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Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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DRAFT National Air Pollution Control Programme, 2019,
Croatia
Courtesy Translation in English provided by the
Translation Services of the European Commission
DRAFT
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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DRAFT PROPOSAL FOR THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
PROGRAMME
ZAGREB, 2019
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CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 10
1.1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME
DRAFTING .................................................................................................................. 11
1.2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROGRAMME............................................ 13
1.3. AVAILABLE DATA SOURCES ................................................................................. 15
2. THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND POLLUTION POLICY FRAMEWORK .. 17
2.1. SHORT COMMENT ON THE STATUS IN RELATION TO THE CURRENT
PROGRAMME ............................................................................................................. 17
2.2. POLICY PRIORITIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PRIORITIES SET IN
OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS ...................................................................... 18
2.2.1. COHERENCE OF INVENTORIES AND PROJECTIONS .....................................................33
2.2.2. COHERENCE WITH PLANS AND PROGRAMMES ............................................................39
2.3. RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 50
3. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS AND
IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH
NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS .......................................................................... 61
3.1. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PAMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS, AND THE
DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS ......... 61
3.2. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND
THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS 68
3.3. CURRENT TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACT OF DOMESTIC EMISSION SOURCES .. 83
4. PROJECTED FURTHER EVOLUTION ASSUMING NO CHANGE TO ALREADY
ADOPTED PaMs ............................................................................................................... 85
4.1. EMISSION PROJECTIONS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS (WM SCENARIO) . 94
4.1.1. METHODOLOGIES AND MODELS, STARTING PARAMETERS AND ASSUMPTIONS
FOR THE PREPARATION OF PROJECTIONS (WM SCENARIO) .....................................99
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4.1.2. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PROJECTIONS .....................................................................99
4.2. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY (WM) AND PROJECTED
DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE (projected number of compliant and non-compliant
zones for AAQD pollutants) ....................................................................................... 101
5. POLICY OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION
REDUCTION COMMITMENTS FOR 2020 AND 2030, INTERMEDIATE
EMISSION LEVELS FOR 2025, AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ........ 106
5.1. DETAILS OF PaM OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION
REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (REPORTING AT PaM LEVEL) (point 2.6.1) ... 106
5.2. AIR QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL PaMs OR
PACKAGES OF PAMs CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION
REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (point 2.6.2) .......................................................... 117
5.3. COST-BENEFIT CALCULATION FOR INDIVIDUAL PaMs OR PACKAGES OF
PaMs CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION
COMMITMENTS ....................................................................................................... 117
5.4. ADDITIONAL DETAILS FOR POLICY OPTIONS FROM PART 2 OF ANNEX III
TO DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/2284 TARGETING THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR TO
COMPLY WITH THE REDUCTION COMMITMENTS ......................................... 119
6. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ........................................................................... 124
7. MEASURES AND POLICIES SELECTED FOR ADOPTION BY SECTOR,
INCLUDING A TIMETABLE FOR THEIR ADOPTION, IMPLEMENTATION
AND REVIEW AND THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE ......... 128
7.1. INDIVIDUAL PaM OR PACKAGE OF PaMs SELECTED FOR ADOPTION AND
THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE ............................................. 128
7.2. ASSESSMENT OF HOW SELECTED PaMs ENSURE COHERENCE WITH
PLANS AND PROGRAMMES SET IN OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS .. 131
8. PROJECTED COMBINED IMPACTS OF PAMS ('WITH ADDITIONAL
MEASURES' – WAM) ON EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, AIR QUALITY AND THE
ENVIRONMENT AND THE ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES. ........................... 132
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8.1. PROJECTED ATTAINMENT OF EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS .. 132
8.2. NON-LINEAR EMISSION REDUCTION TRAJECTORY...................................... 136
8.3. USE OF FLEXIBILITIES .......................................................................................... 139
8.4. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY ................................................ 139
8.5. PROJECTED IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT .............................................. 141
8.6. METHODOLOGIES AND UNCERTAINTIES OF WAM PaM OPTIONS ............ 142
8.7. MONITORING THE PROGRESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
MEASURES AND NATIONAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME
IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................. 143
9. DISSEMINATION OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME ....... 145
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 147
ANNEX 1 DESCRIPTION OF CURRENTLY APPLIED AND ADOPTED PaMs ...................... 150
ANNEX 2 STARTING PARAMETERS AND ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE PROJECTIONS ..... 167
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: Emission quotas for the period up to 2020 under Article 5 of the NEC Decree.......... 11
Table 1-2: Table 5 of Annex I to the NEC Decree ......................................................................... 14
Table 2-1: Overview of the action plans according to reports in the e-reporting system (item H)
....................................................................................................................................................... 39
Table 2-2: Overview of action plan measures according to reports in the e-reporting system
(item K) .......................................................................................................................................... 40
Table 4-1: Overview of adopted and applied PaMs whose impact is integrated into the WM
scenario ......................................................................................................................................... 85
Table 4-2: Overview of sensitivity analysis ................................................................................... 99
Table 8-1: Overview of sensitivity analysis ................................................................................. 142
Table P 2-1: Projection assumptions – Energy and Transport ................................................... 167
Table P 2-2: Projection assumptions – Industrial processes and product use ........................... 169
Table P 2-3: Projection assumptions – Agriculture .................................................................... 169
Table P 2-4: Projection assumptions – Waste ............................................................................. 157
Table P 2-5: Projection parameters – general parameters ........................................................ 158
Table P 2-6: Projection parameters – energy: total fuel consumption, electricity generation, WM
scenario ....................................................................................................................................... 158
Table P 2-7: Projection parameters – energy: (final) end-use energy consumption .................. 158
Table P 2-8: Projection parameters – climate ............................................................................ 159
Table P 2-9: Projection parameters – industry ........................................................................... 159
Table P 2-10: Projection parameters – transport ....................................................................... 159
