG ekyk ly[kkor jks xq.k

8- jkoG tke jk nwgk

9- QqVdj xhr

12-3-3 vklkuan ckjgB jh izlfLr dkO; jpukoka jh fuj[k&ij[k &

1- ck?kkth jk nwgk& vk vsd d#.k vj ekjfed osnuk Hkjh dkO; iksFkh gSA b.kesa dfo vkijS fearck?kkth jh fejR;q jS iNS vS m.kkjS fotksx esa ejfl;ka Hkh fy[;k tdk cstksM+ gS &

^^BkSM+ BkSM+ ix nkSM+ djL;ka isV t dkj.kS]

jkr fnol jkBkSM+] chljL;ka ug ck?kkth]

177

pky euk js dksVM+S ix ns ikofM;kag]

ck?kk lwa ckrka djka] xG ns okgfM+;kagAA**

ck?kkth vj Hkkjeyh jS izse lEcU/kk ekFkS vS ?k.kka eksfgr gk] b.k nksuwaoka jS izse jh efgek uS lcnka<kGrks dfo dSoS &

^^tgk¡ rjoj rgka eksfj;ka] tgka lkxj rgka galA

tgka ck?kk rgka Hkkjeyh] tgka nk: rgka ekalAA**

i.k ck?kkth jh fejR;q jS iNS dfo ?k.kka d#.ke; OgS*j dS;ks gS&

^^ck?k vko oGsg] /kj dksVM+S rwa /k.khA

tklh Qwy >M+sg] ckl u tklh ck?kkthAA**

vklkuan th ykjyk fnuka esa vejdksV jS jk.kkth jk njckjh dfo c.;k] i.k vS ck?kkth uS uhaHkwyk;kA jk.kkth vklkuan jh ijh{kk ys.k [kkrj m.kklwa dS;ks dS tS jkrHkj ck?kk jks uke uha ysokSrks P;k:a izgj jk P;kj yk[kilko m.kkuS feG ldS gS i.k vklkth ekFkS ykyp jks dksbZ vljuha iM~+;ks vj oS jkr jk gjSd iksj esa fd.kh uha fd.kh :i esa ck?kkth jks uke ySaork fj;kA m.kkjkmn~xkj b.k Hkkar gS &

^^gky fg;k flo ckfM+;ka] ix ns ikofM+;kagA

ck?kS lwa ckrka djka] xG ns ckagfM+;kagAA1AA

ck?k fogwa.kkS dksVM+kS] eks ykxS ,sM+kSgA

tka.kh ?kjs fl/kkfo;ka] tka.kd eka<sM+kSgAA2AA

D;wa djG~;ks js dwdM+k] xGrh eka>G tksxA

fogau FkuS bZ chafV;kS] ck?kk r.kkS fotksxA3AA

^^dh dg dh dg dh dgka] dh dg djka c[kka.kA

Fkkjk Egkjk ug fd;k] ,s ok?kk vguka.kAA4AA

lqcg jk.kks dfo lwa dS;ks dS ok?kk jks uke uha Hkwy.k jS dkj.k Fks P;k:a yk[kilko lwa gkFk /kkscSB~;ks gks] b.k ij dfo iMwrj fn;ks &

^^pha?k.k pkGfo;kag] BawBk eka; BaBsfj;kaA

jk.kk! jk[k Fkekag] ohljlka tn ck?k uSA ¼1½

FkM+s elka.k Fk;kag] vkre in iwxka vy[kA**

xaxk gkM+ x;kag] ohljlka tn ck?k uSAA** ¼2½

b.k jpuk esa 35 nwgk gSA vklkth vSM+k iSyk dfogk] ft.kk dfork uS vsd uwaoh fiNk.k nhA

2- mekns HkfV;k.kh jk dfor&

b.k dkO; esa 14 dfor ¼NIi;½ gS tdk uS dfojk.kh mekns HkVek.kh jS tkSgj jh c[kr jP;k gkAb.k jpuk esa lrh ukjh jS euksHkkoka jks cj.kko dj~;ks x;ks gSA vS dfor ?k.kk ekjfed gS&

^^dkUg ej.k xksfi;ka] djx FkEHkks ug nh/kks]

dkSlY;ka nljFk] dkB p<+ lkFk u dh/kkSA

ikarjh brh lg cM+ ijc] lueq[k >kyk dq.k lgSA

178

ikar: dse eksVks ijc] dFku ,d mek dgSAA**

fprkjksg.k jS leS mekns jks lt/kt] lksGk fl.kxkj dj tkSgj dj.k jS fol; ekFkS dfo dSoS gS&

^^l> lksGk fl.kxkj] lrozr vax&vax lkgs]

vjd ukj eq[k vx] uhj xaxktG ukgs]

phj igj vl p<+s] dsl os.kh flj [kqYyS]

nsrh ijnD[k.kka] glxr jk.kh gYyS

lqj Hkqo.k iSl igqapkrk ljx] lke r.kkS eu jaft;kSA

:al.kkS ekyns jko lwa] HkfV;k.kh be Hkaft;kSAA**

meknS jS tkSgj uS ns[k.k [kkrj dfo uS lSax nsoh&nsorkoka U;wrS&

^^xqjM+ p<+kS xksfoUn] lkaM p<+ vkoks ladjA

bUnz p<+kS b.k ckj] ihB ,jkor lnj]

gal p<+kS lqj ijB] p<+kS nsoh fla?kk.kSA

p<+kS lwj lirkl] p<+kS viNjk foek.kSAA**

var eas eku uS /kkj.k dj.k okGh lqanfj mekns vkx esa izosl dj u[k lwa fl[k rkabZ tG*j HkLegqoxh&

^^iSl eT> ikoDd] gqbZ tegj u[k l[k tGA

Øe pkSjklh r.kk] djS raMy HkweaMGA

>G ekGk fcp gkse] nsg okGh nkokuGA

/kqdS gkse /kM+gM+.k] ckr eq[k lgal cGkscyA

lkegk tksM+ ÅHkk lrh] nso Hkk.k fnl gkFk nqoA

eky jko pkS lkaHkG ej.k] gks; vaxkjk jk[k gqoAA**

3- jkoG ekyk ly[kkor jks xq.kxku& b.k esa 87 Nanka esa jko eYyh ukFk jks xq.kxku dj~;ks x;ksgSA jko efYyukFk ckM+esj jS ekykuh jS egsok jk /k.kh gkA os ?k.kk ohj vj Hkxr gk] jko ly[kkth efYyukFk th jk firk gk] b.k dkO; esa jko ly[kk jh ihf<+;k jks cj.kko Hkh gq;kS gSAeYyhukFk th eaMksj] flU/k] vkcw vj fpÙkkSM+ jS eqlGekuka uS tq) dj oBS lwa Hkxk fn;k gk] vk?kVuk fo-la- 1435 jh gSA eYyhukFk jks jktdaoj jko txeky Hkh egewn csxM+k lwa fgUnw dU;kokajh fjPNk djrh nka.k csxM+k jh csVh xhanksGh jks vigj.k dj fy;ks] dfo ohj jl jks cj.kko djrksdSoS&

^^ly"kka cksM+k os/k NNks gh] yksgka eqgs gkyh;k yksghA

[kygy :f/kj cgarkS [kkyk] /kM+ ukph;k eqgs /kkjkykAA**

4- jko pUnzlsu jk :id& b.k dkO; esa dfo 26 U;kajk U;kajk Nanka esa jko pUnzlsu jh tho.kxkFkk uS mdSjh gSA b.k esa dfo ¼1563&1660 fo-la-½ esa tks/kiqj jS dqaoj jko pUnzlsu ekynsoksr¼tGe 1598 fo-la- vj fejR;q 1637 fo-la-½ jS xq.kka jks c[kka.k dj~;ks gSA b.kjks uke gS ^^jkmpUnzls.k jk :id daoj Fkdqauqa vklS ckjV** dS;ks gSA MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh 26 i|ka jh b.kjpuk esa 26 Nan mnkgj.k lq#i njlk;k gSA ft.kka esa xkgk] =ksVd] Hkqtaxh] ukjkp] lkjlh]b.kQky vj eksrhnku vkn Nan feGS gSA vk jpuk dqaoj ins jh jpuk gkso.k lwa 1619 fo-la- lwa

179

iSyka gh fy[kh x;h gSA ohj pUnzlsu vdcj jh v/khurk Lohdkj dj.k lwa bUdkj dj fn;ks gksA

ia- fo'os'oj ukFk jsÅ jko panzlsu jh ohjrk jh rqyuk jk.kk izrki lwa djrh nka.k Hkwfj&Hkwfj izlalkdjh gSA

12-3-4 vklkuan ckjgB jh Hkxrh ijd dkO;&vj xhr

dfo vklkuan ohjrk vj Hkxrh ijd dkO; fy[;ks gS] ft.kkesa xq.k fujatu izk.k] xksxkth jh isM+h vjy{e.kkiu tSM+k fojyk xzUFk gSA b.kkjS vykoka dfooj fdzLlu Hkxrh jk fMaxG xhr Hkh fy[;k gSA

1- xq.k fujatu izk.k& b.k esa Hkxoku~ jh efgek] m.kkjS fu#ikf/k] fujxq.k czã :i vj lkalkfjdvlkjrk jks cj.kko dj~;ks x;ks gSA b.kesa 45 i| gSA b.kesa fujxq.k jh efgek vj vsd fMaxG xhresa lxq.k czã ekFkS dkO; jpuk gSA lxq.k vj fujxq.k jks ,dkdj jke] fØLlu vj vYykg esans[;ks x;ks gSA

2- fMaxG Hkxrh xhr& vklkth jk xhr ?k.kka tx pkok gSA vsd xhr esa fØLlu jS [kkrjrUe;rk ns[k.k tksx gS&

^^eksjks eu ek/kos ykxkS] enlwnus eqjkjs]

ukjk;.ks jkes ujfla?ks] nkeksnjs nkrkjs]

lkey czes izhr fl.kxkjs] vfg ukFk.ks vikjs]

vklk lkfe cykØe vn~Hkqr vacj /kj vk/kkjsAA**

12-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k bdkbZ jks lkj vkS gS dS pkj.k dfo;ka uS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ?k.kh lsok djh gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklkvj laLdfr esa b.kkjks ;ksxnku egrkÅ gSA b.kht ijEijk esa dfo vklkuan jks O;fDrRo ?k.kkS ywaBkS gSA dfoHkxrh vj ohjrk jks lkfgR; jp~;ks gSA ^meknS jk dfor* vj ^ck?kkth jk nwgk* vS nksuwa jpukoka dfo uS vejdj fn;ksA vk jpukoka esa dfo jh dkO; lSyh jk peRdkj ns[;ks tk ldS gSA b.k bdkbZ esa vklkuan ckjgBjS O;fäRo vj dfrRo jh tk.kdkjh fnjhth gSA

12-5 lcnkoyh

dfo vklkuan ckjgB jh dkO;&jpukoka esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk T;knk lcn feGS gSA dBS&dBS FkksM+kczt jk lcn Hkh gS] T;kajh foxr b.k rjS gS&

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lcn & djL;ka] chljL;ka] ijc] lueq[k] fl.kxkj] fotksx] lwj] viNjkA

czt Hkklk jk lcn & eksjks] vfg] rgkaA

12-6 vH;kl jk izLu


1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa pkj.kka jS ;ksxnku uS /;ku esa jk[krk Fkdka pkj.k lSyh jh ifjHkklk vjm.k*lSyh jh lkfgfR;d folslrkoka uS le>kokSA

2- vklkuan ckjgB jS ohj izlfLr dkO;ka ekFkS lksnkgj.k fVIi.kh fy[kksA


1- pkj.k lSyh jh egÙkk uS njlkokSA

2- ^ck?kkth jk nwgk* vsd d#.ke;h jpuk gS\ b.k dFku jh mnkgj.k uS mnkgj.kka lwa le>koksA

