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Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko

bdkbZpkj

vkt oS'ohdj.k osQ bl ;qx esa tgk¡ HkkSxksfyd ifjlhek,¡ èkhjs&èkhjsvFkZghu gksrh tk jgh gSa] fodkl'khy fo'o osQ ns'kksa osQ fy, ;gvko';d gS fd os vius iM+kslh ns'kksa }kjk viukbZ tk jgh fodkl dhj.kuhfr;ksa dks le>saA ,slk blfy, Hkh vko';d gS fd os fo'o ck”kkjesa lhfer vkfFkZd fgLlsnkjh djrs gSaA bl bdkbZ esa ge Hkkjr ds fodklvuqHkoksa dh rqyuk blosQ nks egÙoiw.kZ vkSj fu.kkZ;d iM+ksfl;ksa&ikfdLrku vkSj phu ls djsaxsA

10

bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus osQ ckn vki

• Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa] phu vkSj ikfdLrku osQ vkfFkZd ,oa ekuo fodkl osQlwpdksa dh rqyukRed ço`fÙk;ksa dks le> losaQxs_

• fodkl dh orZeku voLFkk rd igq¡pus gsrq bu ns'kksa }kjk viukbZ xbZ mu uhfr;ksa dkewY;kadu dj losaQxs] ftUgsa bu ns'kksa us fodkl dh orZeku fLFkfr rd igq¡pus osQ fy,viuk;k gSA

Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRedfodkl vuqHko

188 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

10-1 ifjp;

fiNyh bdkb;ksa esa geus Hkkjr osQ vusdfodkl vuqHkoksa dk foLrkj ls vè;;u fd;kgSA geus ;g Hkh vè;;u fd;k Fkk fd Hkkjrus fdl çdkj dh uhfr;k¡ viukbZ vkSj muosQfofHkUu {ks=kdksa ij fdl çdkj osQ çHkko iM+sAfiNys yxHkx nks n'kdksa ls oS'ohdj.k usfo'o osQ çk;% lHkh ns'kksa esa uohu vkfFkZdifjorZu gq, gSaA bu ifjorZuks a osQ oqQNvYidkfyd] rks oqQN nh?kZdkfyd çHkko HkhgSaA Hkkjr Hkh buls vNwrk ugha jgk gSA 'khr;q¼osQ ckn ls fo'o osQ lHkh jk"Vª viuh ?kjsywvFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy, vusdmik; viukrs jgs gaSA blh mís'; ls os vusdçdkj osQ {ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od lewgksa dk fuekZ.kdjrs jgs gaS tSls fd lkdZ] ;wjksfi;u la?k]vkfl;ku] th&8] th&20 vkfnA blosQvfrfjDr] fofHkUu jk"Vª bl ckr osQ fy,mRlqd jgs gSa fd os vius iM+kslh jk"Vªksa }kjkviukbZ xbZ fodklkRed çfØ;kvksa dks le>usdh dksf'k'k djasA blls mUgsa vius iM+kslh ns'kksadh 'kfDr;ksa ,oa detksfj;ksa dks csgrj <ax lsle>us esa enn feysxhA oS'ohdj.k dh çfØ;kosQ nkSjku bls fo'ks"k :i ls fodkl'khy ns'kksaosQ fy, vko';d le>k x;k] D;ksafd osvis{kkÑr lhfer LFkku esa u osQoy fodflrns'kksa }kjk çfrLièkkZ dk lkeuk dj jgs Fks]cfYd vkilh çfrLièkkZ dk HkhA

blosQ vfrfjDr] vius iM+kslh ns'kksa dh vU;vkfFkZd O;oLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh Hkh vko';dFkh] D;ksafd {ks=k dh lHkh eq[; lkekU; vkfFkZdxfrfofèk;k¡ ,d lgHkkxh okrkoj.k esa ekuofodkl ls lacafèkr FkhaA

bl vè;k; esa ge Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ nkscM+s iM+kslh jk"Vªksa& ikfdLrku vkSj phu }kjkviukbZ xbZ fodklkRed uhfr;ksa dh rqyukdjsaxsA ijarq ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd HkkSfrdlkèku laiUurk lacaèkh lekurkvksa osQ ckotwnfo'o osQ lcls cM+s yksdra=k vkSj 50 ls Hkhvfèkd o"kks± ls èkeZfujis{krk vkSj vfr mnkjlafoèkku osQ çfr çfrc¼ jgs Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd'kfDr O;oLFkk vkSj ikfdLrku dh lRrkoknh,oa lSU;oknh jktuhfd 'kfDr lajpuk ;k phudh funsZf'kr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ chp dksbZ lekurkugha gSA phu us rks gky gh esa mnkjoknh O;oLFkkdh fn'kk esa vxzlj gksuk çkjaHk fd;k gSA

10-2 fodkl iFk% ,d fp=kkaduD;k vki ;g tkurs gSa fd Hkkjr] ikfdLrkuvkSj phu dh fodklkRed uhfr;ksa esa vusdlekurk,¡ gSaA rhuksa jk"Vªksa us fodkl iFk ij ,dgh le; pyuk çkjaHk fd;k gSA

Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku 1947 esa Lora=k gq,tcfd phu x.kjkT; dh LFkkiuk 1949 esa gqbZAml le; iafMr tokgjyky usg: us vius

Hkwxksy us gesa iM+kslh] bfrgkl us fe=k] vFkZ'kkL=k us Hkkxhnkj rFkk vko';drk us lg;ksxh cukfn;k gSA ftUgsa Hkxoku us gh bl çdkj tksM+k gS] mUgsa bUlku dSls vyx dj ik,!

&tkWu ,iQ- dSusMh

189Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko

Hkk"k.k esa dgk Fkk ^^;|fi Hkkjr vkSj phu osQchp fopkjèkkjk esa cgqr Hksn gS] ysfdu u,vkSj Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ,f'k;k dh uohu HkkoukvkSj ubZ 'kfDr osQ çrhd gSa tks ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksaesa lkdkj :i xzg.k dj jgs gSaA**

rhuksa ns'kksa us ,d gh çdkj ls viuh fodkluhfr;k¡ rS;kj djuk 'kq: fd;k FkkA Hkkjr us1951&56 esa çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kkdh vkSj ikfdLrku us 1956 esa viuh çFkeiapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh] ftlseè;dkfyd ;kstuk Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA phu us1953 esa viuh çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh?kks"k.kk dhA 1998 rd ikfdLrku dh vkBiapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa us dke fd;k tcfd phudh nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh vofèk 2001&06gSA Hkkjr dh orZeku ;kstuk nloha iapo"khZ;;kstuk (2002&07) ij vkèkkfjr gSA HkkjrvkSj ikfdLrku us leku uhfr;k¡ viukb± tSls]ogr~ lkoZtfud {ks=kd dk ltu vkSj lkekftdfodkl ij lkoZtfud O;;A 1980 osQ n'kdrd rhuksa ns'kksa dh lao`f¼ nj vkSj çfrO;fDrvk; leku FkhA ,d nwljs dh rqyuk esa vktmudh fLFkfr D;k gS\ bl ç'u dk mÙkj nsus lsigys vkb,] ge phu vkSj ikfdLrku dh fodkluhfr;ksa osQ ,sfrgkfld iFk dh tkudkjh ysaAfiNyh rhu bdkb;ksa dk vè;;u djus osQ cknge vc ;g tkurs gaS fd Hkkjr Lora=krk çkfIrosQ le; ls dkSu&lh uhfr;k¡ viukrk jgk gSA