Table P 2-11: Projection parameters – agriculture .................................................................... 159
Table P 2-12: Projection parameters – waste ............................................................................. 160
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4-1: Historical trend and SO2 emission projections, WM scenario .................................. 95
Figure 4-2: Historical trend and NOX emission projections, WM scenario ................................. 95
Figure 4-3: Historical trend and NH3 emission projections, WM scenario ................................. 96
Figure 4-4: Historical trend and NMVOC emission projections, WM scenario .........................................96
Figure 4-5: Historical trend and PM2.5 emission projections, WM scenario ..............................................97
Figure 4-6: Historical trend and PM10 emission projections, WM scenario ................................ 97
Figure 4-7: Emissions sensitivity analysis compared to WM scenario ........................................ 99
Figure 8-1: Historical trend and SO2 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario ............... 132
Figure 8-2: Historical trend and NOX emission projections, WM and WAM scenario .............. 133
Figure 8-3: Historical trend and NH3 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario .............. 134
Figure 8-4: Historical trend and NMVOC emission projections, WM and WAM scenario ....... 134
Figure 8-5: Historical trend and PM2.5 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario ............ 135
Figure 8-6: Historical trend and PM10 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario ............. 135
Figure 8-7: Emissions sensitivity analysis compared to WAM scenario .................................... 143
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AEI Average exposure indicator
CAEN Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature (until 31 December 2018 – from 1 January
2019 the Ministry took over the Agency’s work)
CLRTAP Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
CMHS Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service
CRF Common Reporting Format
(UNFCCC)
CV Target values
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
EEA European Environment Agency
EIONET European Environment Information and Observation Network
EMEP
Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and
Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe
EPEEF Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund
ESD Effort Sharing Decision 406/2009/EC
ESIF European Structural and Investment Funds
EU European Union
EU ETS EU Emissions Trading System
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GP Gothenburg Protocol
GT Tolerance limit
GV Limit values
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
NECD National Emission Ceiling Directive
NFR Nomenclature for Reporting (according to the LRTAP Convention)
IIR Informative Inventory Report (according to the LRTAP Convention)
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LG Local government
LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry
NH3 Ammonia
NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
O3 Ozone
P Annex (Cr. abbr. prilog)
PaM Policy and Measures
Pb Lead
PM2.5 Particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm
PM10 Particles of aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm
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RLS Regional local self-government
SEAP Sustainable Energy Action Plan
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
TERT Technical expert review team
TSP Total suspended particles
UNECE United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Zn Zinc
Note: The Act Amending the Act on the Structure and Competences of Ministries and Other Central State
Administration Authorities (Narodne Novine (NN; Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia) No
116/18) and the Act Amending the Environmental Protection Act (NN No 118/18) abolished the Croatian
Agency for Environment and Nature, so professional and analytical activities of nature protection and
environmental protection, and of environmental and nature data and information collecting and
harmonising for the purpose of ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the environmental
protection and sustainable development policy was placed within the competence of the Ministry of
Environment and Energy (MEE).
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1. INTRODUCTION
In order to comply with the commitments to reduce air pollutant emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), ammonia (NH3), and fine
particulate matter (PM2.5) for 2020-2029 and from 2030 onwards and contribute to achieving the
objectives to limit anthropogenic emissions of certain pollutants in the air, in order to move towards
achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on and risks to human
health and the environment, the Air Pollution Control Programme has been drawn up in accordance with
Article 20 of the Decree on national commitments to reduce certain air pollutant emissions in the
Republic of Croatia (NN No 76/18) (hereinafter referred to as: the NEC Decree) and the Guidance for the
development and implementation of National Air Pollution Control Programmes of Member States issued
by the European Commission.
In drawing up the Air Pollution Control Programme, available data sources set out in Chapter 1.3
Document Structure were used, and the European Commission Guidance and Format for the
development and implementation of National Air Pollution Control Programmes (hereinafter referred to
as: the Format) were combined. The format of the Program is defined by the Implementing Decision
laying down a common formats for national air pollution control programmes1 (hereinafter referred
to as: the APPC Implementing Decision), adopted by the European Commission pursuant to Article 6(10)
of Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the
reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and
repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (hereinafter referred to as: the NEC Directive). In accordance with
Article 2 of the APPC Implementing Decision, Member States are required to use the common Format
when reporting their national air pollution control programme to the Commission in accordance with
Article 10(1) of the NEC Directives.
The Air Pollution Control Programme contains more information to enable a better understanding of the
topic and fulfil contractual obligations, and does not follow the Format in the numbering of content
chapters. Format tables are part of the content chapters of the Air Pollution Control Programme (Chapter
1.4), and their original number is kept to represent individual chapters of the required Format for ease of
reference to readers. In view of the above, the number of the corresponding Format chapter is also stated
at the beginning of each chapter. It should be noted that all Formats tables are not mandatory and may be
filled out by the states if the requested information is available. Mandatory fields in the Format are
displayed in bold and marked (M2).
The Air Pollution Control Programme includes: an overview of the national policy and measures
framework for the area of air quality and air pollution, an overview of the progress made by current
policies and measures (hereinafter referred to as: PaM) in reducing emissions and improving air quality,
and the degree of compliance with national and European Union (hereinafter referred to as: the EU)
obligations, an overview of further development projections (projections) assuming that there are no
amendments to the PaMs adopted already, possible policy options for compliance with the reduction
commitments for 2020 and 2030 and mid-level emissions for 2025, consultations with the interested
public and key sectoral stakeholders, a selection of PaMs for adoption by sector, including a schedule of
their adoption, implementation, audit and responsible competent authorities, the projections of a
combined PaM impacts on emission reduction, air quality and the environment, and the associated
uncertainties, as well as financial resources and time frame necessary for the implementation of PaMs.
Below is a brief presentation of the legal framework for drawing up the Air Pollution Control Programme,
the purpose and objective of the programme, and data sources available which were taken into account in
its drafting.
1 Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1522 of 11 October 2018 laying down a common format for national air pollution control
programmes under the NEC Directive 2 Abbreviation for Eng. mandatory
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1.1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME DRAFTING
The legal basis for drawing up the Air Pollution Control Programme (hereinafter referred to as: the
Programme) is the Environmental Protection Act (NN Nos 80/13, 153/13, 78/15, and 12/18), the Air
Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17) and the NEC Decree.
The Republic of Croatia is a party to a series of international treaties, and conventions and protocols,
including those relating to atmospheric pollution.
The Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution of 1979 (the LRTAP Convention) is a
framework agreement by which states have committed to combating air pollution. Protocols are key
assets / legal instruments in reducing air pollution. The LRTAP Convention has been accompanied by 8
protocols to date that provide concrete measures to reduce air pollution, that is, certain pollutants –
sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals (HM)
and persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Croatia has accepted these commitments as a party to the LRTAP Convention (NN – International
Treaties, No 12/93) and to the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone
(the Gothenburg Protocol, hereinafter referred to as: GP) (NN – International Treaties, No 07/08). The GP
promotes an approach that takes into account the multiple effects of certain pollutants in order to prevent
or minimise the exceedance of critical loads of acidification, nitrogen loads and critical levels of ground-
level ozone for human health and vegetation. For this purpose, the Protocol defines national emission
quotas, which each party must maintain below the defined value up to 2010 and onwards, for the
following pollutants: SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOCs. The Protocol has been transposed into the EU legislation
and then into national legislation mainly by Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 23 October 2001 on large combustion plants and Directive 2001/81/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric
pollutants (old NEC Directive).
Given that the Amendments to the Protocol relating to new emission reduction commitments, including
with regard to the above-mentioned pollutants and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)[sic; rest of the sentence
missing]. The existing air protection policy at EU level has been improved with a view to achieving air
quality levels that do not give rise to significant negative impacts and risks to human health and the
environment, and the NEC Directive has been adopted.
The new NEC Directive lays down new commitments to reduce certain atmospheric pollutants with
regard to VOCs, NH3, SO2, PM2.5, NOx for the periods 2020-2029 and after 2030 in a certain percentage
(%) compared with 2005, as the base year on the basis of which compliance is monitored. In addition, a
linear emission reduction with some exemptions must be evident in 2025. The new NEC Directive has
also assumed the commitments proposed in the amended Protocol that were defined for attainment in
2010 and onwards. This is laid down in Article 5 of the NEC Decree, and the defined emission quotas for
the period up to 2020 are shown in Table 1-1 below.
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Table 1-1: Emission quotas for the period up to 2020 under Article 5 of the NEC Decree
Pollutant Emission quota
in 2010 and onwards
sulphur dioxide (SO2) 70 kt
nitrogen oxides (NOx) 87 kt
non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) 90 kt
ammonia (NH3) 30 kt
The Republic of Croatia is also a party to the following protocols to the LRTAP Convention: The
Protocol concerning the cooperative monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transboundary
transmission of air pollutants in Europe (NN – International Treaties, No 12/93), the 1998 Protocol on
Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions (NN – International Treaties, Nos 17/98 and 3/99), the Protocol
on Heavy Metals (NN – International treaties, No 05/07), the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants
(NN – International treaties, No 05/07), the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen
Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes (NN – International Treaties, No 10/07), the Protocol to the 1979
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile
Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes (NN – International Treaties, No 10/07).
The national emission reduction commitments and pollutant emission quotas are laid down in the NEC
Decree. The NEC Decree lays down certain air pollutants that give rise to adverse impacts of
acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, their emission quotas or national reduction
commitments for a given period in Croatia, and the method of emission calculation. The NEC Decree
transposes the following EU directives into the Croatian legal system:
– Articles 1 and 4 of Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (OJ L 309,
27.11.2001), as supplemented by Council Directive 2013/17/EU of 13 May 2013 adapting certain
directives in the field of environment, by reason of the accession of the Republic of Croatia (OJ L
158, 10.6.2013) and
– the NEC Directive.
The primary objective of the NEC Decree is to limit the anthropogenic emissions of certain air pollutants
in order to make progress in achieving air quality levels that do not give rise to significant negative
impacts on and risks to human health and the environment.
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1.2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROGRAMME
Air pollution poses a substantial environment risk, especially in the areas exposed to elevated
concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 particles, ground-level ozone and other pollutants (NH3, NMVOC, SO2
and NOx) in the air. Pollutants can travel long distances, so they are likely to have an impact on air
quality, human health and the quality of life both at the site of primary source of their discharge and far
away it. Contribution to pollution is therefore very different for individual locations and cities; in some
places, the largest contribution is from local sources (those immediately next to the recipient, e.g. street
traffic) but elsewhere there is a contribution of emissions generated at the city or region level or those
resulting from transmission across state borders.
The improvement in the air quality requires a coordinated implementation of PaMs across levels;
internationally, within the scope of conventions and protocols, then through national programmes and
plans, local action plans for improving air quality, as well as other instruments.
In order to improve the air quality and comply with the national commitments to reduce certain pollutants
in the air, the first Air Pollution Control Programme needs to be drawn up and submitted to the European
Commission by 1 April 2019 and every four years thereafter or earlier, if necessary, depending on the
need for updating in view of compliance with obligations. Compliance is monitored during the annual
reviews of the reports on emissions of certain pollutants in the territory of the Republic of Croatia which
are submitted to the European Commission [Directorate-General] for Environment.
In the APCP Implementing Decision, the European Commission underlines the importance of the
National Air Pollution Control Programme (hereinafter referred to as: the NAPCP):
– it is the principle governance tool under Directive (EU) 2016/2284 supporting Member States to
plan their national PaMs required for complying with the national emission reduction
commitments laid down in that Directive by 2020 and 2030, contributing to achieving the air
quality objectives pursuant to Article 1(2) of the Directive, as well as to ensuring coherence with
plans and programmes set in other relevant policy areas, including climate, energy, agriculture,
industry, and transport;
– it facilitates medium- and long-term planning, thereby enhancing predictability for stakeholders,
while also supporting the shift of investments to clean and efficient technologies;
– it contributes to improving air quality and to the management of atmospheric emissions in the
Member States by requiring consultations with the competent authorities with responsibilities in
the field of air pollution, quality and management at all administrative levels prior to programme
adoption;
– should also contribute to the successful implementation of air quality plans established under
Article 23 of Directive 2008/50/EC on air quality and cleaner air for Europe (CAFE Directive). To
that effect, Member States should take account of the need to reduce emissions, in particular of
nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter, in zones and agglomerations affected by excessive air
pollutant concentrations and/or in those zones and agglomerations that contribute significantly to
air pollution in other zones and agglomerations, including in neighbouring countries.
As pointed out in the APCP Implementing Decision and in the EC document entitled the Second Report
on the State of the Energy Union3, Member States should develop their national energy and climate plans,
whenever possible, in parallel with their national air pollution control programmes to ensure synergies
and reduce implementation costs, since these plans rely to a large extent on similar measures and actions.