3- ^^mekns HkfV;k.kh* jk dfor** esa gq;k fl.kxkj jk cj.kko uS njlkokSA

180

12-7 lanHkZ xzUFkka jh ikuM+h&

1- MkW- eksguyky ^ftKklq* & pkj.k lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼Hkkx&1½A

2- MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk lkfgR; ,oa laLdfrA

3- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A

4- lhrkjke ykyl & jktLFkkuh lcndkslA

5- MkW- xkso)Zu 'kekZ & fMaxy lkfgR;A

6- euksgj 'kekZ & izkphu jktLFkkuh dkO;A

7- MkW- jkeizlkn nk/khp & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] laLdfrA

8- MkW- izrki flag jkBkSM+ & jktLFkkuh ohjk[;kuA

181

bdkbZ & 13

izeq[k doslj & vYywth dfo;kbdkbZ jks eaMk.k

13-0 mísL;

13-1 izLrkouk

13-2 vYywth jks O;fDrRo

13-2-1 vYywth jks tho.k ifjpS

13-2-2 vYywth jh jpukoka jks ojxhdj.k

13-2-3 vYywth jh fejR;q vj m.kkjkS feUnj

13-3 vYywth jks dfrRo

13-3-1 ;ksx lEcU/kh dfor

13-3-2 ^'kkar jlkRed v/;kfRed* dfor

13-3-3 ohj jlkRed dfor vj xhr

13-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

13-5 lcnkoyh

13-6 vH;kl jk izLu


13-0 mísL;

b.k bdkbZ jks mísL; gS e/;dkyhu jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka; vYywth dfo;k jk Hkxrh lkfgR; gS okajk;ksxnku uS njlko.kks gSA pkj.k dfo;ka jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ?k.kh lsok djh gSA vYywth jk dfor vj^"kV~ifn;ka* ?k.kh pkaoh gSA b.k bdkbZ jks ewG mísL; vYywth dfo;k jh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh lsok uS mtksxjdj.kks gSA lkFkS gh b.kkjS O;fäRo vj dfrRo jh fiNka.k djko.kks gSA b.kkjk ;ksx lEcU/kh v"Vkax dfor*] vk/;kfRed dfor*] ^ohjjlkRed dfor* vj ^ejfl;k dfor* jh tk.kdkjh uS lkaeh yko.kks gSA

13-1 izLrkouk

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk fMaxG dkO; esa ohj dkO; jh ?k.kh twuh vj jkrkekrh ijEijk jh gSA jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jS e/;dky esa ohj dkO; jS lkxS Hkxrh dkO; jk jpukdkj Hkh ?k.kk Ogh;k gS ft.kkesa bZljnkl ckjgB]vklkuan ckjgB] lka;k >wyk] fizFkhjkt jkBkSM+ vj vYywth dfo;k tSM+ka dfo Hkxrh dkO; jh fljt.kka djhgSA vYywth dfo;ka jk Hkxrh ijd dfor ?k.kk ukeh gSA dfooj vYywth jfpr dfor ;k "kV~ifn;ka gh feGSgSA dfor jS cG ekFkS gh dfo jks uke vej OgSX;ks gSA b.k bdkbZ esa vYywth jks thouh jS lkFkS ckjS dfrRoekFkS fopkj dj;kS x;kS gSA

13-2 vYywth jks O;fDrRo

doslj vYYywth vsd fl) ;ksxh vj Hkxr gk] tdk vk[kS Hkxrh txr esa ?k.kka pkokA vYywth uSxksj[k ukFk jks vorkj Hkh crk;ks x;ks gSA pkj.k dfo;k jk 14 Hkxrka esa b.kkjks LFkku ?k.kkS Åapks gSA vYywthjh LQqV Nanka vj xhrka lwa tdh Hkxrh lkexzh miyC/k gS] ok vi.kS vki esa ?k.kh egrkÅ gSA vki dfo]fopkjd vj Hkxr jS :i esa izfl) gSA

182

13-2-1 vYywth jks tho.k ifjpS

^dfo;k* lk[kk jk pkj.kka jks ewG LFkku fcjkbZ ¼tks/kiqj½ ekU;k tkoS gSA vBS lwa vYywth jk c<+sjkfla.kyk ¼ikyh½ uked xk¡o esa tk cl~;k gk] vBS gh gsejkt th jS ?kjS fo-la- 1520 esa vYywth jks tGe Ogh;ksgks] b.kkajh ekrk jks uke vklkckbZ gks] b.kkajh tksM+k;r jks uke g¡lkokbZ gksA

vYywth jh Hkxrh vj dkO; lwa izHkkfor OgS*j vkesj ujsl fizFkhjkt dNokgk jS iq= :iflag th uSb.kkuS dqpke.k jS duS tljk.kks xkao fn;kS gksA

vYywth jk oalt vlqynklksr dfo;k dgykoS gS vj b.kkesa vYywth ^ckith* jS uke lwa pkok gSA]jkenkl jh iksFkh ^HkxrekG* esa b.kkjkS uke ^vYgsnkl* feGS gSA b.kkjS nks csVk u:th vj fdlukth vj nks;csfV;ka isekckbZ vj nfj;kockbZ gkA u:th jh vsd [kkai jk calt lsokiqjk ¼tSiqj½ esa gSA

vYywth ije;ksxh] dsoy gfj vj gfjuke&izseh] vykSfdd lxrh lEié lk/kq gkA

vS ukFk iaFkh xksj[kukFk jk nwtk vorkj Hkh ekuhtS gSA

vYywth jks l:okrh tho.k ukFkiaFkh lk/kqoka jh lRlaxfr esa chR;ks gks vj m.kkjh lk/kuk esa fd.kh ukFktksxh jks gkFk gks] b.kk pkyhl cjl jh mej esa tkEHkksth uS vkijkS vk/;kfRed xq# c.kk;kS gksA tkEHkksth jk^fo'uksbZ iaFkh* lqjtuth dFkk izlax esa vYywth jks tkEHkksth jh lj.k esa vko.kks fy[;kS gS&

^^lkaHkGh lf[k Hkk[kS lok;ks] vyw Hkyka ukFk jh HksV vk;ksAmrjgwa tkr Hkarh vlkabZ] ekjrh rk nl okV ekaghAA**

fl) iq:lka jh Hkkar vYywth jS peRdkj lEcU/kh dSbZ fdaonafr;ka Hkh tx pkoh gSA vsd vKkr dfojfpr dfor esa Hkh b.kkjkS ladsr feGS gSA

^^ns ijpks lk¡[kyk] fHkM+.k th;.k tl Hkk[;SApgqavk.kka /kj [kksl] ,d edjk.kkS jk[;SAA**

vYywth uS jke] fØLlu] xksj[kukFk vj tkEHkksth jh cM+kbZ esa dkO; jpukoka djh gSA Hkxr dfoukHkknkl vkijS HkxrekG esa b.kkajh izlalk vj b.kkjS iwoZtka jh tka.kdkjh nh gS&

^^pkSeq[k pkSjk p.M txr~ bZ'oj xq.k tkuSAdjekuan vj dksYgwa] vyq v{kj ijokausAek/kks eFkqjk e/; lk/kq thokuan lhokaAÅnk ukjk;.k nkl uke ekaMu ru xzhokAA**

13-2-2 vYywth jh jpukoka jks ojxhdj.k

vYywth jh jpukoka esa ^^Hkko la;qä NIi;* feGS gSA tdka jk fol; ;ksx vj Hkxrh gSA b.kk QqV*jdfor vj xhr gh fy[;ka gSA vS dfor Nanka jk egku~ dfo gSA b.kkjh [;kfr jks vk/kkj dfor gh gSA b.kkjk84 dfor vj rhu xhr vtS yx feY;k gSA ft.kkesa 38 dfor rks gkFk fy[kh izfr;ka jS :i esa feGS gSA b.kkjhjpukoka esa ln~xq# oanuk] fujxq.k oanuk] lxq.k oanuk] v"Vkax] ;ksx] Hkxrh] Jhjke oanuk] Jh fØLlu oanuk]Hkxr efgek] tEHk Lrqfr vkn feGS gSA

dfor

;ksx 'kkar jlkRed v/;kRed ohj jlkRed ejfl;k

¼v"Vkax ;ksx o.kZu½ ¼jk; egkRE;½ ¼jko ekynso ij½ ¼jko ekynso ij½

¼fØLlu ekgkRE;½ ¼gkMk lwjtey ij½

¼tkEHkksth ekgkRE;½ ¼dfor@xhr½

183

13-2-3 vYywth jh fejR;q vj m.kkjkS feUnj

doslj vYywth tljk.kk esa fo-la- 1620 esa thfor lekf/k yh ghA vBS gh b.kkjkS feUnj Hkh c.k;kSM+ksgSA lekf/k jS leS vS lkS cjl jh mez esa gk] b.kkjS feUnj ckcr vsd nwgks ?k.kkS pkokS gS&

^^tk>k >axh tkfG;ka] cksjfM+;ka olslA

vywukFk rfi;k vBS] eafnj uS vknslAA**

vYywth jks nsojks edjk.kk esa Hkh gS] vj b.kkjkS /kw.kks dqpke.k jS fdys ¼nqjx½ jh Hkk[kjh ekFkS gSA

13-3 vYywth jks d`frRo

vYywth jk U;kajk U;kajk&fol;ka lwa lEca/k jk[k.k okGk dfor feGS gS] ft.kkesa b.kkjh Hkxrh&Hkkouk];ksx] v"Vkax] jke] fØLlu] tkEHkksth] jko ekyns jh ohjrk vj ejfl;k jk dfor gSA

13-3-1 ;ksx lEcU/kh dfor

;ksx lEcU/kh dfork esa dfo ?kV jS Hkhrj gh ijekRek uS fiNk.k ck ij tksj fn;ks gSA gB;ksx jhlk/kuk ijd ckrka jks cj.kko dfo dj~;ks gS&

^^dgka ?kaV Vkaed] dgk¡ eknG nedkjkA

dgka ukn xM+xM+S] dgk¡ rarh >a.kdkjksA

dgka rkG dalkG] dgk¡ ÅllS vacjA

dgka xgj xEHkhj] dgk¡ nhlS nf.k;k;jA

fo.k thHk daB Bk<+ks c;.k] fc.k ewjfr dh pD[koSA

vpaHkkS ,d nhBks ^vyw*] gn ekag csgn gqokSAA** ¼v"Vkax ;ksx dfor½

;ksx lEcU/kh dforka esa b.k vuqHko jh >Gd feGS gSA

13-3-2 'kkar jlkRed vk/;kfRed dfor

v/;kRed ijd dfork esa dfo folsl :i lwa nks; rjS lwa gfj efgek jks c[kka.k dj~;ks gSA vsd rksJhjke] Jh fØLlu vj tkEHkksth jh efgek vj m.kkjS [kkl dkeka jks U;kajks&U;kjksa c.kko vj nwtS esa Hkxoku~vj m.kkjS dSbZ vorkj :ika esa dj~;ka x;k dkjt jks ukeksYys[k dj~;kS gS&