phu% ,d nyh; 'kklu osQ varxZr phux.kjkT; dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn vFkZO;oLFkk lHkhegRoiw.kZ {ks=kdksa] m|eksa rFkk Hkwfe] ftudkLokfeRo vkSj lapkyu O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k

tkrk Fkk] dks ljdkjh fu;=ka.k esa yk;k x;kA1998 esa ^xzsV yhi iQkWjoMZ* vfHk;ku 'kq:fd;k x;k Fkk ftldk mís'; cM+s iSekus ijns'k dk vkS|ksxhdj.k djuk FkkA yksxkas dksvius ?kj osQ fiNokM+s esa m|ksx yxkus osQfy, çksRlkfgr fd;k x;kA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esadE;wu çkjaHk fd;s x;sA dE;wu i¼fr osQvarxZr yksx lkewfgd :i ls [ksrh djrs FksA1958 es 26]000 ^dE;wu* Fks ftuesa çk;%leLr Ñ"kd 'kkfey FksA

th-,y-,iQ- vfHk;ku esa vusd leL;k,¡vk;hA Hk;adj lw[ks us phu esa rckgh epk nhftlesa yxHkx 30 fefy;u yksx ekjs x;sA tc:l vkSj phu osQ chp la?k"kZ gqvk] rc :lus vius fo'ks"kKksa dks okil cqyk fy;k] ftUgsavkS|ksxhdhdj.k çfd;k osQ nkSjku lgk;rk djusosQ fy, phu Hkstk x;k FkkA 1965 esa ekvks usegku loZgkjk lkaLÑfrd Økafr dk vkjaHkfd;k (1966&76)A Nk=kksa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dksxzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dke djus vkSj vè;;u djusosQ fy, Hkstk x;kA

laçfr phu esa tks rst vkS|ksfxd lao`f¼ gksjgh gS] mldh tM+sa1978 esa ykxw fd;s x;slqèkkjksa esa [kkstk tk ldrk gSA phu esa lqèkkjpj.kksa esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA çkjafHkd pj.k esaÑf"k] fons'kh O;kikj rFkk fuos'k {ks=kdksa esalqèkkj fd;s x;sA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Ñf"k]{ks=kd esa dE;wu Hkwfe dks NksVs&NksVs Hkw[kaMksaesa ck¡V fn;k x;k ftUgsa vyx&vyx ifjokjksadks vkoafVr fd;k x;k (ç;ksx osQ fy;s ufd LokfeRo osQ fy,)A os çdfYir dj nsusosQ ckn Hkwfe ls gksus okyh leLr vk; dks


vius ikl j[k ldrs FksAckn osQ pj.k esa vkS|ksfxd{ks=k esa lqèkkj vkjaHk fd;sx;sA lkekU;] uxjh; rFkkxzkeh.k m|eksa dh futh{ks=kd dh mu iQeks± dksoLrq,¡ mRikfnr djus dhvuqefr Fkh] tks LFkkuh;yksxksa osQ LokfeRo vkSjlapkyu osQ vèkhu FksA blvoLFkk esa m|eksa dks ftuij ljdkj dk LokfeRoFkk] (ftUgsa jkT; osQ m|e,l-vks-bZ- osQ uke ls tkuktkrk gS) vkSj ftUgsa geHkkjr esa lkoZtfud {ks=kd osQ m|e dgrs gaS]mudks çfrLièkkZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA lqèkkjçfØ;k esa nksgjh dher fuèkkZj.k i¼fr ykxwFkhA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd dher dk fuèkkZj.knks çdkj ls fd;k tkrk FkkA fdlkuksa vkSjvkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkhfd os ljdkj }kjk fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ dherksa osQvkèkkj ij vkxrksa ,oa fuxZrkas dh fuèkkZfjrek=kk,¡ [kjhnasxs vkSj cspasxs vkSj 'ks"k oLrq,¡cktkj dherksa ij [kjhnh vkSj csph tkrh FkhaAxr o"kksZa osQ nkSjku mRiknu esa of¼ osQ lkFk&lkFkcktkj esa csph vkSj [kjhnh xbZ oLrqvksa ;kvkxrkas osQ vuqikr esa Hkh o`f¼ gqbZA fons'khfuos'kdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus osQ fy, fo'ks"kvkfFkZd {ks=k LFkkfir fd;s x;sA

ikfdLrku% }kjk viuk;h xbZ fofHkUu vkfFkZduhfr;ksa ij fopkj djrs gq, vki ;g ns[kasxs

fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp vusdlekurk,¡ gaSA ikfdLrku esa lkoZtfud rFkkfuth {ks=kdksa osQ lg&vfLrRo okyh fefJrvFkZO;oLFkk ekWMy dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrkgSA 1950 vkSj 1960 osQ n'kdksa osQ var esaikfdLrku osQ vusd çdkj dh fu;af=kr uhfr;ksadk çk:i ykxw fd;k x;k (vk;kr çfrLFkkiuvkS|ksxhdj.k osQ fy,)A mDr uhfr esa miHkksDrkoLrqvksa osQ fofuekZ.k osQ fy, ç'kqYd laj{k.kdjuk rFkk çfrLièkhZ vk;krksa ij çR;{k vk;krfu;a=k.k djuk 'kkfey FkkA gfjr Økafr osQ vkusls ;a=khdj.k dk ;qx 'kq: gqvk vkSj pqfuank{ks=kksa dh vkèkkfjd lajpuk esa ljdkjh fuos'k esaof¼ gqbZ] ftlosQ iQyLo:i [kk|kUuksa osQ mRiknuesa Hkh varrksxRok o`f¼ gqbZA blosQ dkj.k Ñf"kHkwfe lacaèkh lajpuk esa Hkh ukVdh; <ax lsifjorZu gqvkA 1970 osQ n'kd esa iw¡thxr

fp=k 10-1 ck?kk ckWMZj osQoy i;ZVu LFky gh ugha cfYd Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ chpO;kikj osQ fy, Hkh bldk ç;ksx gks jgk gS


oLrqvksa osQ m|ksxksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k gqvkA mlosQckn] ikfdLrku us 1970 vkSj 1980 osQ n'kdksaosQ var esa viuh uhfr ml le; cny nh] tcv&jk"Vªh;dj.k ij tksj fn;k tk jgk Fkk vkSjfuth {ks=kd dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tk jgk FkkA blvofèk osQ nkSjku ikfdLrku dks if'peh jk"Vªkas lsHkh foÙkh; lgk;rk çkIr gqbZ vkSj eè;&iwoZns'kksa dks tkus okys çokfl;ksa ls fujarj iSlkfeykA blls ns'k dh vkfFkZd laof¼ dks çksRlkgufeykA rRdkyhu ljdkj us futh {ks=kd dksvkSj Hkh çksRlkgu çnku fd;sA bu lc osQdkj.k u;s fuos'kksa osQ fy, vuqdwy okrkoj.kcukA 1988 esa ns'k esa lqèkkj 'kq: fd, x,Aphu vkSj ikfdLrku dh fodkl uhfr;ksa dhlaf{kIr :ijs[kk dk vè;;u djus osQ ckn]vkb, vc ge Hkkjr] phu vkSj ikfdLrku osQoqQN fodkl laosQrdksa dh rqyuk djsaA