To this end and in accordance with Annex I to the Proposal for a Regulation on the Governance of the
Energy Union of 30 November 20164, which provides a general framework for integrated national energy
and climate plans, the impact of the PaMs contained in said plans on the emissions of atmospheric
pollutants and on air quality should also be considered.
3 COM(2017) 53 final – Second Report on the State of the Energy Union 4 COM(2016) 759 final – Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on
the Governance of the Energy Union, amending Directive 94/22/EC, Directive 98/70/EC, Directive 2009/31/EC, Regulation (EC)
No 663/2009, Regulation (EC) No 715/2009, Directive 2009/73/EC, Council Directive 2009/119/EC, Directive 2010/31/EU,
Directive 2012/27/EU, Directive 2013/30/EU and Council Directive (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013
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The APCP Implementing Decision also stresses the importance of a common format, which increases
the consistency5 with the reporting of PaMs under EU climate and energy policies. For that purpose, the
common format has been broadly harmonised with the relevant reporting obligations under Regulation
(EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for
monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and
Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC (hereinafter referred to
as: Regulation (EU) No 525/2013)6 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 749/2014 of 30
June 2014 on structure, format, submission processes and review of information reported by Member
States pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council
(hereinafter referred to as: Commission Implementing Regulation No 749/2014).
The EC has produced the First Clean Air Outlook7 Report and an accompanying analysis showing an
updated outlook for emission reductions in the period up to 2030, as well as possible further assistance to
Member States in identifying cost-effective additional PaMs to comply with emission reduction
commitments by 2020 and 2030. The First Clean Air Outlook makes note of the fact that, for the majority
of atmospheric pollutants regulated by the NEC Directive, legislation on air pollution control at source
which would substantially support the achievement of national emissions reduction commitments already
exists in the EU or is currently undergoing the process of adoption, with ammonia as an exception also at
EU level; therefore, further national PaMs are required to achieve the commitment to reduce ammonia.
Therefore national air pollution control programmes should also include proportionate measures
applicable to the agricultural sector.
The purpose of the Programme is to enable the achievement of the following two objectives:
– compliance with the SO2, NOx, NMVOC, PM2.5 and NH3 emission reduction commitments
(Table 1-2);
– by reducing emissions, contribute to progress in achieving the levels of air quality they do not
give rise to significant negative impacts on, and risks to, human health and the environment
(objective referred to in Article 3(1) of the NEC Decree).
Under Article 19(7) of the NEC Decree as well as under Article 6(5) of the NEC Directive and Annex I to
Directive 2003/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 providing for
public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the
environment8, the Ministry ([of ]MEE) will conduct public consultations on the proposed Air Pollution
Control Programme and all relevant amendments prior to its completion and adoption by the Croatian
Government.
5 consistency 6 Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting
greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change, OJ L 165, 18.6.2013, p. 13 7 COM(2018) 446 final – the First Clean Air Outlook 8 Directive 2003/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 providing for public participation in respect of the
drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC and 96/61/EC with regard to public participation and access to justice
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Table 1-2: Table 5 of Annex I to the NEC Decree
Emission reduction commitments of Croatia and EU for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-
methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), ammonia (NH3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for 2020-
2029 and from 2030 onwards.
The reduction commitments have the year 2005 as the compliance monitoring and control base year, and for road
transport, apply to emissions calculated on the basis of fuels sold.
SO2 reduction compared
with 2005
NOx reduction compared
with 2005
NMVOC reduction compared
with 2005
For any year
from 2020 to
2029
For any year
from 2030
onwards
For any year
from 2020 to
2029
For any year
from 2030
onwards
For any year
from 2020 to
2029
For any year
from 2030
onwards
Republic of
Croatia 55 % 83 % 31 % 57 % 34 % 48 %
European
Union 59 % 79 % 42 % 63 % 28 % 40 %
NH3 reduction compared with 2005 PM2.5 reduction compared with 2005
For any year
from 2020 to
2029
For any year from 2030
onwards
For any year
from 2020 to
2029
For any year from 2030
onwards
Republic of
Croatia 1 % 25 % 18 % 55 %
European
Union 6 % 19 % 22 % 49 %
1.3. AVAILABLE DATA SOURCES
The available data sources which were taken into account in the drawing up of the Air Pollution Control
Programme include (among others) the following documents:
– Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for
2013-2017;
– overview of air quality in Croatia based on the Air quality assessment in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia 2011-2015 according to Directive 2008/50/EC (CMHS, 2017);
– 2013-2015 Biennial Report on compliance with the commitments under the Air Protection,
Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for 2013-2017
(CAEN);
– Action Plans for the improvement of air quality in the cities of Zagreb, Osijek, Sisak, Kutina,
Rijeka, Slavonski Brod;
– Programme of progressive emission reduction for certain pollutants in the Republic of Croatia for
the period up to end-2010, with emission projections for 2010-2020 (NN, No 152/09);
– Environmental Pollution Registry Reports, CAEN;
– A roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050 (COM(2011) 112 final);
– Energy Roadmap for 2050 (COM(2011) 885/2);
– A policy framework for climate and energy until 2030 (COM(2014) 15 final), Impact
Assessment, Policy Summary of UK Analysis on EU 2030 targets;
– Seventh National Communication of the Republic of Croatia under the UNFCCC, 2018;
– Third National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2014);
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– National Renewable Energy Action Plan until 2020;
– latest reports on greenhouse gas inventories and emissions of pollutants in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia, MEE;
– latest reports on greenhouse gas projections and emissions of certain pollutants for the Republic
of Croatia, MEE;
– Report on PaM Effects;
– expert material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of
Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050, Green Book, 2015/2017, (MEE);
– expert background material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the
Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050, White Book, 2015/2017,
(MEE);
– Instructions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006;
– Transitional national plan under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the
Council on industrial emissions, June 2013.
The basic document used in the development of the Programme was Stručna podloga za program
kontrole onečišćenja zraka (Expert background material for the Air Pollution Control Programme), 2018
(EKONERG).
The expert background for the preparation of the Air Pollution Control Programme included an overview
of the national PaM framework in the field of air quality and air pollution, an overview of the progress
made by current PaMs in reducing emissions and improving air quality, the degree of compliance with
national and EU obligations, an overview of further development (projections), proposed possible policy
options for compliance with the reduction commitments for 2020, 2030 and mid-level emissions for 2025,
the PaM proposal for sector adoption, including the timing of their adoption, implementation, audit and
responsible competent authorities, the projections of combined PaM impacts on emission reductions, air
quality and the environment, and the associated uncertainties, as well as financial resources as well as the
time frame necessary for the implementation of PaMs.
