drink driving in china: results from research in two cities...

Drink driving in China: Results from research in two cities

中国俩城市酒后驾驶的研究结果George Keqin Jia 贾克勤

Dr. Mark King 马可• 金博士 Dr. Judy Fleiter 朱迪• 福雷特博士 Emeritus Prof. Mary Sheehan 名誉教授玛丽• 希恩Prof. Wenjun Ma （ China ）马文军教授（中国）Dr. Jing Lei （ China ）雷静主任（中国）Dr. Jianzhen Zhang 张建珍博士

TRB January 2015

Acknowledgements

• CARRS-Q, QUT. – CARRS-Q’s Vision is for a safer world in which injury-related harm is uncommon

and unacceptable.– CARRS-Q’s Mission is to make an international impact on transport,

occupational and community safety by conducting high-quality research, education and advocacy.

• All the participants for the project• Partner organizations

– Guangdong Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

– Yinchuan City CDC• Funding supporting

– Australian Postgraduate Award– 2012 Prime Minster’s Australia Asia Endeavour Awards

Overview

• Road safety situation in China • Drinking and driving in China• Study design, methods and results• Conclusions and Recommendations

China Road Crash Situation

• China: – had 2-3% of all vehicles in the world in 2010– but accounted for 20% of global traffic deaths

in the same year (Sun, Ban, & Bai, 2013)

• Drink driving a key factor• Two legal blood alcohol concentration limits

– Drink driving = 20mg-80mg/100 ml– Drunk driving = >80mg/100ml

• Drunk driving criminal offence 1 May 2011

Alcohol-related crashes 2012Year of study

• 5,254 crashes• 2,228 fatalities• 5,291 injuries• Direct economic loss 33 million RMB

(USD=5.3million)

Alcohol use in China• Long History 7,000 year

ago• Strong drinking culture• Socially acceptable• 100,000 alcohol

manufacturers

in 1996 • Alcohol consumption: No. 1

Around the world• Illegal to sell alcohol to

people under 18 years old, fine RMB 2000 Yuan ( US Dollars 325)

• No minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) law in China

• No concept of standard drink

Guangzhou: the capital of Guangdong province, southern China. The third largest city in China,

• Yinchuan ; the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, northwest China,

Two Study sites

Two cities Introduction

Guangzhou Yinchuan

The number of Traffic police officers

2000 337

Population (million) 12.78 1.65

Number of Vehicles 2,145 million 410,000

Registered Drivers N/A (Guangdong

Province > 20 million)

390,000

Traffic crashes 2,664 1,259Traffic fatalities 930 204Directly economic loss 9,103,475 RMB

(1,471,600 USD)

3, 575,656 RMB

(578,100 USD)Drunk driving cases 1644 396

(Source: two local PSP and the Traffic Management Bure, PSB of China 2012)

Main research questions

1. Current levels of drivers’ knowledge and practices associated with drink driving?

2. Alcohol-related problems among drunk driving offenders and general drivers?

3. What influences offenders’ drink driving behaviour?

4. Drivers’ experience of traffic police officers conducting Breath Alcohol Tests (BAT) and enforcement practices?

5. Police officers’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding drink driving, and importance of their enforcement practices?

Outline of the Research

Survey General Drivers (G)

Survey Drunk drivers (D)

Interview Traffic Police officers (P1)

Study1 Study2 Study3

Survey Traffic Police officers (P2)

Convicted Drunk Drivers

Knowledge, and Practices +AUDIT

+AUDIT

Opinions on Drink Driving

Opinions and Experience on Alcohol Breath

Testing

Summary and Conclusion Regarding Drink Driving for two cities (P1 + P2 + G + D)

Case study in Guangzhou Case study in Yinchuan

Each case study includes three studies

Conclusion and Recommendations for China

Participants

Yinchuan Guangzhou

Police interviewee

10 6

Police survey 50 55

General drivers survey

406 406

Drunk driving offenders survey

101 106

Study 1








+AUDIT



Testing





Reasons for Drink Driving Reported by Traffic Police (from survey)

Reasons GuangZhou (n=55)

Yinchuan(n=50)

1. People think they are lucky (including that they won’t get caught)

32 26

2. Strong social drinking culture in China 16 4

3. Insufficient public awareness about the harmfulness of drink driving

14 3

4. Lack of awareness of law 7 65. Penalties not severe enough 3 106. Sensation Seeking 3 07. Lack of trust in car parking places, don’t want to leave car parked outside. Close to their living place.

