characteristics of chinese drivers attending a mandatory training course following licence...
TRANSCRIPT
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Characteristics of Chinese Drivers Attending a Mandatory Training Course Following Licence Suspension
Dr Judy FleiterPostdoctoral Research Fellow
Co-authors: WATSON, Barry; GUAN, Manquan; DING, Jingyan, XU Cheng
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Collaboration
• Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from Australia’s National Health & Medical Research Council to promote Australia-China road safety research
– Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, China (2 years)
– CARRS-Q, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (2 years)
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Overview
• Background – Demerit point system and driver retraining in Zhejiang Province
• Method
• Findings
• Conclusion and Recommendations
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Background
• Traffic law enforcement relies on penalties and sanctions:
– Vehicle (eg Impoundment)– Person (eg. Remedial programs, Detention)– Licence (eg. Suspension, Disqualification)
• Commonly administered by Demerit points system
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Demerit point systems
• Vary between countries
• Offences have predetermined # points assigned
• Often, more severe offences associated with greater number of points
• Licence holders accrue (or lose) points
• Threshold (predetermined limit) is reached within certain timeframe
• Licence suspended or disqualified for set time
van Schagen & Machata, 2012
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Variations (1)
• Threshold commonly 12-18 points (Bulgaria = 39)
• New Zealand - 12 points over 2 years
• Australia - 12 points over 3 years
• China - 12 points over 1 year
• Parts of EU, 1 pt/offence; 3 offences = suspension
• Other places, 6 or 8 points per offence
• Different thresholds for different drivers
Styles et al, 2009; van Schagen & Machata, 2012
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Variations (2)
• Novice drivers– Queensland: part of Graduated Driver Licensing system,
Learner and Provisional Licence holders have 4 points/year
• Professional drivers– Italy: Offences committed when driving professionally tallied in
separate driving record
• Repeat offenders– Prolonged periods of suspension for recidivists in some places
• Double demerits at particular times (eg holidays)
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China
• Rapid recent motorisation• Significant road trauma burden• Large increase in
– newly licensed drivers– private car ownership
• Major challenge to manage record numbers of 1st time car owners and novice drivers
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Retraining after Licence Suspension (1)
• 12 points in 1 year = licence suspension for 1 month
• Mandatory 1 wk retraining – own expense– Must pass examination to regain licence
• Course administered & run by Traffic Police Department, Public Security Bureau
• Low cost (RMB 51 in Zhejiang Province)– Average annual income = RMB35,731 Urban; RMB13,071 Rural
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Retraining Course Content
Traffic Rules
Traffic Law & Regulations
Safety Issues
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Retraining after Licence Suspension (2)
• Offences leading to licence loss include:– Speeding– Unlicensed driving– Vehicle overloading– Red light running– Alcohol-impaired driving– Driving wrong way on a one way street
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Retraining after Licence Suspension (3)
• If Course done twice in 1 year, suspension period doubles (2 months)
• If suspended 3rd time, must redo novice driver training (more extensive, takes approx 2 months)
• Recent revision to regulation:– Accrue 10 demerit points in 1 year, can apply to undertake 2 day
course to regain 4 points– Can only do this once
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Little is known about effectiveness of demerit point schemes and driver
education in China……
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Research Aim
Pilot study to examine basic information about participants of a driver retraining
course to gain baseline data
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Zhejiang Province
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Zhejiang Province
• South east coast of China
• Hangzhou is capital city
• Population 54+ million (end 2011)
• Registered vehicles 6.5+ million (end 2011)
• Valid licences: 12.1+ million– 22.36% of population, end 2011
• In 2011, 1.38 million new licences issued– 17% increase on previous year.