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2. THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND POLLUTION POLICY
FRAMEWORK
2.1. SHORT COMMENT ON THE STATUS IN RELATION TO THE CURRENT
PROGRAMME
Pursuant to Article 5(2) of the Decree on Emission Quotas for Certain Pollutants in the Republic of
Croatia (NN No 141/08), in 2009 the Croatian Government adopted a Programme of progressive
emission reduction for certain pollutants in the Republic of Croatia for the period up to end-2010,
with emission projections for 2010-2020 (NN No 152/09) (hereinafter referred to as: the 2010-2020
Programme). The 2010-2020 Programme was adopted pursuant to the Protocol to the 1979 Convention
on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-
Level Ozone (NN – International Treaties, No 4/08), the Seventh Protocol on Heavy Metals to the 1979
Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution NN – International Treaties, No 5/07) and the Decree on
Emission Quotas for Certain Pollutants in the Republic of Croatia, which lay down certain air
pollutants that give rise to adverse impacts of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution,
their emission quotas for a given period in Croatia, and the method of annual emission calculation.
Numerous improvements to the EU legislation have been introduced since 2009, such as the revision of
the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate
Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone, dated May 2012. In 2013, Croatia became a
full EU member, thus assuming new international commitments. Consequently, there was a need to
upgrade the 2010-2020 Programme, and this has been done.
In 2015, a Programme of progressive emission reduction for certain pollutants in the Republic of
Croatia with emission projections for 2020, 2025 and 2030, with a view to 2050 (hereinafter referred
to as: the 2010-2020+2050 Programme); the legal basis for its drafting was Article 7 of the Decree on
Emission Quotas for Certain Pollutants in the Republic of Croatia. The 2010-2020+2050 Programme
provided the emission projections for the pollutants SO2, NOx, NH3, NMHOS, PM10, PM2.5 and CH4 for
the years 2020, 2025 and 2030 with a view to 2050. The projections were prepared in accordance with the
2013 EMEP/EEA Manual. The activity levels seen in 2012 are derived from the official national data set
for all sectors: the 2015 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia (1990-2013) (IIR 2015).
The data sources on activities, starting parameters and assumptions for the preparation of pollutant
projections are identical to those used for greenhouse gas projections. The projections were prepared for
the scenario with measures (WM) and the scenario with additional measures (WAM), under which two
scenarios were considered, namely, a gradual transition to the low-carbon economy (Cr. abbr. NU1) and a
strong transition to the low-carbon economy (Cr. abbr. NU2) scenario.
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2.2. POLICY PRIORITIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PRIORITIES SET IN OTHER
RELEVANT POLICY AREAS
This chapter corresponds to Chapter 2.3 ‘The national air quality and pollution policy framework’,
Format for the National Air Pollution Control Programmes.
The national emission reduction commitments and pollutant emission quotas are laid down in the NEC
Decree. The NEC Decree sets out the national reduction commitments for a given period in the Republic
of Croatia and the method of calculating emissions for certain air pollutants that give rise to adverse
impacts of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, and their emission quotas; in other
words, the primary objective of the NEC Decree is to limit the anthropogenic emissions of certain air
pollutants in order to make progress in achieving air quality levels that do not give rise to significant
negative impacts on and risks to human health and the environment.
The NEC Decree also contributes to the following:
– the air quality objectives set out in the statutory national legislation regulating air pollutant levels
and progress towards the EU long-term objective of achieving air quality in line with the air
quality guidelines published by the World Health Organisation;
– the EU biodiversity and ecosystem objectives in line with the 7th EAP;
– enhancing synergies between the EU air quality policy and other relevant EU policies, in
particular climate and energy policies.
The total national emission quotas valid until 2020, as listed in Table 1-1 are:
– sulphur dioxide (SO2): 70 kt
– nitrogen oxides (NOx): 87 kt
– non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs): 90 kt
– ammonia (NH3): 30 kt.
Croatia has accepted these commitments as a party to the LRTAP Convention on (NN – International
Treaties, No 12/93) and to the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone
(GP) (NN – International Treaties, No 07/08).
The Croatian and EU emission reduction commitments for certain pollutants, sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), ammonia (NH3) and fine
particulate matter (PM2.5) for 2020-2029 and from 2030 onwards are provided in Table 1-2, as well as
part of the following table which is a mandatory table of Format 2.3.1 Policy priorities and their
connection to priorities set in other relevant policy areas (M).
The reduction commitments have the year 2005 as the compliance monitoring and control base year, and
for road transport, apply to emissions calculated on the basis of fuels sold.
Table 2.3.1, which is part of the mandatory reporting format under the APCP Implementation Decision,
provides an overview of priority policies and their connection to priorities set in other relevant policy
areas.
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2.3.1 Policy priorities and their Interconnectedness to priorities set in other relevant policy areas (M)
The national
emission reduction
commitments
compared with 2005
base year
(in %) (M):
SO2 NOx NMVOCs NH3 PM2.5
2020-2029 (M): 55 % 31 % 34 % 1 % 18 %
From 2030 (M): 83 % 57 % 48 % 25 % 55 %
Air quality
objectives: national
policy priorities in
relation to EU or
national air quality
objectives (incl. limit
and target values
and exposure
concentration
obligations) (M):
The national air protection policy is defined by the Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate
Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for the Period 2013-2017 (NN No 139/13).
Relevant objectives of national policy priorities in relation to air quality are:
• O1. Prevention or progressive reduction of air pollution with the aim of protecting
human health, quality of living and the environment as a whole;
• O2. Improvement of the overall system of air quality management and air quality
monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia.
A series of measures for monitoring and assessing ambient air quality in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia in line with the requirements of the CAFE Directive (see section 3.2) are
related to objectives O1 and O2.
Compliance with the obligations imposed by the CAFE Directive is described below:
– a demarcation of the country’s zones and agglomerations has been established;
– the locations of measuring sites and the monitoring programme in the state network for
continuous air quality monitoring (in accordance with criteria of the CAFE Directive)
have been established;
– a classification of zones and agglomerations by pollution levels with regard to the
protection of human health and a classification by pollution levels with regard to the
protection of vegetation are published in the annual air quality reports.