2 1

Reasons for Drink Driving - from police interviews

Guangzhou Yinchuan

1 Being lucky and prepared to take the chance of not being apprehended by police;

Same as Guangzhou’s

2 The strong traditional Chinese drinking culture;

Penalties not severe enough

3 Insufficient public awareness about the harmfulness of alcohol-related driving

Lack of awareness of law

Police Survey Results Who drinks and drives?

Occupation Guangzhou (n=55)

Yinchuan (n=50)

Hospitality industry workers

21 9

Production, transportation and manual workers

16 21

Professional, technical workers

15 16

Commercial workers 10 16

Police Interviews Results Who drinks and drives?

• private enterprise owner• individual business owners• less likely to be public servants and public

institute staff.

Knowledge of Amended Law & Legal BAC

Question Answer Guangzhou (n=55)

Yinchuan(n=50)

Where did you first learn of amended law?

TV Police trainingFlyers, book, documents NewspapersInternetRelative, friends and others.

19109863

192071012

Knowledge of Current BAC level?

Drink driving level Drunk driving level

1548

3534

Severe penalties for drunk driving is an effective means to reduce the number of traffic crashes.

Agree DisagreeNeutral

5031

4541

Breath Alcohol Testing (BAT)

Guangzhou (n=55)

Yinchuan(n=50)

BAT - effective in reducing the number of people killed - severe penalties (criminal offence) for drunk driving descried as effective means to reduce crashes

50

50

47

45

Police resources - insufficient equipment - insufficient traffic police officers

1921

3336

Problems associated with BAT

• Strategies used to avoid detection

- Change driving route

- Intentionally perform breath testing incorrectly

- Argue with police

- Violence towards police

- Drive through checkpoints, injure police

- Use others to drive past checkpoint

- Use Guangxi to avoid drunk driving penalties

Study 2 and Study 3








+AUDIT



Testing





The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

1. How often do you have a drink containing alcohol?

2. How many drinks containing alcohol do you have one typical day when you are drinking?

3. How often do you have six or more drinks on one occasion?

4. How often during the last year have you found that you were not able to stop drinking once you had started?

5. How often during the last year have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of drinking?

6. How often during the last year have you needed a first drink in the morning to get yourself going after a heavy drinking session?

7. How often during the last year have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking?

8. How often during the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the night before because of your drinking?

9. Have you or someone else been injured because of your drinking?

10. Has a relative, friend, doctor, or other health care worker been concerned about your drinking or suggested you cut down?

General drivers’ socio-demographic characteristics

Key MeasuresYinchuan Guangzhou

No % No %

Gender MaleFemale

278126

68.331

270136

66.533.5

Age In years (Mean; SD) 37.8; 9.8 19-71(range) 35.7; 9.1 18-70 (range)

Occupations Professional, technical workers

Civil servants General white collar workers

Commercial workersHospitality industry workersAgriculture, forest, fishery

Manual workersStudents, unemployed

Others

118404136682

5114

29.19.9

10.18.9

16.70.5

12.63.4

140324757483

399

34.57.911.614

11.80.79.62.2

Marital status MarriedSingle

Divorced and widowed

3295818

8114.34.4

3088512

75.920.93.0

Education levels

Primary schoolMiddle school

High school and middle college

Bachelor degree and higher

360150193

0.714.836.947.5

1626116246

3.96.4

28.660.6

Yinchuan and Guangzhou offenders’ socio-demographic characteristics


No % No %

Gender MaleFemale

1004

94.33.8

9110

90.19.9

Age (in years) 31.7 (average) 18-57 (range) 33.6(average) 17-59 (range)

Occupations Professional, technical workers

Civil servants General white collar workers

Commercial workersHospitality industry workersAgriculture, forest, fishery

Manual workersStudents, unemployed

Others

1741

1790

225

27

163.90.9168.50

20.84.7

25.5

1554

10212

167

17

14.954

9.920.8

215.86.9

16.8

Marital status MarriedSingle

Divorced and widowed

59386

55.735.85.7

64298

63.428.77.9

Education levels

Primary schoolMiddle school

High school and middle college

Bachelor degree and higher

9413519

8.538.733

17.9

11223533

10.921.834.732.7

Driver knowledge about BAC levels and amended law about drunk driving

Yinchuan% with correct

answers

Guangzhou% with correct

answers

General drivers-Drink driving BAC-Drunk driving BAC-Aware of penalty change

34%29%93%

19%19%84%

Drunk driving offenders-Drink driving BAC-Drunk driving BAC-Aware of penalty change

16%19%79%

28%41%84%

Drink driving behaviour (General drivers)


% %

Have you ever been drinking over the legal limit and driven these vehicles?