Zhejiang Traffic Management Department, 2012; Zhejiang Public Security Bureau, 2012
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Method
• 2 visits by research team to Driver Retraining Centre in Hangzhou
• Anonymous questionnaire completed ‘in class’ in presence of research team
• Responses not available to training staff
• 94% response rate
• 239 participants
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Sample Characteristics
• 87% male– Higher than Provincial level of licence holders– Approx 2/3 male
• Private vehicle ownership = 83.3%
• Mean age 35 years (SD=8.7, Range 21-60)
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Age distribution
>26 years 26-35 years 36-45 years 46-60 years
12.7%
43.2%
30.1%
14%
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Annual Income
<3000RMB 3000-5000RMB 5000-10,000RMB >10,000RMB
15.1%
27.6%28.9% 28.4%
Zhejiang Average annual income = RMB35,731 Urban; RMB13,071 Rural
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Number of Years Licensed
Less than 1 yr6.4%
1-5 yrs33.8%
6-10 yrs35.0%
11-15 yrs10.6%
16-20 yrs12.2%
20+ yrs2.0%
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Hours Driven/Week
< 5 5 -10 11-30 31-50 51-860
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mean = 18.06 hours/week, SD=14.4, Range 1 – 86 hours
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# Infringements in Last Year
• Mean = 4.6 infringements (SD=3.2, Range 2-18)• 33% reported 5+ infringements• 4.3% reported 10 + infringements• Most commonly reported violations...
Violation %
Drink Driving (DUI, 0.02-0.08 BAC) 61.5 4.2% reported 2
Speeding 47.7 17% reported 3+
Disobey traffic rules (includes run red light) 3.1
Using inappropriate licence 3.1
Licence plate destroyed/not displayed 2.2
Drunk Driving (DWI, 0.08+ BAC) 2.2 0.4% reported 2
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Avoiding Legal Penalty?
• Received Infringements but didn’t pay them in the last year?– 24% Yes
• Number of infringements not paid
# Infringements % Participants
1 27.4
2 43.6
3 10.9
4 3.6
5 12.7
15 1.8
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Certainty of Receiving Penalty if…
• Caught by speed camera– 76% sure they would receive penalty
• Caught by traffic police officer– 82.6% sure they would receive penalty
• Then asked if previously used specific strategies to avoid detection or penalty
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Strategies to Avoid Penalty
Avoidance strategies reported
Say others were driving
Use social relationships
Cover or remove plate
47.7% 33.5% 20%
Percentage reporting ‘Sometimes to Always’
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Crash Involvement (1)
• Previous year
• M = 0.53 crashes (SD=0.9; Range 0-5)
• 14.5% reported >1 crash
• No information on ‘at fault’ crashes
• Length held licence examined to see if difference in crashes
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Crash Involvement (2)
• Four groups created according to length of time licensed1. Novice drivers (<2 years licensed)
2. 2-5 years licensed
3. 6-10 years licensed
4. 11+ years licensed
• Significant difference found between Novice & 11+• Novice drivers reported more crashes• No other differences found
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Conclusions (1)
• Driver retraining courses vary across international jurisdictions
• Some show +ve results when evaluated
• No evaluation data available for China
• Little known about effectiveness of driver education processes in China
Delhomme, Grenier, & Kreel, 2008; Senserrick, Yu, Wei, Stevenson, & Ivers, 2011
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Conclusions (2)
• Research conducted approx. 1 year after serious penalties increased for Drunk driving DWI in China (May 2011)
• Encouraging that only 2.2% reported DWI (0.08+ BAC) in previous year
• Lesser offence (DUI – 0.02-0.08 BAC) reported by two thirds of sample
• Suggests that ongoing effort needed to educate about risks of DUI
• Half sample reported speeding offences. Work still needed to promote speed limit compliance
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Conclusions (3)
• Integrity of penalty system is critical to effective traffic law enforcement
• Effective deterrence relies on high perceived risk of apprehension and certainty of receiving penalty
• 1/3 reported avoiding penalty in previous year• Various strategies reported• Encouragingly, majority reported not engaging in
avoidance behaviours• Important to strengthen integrity of system to reduce
opportunities for punishment avoidance
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Conclusions (4)
• Limitations acknowledged:
• Self-report data – no link to official violations database
• No conclusions on effectiveness of demerit point scheme or retraining course – data not available
• Use of retraining course shows willingness to improve road safety situation in China
• Future research could build on this work to establish baseline data for comparison to assess effectiveness of retraining courses.
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