Air quality monitoring in the Republic of Croatia is undertaken in accordance with Articles
27, 31, 32 and 33 of the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17) (hereinafter
referred to as: ACA) through the state air quality monitoring network and local networks of
cities, counties and polluters.
The Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia
for 2013-2017 (NN No 139/13) proposes the following measures to ensure compliance with the
EU legislation in respect of air quality monitoring and assessment of compliance with air quality
objectives:
• MPR-2 Adoption of a new decree on the designation of zones and agglomeration by air
pollution level;
• MPR-3 Adoption of a new decree on the establishment of measuring sites in the state
network for continuous air quality monitoring and on a list of measuring sites of the
concentrations of pollutants for the purpose of mutual information exchange and
reporting on air quality assessment and management;
• MPR-4 Adoption of a new programme of monitoring air pollution levels at stations of
the state network for continuous air quality monitoring;
• MPR-5 Improvement of the air quality monitoring system at state network stations and
quality assurance of measurement and data;
• MOZ-1 Creation of a register of pollutant emissions required for air quality models in
the estimation of ground-level ozone pollution, followed by MPR-11 Creation of a
register of pollutant emissions for point and diffuse sources with a spatial distribution in
the EMEP high-resolution grid.
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Zones and agglomerations for the purpose of air quality monitoring
The Decree on the Designation of Zones and Agglomerations by Air Pollution Level in the
Territory of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 1/14)9 established 5 zones and 4 agglomerations, as
shown in the figure below and tables stating the codes, names and extent of the zones and
agglomerations:
Zones and Agglomerations in Croatia
Key: Lika, Gorski kotar and Primorje
Zone borders Istria
Agglomeration Industrial zone
Dalmatia Continental Croatia
Pursuant to the Air quality assessment in the territory of the Republic of Croatia in 2006-2010
according to Directive 2008/50/EC, by Decree on the Designation of Zones and Agglomerations
by Air Pollution Level in the Territory of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 1/14) Croatia was
divided into 5 zones and 4 agglomerations for the purpose of air quality monitoring. The air
quality assessment in the territory of the Republic of Croatia needs to be undertaken at least once
in five years.
In November 2017, the Air quality assessment in the territory of Croatia 2011-2015 was prepared
(available online on: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=74786), proposing no changes to the
spatial extent of zones and agglomerations.
On endorsement of the existing division of the territory into zones and agglomerations, the
MPR-2 Adoption of a new decree on the designation of zones and agglomeration by air pollution
level was considered implemented.
9 By force of said Decree, the Decree on the Designation of Areas and Populated Areas by Air Quality Category (NN No 68/2008), dividing the territory of Croatia into 7 zones and 6 agglomerations (Zagreb, Rijeka, Split, Osijek, Sisak and Kutina), ceased to have effect.
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List of zones in the Republic of Croatia
ZONE CODE ZONE NAME ZONE EXTENT
HR 1
Continental
Croatia
Osijek-Baranja County (excluding the
HR OS agglomeration)
Požega-Slavonia County
Virovitica-Podravina County
Vukovar-Syrmia County
Bjelovar-Bilogora County
Koprivnica-Križevci County
Krapina-Zagorje County
Međimurje County
Varaždin County Zagreb County
(excluding the HR ZG agglomeration)
HR 2 Industrial zone Brod-Posavina County
Sisak-Moslavina County
HR 3
Lika, Gorski
Kotar and
Primorje
Lika-Senj County
Karlovac County
Primorje-Gorski Kotar County
(excluding the HR RI agglomeration)
HR 4 Istria Istria County
HR 5 Dalmatia
Zadar County
Šibenik-Knin County
Split-Dalmatia County (excluding the HR
ST agglomeration)
Dubrovnik-Neretva County
List of agglomerations in the Republic of Croatia
AGGLOMERATION
CODE
AGGLOMERATION
NAME
AGGLOMERATION
EXTENT
HR ZG
Zagreb
City of Zagreb, City of Dugo
Selo, City of Samobor, City
of Sveta Nedjelja, City of
Velika Gorica, City of
Zaprešić
HR Osijek City of Osijek
HR RI Rijeka
City of Rijeka, City of Bakar,
City of Kastav, City of
Kraljevica, City of Opatija,
Municipality of Viškovo,
Municipality of Čavle,
Municipality of Jelenje,
Municipality of Kostrena,
Municipality of Klana,
Municipality of Matulji,
Municipality of Lovran,
Municipality of Omišalj
HR ST
Split
City of Split, City of Kaštela,
City of Solin, City of Trogir,
Municipality of Klis,
Municipality of Podstrana,
Municipality of Seget
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Classification of zones and agglomeration by pollution level
Pursuant to the Air quality assessment for 2006-2010 (CMHS, 2012), the applicable Decree
Designating Zone and Agglomerations by Air Pollution Level in the Territory of the Republic
of Croatia, with a classification of zones and agglomerations by the level of pollution for each
pollutant in relation to the upper and lower assessment threshold / long-term goal with regard to
the protection of human health and with regard to the protection of vegetation.
Classification of zones and agglomeration by pollution level with regard to the protection of
human health
Zone and
agglomeration
code
Level of air pollution by pollutants with regard to the protection of human
health
SO2 NO2 PM10
Benzene,
benzo-
(a)pyrene
Pb, As,
Cd, Ni CO O3 Hg
HR ZG < LAT > UAT > UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV
HR OS < LAT < UAT > UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV
HR RI > UAT < UAT > UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV
HR ST > UAT > UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV
HR 1 < UAT < LAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV
HR 2 < UAT < LAT < UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV
HR 3 < LAT < UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV
HR 4 < LAT < LAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV
HR 5 < LAT < LAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV
Classification of zones and agglomerations by pollution level with regard to the protection of
vegetation
Zone code
Air pollution level by pollutant with
regard to the protection of vegetation
SO2 NOx AOT40 parameter
HR 1 < LAT < UAT > LG
HR 2 < UAT < UAT > LG
HR 3 < LAT < UAT > LG
HR 4 < LAT < UAT > LG
HR 5 < LAT < UAT > LG
The meaning of abbreviations used in the tables is as follows:
– LAT – lower assessment threshold,
– UAT – upper assessment threshold,
– LG – long-term goal for ground-level ozone,
– LV – limit value.