CarRidden a motorbike

Driven another vehicleRidden a bicycle

10.88.95.9

28.8

14.811.37.4

22.2

In the last 12 months, driven a car, motorbike or other motor vehicle on a public road while over the legal BAC at least once

14.1 13.4

In the last twelve months, how many times have you been stopped by police conducting breath alcohol testing?

Never1 time

2 times3 and more

76.49.15.97.6

62.613.16.78.1

Had you been in detention (jailed) for drunk driving? 0.5 1.5

Had your licence been ____due to drink driving?ConfiscatedSuspended

DisqualifiedNone of these

1.50.20.293

0.70.71.7

95.3

Drink driving behaviour (Drunk driving offenders)


% %

Have you ever been drinking over the legal limit and driven these vehicles?

CarRidden a motorbike

Driven another vehicleRidden a bicycle

46271023

42481435

In the last 12 months, driven a car, motorbike or other motor vehicle on a public road while over the legal BAC at least once 43 39

In the last twelve months, how many times have you been stopped by police conducting breath alcohol testing?

1 time2 times

3 and more

71.714.213.2

72.318.88.9

Had you been in detention (jailed) previously for drunk driving? 10.4 21.8

Had your licence been ____due to drink driving? ConfiscatedSuspended

DisqualifiedNone of these

331876

15141159

General Drivers AUDIT Scores

UDIT Scores for drunk driving offenders in both kl;

Key MeasuresYinchuan

**Guangzhou

*

Severity of alcohol drinking problem

AUDIT cut-off scores

% %

N/A _ 35.2 37.9

Low < 8 33.5 38.9

Medium 8 - 27.8 18.2

High Level 16 - 3.2 3.9

Need further diagnostic evaluation for alcohol

dependence.

20 - 0.2 1.0

* Jia et al, “Knowledge and behaviours of drunk driving offenders in Guangzhou, China” will be published by the International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research forthcoming. ** Jia et al Manuscript under preparation “General Motor Vehicle Drivers’ Knowledge and Practices on Drink Driving in Yinchuan and Guangzhou, China”

Drunk driving offenders AUDIT Scores

Key MeasuresYinchu

anGuangz

hou

Alcohol drinking problem severity

AUDIT scores % %

N/A _ 8.5 9.9

Low < 8 20.8 34.7

Medium 8 - 52.8 44.6

High Level 16 - 14.2 6.9

Need further diagnostic evaluation for alcohol dependence.

20 - 3.8 4.0

*Jia et al, “Knowledge and behaviours of drunk driving offenders in Guangzhou, China” will be published by the International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research forthcoming**Manuscript under preparation “General Motor Vehicle Drivers’ Knowledge and Practices on Drink Driving in Yinchuan and Guangzhou, China”

Recidivist offenders AUDIT scores

Yinchuan Guangzhou 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

First offenders AUDIT scores

Recidivist offenders AUDIT scores

AU

DIT

Sco

re

Conclusions

• “China has entered the automobile era; however, the civilization of driving behaviour has not come” (Zhang, 2010).

• Very poor knowledge of BACs • Drink culture still affect people’s drink driving behaviours• Alcohol drinking problems among two groups, especially

in drunk driving offenders and recidivists • Traffic police conducting BATs frequency • Insufficient traffic police resources: staffing levels and

equipment

Recommendations

• Increase public awareness about the harmfulness of alcohol-related driving

• Improve legislation– National Minimum Drinking Age– Alcohol sell, purchase and consumption – Concept of standard drink

• Enhance legal enforcement• Improve Police resources• Consider Alcohol ignition interlocks and rehabilitation

programs

Research strengths, limitations and future directions

• Strengths: a cross-sectional study, three groups, comprehensive study, AUDIT tool

• Limitations: Convenience samples, sample sizes• Future directions:

– larger random samples – attitudes to drink driving and perceptions of deterrence need

further study– follow up first offenders, recidivists – driving school teaching and training

Treasure life; Don’t drink and drive; Prevention is better than cure! Thanks !

珍惜生命，绝不酒驾，预防为主！谢谢！[email protected]

CRICOS No. 00213J

Mark your Diaries!2015 Australasian Road Safety Conference

14-16 October 2015Gold Coast, Australia

Mark your Diaries!Sixth International Conference on

Traffic & Transport Psychology2-5 August 2016

Brisbane, Australiahttp://icttp2016.com/

drink driving in china: results from research in two cities...

Documents

northwest china

psb of china

southern china

drunk driving offenders

drunk drivers knowledge

china study design

traffic crashes

usd drunk driving cases