10-3 tukafddh; laosQrd;fn ge fo'o dh tula[;k ij fopkj djsa rksik;saxs fd bl fo'o esa jgus okys çR;sd N%O;fDr;ksa esa ls ,d O;fDr Hkkjrh; gS vkSj

lkj.kh 10-1

oqQN pqus gq, tukafddh; laosQrd 2000&01

ns'k vuqekfur tula[;k dh tula[;k dk fyax çtuu uxjhdj.ktula[;k okf"kZd lao`f¼ ?kuRo (çfr vuqikr nj(fefy;u esa) 1990&03 oxZ fd- eh-)

Hkkjr 1103-6 1-7 358 933 3-0 27-8

phu 1303-7 1-0 138 937(*) 1-8 36-1

ikfdLrku 162-4 2-5 193 922 5-1 33-4

fVIi.kh% bu v¡kdM+kas esa gk¡xdk¡x] edkvks vkSj rkboku çkarkas osQ v¡kdM+s 'kkfey ugha gSaA

nwljk phuhA ge Hkkjr esa oqQN tukafddh;laosQrdkas dh rqyuk djsaxsA ikfdLrku dhtula[;k cgqr de gS vkSj og phu ;k Hkkjrdh tula[;k dk yxHkx nlok¡ Hkkx gSA

;|fi bu rhuksa esa phu lcls cM+k jk"Vª gSrFkkfi bldk tula[;k dk ?kuRo lcls degS vkSj HkkSxksfyd :i ls bldk {ks=k lclscM+k gSA lkj.kh 10-1 esa ;g Hkh fn[kk;k x;kgS fd ikfdLrku esa tula[;k dh o`f¼ lclsvfèkd gS] mlosQ ckn Hkkjr vkSj phu dkLFkku gSA fo}kuksa dk er gS fd phu esatula[;k dh de o`f¼ dk eq[; dkj.k ;gFkk fd 1970 osQ n'kd osQ var esa phu esaosQoy ,d larku uhfr ykxw dh xbZ FkhAmudk ;g Hkh dguk gS fd blosQ dkj.kfyaxkuqikr (çR;sd ,d gtkj iq#"kksa esa efgykvksadk vuqikr) esa fxjkoV vkbZA ijarq lkj.kh lsvkidks irk pysxk fd rhuksa ns'kksa esa fyaxkuqikrefgykvksa osQ i{k esa de Fkk vkSj iwokZxzg ls;qDr FkkA vktdy rhuksa ns'k fLFkfr dks lqèkkjusosQ fy, fofHkUu mik; dj jgs gSaA ,d&larkuuhfr vkSj mls ykxw fd;s tkus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i


tula[;k of¼ Fkeus osQ vU;çHkko Hkh FksA mnkgj.k osQfy,] oqQN n'kdksa osQ cknphu esa o;kso¼ yksxkas dhtula[;k dk vuqikr ;qokyksxkas dh vis{kk vfèkd gksxkAblosQ dkj.k] oqQN dkexkjksadks lkekftd lqj{kk mik;miyCèk djkus osQ gsrq dnemBkus osQ fy, phu dks ckè;gksuk iM+sxkA

phu esa çtuu nj Hkh cgqrde gS vkSj ikfdLrku esa cgqrvfèkdA ikfdLrku vkSj phunksuksa esa uxjhdj.k vfèkd gSAHkkjr esa uxjh; {ks=kksa esa 28çfr'kr yksx jgrs gaSA

10-4 ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ,oa {ks=kd

phu osQ ckjs esa fo'o esa cgqpfpZr ,d eqíkmlosQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f¼ gSA phudk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn 7-2 Vªhfy;u fo'o esanwljs LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr dk l-?k- mRikn 3-3

lkj.kh 10-2

ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa lao`f¼ (%)

ns'k 1980&90 1990&2002@3

Hkkjr 5-7 5-8

phu 10-3 9-7

ikfdLrku 6-3 3-6

(LosQy osQ vuqlkj ugha)fp=k 10-2 Hkkjr] phu rFkk ikfdLrku esa Hkwfe&ç;ksx rFkk Ñf"k

D;k Hkkjr tula[;k fLFkjhdj.k lacaèkh mik; dj jgk gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks C;kSjk ,d=k dhft, vkSjd{kk esa ppkZ dhft, A vki uhoure vkfFkZd losZ{k.k LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kky; dhokf"kZd fjiksVkZsa ;k osclkbVksa (http://mohfw.nic.in) dk lanHkZ ns ldrs gSaAfo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr] phu ,oa ikfdLrku lfgr vusd fodk'klhy ns'kksa esa iq=k dksojh;rk nsuk ,d lkekU; ckr gSA D;k vki bl ckr dks vius ifjokj ;k iM+ksl esa ns[krs gSa\ yksxyM+osQ vkSj yM+fd;ksa esa HksnHkko D;ksa djrs gSa\ vki bl ckjs eas D;k lksprs gaS\ d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A

bUgas dhft,


Vªhfy;u rFkk ikfdLrku dk th-Mh-ih- HkkjrosQ th-Mh-ih- osQ yxHkx 10 çfr'kr gSA

tc vusd fodflr ns'k 5 çfr'kr rddh lao`f¼ nj cuk;s j[kus esa dfBukbZ eglwldj jgs Fks rc phu ,d ,slk ns'k Fkk tks nksn'kdkas ls Hkh vfèkd yxHkx bldh nksxquhlao`f¼ cuk;s j[kus esa leFkZ FkkA tSlk fdlkj.kh 10-2 esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