Measurements are obligatory for the assessment of pollution in the areas with higher pollution
levels than the upper assessment threshold (>UAT). In the areas with pollution levels between
upper and lower assessment thresholds (<UAT and >LAT), measurement data may be
supplemented by modelling data or indicative measurements. In the areas with pollution levels
<LAT, an objective assessment technique may be applied.
Measurement sites and programme in the state air quality monitoring network
Measurement sites and the programme in the national network for air quality monitoring are
laid down in the Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain
Air Pollutant Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State Network for
Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (NN No 65/16) and in the Programme of air pollution level
monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring (NN No 73/16)10 .
The state network is undergoing modernisation, so the scope of the measurement was
expanded in some zones between 2013 and 2017 to achieve the scope laid down in the
Decree.
10 An earlier Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain Air Pollutant Concentrations and Locations of
Measurement Stations in the State Network for Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (NN No 22/14) and the accompanying Programme of air pollution level monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring (NN No 103/14, corr. 117/14) are no longer applicable.
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Air quality assessment in the territory of Croatia, 2011-2015
In 2017, a new air quality assessment was prepared, proposing a greater number of
measurement sites and an expansion of the measurement programme in the state network
for continuous air quality monitoring.
The conclusions of the 2011-2015 Air quality assessment in Croatia, CMHS, November 2017
are provided below:
SO2
– Air quality criteria with regard to the protection of human health and vegetation met in
all zones and agglomerations
– Upper assessment threshold with regard to the protection of human health exceeded in
zone HR02
– Upper assessment threshold with regard to the protection of vegetation exceeded in all
zones
NO2
– Limit value of the annual mean concentration exceeded at the Zagreb-1 station, so
nitrogen dioxide measurements need to continue at that station
– All zones below the upper assessment threshold for the protection of vegetation
– Upper assessment threshold (hourly concentration values) exceeded in the Zagreb
(Zagreb-1) agglomeration, and lower assessment threshold in the Osijek (Osijek-1)
agglomeration
– Upper assessment threshold (annual mean concentration values) exceeded in Zagreb
(Zagreb-1) agglomeration
PM10
– Annual mean limit value exceeded in Zagreb and Osijek agglomerations and in zone HR
02 (Sisak-1, Kutina-1, Slavonski Brod-2)
– Number of days (daily mean value) exceeded in Zagreb and Osijek agglomerations, in
zone HR 02 (Sisak-1, Kutina-1 Slavonski Brod-2), in zone HR 01 (Zoljan) exceeded in
2011
– Lower and upper assessment thresholds exceeded in zones HR 01 (Kopački rit) and HR
02 (Kutina, Sisak) and in Zagreb, Osijek and Rijeka agglomerations, lower threshold
exceeded in zone HR 04
PM2.5
– Limit values and tolerance values exceeded in Slavonski Brod-1. Upper assessment
threshold exceeded at the Slavonski Brod station-1, and lower assessment threshold in
Kopački rit
O3
– Ground-level ozone target value (120 pgm-3) exceeded in zones HR 01, HR 03, HR 04
and HR 05, and in Zagreb and Rijeka agglomerations
– AOT40 parameter exceeded in zones HR 01, HR 03, HR 04 and HR 05, and in Zagreb
and Rijeka agglomerations
C6H6
– Annual mean concentration limit value exceeded at the Sisak station-1
– Lower assessment threshold of the annual mean concentration exceeded in zone HR02
H2S
– Permitted number of exceedances of the hourly limit value exceeded in Sisak and
Slavonski Brod and at the Zagreb-Jakuševac local station (quality of life conditions
affected)
– Permitted number of exceedances of the hourly limit value exceeded in Slavonski Brod
and at the Zagreb-Jakuševac local station (quality of life conditions affected)
NH3
– Permitted number of exceedances of the hourly limit value exceeded in Kutina (quality of
life conditions affected)
B(a)P
– Annual mean concentrations exceeded at stations: Zagreb-1, Zagreb-3, Slavonski Brod-1
and Sisak-1
– Upper assessment threshold exceeded at Zagreb-1 and Sisak-1 stations
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PPI – indicator of average exposure to PM2.5 concentrations
The average exposure indicator expressed in μg m-3 is based on the measurements at urban
background locations in zones and agglomerations across the country; it is used to check if the
national exposure reduction target has been achieved. It should be assessed as the average of
annual mean concentration averages over three consecutive years at all sampling points,
determined under a special regulation. The PPI for the reference year 2015 equals the
concentration mean value for 2013, 2014 and 2015 and amounts to 20.6 μg m-3, exceeding the
required exposure level for 2015, which is 20 μg m-3.
Zones and agglomerations
The 2011-2015 Air quality assessment proposed to maintain the spatial distribution of zones
and agglomerations, in accordance with the Decree Designating Zones and Agglomerations by
Air Pollution Level in the Territory of the Republic of Croatia, as the conditions for their
delimitation with regard to air quality had not changed.
Minimum number of measurement sites for continuous air quality monitoring
Among the criteria for deciding on the need to expand the measurement network is an analysis
of the pollution level in relation to assessment thresholds. A summary of the analysis of
pollution levels compared to assessment thresholds for 2011-2015 by pollutant is provided in
the tables below.
Pollution level Shown as
Data used in the assessment
Below the lower assessment limit modelling, indicative measurements
Between the lower and the upper assessment limit
measurement and modelling
Above the upper assessment limit and above the long-term ozone target
measurement
data coverage less than 75 % measurements
measurements not performed, model results not applicable
Assessment of pollution level compared to the assessment thresholds for human health for
2011-2015 at measurement sites of the state network for continuous air quality monitoring,
according to the current zones and agglomerations (in the zones without measurement, model
results were applied)
Pollutant
Zone Measurement stations
SO2 NO2 PM10 PM2.5 benzene Pb CO O3
HRZG ZAGREB-1
HRZG ZAGREB-2
HRZG ZAGREB-3
HRZG ZAGREB PPI PM2.5
HR OS OSIJEK-1
HRRI RIJEKA-1
HRRI RIJEKA-2
HR 01 KOPAČKI RIT
HR 01 GRADIŠTE
HR 01 ZOLJAN
HR 01 DESINIĆ
HR 02 KUTINA-1
HR 02 SISAK-1
HR 02 SLAVONSKI BROD-1
HR 02 SLAVONSKI BROD-2
HR 03 PLITVICE LAKES
HR 03 PARC
HR 04 VIŠNJAN
HR 04 PULA-FIŽELA
HR 05 POLAČA
HR 05 VELA STRAŽA
HR 05 MAKARSKA
HR 05 OPUZEN
HR05 ŽARKOVICA
HR05 HUM (ISLAND OF VIS)
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Assessment of pollution levels according to the levels critical to vegetation for 2011-2015 at
measurement sites of the state network for continuous air quality monitoring, according to the
current zones. The levels critical to vegetation do not apply to agglomeration areas (in the zones
without measurement, model results were applied).