^^/kqjk yad ?kM+gM+S] lean c/kkS ljiatjA

vuG >kG ÅNGS] f/k[kS /kwoka /kkSGkfxjA

dwaHkdj.k djnyS] eFks egke.k eSxGA

g.kwa gkd gSad i.k] myV x<+ dh;kS mnaxGA

vkSnjS eanksofj rke HkS] liuarj vk;k lgeA

dksih;k jkae jkao.k lfjl] nGS lhl xkfeL;S ngeAA** ¼jkekorkj½

fØLlu Hkxrh lwa lEcfU/kr dfor ns[k.k tksx gS&

^^xksi ukj fpr gj.k] izse yPN.kk leIi.kA

dqat fcgkjh ØL.k] jkl fozankou jPp.kA

xksoj/ku Å)j.k] xzkg ekj.k xt rkj.kA

tqjkfla/k fllikG] fHkM+s Hkw&Hkkj mrkj.kA

teyksd njLl.k ij gj.k] HkkS Hkat.k tkae.k ej.kA

184

vks ea= Hkyks ful fnu ^vyw*] flej ukFk vlj.k lj.kAA**¼fØLlkukorkj½

fujxq.k czã jh mikluk jS [kkrj vYywth ckjyh iwtk jks R;kx*j dsoy jke lqfej.k dj.k jks ghminsl nsoS gSA m.kkjS [kkrj jke] fØLlu] ukjk;.k vkn lc ^folu* jS fujxq.k czã jk gh uke gSA tr] lr]v.;ax ;ksx] izse Hkxrh] xq# X;ku lxGk jks lkj foL.kq uke lqfej.k gSA m)kj b.kh tki lwa gh gksoSyk] vkSfgt eqxrh jks ekjx gSA thHk jS OgSrka Fkdka b.kuS uha NksM+.kks pkfgtS&

^^;kSght tIi ;kS rIi] ;kSght laU;kl mtk.kSA

;kSght vuG v"Vkax] tksx ekjx tka.kSA

;kS rhjFk] ;kS rÙk] ozr if.k ;kSght fopkjSA

dqat fcgkjh d`".k] pj.k iadt psrkjsA** ¼Hkxrh jks dfor½

vk/;kRe dfork esa lkar jl jk Hkkoka jh vfHkO;fä vj Hkxoku~ jh ljc lxrh jks cj.kko gq;kS gSA b.klEcU/k esa vkS dfor] jktLFkku jS vk[kS yksd esa pkokS gS&

tBS unh uG foeG] rBS FkG esj myVSA

frej /kksj va/kkj] tgka fjo fdj.k izdVSA

jko djhtS jad] jadka flj N= /kjhtSA

vYgw lkl os lkj vkl dhtS flaojhtSA

pjo ygS va/k iaxkS pj.k] eksuh fl/kkvars o;.kA

rks djrka dgka u gks;] ukjka;.k iaxtu;.kA ¼Hkxrh jks dfor½

vk dforka esa dfo jh Hkkxor~ fuLBk] izse] gfjuke lqfej.k esa rYyhurk vj mYykl jks cj.kko feGSgSA Hkxrh ijd vj X;ku c<+ko.k okGh dfor jks vsd mnkgj.k b.kxr gS&

^^lksgh cka.k lqck.k] HktS gfj uke fujUrjA

lksgh ika.k lqika.k] HkjS fc.k NanS ÅnjA

lksgh ykt lqykt] f=;k ij HksGi rTtSA

lksgh lwj lkear] fHkM+S HkkjFk ug HkTtSA

fny /kje lksgh ikGS n;k] U;ko lksgh iD[ku djSA

gj pj.k fpr ykxkS] ^vyw* lksgh] liwr dqG Å)jsAA**

vYywth vkijk Hkxrh dkO; esa vkijS lrxq# tkEHkksth uS fØLlu jks vorkj ekU;kS gSA vsd NIi;esa fØLlu jh peRdkjh ?kVukoka jh tkEHkksth lwa rqyuk djh gS&

^^ft.k okflx ukfFk;ks] ft.k dalklqj ekjSA

ft.k xksdG jkf[k;ks] vuM+ vkaxGh m/kkjSA

ftf.k iwruk izgkfj] yh;k Fk.k [khj mikMS+A

dkxklj Nsfn;ks] panufxfj ukaoS pkMS+A

,rGk izokM+k iwfj;k] voj izokM+k izHk lgSA

vorkj ns[k taHk ^vyw*] dUg r.kks vorkj dgSAA** dkfor ¼NIi;½

b.k NIi; esa dfo Jh fØLlu jh xkso)Zu ijcr /kkj.k dj.k jh] iwruk jks lagkj] cdklqj jksc/k vkn ?kVukoka jks cj.kko dj~;ks gSA lkFkS fgt tEHkksth njl.k jh efgek jks xq.kxku dj~;ks gSA dfo jSeqt+c tEHkks Jh fØLlu jk vorkj fgt gkA ^ln~xq#&oanuk* esa dfo jks vsd xhr gS] ft.kjk cksy gS&

185

^^vkbZ lsj lqyrkau ykxka iyd muekuhA

rksM+rk [kyd lwa eksg rkxksA

NksM+rk cy[k dj tkjs iape NVhA

tkxs pdoS vy[k gsr tkxksAA**

dfo ^Hkä efgek* jk vsd NIi; esa egkHkkjrdkyhu Jh gfj ¼fØLlu½ jh efgek jks c[kk.k Hkh dj~;kSgS&

^^ikjFk ik.Mo i=] gfj lkjfFk gks; gkadSATokykuG esa tGr] chykM+h fcp jk[kSA

lkUruw dks iz.k ltS] /keZ Hkqt lLrj /kkjSAczt Mwcr ckjhl] vy[k u[k <+kc mckjSA

flojh dca/k ;e O;k/k 'kqd] Ør xf.kdk laxr djSAv.kHko izHkko lqfej.k ^vyw*] fgr rkjS fpr ujgjSAA** ¼NIi;½

vFkkZr~ egkHkkjr jS tq) jh c[kr [kqn Jh gfj ik.Mq iq= vjtqu jk lkjFkh c.k*j m.kjS jFk uS gakD;kS]dqEgkj uhok jh /k/kdrh vkx jh yiVak esa Ql;kSM+k fcYyh jk ukUgka fcfp;ka jh fjPNk djh] dq#{ks= esa lkUruwaiq= Hkhle okGk iz.k jk[k.k jks] /kje jh fjPNk dj.k okGk vkijh Hkqtkoka ekFkS lL= xzg.k dj~;ks vj Mwcrkczt jh fjPNk xksoj/ku ijcr uS mBk*j djhA

dfo dSoS gs! Hkxoku~ FkkjS uke lqfej.k lwa vj fnO; izHkko lwa lcjh] nkuo] dcaU/k] ;e] O;k/k] xf.kdkvj lqd ¼rksrk½ tSM+k feu[k vj i{kh Hkh Hkolkxj lwa ikj mrj x;k rks Hkyk nwtk ftukojka jks m)kj D;wa uhOgSyk] FkkjS uke lqfej.k jks izHkko vfeV gSA b.k NIi; esa dfo uS Jh gfj jh efgek jks larjks c[kk.k *dj~;ksgSA

13-3-3 ohj jlkRed dfor vj xhr

vYywth uS tks/kiqj js jko ekyns o vj m.kkjh fot; tkrjkoka jk pkj dfor vHk; laLdr ykbczsjh¼chdkusj½ jh gkFk fy[kh izfr la[;k 96 esa feGS gSA iSys dfor esa ^^tS Åij uo yk[k lsu vk;ks x< ijor**esa jkoth tks/kiqj jS nqjx uS 'ksj'kkg lwfj lwa nqckjk yso.k jks mYys[k gSA fo-la- 1602 esa jko ekynos tks/kiqjjks fdyks 'ksj'kkg lwfj lwa ikNks fy;kS gksA vkS dfor fo-la- 1602 jks gSA jkoth jh fejR;q ekFkS dfo jk dforb.kxr gS&

^^HkxkS rks; ckjkg] jkg fxfy;ksa rks; nf.k;jAyka?kkf.k;ks rksi lhg] tsv efFk;ks rks; lk;jA

va.k gwarS ohdae ?k.kS ohafV;ks ohdksnjA[kksM+ks rks; g.koar] fy;ks njla.k rks; lkadjA

ekynso jko eaMksojkS] ?k.kS >w> dVds ?k.kkSAik[kyh jko ikM+kslh;ka] ckphrks rks; fcagae.kksAA**

Hkxr dfo vYywth *"kV~ifn;ka* jS vykok dSbZ fMaxG xhr Hkh fy[;k gSA tdka eka; lwa nks xhr cwanhjk gkMk lwjtey jk gSA ft.kesa egkjk.kk laxzkeflag jk mrjkf/kdkjh jruflag NGk?kkr jks c.kko feGS gSA

vyqvka.kS ixS vaafx m?kkMS+] fof.k gfFk;kjka ol= fof.kA

tslkgjkS fnvacj tk.kS] tkrs nhBSk ?k.kS tf.kAA

oVqvkS rsx dVkjh ohaVh] [kkVh jgh ÅijS [kkVA

186

eqM+rks vk[kM+rks lwjtey] fo.k iSBks Nk¡MS f[k=okVA

eNjhdS vk;s lwfjtey] Hkqft MaMs u fdvks HkkjkFkA

gkFks u fefG;ks gkFkqdS] gkfy;ks MaM yxkM+s gkFkAA** ¼xhr lwjtey gkMk jks½

fu"d"kZ&

vYywth jh Hkklk esa lgtrk] ljyrk ns[k.k tksx gSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa b.kkjkS uke iwt.ktksxgSA vYywth jh Hkklk mÙkj&dkyhu *viHkza'k* vj l:okrh fMaxG jks feJ.k gSA Hkklk esa eqgkojk&dkorka Hkhns[k.k uS feGS gSA vYywth jh xgjh Hkxrh] ijekRek&'kfDr esa vuU; foLokl vj mnkj Hkkouk ?k.k[kj NIi;kalwa mtkxj Ogha gSA /kje vj lEiznk; jS uke ekFkS fd.kh rjS jh ladh.kZrk b.kkjh jpukoka esa uha feGS gSA vSM+kriLoh vj vlk/kkj.k fl) iq#l jS tho.k jh vkf[kjh ifj.kfr ;ksx jh maPph voLFkk *lekf/k* jS :i esa gqbZgSA b.kjkS lk{kh m.kkjS xk¡o tljk.kk esa o.;kS lekf/k feUnj tdks ns[k.k tksx gSA

13-4 bdkbZ jks lkj

b.k bdkbZ jks lkj vkS gS dS vYywth dfo;k jks dkO; U;kjS&U;kjS fol;ka ekFkS fy[;ksM+ks gSA m.kjh lxGh"kV~ifn;k ¼dfor½ ekuoh thou jh U;kajh&U;kajh fNc uS njlkoS vj m.kkjS O;fDrRo vj dfrRo vj m.kkjSjktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa ;ksxnku uS izLrqr djS gSA vYywth tSM+k lar ;ksxh jh Hkxrh Hkkouk mtkxj gksoS gSA

13-5 lcnkoyh

b.kkjh dkO; lcnkoyh esa vYywth jk dforka esa vk;kSM+h lcn ;kstuk jh c.kxV ns[kh tk ldS gSAjktLFkkuh Hkklk jh U;kajh&U;kajh Hkklk jk lcnkoyh jks iz;ksx m.kk jS dkO; jh folslrk gSA ft.kesa viHkza'k]jktLFkkuh vj fgUnh Hkklk jk dSbZ lcn feGS gSA dha mnkgj.k

viHkza'k jk lcn& fof.k]

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jk lcn& vknsl] nhBks] eSxG] tho.k] ekjx] /kje] njl.kA

fgUnh Hkklk jk lcn& bZ'oj] xEHkhj]

13-6 vH;kl jk izLu

uhpS fy[;ksM+ka lokyka jks iM+wrj 500 lcnka esa fnjkokS&

¼1½ vYywth jh jpukoka jks ojxhdj.k djrka Fkdka oakjh dfork jh folslrkoka uS lksnkgj.k le>kokSA

uhpS fyf[k;ksM+k lokyka jks iM+wrj 150 lcnk esa fnjkokS&

¼1½ vYywth jks tho.k ifjpS fy[kksA

¼2½ vYywth jS Hkxrh ekFkS ys[k lksnkgj.k fnjkokSA


1- MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh & tkEHkksth] fc'uksbZ lEiznk; vkSj lkfgR;A2- MkW- dY;k.k flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLdfrA3- MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A4- Qrgflag ^ekuo* & fl) vkywukFk dfo;kA5- MkW- eksguyky ^ftKklq* & pkj.k lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼Hkkx&1½A6- lkSHkkX;flag 'ks[kkor & jktLFkkuh lkfgR; lEinkA7- lhrkjke ykyl & jktLFkkuh lcndkslA8- MkW- ghjkyky ekgs'ojh & jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR;A9- MkW- euksgj 'kekZ & izkphu jktLFkkuh dkO;A