;g Hkh nsf[k, fd 1980 osQ n'kd esaikfdLrku Hkkjr ls vkxs FkkA phu dh lao`f¼nksgjs vadkas esa Fkh vkSj Hkkjr lcls uhps FkkA1990 osQ n'kd esa Hkkjr vkSj phu dh lao`f¼njksa esa ekewyh fxjkoV vkbZ] tcfd ikfdLrkuesa 3-6 çfr'kr dh vR;fèkd fxjkoV vkbZA

oqQN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd ikfdLrkueas 1988 eas çkjaHk dh xbZ lqèkkjçfØ;k RkFkk jktuhfrd vfLFkjrkbl ço`fÙk dk eq[; dkj.k FkkAge vxys vuqPNsn esa blosQ ckjsesa vkSj vfèkd vè;;u djsaxs] fdfdl {ks=kd us bu ço`fÙk;ksa esa;ksxnku fn;k gSA

lcls igys ;g ns[kas fd fofHkUu{ks=kdksa eas fu;qDr yksx ldy ?kjsywmRikn esa ;ksxnku dSls djrs gSaAfiNys [kaM esa crk;k x;k Fkk fdphu vkSj ikfdLrku esa Hkkjr dhvis{kk uxj esa jgus okys yksxksa dkvuqikr vfèkd gSA phu es aLFkykÑfr rFkk tyok;q n'kkvksa osQdkj.k Ñf"k osQ fy, mi;qDr {ks=kvis{kkÑr de vFkkZr~ oqQy Hkwfe

{ks=k dk yxHkx nl çfr'kr gSA phu esa oqQyÑf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k dh 40çfr'kr gSA 1980 osQ n'kd rd phu es 80çfr'kr ls Hkh vfèkd yksx thfodk osQ ,dek=klkèku osQ :i esa Ñf"k ij fuHkZj FksA ml le;ls ljdkj us yksxkas dks Ñf"k dk;Z R;kxus vkSjgLrf'kYi] okf.kT; rFkk ifjogu tSlh xfrfofèk;k¡viukus osQ fy, çsfjr fd;kA 2000 esa 54çfr'kr Jfedksa osQ lkFk Ñf"k us phu esa ldymRikn esa 15 çfr'kr esa ;ksxnku fn;k (nsf[k,lkj.kh 10-3)A

Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa esa th-Mh-ih osQfy, Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku cjkcj vFkkZr~ 23 çfr'krFkkA ijarq bl {ks=kd eas Jfedksa dk vuqikr

(LosQy osQ vuqlkj ugha)fp=k 10-3 Hkkjr] phu ,oa ikfdLrku esa m|ksxA

caxyksj


Hkkjr esa vfèkd gSA ikfdLrku esa YkxHkx 49çfr'kr yksx Ñf"k dk;Z djrs gS_ tcfdHkkjr esa 60 çfr'kr mRiknu rFkk jkstxkj esa{ks=kdokj fgLlsnkjh Hkh ;g n'kkZrh gS fdrhuksa vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa m|ksx rFkk lsok {ks=kdksaeas Jfedksa dk vuqikr de gSA ijarq mRiknudh n`f"V ls mudk ;ksxnku vfèkd gSA phuesa fofuekZ.k ls th-Mh-ih- esa lcls vfèkdvFkkZr 53 çfr'kr ;ksxnku gksrk gS tcfdHkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa osQoy lsok {ks=kd}kjk gh lcls vfèkd ;ksxnku vFkkZr 50çfr'kr ls vfèkd gksrk gSA

fodkl dh lkekU; çfd;k osQ nkSjku buns'kksa us lcls igys jkstxkj vkSj Ñf"k mRiknuls lacafèkr viuh uhfr;ksa dks cnydj mUgsafofuekZ.k vkSj mlosQ ckn lsokvksa dh vksjifjofrZr dj fn;kA ,slk gh phu esa gks jgk gStSlk dh lkj.kh 10-4 esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSAHkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa fofuekZ.k esa yxsJecy dk vuqikr cgqr de vFkkZr Øe'k%16 çfr'kr vkSj 18 çfr'kr FkkA th-Mh-ih- easm|ksxksa dk ;ksxnku Ñf"k osQ mRiknu osQ cjkcj

;k FkksM+k vfèkd FkkA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esalhèks lsok {ks=kd ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA blçdkj Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa esa lsok{ks=kd fodkl osQ fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVdosQ :i esa mHkj dj vk jgk gSA ;g th-Mh-ih-esa vfèkd ;ksxnku dj jgk gS vkSj lkFk gh;g laHkkfor fu;ksDrk cu jgk gSA 1980 osQn'kd esa Jfedksa osQ vuqikr ij fopkj djrsgSa rks ;g ikrs gSa fd ikfdLrku] Hkkjr vkSjphu osQ vis{kk lsok {ks=kd esa vius Jfedksadks rsth ls Hkst jgk gSA 1980 osQ n'kd esaHkkjr] phu rFkk ikfdLrku esa lsok {ks=kd esa

lkj.kh 10-3

jkstxkj ,oa th-Mh-ih- dh {ks=kd fgLlsnkjh (%)

{ks=kd {ks=kdksa esa ;skxnku (2003) Jecy dk forj.kHkkjr phu ikfdLrku Hkkjr phu ikfdLrku

(2000) (1997) (2000)

Ñf"k 23 15 23 60 54 49

m|ksx 26 53 23 16 27 18

lsok 51 32 54 24 19 37

;ksx 100 100 100 100 100 100

D;k le>rs gSa fd phu dh Hkk¡fr Hkkjr vkSjikfdLrku dks Hkh fofuekZ.k {ks=kd ij è;kuosaQfær djuk pkfg,A D;ksa\ vusd fo}kuksa dk rdZ gS fd lsok {ks=kd dkslao`f¼ dk batu ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg,]tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa mRiknu esao`f¼ eq[;r% blh {ks=kd esa gqbZ gSA vkidkD;k fopkj gS\

bUgsa dhft,


Øe'k% 17] 12] vkSj 27 çfr'kr Jecydk;Zjr FkkA o"kZ 2000 esa ;g c<+dj 24]19] vkSj 37 çfr'kr gks x;k gSAfiNys nks n'kdksa esa rhuksa gh ns'kksa esa Ñf"k{ks=kd] ftlesa mDr rhuksa ns'kksa osQ Jecy dklcls cM+k vuqikr dk;Zjr Fkk] dh lao`f¼ esadeh vkbZ gSA phu esa rks f}vadh; lao`f¼ njcuh jgh] ¯drq Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa blesa

fxjkoV vkbZ gSA Hkkjr esa 1990 osQ n'kd osQnkSjku lsok {ks=kd esa lao`f¼ nj c<+h gS]tcfd phu vkSj ikfdLrku dh bl {ks=kd esalao`f¼ de gks xbZ gSA bl çdkj] phu dhvkfFkZd lao`f¼ dk eq[; vkèkkj fofuekZ.k{ks=kd gS vkSj Hkkjr dh lao`f¼ lsok {ks=kd lsgqbZ gSA ikfdLrku esa bl vofèk esa rhuksa gh{ks=kdksa esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA

lkj.kh 10-5pqfuank ekuo fodkl laosQrkad] 2003

en Hkkjr phu ikfdLrku

ekuo fodkl lwpd (eku) 0-602 0-755 0-527

in 127 85 135

tUe osQ le; thou çR;k'kk (o"kksZa esa) 63-3 71-6 63-0

izkS<+ lkj{kjrk njsa (15 o"kZ vkSj vfèkd vk;q) 61-0 90-9 48-7

çfrO;fDr th-Mh-ih- (ih-ih-ih- vesfjdh MkWyj) 2]892 5]003 2]097

fuèkZurk js[kk ls uhps yksx 34-7 16-6 13-4

f'k'kq e`R;q nj 63 30 81

ekr`Ro e`R;qnj 540 56 500

mÙke LoPNrk rd èkkj.kh; igq¡p okyh tula[;k(%) 30 44 54mÙke ty lzks=kksa rd èkkj.kh; igq¡p okyh tula[;k (%) 86 77 90

vYi&iksf"kr tula[;k (oqQy dk %) 21 11 20

lzksr% ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ] 2005

lkj.kh 10-4fofHkUu {ks=kdkas esa mRiknu lao`f¼ dh ço`fÙk;k¡ (1980&2003)

ns'k 1980&90 1990&2002@03

Ñf"k m|ksx lsok Ñf"k m|ksx lsok

Hkkjr 3-1 7-4 6-9 2-7 6-6 7-9

phu 5-9 10-8 13-5 3-9 11-8 8-8

ikfdLrku 4 7-7 6-8 3-7 3-9 4-3


10-5 ekuo fodkl osQ laosQrd

vkius fupyh d{kkvksa esa ekuo fodkl osQlaosQrdkas osQ egRo vkSj vusd fodflr vkSjfodkl'khy ns'kksa dh fLFkfr osQ fo"k; esa i<+kgksxkA vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd Hkkjr] phu vkSjikfdLrku us ekuo fodkl osQ pqfuank laosQrdkasesa dSlk fu"iknu gqvk gS (lkj.kh 10-5 ns[ksa)A

;fn lkj.kh 10-5 esa fn;s x;s lwpdksa dhrqyuk djas rks gesa irk pysxk fd phu HkkjrrFkk ikfdLrku ls vkxs gSA ;g ckr vusdlaosQrdksa osQ fo"k; esa lgh gS tSls] vk;laosQrd vFkkZr çfrO;fDr th-Mh-ih vFkokfuèkZurk js[kk ls uhps dh tula[;k dk vuqikrvFkok LokLF; laosQrdksa tSls fd e`R;q nj]LoPNrk] lk{kjrk rd igq¡p] thou çR;k'kkvFkok oqQiks"k.kA ikfdLrku fuèkZurk js[kk osQuhps osQ yksxksa dk vuqikr de djus esa Hkkjrls vkxs gSA f'k{kk] LoPNrk vkSj ty rdigq¡p osQ ekeyksa esa bldk fu"iknu Hkkjr lscsgrj gSA ¯drq ;s nksuksa ns'k efgykvksa dksekr`e`R;q ls cpk ikus esa vliQy jgs gSaA phuesa çfr ,d yk[k tUe ij osQoy 50 efgykvksadh e`R;q gksrh gS] tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrkuesa ;g la[;k 500 ls Åij gSA vk'p;Z dhckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku mÙkety lzksr miyCèk djkus esa phu ls vkxs gSaAvki ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd ,d MkWyj çfrfnu dhvarjkZ"Vªh; fuèkZurk nj osQ uhps osQ yksxksa dkvuqikr ikfdLrku vkSj phu nksuksa esa leku gStcfd Hkkjr esa ;g vuqikr buls nqxquk gSALo;a Kkr dhft;s fd ;g varj D;ksa gS\

ijarq] ,sls ç'uksa ij fopkj djus vFkokfu.kZ; ysrs le; gesa ekuoh; fodkl laosQrdkasosQ foosdiw.kZ ç;ksx ls lacafèkr ,d leL;kij è;ku nsuk gksxkA ,slk blfy, gksrk gSD;ksafd ;s lHkh laosQrd vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSa]ijarq i;kZIr ugha gaSA

buosQ lkFk gh Lora=krk laosQrdksa dh Hkhvko';drk gSA ^lkekftd o jktuhfrdfu.kZ;&çfØ;k esa yksdrkaf=kd Hkkxhnkjh* dh lhekosQ laosQrd dks blosQ eki osQ :i esa tksM+ fn;kx;k gS] ijarq bls fdlh vfrfjDr ekuoh;fodkl lwpd dh jpuk esa egRo ugha fn;kx;k gSA ,sls oqQN Li"V Lora=krk laosQrd buesavHkh rd ugha tksM+s x;s gSa tSls] ukxfjdvfèkdkjksa dh laoSèkkfud laj{k.k dh lhek]U;k;ikfydk dh Lor=krk osQ fy, laoSèkkfudlaj{k.k dh lhek ;k U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krkdks lja{k.k nsus dh laoSèkkfud lhek rFkkfofèk&lEer 'kklu vHkh rd ykxw ugha fd;kx;k gSA bUgsa vkSj oqQN mik;ksa dks lwph esa'kkfey fd;s fcuk rFkk bUgsa egRo fn;s fcuk]ekuo fodkl lwpd dk fuekZ.k vèkwjk jgsxkrFkk bldh mikns;rk Hkh lhfer gksxhA

10-6 fodkl uhfr;k¡% ,d ewY;kadulkekU;r;k ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd fdlh ns'kdh fodkl uhfr;ksa dks vius ns'k osQ fodklosQ fy, ekxZn'kZu ,oa lh[k osQ :i esa xzg.kfd;k tkrk gSA fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esalqèkkj dk;ZØeksa osQ ykxw gksus osQ i'pkr] ,slkfo'ks"k :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vius iM+kslh


ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd liQyrkvksa ls oqQN lh[kxzg.k djus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd gemudh liQyrkvksa rFkk foiQyrkvksa osQ ewydkj.kksa dks le>saA ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd gemudh j.kuhfr;ksa osQ fofHkUu pj.kksasa osQ chpvarj vkSj foHksn djsaA fofHkUu ns'k viuhfodkl çfØ;k vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls iwjkdjrs gSaA vkb,] lqèkkj dk;ZØeksa osQ vkjaHk dksge lanHkZ ¯cnq osQ :i esa ysaA ge tkurs gaS fdlqèkkj dk;ZØe dk vkjaHk phu esa 1978 esa]ikfdLrku esa 1988 esa vkSj Hkkjr esa 1991 esagqvkA vkb,] lqèkkj iwoZ vkSj lqèkkj i'pkr~vofèk esa mudh miyfCèk;ksa vkSj foiQyrkvksadk laf{kIr ewY;kadu djsaA

