Durham July 2010

Aquifers know no human boundaries – Aquifers know no human boundaries – just the hydraulic ones…a dilemma for just the hydraulic ones…a dilemma for

hydro diplomacy ?hydro diplomacy ?

Shammy PuriShammy PuriSecretary General, International Association of HydrogeologistsSecretary General, International Association of Hydrogeologists

Chair, IAH TARM CommissionChair, IAH TARM CommissionCo Chair UNESCO-ISARM ProgrammeCo Chair UNESCO-ISARM Programme

Boundaries & Water

Durham July 2010

Solving the dilemma of boundariesSolving the dilemma of boundaries

Is there only one answer to the problem…?

Prisoners

dilemma….

Complex branching passage through which the solver must find a route…..

Durham July 2010

Approach Approach Perceptions about boundares in daily lifePerceptions about boundares in daily life Implicit / explicit – culture, language, customsImplicit / explicit – culture, language, customs In the world of Science – smooth transitions?In the world of Science – smooth transitions? In a ‘globalised world’ of interdependence – food In a ‘globalised world’ of interdependence – food

flowsflows Aquifers and their resourcesAquifers and their resources A “trialogue” - roles, rules, regulations & financeA “trialogue” - roles, rules, regulations & finance Knowledge pyramid - ? Could change the paradigm?Knowledge pyramid - ? Could change the paradigm? REALLY useful boundary… & challengesREALLY useful boundary… & challenges

Durham July 2010

The Dilemma of BoundariesThe Dilemma of Boundaries Water circulates continuously and Water circulates continuously and seamlessly on the Earth, however seamlessly on the Earth, however various research areas were divided various research areas were divided such as oceanography, hydrology, such as oceanography, hydrology, meteorology and glaciologymeteorology and glaciology ..

Water is also separated by numerous human-made boundaries (national borders, vertical administrative systems and so on). When these human created boundaries disrupt natural water circulation, water-related environmental problems can be invoked.

Durham July 2010

Perceptions Perceptions

Explicit boundaries

SEEN Implicit boundaries

- UNSEEN Intuitive

Boundaries – Cultural & customary

Blurred boundaries – adapted boundaries

Study of natural phenomenon

Study of human phenomenon

Multi disciplinarity rules!!.............. Or does it ??

Durham July 2010

Enigma of water in Enigma of water in transboundary contexttransboundary context

WATER ignores political / admin boundariesWATER ignores political / admin boundaries WATER evades institutional classificationWATER evades institutional classification

How many municipal water supply agencies also How many municipal water supply agencies also manage agricultural / industrial demands?manage agricultural / industrial demands?

WATER eludes legislative generalisationsWATER eludes legislative generalisations International Water Law / International Court of International Water Law / International Court of

Justice: limited record in resolving transboundary Justice: limited record in resolving transboundary water issueswater issues

… … but GROUNDWATER, is a hidden resource, consists but GROUNDWATER, is a hidden resource, consists of ca. 90% of all accessible freshwater of ca. 90% of all accessible freshwater and in a transboundary context poses multi dimensional and in a transboundary context poses multi dimensional

facets for analysisfacets for analysis

Durham July 2010

Classification, categorisationClassification, categorisation & conceptualisation & conceptualisation

Durham July 2010

Global freshwater: Global freshwater: in ice caps, rivers & aquifersin ice caps, rivers & aquifers

Durham July 2010

3D bulk flow

Global InventoryGlobal Inventory

Durham July 2010

Ancient historyAncient history

Durham July 2010

Observation point

Durham July 2010

Transboundary flowsTransboundary flows•Disi Programme 1989 – 1995•Exploration drilling 18000m overall•Drilling depths 1600m, several hundred hours of pump testing•Water temp at depth 60oC•Four phases of model development•Supply to Amman by 350km•Production: 80 wells av depth 800m•Resource reliability to 200 years•Shared resource with Saudi Arabia

Is this a local regional or a global concern……….??

What worldwide programme is there to answer.. the IAH &

the IHP..?