187

bdkbZ & 14

izeq[k doslj & i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+bdkbZ jks eaMk.k

14-0 mís';

14-1 çLrkouk

14-2 foM+ntksx O;fDrRo

14-3 dhjrtksx dr`ZRo

14-4 dkO;&dyk

14-5 bdkbZ jkS lkj

14-6 vH;kl jk izLu


14-0 mís’;

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jk lSuk.k vkBoha lnh lwa bZ fey.k ykxSA vkfndkG lwa ys;*j vkt rkabZ jkS lkfgR;jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk jh ?k.keksyh iwath gSA x| gqokS pk;S i|&lkfgR;] yksdlkfgR; gqokS ;k vkfHktkR;] gj Ns=eka; vkS lkfgR; jktLFkku esa bZ uha vk[kS Hkkjr esa vkijh Bkoh BkSM+ jk[kSA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS Lo.kZdkGdS;kS tko.k jS dkj.k e/;dkG uSa vkika Åaph BkSM+ nsoka rks dha xGr uha gqoSA ohjxkFkkdkG vj HkfDrdkGjkS lkfgR; jktLFkku esa bZ uha] cfYd vk[kS Hkkjr jS lkfgR; esa vsd vyk;nh vj fljekSj BkSM+ jk[kSA

e/;dkG jkS HkfDrdkG ?k.kkS pkokS vj lxGka lwa bZ U;kjkS&fudsoGkS gSA HkfDrdkG eka; ehjka ogn~inkoyh] #de.kh gj.k] ukxne.k] gfjjl tSM+k HkfDrdkO; vkoSA b.kjS lkxS eè;dkG eka; gh lUr lkfgR;Hkh ?k.kkS pkokS gq;kSA lk;kath >wyk] ehjkackbZ] nqjlk vk<+k] lgtks ckbZ jh foxr eka; ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy*jk fljt.kgkj HkDrdfo egkjkt iFohjkt jkS ukao ?k.kS vknj lkFkS ysbZtSA b.k bdkbZ eka; egkjkt iFohjktjkBkSM+ jS O;fDrRo vj drZRo ekFkS lfoLrkj foospu djhT;kS gSA b.k bdkbZ jkS mís'; gS&

1- b.klwa fo|kFkhZ uSa egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jS tho.k jk dsbZ i[kka jh tk.kdkjh feylhA

2- ^osfy fØlu #de.kh jh* jS vykok iFohjkt jkBkSM+ }kjk jfpr nwtk xzaFkka lwa Hkh fo|kFkhZifjfpr gkslh vj b.k HkkUr iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jkS lkaxksikax drZRo m.kka lkaeh vklhA

3- iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jS dkO;&lkS"Bo lwa Hkh fo|kFkhZ ifjfpr gkslhA

4- fo|kFkhZ uSa iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jS tho.k vj m.kka jS lkfgR; jh lkaoBh vksG[kk.k djko.kkS bZ b.kbdkbZ jkS [kkl mís'; gSA

14-1 çLrkouk

jktLFkku jh b.k lksufy;k ckGw jh Hkkse ekFkS ftrkS xqest djka fcÙkkS bZ deA b.kjS vkax.kS eka;xaxk&teuk jh ufn;ka dksuh cSoS] cfYd vk tq>kjka jS jxr lwa frjir Hkkse gSA b.kjS dkGtS eka; nsorkoka jkSoklkS uha gS] cfYd vBS rks ohjka jh tl&dhjrh jh [;kr xkorh nsoGÓka gSA vBS ohj ekFkS jkS eksy dj*j pkySAdslfj;k ckauk iSjÓksM+k ohj vkijh /kjrh] /kje vj vcykoka jh j{kk [kkrj vkijS izk.kka jh vkgqfr nsaork tstuha yxkoSA ohj vkijkS vapG ca/k NqMk;*j 'kj.kkxr jh j{kk lk: vkijkS Llks dha fclkj*j ej.kS uS eaxG fx.kSA

R;kx] cfGnku vj HkfDr&Hkkouk lwa ljkcksj jktLFkku jkS bfrgkl ftrjkS ÅtGkS gS] m.klwa cslh gS

188

xhjcktksx b.kjkS lkfgR;A b.k lkfgR; eka; ohjka jkS fcM+n xkork lw;ZeYy ehl.k jh ôhj lrlbZ*] f'konklxkM.k jh ôpfudk vpynkl [khph jh*] Jhèkj O;kl jkS ^j.key NUn* vj bZljnklth jh ^gkyk&>kyk jkdqaMfy;k* vkoS rks HkfDr&Hkkouk txko.k lk: HkDrdfo;ka esa bZljnkl ckjgB jkS ^gfjjl*] ehjkackbZ jkS êhjkaogn~ inkoyh*] lk;kath >wyk jkS ûkxne.k* vj ^#de.kh gj.k* vkoSA vBS jk dfo vkijS dkO; jkS fljt.kdj*j vkijh ys[kuh uSa lnho [kkrj vej c.kk;A

jktLFkkuh jS HkfDr&lkfgR; eka; vkxhok.k jSof.k;k dfo;ka jh foxr esa egkjkt iFohjkt jkS ukao ?k.kSvknjtksx lkFkS fy;kS tkoS gSA m.kkajS O;fDrRo jkS fprjke cakjS drZRo eka; BkSM+&BkSM+ ns[k.k uSa feGSA m.kkajSdaB eka; ljLorh ekrk jkS jSokl gks] tn bZ }kjdkèkh'k Hkxoku Ñ".k [kqn ôsfy* uSa lq.k.k lk: vsd lkgwdkjjkS :i /kj*j vk;kA vkxS gkso.k okGh ?kVukoka uSa vki iSyh lwa gh tk.k tkork gkA vdcj jS yk[k pko.kSij Hkh iFohjkt jh crk;ksM+h ckr lkph gqbZA vdcj tSM+ks dyk ikj[kh egkjkt iFohjkt uSa vkijS njckj jkS[kkl jru ekU;kS gSA b.k rjS iFohjkt jkBkSM+ vkijS O;fDrRo vj drZRo jS dkj.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; eka;e.kh jS T;wa iGd jS;k gSA

egkjkt iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jktLFkkuh jk txpkok] vkstLoh vj HkDrdfo gS] ft.kjh ned lwa iwjkSlkfgR; txr~ izdkloku gq; jS;kS gSA ft.k cxr eqxy lezkV vdcj jh neudkjh uhfr jS lkaeh lxGk jktkvkijk gfFk;kj Ugka[k fn;k rn jk.kk izrki Hkh m.klwa vNwrk dksuh jS;kA vdcj fgUnok.k jk vVy fgekGSegkjk.kk izrki jh tM+ka Hkh fgyk; nhA lezkV lwa fojks/k jS dkj.k gh izrki uSa taxGka eka; Hkw[kkS&frlkS HkVd.kkSifM+;kSA tn ifjokj vj vkijh iztk jkS vlguh; nq[k ns[;kS dksuh x;kS] rn izrki vdcj uSa laf/k jkS izLrkoHksT;kSA m.k cxr jkBkSM+ iFohjkt gh gk tdk fgUnok.k ekFkS ykx.k okGS dGad uSa gVko.k jkS tru djÓkSAjk.kk jh varjkRek ekFkS Nk;ksM+S va/kdkj uSa gVk;*j vkHkke; djÓkSA

vkijh vkstLoh ikrh lwa fMxrS fgekGS uSa fFkj dj.k okGk jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh txexkorh vkHkk jkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jkS tye chdkusj jS jkBkSM+ jktoal jS eka; laor~ 1606 ¼lu~ 1549½ jh fexlj cfn vsdeuSa gq;kSA vki chdkusj ujsl egkjktk jk;flag jk NksVk HkkbZ vj jko dY;k.key jk csVk gkA egkjktk jk;flagHkh vdcj jk vsd fljekSj lsukifr gk vkijh nkuohjrk jh fcM+n txS&txS xkbZ tkorhA

egkjkt iFohjkt jk rhu C;kao gq;kA iSykS C;kao mn;iqj jk egkjk.kk mn;flag jh csVh vj egkjk.kkizrki jh tke.k tkbZ fdj.ke;h lwa gq;kS crk;kS tkoSA nwtkS C;kao tSlGesj jk egkjkoG gjjkt jh csVh ykykanslwa vj rhtkS C;kao ykykans jh fejrq jS iNS m.kjh NksVh cgu pkaikns lkxS gq;kSA

egkjkt iFohjkt jh fejrq eFkqjk jS foJke ?kkV ekFkS la- 1657 ¼lu~ 1600½ esa gqbZ] tdh jktLFkkuhdkO;&txr jh ?k.kh ywaBh {kfr lkfcr gqbZA

14-2 foM+ntksx O;fDrRo

HkDrdfo iFohjkt ?k.keksyh izfrHkk jk /k.kh gkA vki HkDrdfo gkso.k jS lkxS ohj feu[k Hkh gkA m.kcxr jk dfo ukHkkth vkijh iksFkh ^HkDrekG* eka; vkijS lEeku lk: fy[kS&

#de.kh&yrk oj.ku vuqi okxhl&onu dY;k.k&lqoA

uj&nso mHkS&Hkk[kk&fuiq.k i`Fohjkt dfo&jkt gqoAA

vki HkDrdfo jS :i esa txpkok gq;k] i.k lkxS bZ vykSfdd ?kVukoka vj peRdkjka jS dkj.k vkijhdhjr nwj rkabZ iljxhA

egkjkt iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jS O;fDrRo jh fNc ckGi.kS eka; gh fuxS vko.k ykxh ghA vkiuSa ckGi.kSeka; gh i<.k jkS ?k.kkS 'kkSd gksA b.kjS lkxS gh vki lwjohj vj /kje eka; fu"Bk jk[k.k okGk gkA tn vkikavakjS O;fDrRo ekFkS ;k vakjS vkn'kk± ekFkS xSjh nhB jk[kka rks vkikauSa nwtk ywaBk lkfgR;dkjka jh fNc ns[k.k uSafeGSA egkjkt iFohjkt jS y{k.kka vj tho.k&pfj= ekFkS nhB jk[krk Fkdka vkika gSeysV jh HkkUr vkauSa