phu us lajpukRed lqèkkjksa dks 1978 esaD;ksaa çkjaHk fd;k\ phu dks bUgsa çkjaHk djus osQfy, fo'o cSad vkSj vrajkZ"Vªh; eqækdks"k dhdksbZ ckè;rk ugha Fkh tSlh fd Hkkjr vkSjikfdLrku dks FkhA phu osQ rRdkyhu u;s usrkekvksoknh 'kklu osQ nkSjku phu dh èkhehvkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj ns'k esa vkèkqfudhdj.k osQvHkko dks ysdj larq"V ugha FksA mUgksaus eglwlfd;k fd foosaQnzhdj.k] vkRefuHkZjrk] fons'kçkS|ksfxdh vkSj mRiknksa rFkk iwath osQ cfg"dkjij vkèkkfjr vkfFkZd fodkl ekvksoknh nf"Vdks.kls foiQy jgk gSA O;kid Hkwfe lqèkkjks a]lkeqnkf;dhdj.k vkSj xzsV yhi iQkWjoMZ rFkkvU; igyksa osQ ckn Hkh 1978 esa çfrO;fDrvUu mRiknu mruk gh Fkk] ftruk 1950 osQn'kd osQ eè; esa FkkA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fdf'k{kk vkSj LokLF; osQ {ks=kksa esa vkèkkfjd lajpukdh LFkkiuk fd;s tkus osQ iQyLo:i Hkwfe

lqèkkjksa] nh?kZdkfyd foosaQæhÑr ;kstukvksa vkSjy?kq m|ksxksa ls lqèkkjksÙkj vofèk esa lkekftdvkSj vk; laosQrdksa esa fuf'pr :i ls lqèkkjgqvk FkkA lqèkkjksa osQ çkjaHk gksus ls iwoZ xzkeh.k{ks=kksa esa cqfu;knh LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa dk cM+sO;kid Lrj ij çlkj gks pqdk FkkA dE;wuO;oLFkk osQ dkj.k [kk|kUuksa dk vfèkd lerkiw.kZforj.k FkkA fo'ks"kK ;g Hkh dgrs gaS fdçR;sd lqèkkj osQ igys NksVs Lrj ij ykxw fd;kx;k vkSj ckn esa mls O;kid iSekus ij ykxwfd;k x;kA foosaQæhÑr 'kklu osQ ç;ksx osQvkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd ykxrksa dhliQyrk ;k foiQyrk dk vkdyu fd;k tkldkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc NksVs&NksVs Hkw[kaMÑf"k osQ fy, O;fDr;ksa dks fn, x, rks cgqrcM+h la[;k esa yksx le`¼ cu x;sA blosQiQyLo:i] xzkeh.k m|ksxksa osQ viwoZ fodkldh fLFkfr cuh vkSj vkxs vkSj lqèkkjksa osQ fy;setcwr vkèkkj cuk;k x;kA fo}ku ,sls vusdmnkgj.k nsrs gSa fd phu esa lqèkkjksa osQ dkj.kfdl çdkj rhoz lao`f¼ gqbZA

fo}ku rdZ nsrs gSa fd lqèkkj çfØ;k lsikfdLrku esa rks lHkh vkfFkZd laosQrdksa esasfxjkoV vk;h gSA geus fiNys [kaM esa ns[kk gSfd ogk¡ 1980 dks n'kd dh rqyuk esa th-Mh-ih- vkSj {ks=kd ?kVdksa dh lao`f¼ nj 1990osQ n'kd esa de gks xbZ gSA ;|fi ikfdLrkuosQ varjkZ"Vªh; xjhch js[kk ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+scgqr ldkjkRed jgs gSa] ijarq ikfdLrku osQljdkjh vk¡dM+ksa dk ç;ksx djus okys ;glaosQr nsrs gSa fd ogk¡ fuèkZurk c<+ jgh gSA1960 osQ n'kd esa fuèkZuksa dk vuqikr 40


çfr'kr Fkk] tks 1980 osQ n'kd esa fxj dj25 çfr'kr gks x;k vkSj 1990 osQ n'kd esaiqu% c<+us yxkA fo}kuksa us ikfdLrku dhvFkZO;oLFkk esa laof¼ nj dh deh vkSj fuèkZurkosQ iqu% vkfoHkkZo osQ ;s dkj.k crk;s%&(d)Ñf"k lao`f¼ vkSj [kk| iwfrZ] rduhdh ifjorZulaLFkkxr çfØ;k ij vkèkkfjr u gksdj vPNhiQly ij vkèkkfjr FkkA tc iQly vPNhgksrh Fkh rks vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh Bhd jgrh Fkh

vkSj iQly vPNh ugha gksrh Fkh rks vkfFkZdlaosQrd udkjkRed ço`fr;k¡ n'kkZrs FksA ([k)vkidks è;ku gksxk fd Hkkjr dks vius Hkqxrkularqyu ladV dks Bhd djus osQ fy;s varjkZ"Vªh;eqæk dks"k vkSj fo'o cSad ls mèkkj ysuk iM+kFkkA fons'kh eqæk çR;sd ns'k osQ fy, ,dvfuok;Z ?kVd gS vkSj ;g tkuuk vko';d gSfd bls dSls vftZr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZns'k vius fofufeZr mRiknksa osQ èkkj.kh; fu;kZr

bUgsa dhft,

oqQN le; ls ;g ns[kk tk jgk gSfd Hkkjr esa lLrs phuh lkeku dkvpkud vackj yx x;k gS] ftlosQfofuekZ.k {ks=kd ij dbZ çHkko gSage Lo;a Hkh vius iM+kslh jk"Vªkas lsO;kikj ugha djrs gSaA fuEu lkj.khdks ns[ksaA blesa Hkkjr ls ikfdLrkuvkSj phu dks fd;s x;s fu;kZrksa vkSjvk;krksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA viusifj.kkeksa dk fuoZpu dhft, vkSjd{kk esa ml ij ppkZ dhft,Alekpkj i=kksa] osclkbVksa rFkk lekpkj lqudj] vius iM+kslh jk"Vªksa osQ lkFk O;kikj esa 'kkfey oLrqvksavkSj lsokvksa dk fooj.k ,d=k dhft,A Hkkjr osQ vrajk"Vªh; O;kikj ls lacafèkr tkudkjh çkIrdjus osQ fy, vki bl osclkbV ij ykWx dj ldrs gaS% http://dgft.delhi.nic.in.

ns'k fu;kZr vk;kr

2003&2004 2004&2005 lao`f¼ nj 2003&2004 2004&2005 lao`f¼ nj (%) (%)

ikfdLrku 1320 2270 72 265 430 60

phu 13600 20600 52 18600 30300 60


}kjk fons'kh eqæk dekus esas leFkZ gS] rks mlsdksbZ fpark djus dh t:jr ugha gSA ikfdLrkuesa vfèkdka'k fons'kh eqæk eè;iwoZ esa dkedjus okys ikfdLrkuh Jfedksa dh vk; çs"k.krFkk vfr vfLFkj Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ fu;kZrkas lsçkIr gksrh gSA ,d vksj fons'kh ½.kksa ijfuHkZj jgus dh ço`fr c<+ jgh Fkh] rks nwljhvksj iqjkus ½.kksa dks pqdkus esa dfBukbZ c<+rhtk jgh FkhA