Durham July 2010

Transition of IHP’s phases:Transition of IHP’s phases:

1996-2001 IHP-V1996-2001 IHP-VHydrology and Water Resources DevelopmentHydrology and Water Resources Development

in a in a Vulnerable EnvironmentVulnerable Environment

2008-2013 IHP-VII (operational)2008-2013 IHP-VII (operational)Water Dependencies:Water Dependencies:

Systems under StressSystems under Stress and and Societal ResponsesSocietal Responses

1990-1995 IHP IV1990-1995 IHP IVHydrology and Water Resources Sustainable DevelopmentHydrology and Water Resources Sustainable Development

in ain a Changing EnvironmentChanging Environment

2002-2007 IHP-VI2002-2007 IHP-VIWater Interactions:Water Interactions:

Systems at RiskSystems at Risk and and Social ChallengesSocial Challenges

Science to policy in the IHPScience to policy in the IHP

Durham July 2010

THEME V:THEME V:Water EducationWater Education

for Sustainable Developmentfor Sustainable Development

New Initiatives:II, III, IV, VTHEME IV:THEME IV:

Water and Life Support SystemsWater and Life Support Systems

THEME III:THEME III:Ecohydrology for SustainabilityEcohydrology for Sustainability

THEME II:THEME II:Strengthening Water GovernanceStrengthening Water Governance

for Sustainabilityfor Sustainability

THEME 1:THEME 1:Adapting to the Impacts of Global Changes Adapting to the Impacts of Global Changes

in River Basins & Aquifer Systemsin River Basins & Aquifer Systems

Water Dependencies: systems under Water Dependencies: systems under stress & societal responses (stress & societal responses (IHP-VIIIHP-VII))

EducationEducation & C & Capacity Buildingapacity Building

Key Theme:I

HydrologicalHydrologicalResearchResearch

Water ResourcesWater ResourcesMManagementanagement

Shared water resources:

ISARM & PccP

Durham July 2010

ISARM Programme (2000 – 2009): ISARM Programme (2000 – 2009): Multi disciplinary integrated approachMulti disciplinary integrated approach

UN GA Rosolution: Use of Transboundary Aquifers

Sharing countries will work together… to ensure the continued, sound functioning of aquifer systems and will reduce the risks to the integrity of an aquifer system

Inventory process well advanced,70 in Americas, >30 in Africa, 90 in Europe, ?? In Asia

Current focus, till the culmination of the

Programme

Durham July 2010

Global Aquifer distribution…Global Aquifer distribution…

Durham July 2010

Utilisation of Utilisation of aquifer wateraquifer water

Durham July 2010

Where the boundary..?Where the boundary..?

Durham July 2010

Boundaries ??Boundaries ??

Durham July 2010

GlobalisationGlobalisation& Interdependence& Interdependence

Gingerbread biscuits

Chocolate covered biscuits –Small packs

Sweet biscuits

Chocolate covered waffles

Potatoes (fresh, not new)

Fresh boneless chicken

Milk & cream

Import to UK Export from UK

Durham July 2010

Far flung food….Far flung food….

The transboundary flow of water, often groundwater in …. the far flung food

Durham July 2010

Food Food (for us) (for us) grown in grown in foreign lands foreign lands – new paradigm?– new paradigm?

Durham July 2010

Basins & AquifersBasins & Aquifersat risk..at risk..

Durham July 2010

A “trialogue” across boundariesA “trialogue” across boundaries

Physical landscapes

Climate variability & risks

Sustainable Water Resource

Management for ‘Community’ Use

Regulations

Society Economy

Users

, Irri

g In

d IFI’s, GEF ODA

Polit

ical

forc

esSector tenisons

History & culture Poverty alleviation

From the farmer to the

global markets

Durham July 2010

Coordinating.. not ‘controlling’

Durham July 2010

ConstraintsConstraints

Source: Kyle C Robertson (2004)

Obstacles to cooperation –

at the local level and

scaled up to international

relations

Durham July 2010

Almost all countries have Almost all countries have transboundary aquifers…transboundary aquifers…

2. Kupa

3. Kupa

4. Una

5. Cetina

6. Neretva

7. Sava1. Dragonja

30.Pelagonija& 31.Florina

Gevgelija 32.

Sandansky34.

9. Backa & Banat

10. Srem.

12. SW Serbia

11. West Serbia

13.

20. Central Serbia

14.

29.

16. Gaber-Nesla17. Znepole18. Tran

15. Zemen

Dojran.33 35.Gotze

Delchev36.Orvilos

37.Nastan38.Smolyan

39.Rudozem40.Erma Reka

46.Rezovska

45.Malko Tarnovo

41.Svilengrad42.Orestiada

43.Svilengrad44.Topolograd

25. Vjosa

26.Pagoni27.Mourgana

28.