189

Courtier, Soldier and scholar tSM+k xq.kka lwa foHkwf"kr dj ldk gkaA

egkjkt iFohjkt jS O;fDrRo jh fojksG dj.kkS ?k.kkS gh nks*jkS gS] D;wadS vkijkS O;fDrRo brjkS ywaBkS gSdS m.kuSa lcnka eka; lesV.kkS lwjt uSa nh;ks fn[kko.k jS T;wa bZ gqoSA i.k Qsj Hkh dfo jS tho.k jk dsbZ ÅtGki[k vSM+k gS] ft.kjkS foospu dj.kkS t:jh gSA vkijh pfj=&xkFkkoka uSa nhB esa jk[krka Fkdka vkijS pfj= jkSfoospu b.k HkkUr gS&

ohj tks/kk

egkjkt iFohjkt vsd HkDrdfo gkso.kS jS lkxS&lkx S ohj Hkkoka lwa Hkfj;ksM+k feu[k Hkh gkAjktLFkkuh ohj ijEijk uSa vkxS c/kko.k [kkrj vj vkijS Lokeh jS [kkrj yM+f.k;ka esa vkijkS ukao vkxhok.kvkoSA duZy VkWM vkijS ohj O;fDrRo jS ckjS esa fy[krka Fkdka dSoS] ^^iFohjkt vkijS cxr jk {kf=;ka eka; vsdywaBk ohj gkA vki fiNe jS VªwcsMksj ohj dfo;ka jS T;wa vkijh vkstfLouh dfork lwa feu[kka jS fgoM+S uSa LQwrZvj izksRlkfgr dj ldS gk vj t:jr i³~;k gkFk esa ryokj ys;*j j.k[ksrj esa mNko vj mÙkstukiwoZd esafHkM+ Hkh ldS gkA ?k.kkS dSo.kkS cstk gSA jktLFkku jk Hkêdfo;ka jS leqnk; eka; dkO;xq.kksRd"kZ jk fljekSjiqjLdkj jk Hkkxh m.k cxr jk dfo;ka }kjk] vS gh jkBkSM+ ohj Js"B lef>;k tkork gkA**

bfrgkl lwa Bk ykxS gS dS egkjkt iFohjkt vdcj ckn'kkg jk fdjikik= gkA vdcj m.kka lwab/kdkS gsr jk[krk gkA cS iFohjkt uSa vsd f[k.k Hkh vkilwa vG?kk dksuh dj.kk pkorkA vdcj vkijh ohjrklwa brjk jhf>;k dS vkiuSa eksVh&eksVh yM+kb;ka eka; HksT;k djrk gkA lu~ 1638 eka; ckn'kkg vkijS NksVS HkkbZfejtk gdhe lwa yM+.k lk: dkcqy ekFkS èkkoks cksfy;kS] m.k cxr iFohjkt lsuk jS vkxyS Hkkx eka; ÅHkk gkAb.k tq/k eka; vki ?k.kh ohjrk jkS ifjpS fn;kSA vkijh 'kwj&ohjrk lwa jkth gks;*j ckn'kkg iqjLdkj jS :i esavkiuS vxw.kS jktLFkku esa xkSxjkuk gydS jh tkxhj nhA b.kjS iNS lu~ 1653 esa vgenkckn jh yM+kbZ eka;vdcj vkiuSa lsuk jS iz/kku in ekFkS fu;qDr djÓkA b.k rjS egkjkt iFohjkt jkS ukao vdcjukek eka;vsd&nks BkSM+ gh vkoS gSA b.kjkS vsd dkj.k vkS Hkh crk;kS tkoS dS L;kr~ dqfVy vj uhfrK ckn'kkg jkS vkiuSafdjikik= c.kko.kkS Qxr vsd jktuhfrd cgkukS gksA okLro eka; vdcj vkijS LokfHkekuh vj vktknh jkSpko jk[kf.k;S ohj {kf=; lwa t:j Mjrk gqoSykA i.k dqN Hkh gqokS] vk ckr iDdh gh dS egkjkt iFohjktvsd HkDrdfo fgjnS jk gqorka Fkdka Hkh vkijh ekrHkkse jS lwjkiS uSa vkijS eka; txk;ksM+k jk[krk gkA

Lons'kizseh

egkjkt iFohjkt jkBkSM+ ohj] /khj vj HkDrdfo gkso.kS jS lkxS gh Lons'kizse jh Hkkouk lwa ljkcksj gkAckn'kkg vdcj jk fdjikik= gkso.kS jS mijkUr Hkh vkijS fgjnS eka; vkijh èkjk jS [kkrj b/kdkS gsr gks dS vkiegkjk.kk izrki tSM+k 'kwjohj uSa dksbZ lwjr esa vdcj lkaeh vleFkZ vj nhu gksorka uha ns[k.kk pkaorkA fgUnok.kSjk lwjt jk.kk izrki tn taxGka eka; HkVdrk&HkVdrk FkdX;k rn nqf[kr gks;*j egk'kfDr'kkyh dwVuhfrKlezkV lkaeh lafèk jh ikrh fy[k*j HksthA b.k ckr jkS irkS tn iFohjkt uSa ifM+;kS rks ckauSa foLokl dksuh gq;kSAvkijS b± vfoLokl uSa vki vdcj lkaeh izdV djÓkS vj ifj.kker% b.k ckr jh iM+rkG lk: izrki uSa vsdvkstLoh vj mRlkfgr ikrh fy[k*j Hksth&

/kj ck¡dh fnu ik/kjk] ejn u ewdS ek.kA

?k.kka ufjUnk ?ksfj;ks] jgs fxjank jk.kAA

ekbZ ,gM+k iwr t.k] tsgM+k jk.k izrkiA

vdcj lwrks vks>dS] tk.k fljk.kSa lk¡iAA

vdcj len vFkkg] lwjki.k Hkfj;kS ltyA

esokM+ks fr.k ek¡g] iks;.k Qwy izrkilhAA

vdcj ,d.k ckj] nkxG dh lkjh nquhA

190

v.knkxG vlokj] jfg;s jk.k izrkilhAA

vdcj ?kksj v¡/kkj] Å¡/kk.kk fgUnw vojA

tkxS txnk/kkj] iksgjS jk.k izrkilhAA

fgUnwifr ijrki] ir jk[kkS fgUnok.k jhA

lgs foifr lUrki] lR; 'kiFk dfj vki.khAA

pkSFkkS phrksM+kg] ck¡Vks cktUrhr.kwA

nhlS esokM+kg] rks flj jk.k izrkilhAA

lkSjHk vdcj'kkg] vfM;y vfHkM+;k ughaA

pEiks phrksM+kg] ikSj"k r.kkS izrkilhAA

ikrG [kkx izek.k] lk¡ph lkaxkgjr.khA

jgh lnk yx jk.k] vdcj lwa ÅHkh v.khAA

vbjs vdcfj;k] rst frgkGkS rqjdM+kA

ue ux uhlfj;k] jk.k fcuk lg jktohA

lg xkofM+;s lkFk] ,d.k ckM+S ckfM+;kA

jk.k u ekuh ukFk] rkMS lk¡M izrkilhA

ikrG rks ir'kkg] cksyS eq[k gw¡rk o;.kA

flgj iNefn'k ek¡g] ÅxS dklijkolqrAA

iVdw¡ ew¡Nk¡ ik.k] dS iVdw¡ fut ru djk¡A

nhtS fy[k nhok.k] b.k nks egyh ckr bdAA

iFohjkt jh vkstrk lwa Hkfj;ksM+h b.k ikrh jkS egkjk.kk izrki ekFkS brjkS xSjkS vlj gq;kS dS laf/kjh ckr fgjnS lwa fudkG nhA vki iFohjkt uSa mFkGkS fy[k*j HksT;kS] ft.kjh ckauxh gS&

rqjd dgklh eq[k irkS] b.k ru lw¡ bdfyaxA

ÅxS tk¡gh Åxlh] izkph chp iraxAA

[kq'kh gw¡r ihFkG de/k] iVdkS ew¡Nk¡ ik.kA

iNV.k gS tsrS irkS] deyk flj dSok.kAA

lk¡x ew¡M+ lglh ldkS] le tl lgj loknA

HkM+ ihFkG thrka Hkyka] oS.k rqjd lw¡ oknAA

vkstrk lwa Hkjh ys[kuh jk /k.kh iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jS [kkrj vk ckr Hkh pkoh gqbZ dS iFohjkt uhagksork rks izrki] izrki dksuh gksorkA vkS vkstrk lwa Hkjh ok.kh jkS bt ijrki gks dS ohj jk.kk izrkivkijS /kje lwa vGxk dksuh gks;kA

Hkxoar&HkDr

egkjkt iFohjkt Åaph dksfV jk oS".ko Hkxr gkA vkijkS ukao HkDrekG esa fljekSj HkDrka jh foxr esavkoSA e/;dkG eka; HkfDrjl lwa ljkcksj ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* ukao jkS xzaFk jp*j Hkxoku fdlu jS [kkrjvki vkijh xSjh HkfDr&Hkkouk uSa iznf'kZr djhA vkijh HkfDr&Hkkouk [kkrj vsd fdaonarh txpkoh gq;hA

iFohjkt uSa rhjFkka eka; tko.k jkS ?k.kkS yxko gksA tn vki ^osfy* jh jpuk djyh rks fopkj djÓkS

191

dS b.k î=a iq"ia Qya rks;a* l:i HksaV uSa ys;*j Jh }kjdkukFk jS Jhpj.kka eka; vjfir djh tkoSA b.k [kkrjvki jf.kokl&lkxS ukSdj&pkdjka uSa lkxS ys;*j }kjdk dkauh jokuk gq;kA BkSM+&BkSM+ Msjk ?kkyrk Fkdkapkyrk jS;kA vsd fnu fla÷;k jh osGk egkjkt taxG eka; MsjkS yxk;kSA FkksM+h rkG iNS vsd okSikjh vkijSyokteS lkxS vk;*j iFohjkt jS LgkjS gh vkijkS MsjkS yxk;kSA egkjkt iFohjkt vj okSikjh jh eqykdkr gqbZ]vkil eka; vsdjl gq;kA FkksM+h&lh carG jS iNS nksuwa fe= gks;X;kA egkjkt uSa jkr jh cxr uhan de gh vk;kdjrh ghA b.k dkj.k egkjkt vkijh ôsfy* ys;*j jkr uSa gh okSikjh jS racw esa x;kA vpk.kpd egkjkt uSavk;k ns[k*j okSikjh vj m.kjh tksM+k;r uSa bpjt gq;kS vj vi.kS vkiuSa /kU; ekU;kS dS [kqn iFohjkt ckauSaôsfy* lq.kko.k lk: vk;kA oS';&nairh uSa osfy* vjFk lkxS lq.kk;*j egkjkt iFohjkt jkBkSM+ vkijS racw eka;vk;*j lks;X;kA HkksjkaHkksj gh fu;ekuqlkj MsjS jh jokuxh jkS gqde fn;kSA dsbZ dksl pkY;ka iNS egkjkt uSa ;knvk;h dS ft.k ôsfy* uSa }kjdk/kh'k jS pj.kkjfoUn esa vjfir dj.kS lk: pky jS;ka gka ok rks oS'; jS MsjS eka;bZ NwVxhA egkjkt m.kh cxr lokj uSa nkSM+k;kS dS tk;j ôsfy* ikNh ys vkoSA

tn lokj jkr jS MsjS okGh BkSM+ iwX;kS rks bpjt eka; iM+X;ksA m.k BkSM+ Qxr egkjkt iFohjkt jSMsjS jk gh lSuk.k gkA rEcqvka jk [kwaVka jk lSuk.k] ftukojka jk lSuk.k gh fefy;kA mBS oS'; jkS Hkh MsjkS ykX;kSi.k m.kjh dksbZ Hkh lSuk.kh dksuh feyhA b.k vykSfdd ?kVuk uSa ukSdj tk;*j egkjkt iFohjkt uSa lq.kkbZrks egkjkt uSa foLokl dksuh gq;kS vj [kqn tk;*j ns[k.kS jkS fuLpS djÓkSA i.k cS Hkh ckS bt njlko ns[;kSAiFohjkt uSa ?k.kkS gh bpjt gq;kS i.k lkxS&lkxS [ksn Hkh gq;kS] D;wadS tn m.kkajh futj rqGlh jS ikS/kS ekFkSiM+h] ft.kjS ekFkS ôsfy* Bhd <ax lwa iM+h gh] rn egkjkt uSa cks/k gq;kS dS m.kkajk b"Vnso [kqn ôsfy* uSa i<.klk: iwX;k gkA eu gh eu vkijk b"Vnso }kjdkukFk uSa iz.kke djÓkS vj vkijS HkkX; jh ljko.kk djh dSHkxoku vkijS HkDr jh lj/kk&vatfG uSa vaxst.k lk: vj tk=k lQG c.kko.k lk: i/kkjÓkA