¯drq tSlk fd ^ikfdLrku ljdkj dk ,dfu"iknu o"kZ] 2004&05* esa dgk x;k gS fdikfdLrku dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa yxkrkj rhu o"kks±(2002&05) osQ nkSjku th-Mh-ih- yxHkx 8çfr'kr dh okf"kZd nj ls c<+h gSA Ñf"k]fofuekZ.k rFkk lsok bu rhuksa {ks=kdkas dk bllao`f¼ esa ;ksxnku gSA blosQ lkFk&lkFk Å¡pheqækLiQhfr njsa vkSj rhoz futhdj.k osQ dkj.k]ljdkj mu fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vfèkd [kpZ djjgh gS tks fuèkZurk dks de dj ldrs gSaA

10-7 fu"d"kZvius iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ fodkl vuqHkoksa ls gesaD;k lh[k feyrh gS\ Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSjphu dh ik¡p n'kdksa ls Hkh vfèkd yachfodkl ;k=kk jgh gS vkSj mudks vyx&vyxifj.kke çkIr gq, gSaA 1970 osQ n'kd osQmÙkjk¼Z esa rhuksa dk gh fodkl Lrj fuEu FkkAfiNys rhu n'kdksa esa bu rhuksa ns'kksa dk fodklLrj vyx&vyx jgk gSA yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksalfgr Hkkjr dk fu"iknu lkèkkj.k jgk gSAvfèkdrj yksx vkt Hkh Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gaSAHkkjr osQ vusd Hkkxksa esa vkèkkfjd lajpuk dkvHkko gSA Hkkjr esa fuèkZurk js[kk ls uhps jgus

okys ,d pkSFkkbZ ls Hkh vfèkd tula[;k dkjgu&lgu osQ Lrj dks Åij mBkus dhvko';drk gSA fo}kuksa dk er gS fd jktuSfrdvfLFkjrk] çs"k.kksa vkSj fons'kh lgk;rk ijvR;fèkd fuHkZjrk vkSj Ñf"k {ks=kd dk vfLFkjfu"iknu ikfdLrku dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fxjkoVosQ dkj.k gS aA oqQN le; ls ikfdLrkuth-Mh-ih- lao`f¼ dh mPpnj dk;e j[krsgq,] fLFkfr esa lqèkkj djus dh vk'kk dj jgkgSA o"kZ 2005 osQ fouk'kdkjh Hkwdai] ftlesa75]000 yksxksa dh tkusa xb± vkSj laifÙk dkHkkjh uqdlku gqvk] osQ >VosQ ls mcjuk Hkhvkt ikfdLrku osQ lkeus ,d cM+h pqukSrhgSA phu esa jktuhfrd Lora=krk dk vHkkorFkk ekuo vfèkdkjksa ij mlosQ fugrkFkZ fparkosQ ewy fo"k; gaSA fiQj Hkh] vafre rhun'kdksa esa ls blus viuh jktuhfrd çfrc¼rkdks [kks;s fcuk] cktkj O;oLFkk dk ç;ksxfd;k rFkk fuèkZurk fuokj.k osQ lkFk&lkFklao`f¼ osQ Lrj dks c<+kus esa liQy jgk gSAvki ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrkuesa tgk¡ lkoZtfud {ks=kd osQ miØeksa osQfuthdj.k dk ç;kl gks jgk gS] ogk¡ phu uscktkj O;oLFkk dk mi;k sx vfrfjDrlkekftd&vkfFkZd lqvoljksa osQ ltZu osQ fy,fd;k gSA lkeqnkf;d Hkw&LokfeRo dks dk;ej[krs gq, vkSj yksxksa dks Hkwfe ij Ñf"k dhvuqefr nsdj phu us xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lkekftdlqj{kk lqfuf'pr dj nh gSA phu esa lqèkkjksa lsiwoZ gh lkekftd vkèkkfjd lajpuk miyCèkdjkus esa ljdkjh gLr{ksi }kjk ekuo fodkllaosQrdksa esa ldkjkRed ifj.kke gq, gaSA


iqujkorZu

1 oS'ohdj.k dh çfØ;k vkjaHk gksus osQ ckn ls fodkl'khy ns'k vius vkl&ikl osQ ns'kksa dh

fodkl çfØ;kvksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks le>us osQ fy, mRlqd gSaA bldk dkj.k ;gh gS fd mUgsa

vc osQoy fodflr ns'kksa ls gh ugha oju~ vius tSls vusd fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls Hkh] çfrLièkkZ

dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA

2 Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj phu dh HkkSfrd [kk|kUu laiUurkvksa esa rks dkiQh lekurk gS ijarq mudh

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk,¡ fcYoqQy fHkUu gSaA

3 rhuksa gh ns'kksa us iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dks fodkl osQ Lo:i dk vkèkkj cuk;k gS ¯drq mu

;kstukvksa osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, bUgksaus tks lajpuk,¡ cukbZ gSa] os fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA

4 1980 osQ n'kd osQ çkjafHkd o"kksZ rd rhuksa ns'kksa osQ lHkh fodkl laosQrd (vFkkZr~ lao`f¼ nj]

jk"Vªh; vk; esa m|ksxokj ;ksxnku vkfn) leku FksA

5 phu us vkfFkZd lqèkkj 1978 esa çkjaHk fd;s] ikfdLrku us 1988 esa vkSj Hkkjr us 1991 esaA

6 phu us lajpukRed lqèkkjksa dk fu.kZ; Lo;a fy;k Fkk tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dks varjk"Vªh;

laLFkkvksa us ,sls lqèkkj djus osQ fy, ckè; fd;k FkkA

7 bu rhu ns'kksa esa viuk, x, uhfr mik;ksa osQ ifj.kke Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu jgs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] phu

esa osQoy ,d larku uhfr osQ }kjk tula[;k dh o`f¼ #d xbZA fdarq] Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa

bl fn'kk esa vHkh ,slk ifjorZu gksuk ckdh gSA

8 ipkl o"kksZ osQ ;kstukc¼ fodkl osQ ckn Hkh bu ns'kksa dh tula[;k dk ,d cgqr cM+k Hkkx

vHkh rd Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSA Hkkjr esa Ñf"k fuHkZjrk lcls vfèkd gSA

