dvaravati and sri vijaya
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Indianized Kingdoms
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Brahmans introduced Indian court customs and
rituals and ensured their proper observance.
They emphasized the divine nature of monarchy
through a variety of rituals, thus enhancing the
power and prestige of monarchs in the eyes of theirsubjects.
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Brahmans promoted state organization on anIndian model and introduced law codes based on
the Laws of Manu and other Indian Dharma- and
Nitishastras
Brahmins helped to introduce Indian-based
alphabets for local scripts, the Ramayana,
Mahabharata, and a variety of works on
mathematics, astrology, medicine, and the arts8
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A wise man, soothsayer, Brahmin, rishi
(translations vary) named Asita or
Kaladevin (depending on the text) make
the prediction that the infant Siddhatthawould become either a world-ruling
monarch (cakkavattin) or a Buddha.
Buddha – lokkuttara – transworldly – teacher of
gods and men
Cakkavattin – lokiya – rules over the “four quarters”
(of the mandala of the world)
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IG' "#((3)K Nandiyamiga Jataka (385) duties of a monarch
almsgiving (daana)
morality (siila)
liberality (pariccaaga) uprightness (ajjava)
gentleness (maddava)
austerity (tapo)
non-anger (akkodha)
non-hurtfulness (avihim.saa)
forbearance (khanti)
10) meekness (avirodhana)
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Asoka (c. 304-232 BCE; reigned268-232 BCE)
Classical model of a Dhammaraja;his legend is significant for SoutheastAsian and Sri Lankan polities, though
he was virtually forgotten in India untilthe 19th century.
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J2$1$2$%, First mentioned in a T’ang dynasty
chronicle
More likely a collection of kingdoms
rather than a single kingdom (see centerson map)
Flourished between 6th and 11th centuries
Spoke a language related to Khmer calledMon
Predominantly Buddhist though Hindu
deities worshipped as well
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The Dharmacakra, Wheel ofDharma, is the most
widespread symbol of theDvaravati kingdom(s). Initially
referring to the first teaching of
the Buddha, it came tosymbolize as well thesovereignty of a Buddhistmonarch, the Dharmaraja, and
the reciprocity of the twowheels of Dharma, the worldly
under the rule of a king and the
supra-worldly under the rule ofa Buddha.
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Wat Kukut, Lamphun Phra Pathom Chedi
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J2$1$2$%, )($%(& F6&&#$)National Museum, Bangkok Wat Na Phra Men, Ayutthaya
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M1$;#,+561, N$1,$%,'+) '7 F'$A$ Under the Bodhi tree Under Mucalinda’s protection
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3(4(+&)> ,+&,4(+'6) $+& *+&,$+Bhanaspati Buddha Twin miracle at Sravasti
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U,P,+4V)I1$2(3)Much of our current knowledge of Sri Vijayacomes from the account of Yijing’s travelsto India and back in the 7th c.
An artist's impression of Yi Jing!" (635∼713), Tang dynasty Buddhist monk.
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S#$,A$ =2$3'D,%()2$1$In the 8th c. CE, the kingdomextended northward to the Kra
Isthmus just north of present-dayChaiya. An inscription (775 CE
records the marriage between the
royal house of Chaiya and theroyal house of Sailendra in Java.
Both areas abound in MahayanaBuddhist sculpture. This upper
torso of Avalokitesvara was foundin Chaiya by Prince Damrong in
1905.
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Avalokitesvara is the
Bodhisattva ofCompassion, and forms
exist wherever Mahayana
Buddhism has spread. InChina, the male image
transformed into thefemale form Guanyin and
returned to modernThailand in that guise.
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Grahi is the ancient name for thepresent site of Chaiya. This
statue, dating from 1291,
combines strong Khmer features
with Sri Vijayan characteristics,especially in the modeling of theface and body. The blending of
features, like in the previousimages of Avalokitesvara,
indicates the continuousmeeting and inter- action of
various cultures and kingdoms
in the region’s history.
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"$% F'1'.$%#$%> S#$,A$This stupa, frequently
restored, dates from the 7th c. CE. The term Boromathat
is a Thai pronunciation of
the Sanskrit parama
( highest ) and dhatu
( element ), in this contextreferring to a relic of the
Buddha. Such stupas wereerected in cities of political
importance.