vk iFohjkt jh HkfDr gh ft.klwa Hkxoku uSa ca/k*j [kqn /kjrh ekFkS vsd oS'; jkS :i èkj*j vkijhtksM+k;r lkxS vko.kkS ifM+;kSA iFohjkt jh HkfDr brjh etcwr gh dS tn Hkh] tBS Hkh vki tkork rks vkijSvkjk/; fy[kehukFk jh ekulh iwtk t:j djrk jSorkA vkS rks vkijkS fu;e&lks gksA vsd ohj jktiwrtks/kk jS eka; HkfDr jk vS xq.k rks Qxr Åij okGS jh fdjik bZ le>kS] i.k Hkxoar&HkfDr jkS tdkS :iiFohjkt eka; fefy;kS] ckS L;kr gh dksbZ fy[kkjS eka; feySA

f=dkyK vj fnO; nhBokGk

iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jh HkfDr jS [kkrj vk ckr Hkh ?k.kh pkoh gq;h dS vki ;ksxcG vj fnO; nhB jk/k.kh gkA vki Hkfol eka; gkso.k okGh ckr uSa iSyka lwa gh y[k ysorkA vkijS ;ksxcG lwa nwth BkSM+ gkso.k okGkdke uSa Hkh ns[k ysorkA dS;kS tkoS dS vsd ckj iwtk djrh osGk vki crk fn;kS dS veqd cxr uxjlsBfy[kehukjk;.k jh lokjh uxj dhjru [kkrj chdkusj uxj eka; fudG jS;h gSA b.k ckr jh tn ij[k djhxbZ rn vk ckr lko lkph fudGhA

iFohjkt f=dkyK Hkh gkA vsd ckj vdcj vkilwa iwNÓkS] ^^vkijS dksbZ ihj o'k eka; djÓksM+kS t:jgSA vPNk] rks crkokS vkijh fejrq dBS vj dn gqoSyh \** rn egkjkt iFohjkt jkBkSM+ FkksM+h rkG fopkjdj*j mFkGkS fn;kS] ^êFkqjk jS foJkUr?kkV ekFkS vj m.k osGk vsd lQsn dkxykS izxV gksoSykA**

iFohjkt jS b.k naHk Hkj~;S mFkGS ekFkS vdcj uSa foLokl dksuh gq;kS vj b.k ckr uSa ij[k.k [kkrj vjb.k gks.kh uSa v.kgks.kh fl) dj.k [kkrj iFohjkt uSa jktdkt lk: vVd jS ikj Hkst fn;kSA b.k oÙkkUr jSik¡p eghuk ckn vpk.kpd vsd ekSdkS vk;kS dS vsd vykSfdd pdok&pdoh jkS tksM+kS csp.k lk: vsd Hkhyctkj eka; yk;kSA m.kjh vk folslrk gh dS cS feu[kka jh cksyh cksyrk vj le>rkA ckn'kkg b.k tksM+S uSaeaxok; fy;kSA b.k izlax uSa ns[k*j uokc [kku[kkuk] ^^lTtu ok:¡ dksM+/kk¡ ;k nqtZu dks HksaV** pj.k cksy*jpqi gks;X;kA vdcj ckauSa iwjkS nwgkS c.kko.k jkS dS;kS i.k vkS [kku[kkuk lwa dksuh gq;kSA rn ckn'kkg egkjktiFohjkt uSa cqyko.k jkS vknsl vpk.kpd fn;kSA iFohjkt uSa lansl feyrka gh jokuk gks;X;k] i.k ekjx eka;

192

eFkqjk gqaork Fkdk vk;k vj vkijS b"Vnso jk njl.k dj.kS jh bPNk lwa mBS BS*j x;kA i.k vkijh fejrq uSauSM+h vkorh ns[k*j nwgS jkS vk[kjh pj.k fy[k fn;kS] ft.kesa vki fyf[k;kS] ^^jtuh dk esGk fd;k] csg dkvPNj esVA** vki m.k cxr nku&iqu dfj;kS vj vkijS b"V jkS lqej.k dj*j izk.k R;kx fn;kA dS;kS tkoSdS m.k cxr lQsn dkxykS izxV gq;kSA b.kjkS oÙkkUr ckn'kkg jk vkneh ckn'kkg uSa tk;*j lq.kk;kSA

fo}ku

egkjkt iFohjkt jh fo}rk] dkO; jkS vuqHko] laLÑr lkfgR; fo"k;d Kku jh xaHkhjrk jk izek.k osfyjS eka; [kwc feySA vkiuSa fMaxG vj cztHkk"kk nksuwa eka; gh ikafMR; izkIr gksA vki pkork rks ôsfy* jh jpukcztHkk"kk esa Hkh dj ldrk gk] i.k vkS dj.kkS vki pks[kkS dksuh le÷;kSA b.kjkS dkj.k dS cztHkk"kk eka;ek/kq;Z gS] eknZo gS] i.k vsd ywaBh jpuk jS [kkrj Qxr ek/kq;Zrk lwa dke dksuh pkyS] b.k [kkrj vkst Hkh gkso.kkSt:jh gSA vk [kkfl;r fMaxG eka; bZ gSA b.k dkj.k iFohjkt ôsfy* jh jpuk fMaxG eka; djhA vxj vkjpuk czt eka; gksaorh rks tdks jl vkt ôsfy* eka; feyS gS] L;kr iNS uha feyrkSA b.k dkj.k MkW- VSLlhVksjhjkS dSo.kkS lko lkp gks] ^^;fn iFohjkt us osfy dks vkstfoghu fiaxy esa fy[kk gksrk rks os ,d vR;Ur fHkUujpuk dj ikrs tks laxhr&ek/kq;Z esa orZeku xzaFk dh vis{kk dnkfi mÙke ugha gksrh vkSj LokHkkfod ljyrkesa rks ?kfV;k jgrh ghA**

vkijh fo}rk gh gS dS ôsfy* jktLFkku jS eka; gh uha] cfYd lxGh txS vknjhthA vkijS cxr jkdfo;ka eka; lwa dksbZ b.kuSa osn&iqjk.k vj dksbZ b.kuSa bejr jh osfy dS;*j ljkbZ gS&

osn cht tG o;.k] lqdfo tM+ eaMsl /kjA

ikr nwgk xq.k iqgi] okl HkksxoS y[kehojAA

iljh nhi iznhi] vf/kd xgjh vkMacjA

eu lq/k ts tk.ksr] vjc QG ik;h vEejAA

folrkj dh/k tqx&tqx foeG] /k.kh fØlu dg.kkj /kuA

ver osfy ihFkG vpG] rSa jk[kh dfy;k.k ruAA

iFohjkt jh fo}rk b.klwa Hkh c<S dS vki dkO;&i)fr jkS vuqdj.k djÓkS vj jl] vyadkj]Hkkofof'k"Vrk] NUn&fu;e vj Hkk"kk&lkS"Bo jkS ikyu dq'kyrk lwa dj~;kS gSA dfo iFohjkt jS eqtc Qxrvsd dfo jkS gh fo}ku gkso.kkS t:jh dksuh] cfYd ikBd uSa fofoèk 'kkL=ka jS eeZ uSa tk.k.kkS t:jh gSA ôsfy*jkS iwjkS jlkLoknu dj.kS [kkrj ikBd eka; bZ xq.kka jkS gkso.kkS ?k.kkS t:jh crk;kS gSA dfo jS eqtc&

T;ksfr"kh] oSn] ikSjkf.kd tksxh] laxhrh] rkjfdd] lfgA

pkj.k] HkkV] lqdfo Hkk"kk fp=] dfj ,dBk rks vFkZ dfgAA

14-3 dhjrtksx drZ`Ro

fMaxG Hkk"kk jk dfo;ka eka; egkjkt iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jh BkSM+ lxGka lwa Åaph gSA vki fMaxG eka; ?k.kkgh xzaFk jfp;k] ft.kka eka; ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy*] ^nle Hkkxor jk nwgk*] ^xaxk&ygjh*] ôlnsojkomr* vj^n'kjFkjkomr* tSM+h jpukoka fljS fuxS vkoSA vkijS drZRo jh foxr b.k HkkUr gS&

fØlu #de.kh jh osfy

iFohjkt jS tho.kdkG jh vk vsd fljekSj vj txpkoh jpuk gSA b.k jk nks laLdj.k izdkflr Hkhgks; pqD;k gSA vsd caxky jh jkW;y vsfl;kfVd lkslk;Vh dkauh lwa vj nwtkS fgUnqLrkuh ,dsMseh* iz;kx jSdkauh lwaA iSyS laLdj.k jkS laiknu MkW- VSLlhVksjh la- 1973 esa vj nwtS laLdj.k jkS ia- lw;Zdj.k ikjhd vjBk- jkeflag la- 1988 esa djÓkSA

193

ôsfy* fMaxG lkfgR; jkS OgkykS NUn osfy;kS xhr* eka; jfp;ksM+h 305 i|ka jkS [kaMdkO; gSA b.kjS eka;Hkxoku Ñ".k vj #de.kh jS C;kao jh dFkk jkS oj.ku gSA dFkk jkS vkèkkj dfo [kqn Jhen~Hkkxor jkS n'keLdU/k ekU;kS gS&

oYyh rlq cht Hkkxor ok;kS]

efg Fkk.kkS fizFkqnkl eq[kA

ewG rky tM+ vjFk e.Mgs]

lqfFkj djf.k pf<+ Nk¡g lq[kAA

dfo nqjlkth vk<+k ukao jk pkj.k dfo osfy uSa îkapokSa osn* jh miek nh gSA m.kka b.k ckcr fy[;kSgS&

#def.k xq.k y[k.k :i xq.k jpko.k]

ôsfy* rklq dq.k djS o[kk.kA

ikapekSa osn Hkk[;kS ihFkG]

iqf.k;kS mx.khloksa iqjk.kAA

iFohjkt ôsfy* jS eka; lcnkyadkj vj vjFkkyadkj nksuqoka jkS iz;ksx ?k.kS QwBjkiS lwa djÓkS gSAlcnkyadkj eka; dfo vuqizkl vj oS.k&lxkbZ vj vjFkkyadkj esa miek] :id vj mRizs{kk osfy esa ?k.kk feySgSA iFohjkt vkijS dkO; eka; miek esa u dsoy mies;&mieku jkS lkèkE;Z dFku djS] cfYd uSM+S&xSM+S jS iwjSokrkoj.k uSa bt lcnka eka; yk mrkjS gS] ft.klwa Hkko ltho gks;*j txexkoSA ;Fkk&

lax l[kh lhG dqG osl lek.kh]

isf[k dGh ifne.kh ifjA

jktfr jktdq¡vfj jk;vax.k]

mfM;.k chjt vEcgfjAA

izsekrqj Ñ".k jkr uSa vkijS dsfy&xg eka; #de.kh uSa vMhdS gS vj ?k.kk cspSu gSA 'k¸;k vj }kjjS fcpkGS pDdj fudkG jS;k gSA m.k cxr jkS dfo ?k.kS QwBjkiS lwa oj.ku djÓkS gS] ft.kuSa i<*j vkikauSaHkh vkiakjS ;kSou izHkkr jh ;kn vk; tkoS&

ÅHkh lgq lf[k,] izlaflrk vfr]

fØrkjFk izh feG.k fØrA

vVr lst }kj fop vkgqfV]

lzqfr nsgfj /kfj lekfJrAA

iFohjkt izÑfr dkO; jk fprsjk dfo gkA izÑfr jh LokHkkfodrk uSa vki osfy jS eka; ?k.kS QwBjkiS lwaizLrqr djh gSA dfo e#Hkwfe jh fjrq jS cnGko uSa ?k.kh xSjkbZ lwa ns[;kS gS] ft.kuSa dkO; eka; prjkbZ lkxSmdsfj;kS gSA xjeh jh fjrq jkS oj.ku] ywoka jkS oj.ku] fcj[kk fjrq jS eka; vkHkS esa iljrk cknGka jkS oj.ku vjfcj[kk jh >M+h jkS oj.ku ?k.kkS lkarjkS ykxS&

dkGh dfj dk¡BfG ÅtG dksj.k]

/kkjs Jko.k /kjgfj;kA

xfG pkfy;k fnlkfnfl tGxzHk]