9 phu us ijaijkxr fodkl uhfr dks viuk;k ftlesa Øe'k% Ñf"k ls fofuekZ.k rFkk mlosQ ckn

lsok dh vksj vxzlj gksus dh ço`fr FkhA Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku lhèks Ñf"k ls lsok {ks=kd dh

vksj pys x,A

10 phu esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd esa mPp lao`f¼ nj dk;e jgh gS] tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa dksbZ

ifjorZu ugha gqvk gSA

11 phu vusd ekuo fodkl laosQrdks esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ls vkxs gS] blosQ ckotwn bl çxfr

esa lqèkkj çfØ;k dk dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha Fkk cfYd ml j.kuhfr dk Fkk] ftls phu us lqèkkj osQ

iwoZ vofèk esa viuk;k FkkA

12 fodkl laosQrdksa osQ ewY;kadu osQ fy, Lora=krk&lacaèkh lwpdksa dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kuk gksxkA


1- oqQN {ks=kh; vkSj vkfFkZd lewgksa osQ mnkgj.k nhft,A2- os fofHkUu lkèku dkSu ls gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls ns'k viuh ?kjsyw O;oLFkkvksa dks etcwr cukus

dk ç;Ru dj jgs gSa\3- os leku fodklkRed uhfr;k¡ dkSu&lh gSa ftudk fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku us vius&vius

fodklkRed iFk osQ fy, ikyu fd;k gS\4- 1958 esa çkjaHk dh xbZ phu osQ xzsV yhi iQkWjoMZ vfHk;ku dh O;k[;k dhft,A5- phu dh rhoz vkS|ksfxd lao`f¼ 1978 esa mlosQ lqèkkjksa osQ vkèkkj ij gqbZ FkhA D;k vki bl

dFku ls lger gaS\ Li"V dhft,A6- ikfdLrku }kjk vius vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy, fd, x, fodklkRed igyksa dk mYys[k

dhft,A7- phu esa ^,d larku* uhfr dk egRoiw.kZ fufgrkFkZ D;k gS\8- phu] ikfdLrku vkSj Hkkjr osQ eq[; tukafddh; laosQrdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A9- ekuo fodkl osQ fofHkUu laosQrdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A10- Lora=krk laosQrd dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A Lora=krk laosQrdksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k nhft,A11- mu fofHkUu dkjdksa dk ewY;kadu dhft, ftuosQ vkèkkj ij phu esa vkfFkZd fodkl esa rhoz

o`f¼ (rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl gqvk) gqbZA12- Hkkjr] phu vkSj ikfdLrku dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls lacafèkr fo'ks"krkvksa dks rhu 'kh"kZdksa osQ

varxZr lewfgr dhft,A,d larku dk fu;efuEu çtuu njuxjhdj.k dk mPp LrjfefJr vFkZO;oLFkkvfr mPp çtuu njHkkjh tula[;ktula[;k dk vR;fèkd ?kuRofofuekZ.k {ks=kd osQ dkj.k lao`f¼lsok {ks=kd osQ dkj.k lao`f¼

13- ikfdLrku esa èkheh lao`f¼ rFkk iqu% fuèkZurk osQ dkj.k crkb,A

vH;kl


vfrfjDr xfrfofèk;k¡

1- Hkkjr vkSj phu rFkk Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp Lora=k O;kikj osQ eqn~ns ij d{kk esa ,dokn&fookn vk;ksftr dhft,A

2- vkidks irk gS fd cktkj esa phu esa cuh lLrh oLrq,¡ miyCèk gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]f[kykSus] fctyh dk lkeku] diM+s] cSVjh vkfnA D;k vkiosQ fopkj esa xq.koÙkk vkSj dherdh n`f"V ls bu mRiknksa dh rqyuk Hkkjr esa fufeZr oLrqvksa ls dh tk ldrh gS\ D;k buoLrqvksa ls gekjs ?kjsyw mRikndksa dks [krjk iSnk gks ldrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A

3- D;k vkiosQ fopkj ls tula[;k lao`f¼ dks de djus osQ fy, phu dh rjg Hkkjr Hkh ,dlarku dh uhfr dks ykxw dj ldrk gS\ mu uhfr;ksa ij ,d okn&fookn vk;ksftr dhft,]ftUgsa tula[;k of¼ osQ de djus osQ fy, Hkkjr viuk ldrk gSA

4- phu dh lao`f¼ dk dkj.k eq[;r% fofuekZ.k {ks=kd gS vkSj Hkkjr dh lao`f¼ dk dkj.k lsok{ks=kd gSA ,d pkVZ rS;kj dhft,A mlesa lacafèkr ns'kksa esa fiNys n'kd esa gq, lajpukRedifjorZuksa osQ lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh laxrrk fn[kk,¡A

5- lHkh ekuo fodkl laosQrdksa esa phu dSls vkxs gS\ d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A uohure o"kZ dhekuo fodkl fjiksVZ dk voyksdu djsaaA

14- oqQN fo'ks"k ekuo fodkl laosQrdksa osQ lanHkZ esa Hkkjr] phu vkSj ikfdLrku osQ fodkl dhrqyuk dhft, vkSj mldk oS"kE; crkb,A

15- fiNys nks n'kdksa esa phu vkSj Hkkjr esa ns[kh xbZ laof¼ nj dh çofRr;ksa ij fVIi.kh nhft,A16- fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,%

(d) 1956 esa

dh çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 'kq: gqbZ FkhA(ikfdLrku@phu)

([k) ekr`e`R;q nj

esa vfèkd gSA (phu@ikfdLrku)(x) fuèkZjrk js[kk ls uhps jgus okys yksxkas dk vuqikr

esa vfèkd gSA

(Hkkjr@ikfdLrku)(?k)

esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj 1978 esa 'kq: fd, x, Fks (phu@ikfdLrku)


lanHkZ

iqLrosaQ

thu Mªst ,aM veR;Z lsu (1996)] bafM;k bdksukWfed MsosyiesaV lks'ky vijpqfuVh]vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] fnYyhA

ys[k

vkyksd jk;] n pkbuht bdkWukWfed fejsfdy% yslUl Vw ch yUVZ] bdkWukWfed ,aMikfyfVdy ohdyh] flrEcj 14] 2002A

,l- vdcj tk;nh(1999)] ^^bt ikoVhZ ukm , ijekusaV fiQuksesuu bu ikfdLrku\**bdukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] vDVwcj 9] ih-ih- 2943&2951A

ljdkjh fjiksVZ

áweu fMosyiesaV fjiksVZ 2005] ;wukbVsM us'kal MsosyiesaV çksxzke] vkWDliQkZMZ ;wfuoflZVhçsl] vkWDliQksMZA

ikfdLrku% us'kuy áweu MsosyiesaV fjiksVZ] 2003] ;wukbfVM us'kal MsosyiesaV çksxzke] lsosaQMbaçs'ku 2004A

oYMZ MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ] 2005] n oYMZ cSad] ifCy'M ck; vkWDliQkMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] U;w;kWdZA

yscj ekosZQV baMhosQVlZ] FkMZ ,sfM'ku] baVjus'kuy yscj vkxsZukbts'ku] ftusokA

bdkbz pkj - prashanth ellinancertbooks.prashanthellina.com/class_11.economics... · pkj. vkt...

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