19. East Serbia

8

47.Meric

Middle Sarmatian-Pontian GWB .22

23.Sarmatian & 24.Upper Jurassic-Lower Cret.GWB

21.Upper Pannonian-Lower Pleistocene

2. Kupa

3. Kupa

4. Una

5. Cetina

6. Neretva

7. Sava1. Dragonja

30.Pelagonija& 31.Florina

Gevgelija 32.

Sandansky34.

9. Backa & Banat

10. Srem.

12. SW Serbia

11. West Serbia

13.

20. Central Serbia

14.

29.

16. Gaber-Nesla17. Znepole18. Tran

15. Zemen

Dojran.33 35.Gotze

Delchev36.Orvilos

37.Nastan38.Smolyan

39.Rudozem40.Erma Reka

46.Rezovska

45.Malko Tarnovo

41.Svilengrad42.Orestiada

43.Svilengrad44.Topolograd

25. Vjosa

26.Pagoni27.Mourgana

28.

19. East Serbia

8

47.Meric

Middle Sarmatian-Pontian GWB .22

23.Sarmatian & 24.Upper Jurassic-Lower Cret.GWB

21.Upper Pannonian-Lower Pleistocene

Durham July 2010

Typologies for boundariesTypologies for boundaries

Ground Water Table

Imper

mea

ble Lay

erAquifer

Impermeable Layer

STATE ASTATE B

Border River

Model #1

Ground Water Table

Imper

mea

ble Lay

er

Aquifer

Impermeable Layer

Model #2

STATE A

STATE BTrans-B

order

River

Ground Water Table

Imper

mea

ble Lay

erAquifer

Impermeable Layer

Model #3

STATE B

"Domestic" River

STATE A

STATE ASTATE B

Ground Water Table

Aquifer

Impermeable Rock Formations

Model #4

Ground

Water

Table

Model #5

STATE ASTATE B

Line of Confinement

Impermeable LayerConfined Aquifer

Impermeable Layer

Impermeable Layer

Confined AquiferImpermeable Layer

RECHARGEZONE

Durham July 2010

Knowledge pyramidKnowledge pyramid

Country inventories of aquifers that extend across national boundaries

Joint multiple country identifications of shared aquifers

Sub regional initiatives & collaboration eg Americas, SADC, SE Europe & others

Global synthesis: WHYMAP

International Instruments: ILC Articles

How do we

transpose the

Articles into

national &

regional

polices??

Durham July 2010

Which boundaries areWhich boundaries are REALLY useful? REALLY useful?

How to incorporate this to ensure that land owners get the benefit

Durham July 2010

ISARMISARM & ‘boundaries’ & ‘boundaries’

Boundaries are seen & unseen….Boundaries are seen & unseen…. The science community seem to communicate The science community seem to communicate

across boundaries: both of seen & unseenacross boundaries: both of seen & unseen Cross Community Collaboration requires Cross Community Collaboration requires

patience and perceptiveness [CCC – PP]patience and perceptiveness [CCC – PP] A globalised world will disregard boundaries – A globalised world will disregard boundaries –

flow of capital transcends boundariesflow of capital transcends boundaries A globalised world insists on boundaries for self A globalised world insists on boundaries for self

preservationpreservation

Durham July 2010

ChallengesChallenges

Common pool resources: …..put into practice the Common pool resources: …..put into practice the lessons of historylessons of history

Conceptualization of the ‘local’ to ‘global’ Conceptualization of the ‘local’ to ‘global’ mantramantra into into some meaningful & effective actions & instrumentssome meaningful & effective actions & instruments

Blurring – inter digitating and inter twining the unseen Blurring – inter digitating and inter twining the unseen and the intuitive boundaries/barriersand the intuitive boundaries/barriers

Converging the ‘globalisation’ of the world with Converging the ‘globalisation’ of the world with ensuring planetary sustainability ensuring planetary sustainability

Durham July 2010

A global summitA global summit

Durham July 2010

Thanks you for your attention !Questions? Contact: ShammyPuri@aol.comwww.unesco.org/water/isarm www.iah.org/isarm

The valley of Susamyr in Tien Shan

mountanis…