FkafHk u fojgf.k u;.k fFk;kAA

194

iFohjkt Qxr LFkwG oj.kudkj dfo gh uha gk] cfYd vki feu[k jS eu jh ckr uSa] eu jk Hkko uSavksG[k*j ok.kh nso.k esa ?k.kk pk=x vj iafMr fljkse.kh dfo gkA #de.kh jkS dkxn gkFk esa ys;*j ckap.kykX;k rn m.kkajh vka[;ka eka; vklqvka jh >M+h ykxxhA fØlu jh euksnlk jkS oj.ku dfo b.k HkkUr djÓkSgS&

vk.kan y[k.k jksekafpr vkalw]

okpu xnxn daB u o.kbA

dkxn dfj nh?kM+ d#.kkdfj]

frf.k frf.k fgt czkã.k r.kbAA

b.k HkkUr vuks[kh vikj mfDr;ka jkS dkO; ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* uSa iFohjkt dkO; :i deBk.kjS dhjr :i dkaxjk jS dGh djok; gtkjka dohljka jS eq[kka lwa HkyS :i lwa foM+nok;] fØlu #de.kh jhefgek uSa ?kj&?kj iwxkbZ gSA

nle Hkkxor jk nwgk

vkS iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jkS nwtkS xzaFk gSA b.kjS eka; 184 nwgk gSA b.kjkS fo"k; Ñ".k&HkfDr gSA b.kjh Hkk"kk?k.kh izkS<+ vj ifjekftZr gSA 'kkUr&jl jh vk vsd vuwBh jpuk gSA

n'kjFkjkomr

b.kjS eka; Hkxoku Jh jkepUnzth jh Lrqfr vj xq.kkuqokn jk lksjBk ¼nwgk½ gSA vka lksjBka jh la[;k 50gSA dha lksjBk vBS mn~/kr gS&

lqUnj ';ke 'kjhj] vEc dkS'kY;k vkax.kSaA

ok/k.k ykxkS ohj] fnu fnu n'kjFkjkomrAA

f'kyk ijfl ix ';ke] vt vk.kan?k.k Å?kjhA

fj"k xksreph oke] nSrk n'kjFkjkomrAA

fly Å/kjrh lkfj] ukBkS >boj uko ySA

efgek py.k eqjkfj] ns[kS n'kjFkjkomrAA

ekgjh csM+h ek¡fg] gfj t f'kykokGh gqbZA

dqVqEc {kq/kk nqf[k dkfg] nk[kkS n'kjFkjkomrAA

vkb;ks efgek vk.k] rkgfj j?kqdqG dk frydA

iksr Fk;ks ik[kk.k] nh[kS n'kjFkjkomrAA

dfj vEcgfj djkfx] ?kj jko.k Hkhrj ?kVkA

f[kaoh rqEgk¡ jh [kkx] nkfe.kh n'kjFkjkomrAA

izHkq rkbZ fFk;k izohr] tkb lejfi;k la[k/kjA

xkg] dfor] NUn xhr] nwgk n'kjFkjkomrAA

clnsjkomr

b.k iksFkh jS eka; Hkxoku JhÑ".k jkS xq.kkuqokn gSA b.kjS eka; lksjBka ¼nwgka½ jh la[;k 165 gSA iFohjktlxGk nsorkoka jh HkfDr djrk Fkdka Hkh Ñ".k&HkfDr uSa ?k.kkS eku fn;kSA xzaFk eka; JhÑ".k&HkfDr lwa tqM+hmfDr;ka Hkjh iM+h gSA tFkk&

j Fk c f. k; kS i a[ kj ko] okeS v ax j k/kk o. khA

195

chp rkgjks c.kko] cf.k;kS clnsjkomrAA

vk.kUn ?k.k mj vk.k] vk.kUn vk.kfUn;k ughaA

rS nh[kS nhok.k] foy[kk clnsjkomrAA

tfi;kS T;ka txnh'k] txnhlj tfi;kS ughaA

cf/k;k ?kfV;k chl] fclok clnsjkomrAA

Jh oj lwa fcu lk¡p] tsgks ef.k ekuo tueA

ds'ko fFk;ks lq dk¡p] foulS clnsjkomrA

Egkjh FkbZ eqjkjh] xksfoUn rw¡ ykxh xq.kkaA

lqfd;kjFkh l¡lkj] ok.kh clnsjkomrAA

uk;d tx rqo uke] fy[kehoj fFk;k ykxrk¡A

lqtq QGnk;d ';ke] ok;d clnsjkomrAA

iwt rEgh.kka ikx] djrka lq.krka dhjruA

ykxh ys[kS ykx] csGk clnsjkomrAA

xksfoUn fcu rqo xkFk] tkfg tds txnh'k ojA

fu'kk ljh[kk ukFk] cklj clnsjkomrA

fdfj dwfV;S dikG] =hde rw¡ fo[kek¡ r.kk¡A

?kM+h ?kM+h ?kfM+;kG] cktS clnsjkomrAA

tki rEgh.kka tst] ijes'kj djrka iM+hA

rS HkkatS rks Hkkat] csFkh clnsjkomrAA

vorfj;ks vorkj] rks esV.k Hkxrka r.kksA

Hkxor VkG.k Hkkj] clq/kk clnsjkomrAA

ekgo rSa eq[k ek¡g] tuuh nk[kfo;k txr~A

dUg Hk[k.k er dkg] C;ktS clnsjkomrAA

vFk xaxkLrqfr

xaxkLrqfr eka; yxSVxS 80 lksjBk ¼nwgk½ gS] ft.kjS eka; xaxkth jh efgek jkS c[kk.k djÓkS x;kS gSAvS ?k.kk txpkok fo/kk jS;k gSA b.k fol; lwa tqfM+;k eksdGk xzaFk fMaxG vj fgUnh eka; Hkh feyS] i.k iFohjktjh vk jpuk vi.kS vki esa vsd bZt gSA b.kjh ckauxh b.k HkkUr gS&

dk;k ykxkS dkB] fldGhxj lq/kjS ughaA

fujey gqoS fujkV] HksaVÓka lw¡ HkkxhjFkhAA

eksM+ks vk;kS ekr] rSa csxkS gh rkfj;ksA

ifM+;ks jglw¡ ik¡;] HkkBkS gq; HkkxhjFkhAA

tc] fry ftrjkS gsd] gsd d.kwdkS gkM+ jksA

eqok¡ iNS gh ek;] HksGS xr HkkxhjFkhAA

iqfG;S ex iqfG;kg] gqoS njl vnjl gqokA

tG iSBka tfG;kg] eank Øe HkkxhjFkhAA

196

gfj xaxk gsdkj] dgs tdS eat.k djSA

HkwaMk¡ gh Øe Hkkj] Hko u gqoS HkkxhjFkhAA

dh;k iki tdsg] tue tue esa twtqokA

rSa Hkk¡ft;k rGsg] HksGk gh HkkxhjFkhAA

lqjlfj nhiS lkr] uo[kaMS pgoS fuxeA

rw¡ ekuhtS ekr] HkouS gh HkkxhjFkhAA

nsoh rw¡ nsosg] tuuh dfj lkjh txfrA

ekuh ekufo;sg] HkexSgh HkkxhjFkhAA

lqjlfj ok¡NS Jso] Fkkgjs rV dhVfg Fk;ksA

nsou ok¡Nw nsfo] Hkwifr gq; HkkxhjFkhAA

fur fur uoka¡ uok¡] eat.k djrk¡ ekuO;k¡A

Hko VkfG;S Hkok¡g] Hko dhtS HkkxhjFkhAA

rw> flukuk¡ rks;] ekrk ák¡ ykHkb eqxfrA

gfj vf/kdkjh gks;] rb Hktrk¡ HkkxhjFkhAA

vfu rhjFks v?kkr] vfu nsors u vkfi;bA

ekr eqxfr fryekr] rks Hkk;S HkkxhjFkhAA

ykxh lk¡dG Gks;] NwVS Nk¡V rqgk;GhA

r.kh djEek rks;] HkksGs gh HkkxhjFkhAA

b.kh rjS iFohjkt jkS vsd HkfDrjl lwa ljkcksj fMaxG in Hkh ns[k.k&lq.k.k esa vkoS] ft.kjhckauxh b.k HkkUr gS&

gfj tse gykM+ks fte gkyhtS] dk¡; /kf.k;k¡ lwa tksj ÑikyA

ekSGh fnoks fnoks N= ekFkS] nsoks lks ysÅ¡ l n;kyAA

jhl djks HkkoS jfG;kor] xt HkkoS [kj pk<+ xqykeA

ekgjS lnk rkgjh ekgo] jt+k ltk flj Åij jkeAA

ew> mesn cM+h egeSag.k] flU/kqj ik"kS dse ljSA

phrkjks [kj lhl fp= nS] fdlw¡ iqrfG;k¡ ik¡.k djSA

rw Lokeh iFkqjkt rkgjks] cfG chtk¡ dks djS foykxA

:M+ks ftdks izrki jkoGks] HkwaMks ftdks geh.kks HkkxAA

vdcj lwa fojks/k dj.kS vj egkjk.kk lwa i{kikr dj.kS jkS laokn tn iFohjkt jh tksM+k;r pEikns uSafefy;kS rn m.kuSa ?k.kh fpUrk gqbZA pEikns vkS nwgkS fy[k*j iFohjkt duS HksT;kS&

ifr ftn dh ir'kkg lwa] ;gS lq.kh eSa vktA

dg¡ ikry vdcj dgk¡] dfj;ks cMks vdktAA

rn iFohjkt b.k nwgS jkS mFkGkS dfoÙk jS :i eka; fy[k*j HksT;kS&

tc rs lqus gS cSu] rc rs u eksdkS pSuAA

197

ikrh if<+ usd lks fcyEc u yxkosxksAA

ySds tenwr ls leRFk jktiwr vktA

vkxjs esa vkBksa;ke Å/ke epkosxksAA

dgS iFkhjkt fiz;k usdq mj /khj /kjksA

fpjthoh jkuk lks eysPNu HkxkosxksAA

eu dks ejí ekuh] izcy izrkiflagA

cCcj T;ksa rM+i] vdCcj iS vkosxksAA

b.kh HkkUr ohjoj dYyk jk;eyksr vj vkijk HkkbZ jkeflag jh ohjrk lk: Hkh vki xhr fyf[k;kAohjoj dY;k.kflag jk;eyksr jktLFkku jk txpkok {kf=; ohj gq;k gSA vdcj jk fojks/kh gkso.kS jS dkj.k vSvkijS jkT; lwa fuokZflr gks;X;k gk vj izrki jh rjS vdcj jkS lkeukS dj.kS jh R;kjh dj jS;k gkA vdcjjh ywaBh lsuk lwa tqèk djrka Fkdka vS dke vk;kA iFohjkt eqtc&

cy p<+ cksfy;ks ir'kkg cnh rksA

eaMksoj #[k ek.k enhrksA

tks teokj yxs tl thrksA

dyks Hkyks jtiwr dgh rksAA

iqfy;k ny ik/kj ir'kkghA

fl/k ufj;.k lw¡ chM+ks 'kkghA

cfd;k cS.k frdk fuckZghA

xq<+ lqfe;k.k dyk fiM+xkghAA

iFohjkt jS HkfDrdkO; jS lkxS ohj jlkRed QqVdj xhr] nwgk vj dfoÙk Hkh jktLFkku eka; ?k.kkpkok jS;k gSA vkijh vS NksVh jpukoka vkijS tqx jh vuqHkwfr uSa izR;{k djS gS vj b.kjS eka; vdcj jS vkradlwa dqGcqGkorh fgUnw turk jh njn Hkjh iqdkj lkQ rkSj lwa lq.khtS gSA b.kjS eka; vlk/kkj.k cG] izpaM izokgvj vn~Hkqr rst gS vj vsd [kkl izdkj jkS O;aX; Hkh gS] ftdkS eje ekFkS pksV dj.kS jS lkxS gh lxGk uSalko/kku djS vj psrkoSA iFohjkt jh dsbZ dforkoka jh ckuX;ka b.k nhB lwa egrkÅ gS&

xr izHkk fFk;kS lfl j;f.k xGrh] oj eUnk lb onu ofjA

nhid ijtGrkS b u nhiS] uk lQfje lw jrfu ukfjAA

esyh rfn lk/k lqje.k dksd efu] je.k dksdefu lk/kz jghA

Qwys NaMh okl izQwys] xzg.ks lhrGrk b xzghAA

/kqfu mBh vukgr la[k Hksfj /kqfu] v#.kksn; fFk;kS tksx vH;klA

ek;k iVy fulkeS eatS] izk.kk;es T;ksfr izdklAA

la;ksfx.kh phj jbZ dSjo Jh] ?kj gV rkG Hkej xks/kks[kA

fn.k;j Åfx ,rjk nh/kk] eksf[k;k¡ ca/k caf/k;k¡ eks[kAA

okf.ktk o/kw xks okN vlb foV] pksj pdo foiz rhjFk osGA

lwj izxfV ,ryk lefi;k] fefG;k¡ fojg fojfg;k¡ esGAA

tn&tn dksbZ ohjksfpr deZ gqorkS rks m.klwa lclwa cslh jkth vj gj[k eukof.k;k egkjkt iFohjktjkBkSM+ gkA [kqn ijol gk i.k [kqn c[kr&c[kr ekFkS jktLFkku jk fljekSj] [;kruke ohj] LokfHkekuh] jktiwr

198

ljnkjka vj jktkoka uSa fcM+nko.k okGk gkA m.kka jS [kkrj ^lk[k jk xhr* fyf[k;kA vka ^lk[k jk xhr* eka;lwa vsd pkokS xhr egkjk.kk izrki jS vnE; lkgl] /keZozr] {kk=/keZizfr"Bk vj vykSfdd vkstrk] rstfLorkjh fcM+n esa fyf[k;k gS] tdk b.k HkkUr gS&

uj rsFk fuek.kk fuyth ukjh vdcj xkgd cV vcVA

pkSgVs fr.k tk;j phrksM+ks] csps fde jtiwr cVAA

jkstk;rk¡ r.kSa uojkstS] tsFk eqlk.kk t.kks t.kA

fgUnwukFk fnyhps gkVs] irks u [kjpS {k=h i.kAA

ijiap ykt nhB ug O;ki.k] [kksVks ykHk vykHk [kjksA

jt cspok u vkoS jk.kks] gkVs ehj gehj gjksAA

is[ks vki r.kk¡ iq#"kksÙke] jg vf.k;ky r.kSa cy jk.kA

[k= csfp;k vusd [kf=;k¡] [k=oV fFkj jk[kh [kwek.kAA

tklh gkV ckr jglh tx] vdcj Bx tklh ,dkjA

jg jkf[k;kS [k=h /kze jk.kaS] lkjkys cjrks lalkjAA

b.k rjS jktLFkku jk HkDrdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ dsbZ nwgk] NIi;] lksjBk] xhr vkn NUn fyf[k;kAvS lxGk m.k cxr jk dfo;ka eka; ?k.kk pkok jS;kA i.k m.kesa Hkh dsbZ NUn blk Hkh gk ft.kjk vusdkusdikBkUrj feyS gS] ft.klwa vkS irkS ykx.kkS ?k.kkS nks*jkS gks; tkoS dS dfo jh izkekf.kd Ñfr dSM+h gS ;k fdlkNUn dfo&dfYir gSA i.k b.kjS vykok Hkh vk ckr dS; ldka dS egkjkt iFohjkt vkijh ys[kuh lwa ohjkaeka; vkstrk gh uha Hkjh] cfYd vke turk eka; Hkxrh jk Hkko Hkh txk;kA vkijh ys[kuh vkiuSa gh uha] cfYdiwjS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uSa vej c.kk; fn;kSA

14-4 dkO;&dyk

egkjkt iFohjkt vkijS dkO; jS eka; ?k.kS truka lwa ux&uxhuk tM+*j ltk;kS&laokfj;kS gSA pk;Sm.kjh Hkk"kk gqoS ;k jl] NUn&fo/kku gqoS ;k vyadkj&;kstuk] gjsd eka; vki ikafMR; izLrqr dj.kS esa dksbZdlj ckdh uha jk[kh gSA vkijkS fMaxG jS lkxS laLÑr] czt vj nwth Hkk"kk ekFkS leku vf/kdkj gksA vkijhlcn&;kstuk vSM+h gh dS lcnkoGh rks vkijh thHk ekFkS vB[ksfy;ka&lh djrh y[kkoSA dfo vkijS dkO;eka; laLÑr jS rRle lcnka jkS p;u vj iz;ksx ?k.kh ekfeZdrk lkxS dfj;kS gSA lkxS bZdkO; eka; ek/kq;Z]izlkn vj vkst vkfn dkO;&xq.kka jkS lekosl Hkh ?k.kh prjrk lwa dfj;kS gSA

vki fMaxG dkO;'kkL= eqtc fu;ekuqlkj oS.k&lxkbZ vyadkj jkS iz;ksx dj.k esa dksbZ deh dksuhjk[khA BkSM+&BkSM+ ekFkS oR;kuqizkl] Nsdkuqizkl] ykVkuqizkl] iqu#fDr izdkl vj ;ed jh NVk fc[ksjh gSA b.kjS lkxS bZ mRizs{kk] :id vj miek jkS Hkh ?k.kkS gh iz;ksx djÓkS gSA

egkjkt iFohjkt Nank jkS iz;ksx Hkh ?k.kh lkopsrh lwa dfj;kS gS] ft.kesa nwgk] lksjBk] NIi;] dfoÙk]xhr] NksVk lka.kkSj] lk[k jk xhr vkn NUn jktLFkku jk dfo;ka eka; ?k.kk pkok jS;k gSA vkijh oj.ku&lSyhbrjh etcwr gS dS dkO; uSa i<rh csGk jktLFkku jh èkjrh jkS fp=ke vka[;ka lkaeh Nk; tkoSA dfo vkijSlcnka jh rwfydk lwa izÑfr jkS tdkS fp= [khaP;kS gS] m.kjh ckauxh ns[k.ktksx gSA tFkk&

dkGh dfj dk¡BfG ÅtG dksj.k] /kkjs Jko.k /kjgfj;kA

xfG pkfy;k fnlkfnfl tGxzHk] FkafHk u fojgf.k u;.k fFk;kAA

brjkS QwBjkS] LokHkkfod vj lqjE; izÑfr&fp=.k lk;n gh dksbZ nwtk dfo;ka dfj;kS gkslhA b.kjSeka; dfo jh Hkko&rYyhurk] fp=dkj jkS fp= dkS'ky vj oSKkfud jh lw{e nhB jk njl.k gqoSA

199

okLro esa egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ [kqn ohj gk] iqf"VekxhZ; Hkxr gk vj ljl Hkkoka lwa Hkfj;ksM+k gkAb.k dkj.k vkijS dkO; eka; vS lxGk xq.k ?k.kS QwBjkiS vj dykRedrk lwa xzafFkr dfj;k gSA izÑfr&fp=.kdj.k esa vkiuSa egkjr gkfly gq;ksM+kS gksA pk;S e#èkjk eka; yw jh izpaMrk gqoS] pkoS fl;kGS jh MkaQj] fcj[kkjh fjef>e ;k clar jh lkt&lTtk] dfo b.kka jk ?k.kh dq'kyrk lwa lcn&fp= [khaP;k gSA osfy* jS eka; ft.kHkkUr dfo izÑfr jkS lw{erk lwa oj.ku djÓkS gS b.kjS ckjS esa MkW- Hkwifrjke lkdfj;k dSoS] ^bl izdkj osfydkjus osfy esa viuh lw{e i;Zos{k.k 'kfDr] izfrHkk] Kku ckgqY; rFkk ljl ij lpksV vfHkO;atuk ds ekè;e lsizÑfr&fp=.k ds :i esa ,d ,slh fpj vkuUne;h oLrq iznku dh gS] ftldh lkuh lkfgfR;d lalkj esa nqyZHkgSA viuh bl fop{k.krk vkSj fonX/krk ds dkj.k osfy u dsoy bl ns'k ds lEeku dk dsUnz jgh] vfirqfons'kh fo}ku Hkh bldh ljlrk ij eqXèk gq, fcuk ugha jg ldsA**

14-5 bdkbZ jks lkj

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jkS e/;dky Lo.kZtqx jS ukao lwa Hkh vksG[khtSA b.kjkS vjFk vkS gS dS b.k dky eka;HkfDr&lkfgR;] lar&lkfgR;] ohj&lkfgR;] uhfr&lkfgR; vj ykSfdd lkfgR; [wkc fy[khT;kSA b.k tqx eka;HkfDr jkS cksyckykS ?k.kkS jS;kS gSA b.k tqx jk fljekSj dfo ?k.kdjk HkDrdfo bZ gkA ehjkackbZ] lk;kath >wyk]bZljnkl vj iFohjkt jkBkSM+ b.k tqx jk ?k.kk pkok dfo gkA b.k tqx jk dfo jkT;kJ; jS ca/ku lwa eqxrgks;*j dkO; jkS fljt.k djÓkSA vka uSa uha rks nke lwa dksbZ erGc gks vj uha gh uke lwaA vS rks Qxr vkijhHkfDr &ijd dkO;&lk/kuk eka; yhu gks;*j dke dfj;kSA

HkDrdfo;ka jh b.k vksG eka; iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jkS ukao fljekSj gS] tdk chdkusj jk egkjktk jk;fla?kjk vuqt vj vdcj jS njckj jk vsd jru gkA vdcj jS njckj esa jSorka Fkdka Hkh vki b.k /kjrh vj jk/kf.k;ka [kkrj vikj gsr uSa dnS Hkh de dksuh gkso.k fn;kSA ohj] /khj vj LokfHkekuh O;fDrRo jk /k.kh iFohjktjkBkSM+ vsd HkDrdfo jS :i esa ?k.kk pkok gq;kA vkijh iksFkh ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* vk[kS txr esa ?k.khpkoh gq;*j ljkbZthA ohj gksorka Fkdka Hkh vki vsd HkDr jkS fgjnkS ik;kSA vkiuSa osnO;kl jkS vorkj Hkh dS;kSx;kS gSA nqjlk vk<+k rks iFohjkt uSa fcM+nkorka Fkdka osfy uS ikapokS osn vj mp.khlokS iqjk.k fy[;kS gS&

#de.kh xq.k y[k.k :i xq.k jpo.k]

osfy rkfl dqa.k djS c[kka.kA

ikapekSa osn Hkkf[k;kS ihFkG]

iqf.k;kS mx.khlekSa iqjk.kAA

b.k rjS egkjkt iFohjkt lqjlr jk lqr] lkfgR;&lk/kd vj bZLk&vkjk/kd gkA

14-6 vH;kl jk izLu

cMk loky

1- ^HkDrdfo gqo.k jS lkxS iFohjkt jkBkSM+ ohj] tks/kk] Lons'kizseh vj fnO; nhBokGk gkA** b.k dFku jh iqf"VdjkSA

2- iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jS dkO;&dkS'ky uSa mtkxj djrk Fkdka ^fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* jh fo'ks"krkoka crkokSA

3- fØlu #de.kh jh osfy* jkS laf{kIr ifjpS nsorka Fkdka egkdfo iFohjkt jh nwth jpukoka ij izdk'k MkykSA

4- egkdfo iFohjkt jkBkSM+ jS O;fDrRo vj drZRo uSa vkijS lcnka esa mtkxj djkSA


1 laik- vkuUn izdk'k nhf{kr & osfy fØlu :de.kh jh

2 vxj pUn ukgVk & izkphu dkO; :iksa dh ijEijk

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