Measurement stations Zone/Aggl. Pollutant
As Cd Ni BaP
ZAGREB-1 HR-ZG
ZAGREB-3 HR-ZG
RIJEKA-1 HRRI
SISAK-1 HR 02
SLAVONSKI BROD-1 HR 02
Assessment of pollution levels according to the levels critical to vegetation for 2011-2015 at
measurement sites of the state network for continuous air quality monitoring, according to the
current zones. The levels critical to vegetation do not apply to agglomeration areas (in the zones
without measurement, model results were applied).
Pollutant
Zone/Agglo-meration
Measurement stations SO2 NOX AOT40
HR 01 KOPAČKI RIT
HR 01 GRADIŠTE
HR 01 DESINIĆ
HR 02 KUTINA-1
HR 02 SLAVONSKI BROD-1
HR 03 PLITVICE LAKES
HR 03 PARG
HR 04 VIŠNJAN
HR 04 PULA-FIŽELA
HR 05 POLAČA
HR 05 MAKARSKA
HR 05 OPUZEN
HR 05 ŽARKOVICA
HR 05 HUM (ISLAND OF VIS)
The assessment identified the need to increase the scope of measurement in the national
network for continuous air quality monitoring.
In zone HR 01, there is a PM2.5 and a PM10 measurement site missing as the upper assessment
limit (UAL) was exceeded in Kopački Rit. Although this non-compliance appeared solely in
2015, the number of measurement stations should be increased to meet the criteria of Annex V
to Directive 2008/50/EC. It should be noted that there was no UAL exceedance in this zone
between 2006 and 2010, so this emerges as a new commitment for 2016-2020.
In the HR OS agglomeration, there is also a measurement site (city background station)
missing; it will be established through a project of state network modernisation in 2018-2021.
The benzene UAL was exceeded in the HR ZG agglomeration; as a result, two additional
benzene measurement sites need to be established in the upcoming period 2016-2020, which
will be ensured through the state network modernisation. According to the results of ground-
level ozone measurement, the number of measurement sites criterion has not been met.
Although there are measurements at the city background station in Velika Gorica and at
Zagreb-03 city background Station, the measurement data lacks satisfactory coverage, so this
problem needs to be solved in order to avoid non-compliance. According to the decree on the
number of measurement sites, the formal criterion has been met (2 measurement sites) but, as to
the data coverage criterion, only one station meets the specified criterion. In addition, another
city background station is planned to be established in the HR ZG zone in 2018-2020, so this
zone is not expected to be non-compliant with regard to ground-level ozone in the future.
Furthermore, there is also non-compliance with regard to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in the HR ZG
zone. Values exceed UAL, so the concentrations of floating particles will need to be analysed at
another measurement site in 2018-2020.
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The table below shows the minimum number of measurement sites for the monitoring of certain
pollutants to be established in accordance with the new Air Quality Assessment:
Zone / Aggl.
SO2 NO2 PM11
+PM2.5 C2H2 Pb CO BC O2
BaP+ PAU
PAU Ni, Cd, As, Hg
PPI PM2.5
Chem., PM2.5
Hg HOS
HR01 0/1 0/2 6/4 0/2 0/im 0/M 0/0 2/3 0/im 0/1 0/im 0/0 0/M 0/0 0/0
HR02 2/4 0/1 3/3 2/3 0/2 0/M 0/1 1/2 2/2 0/im 0/2 0/0 0/1 0/0 0/0
HR03 0/1 0/2 0/2 0/im 0/im 0/1 0/0 1/3 0/im 0/im 0/im 0/0 1/1 0/0 0/0
HR04 0/M 0/1 1/2 0/im 0/im 0/M 0/0 1/2 0/im 0/0 0/im 0/0 0/M 0/0 0/0
HR05 0/2 0/1 0/2 0/im 0/im 0/1 0/0 2/4 0/im 0/0 0/im 0/0 0/0 0/0 1/0
HR ZG 0/2 3/3 4/4 3/1 0/2 0/1 1/1 2/2 3/2 0/0 0/2 1/1 0/1 1/1 0/0
HR OS 0/2 1/1 2/1 0/1 0/im 0/2 0/0 0/1 0/im 0/im 0/im 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0
HR Rl 0/1 0/1 1/2 0/1 0/im 0/1 0/0 0/1 0/im 0/im 0/im 0/1 0/0 0/0 0/0
HR ST 0/3 1/2 2/2 0/im 0/im 0/M 0/0 1/0 0/im 0/im 0/im 0/1 0/0 0/0 0/0
Key M Measurements may be supplemented by modelling results.
im Indicative measurements should be carried out in view of the high uncertainty of model results for these components.
6/4 is a figure on the number of mandatory stations in a particular zone (6, red) compared to the number of currently available stations in the zone (4, black). If the number of mandatory stations is black, it means that the criteria of compliance with Annex V to Directive 2008/50/EC (hereinafter referred to as: Annex V) have been met.
No measurement site for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the territory of
Croatia has been established yet, but is planned within the scope of modernisation of the state
network (2018-2021).
With regard to the implementation of measures MPR-3 Adoption of a new decree determining
measurement sites in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring and a list of
measurement sites for the monitoring of pollutant concentrations for the purpose of mutual
information exchange and reporting on air quality assessment and management and MPR-4
Adoption of a new programme of air pollution level measurement at stations of the state
network for continuous air quality monitoring, as well as MPR-5 Improvement of the air quality
monitoring system at state network stations and quality assurance of measurement and data, the
new Degree and Programme were adopted in 2017 as a prerequisite for a grant from structural
funds for the implementation of the ‘Improvement and modernisation of the state network for
air quality monitoring – AIRQ’ project.
When it comes to the implementation of measure MOZ-1 Creation of a register of pollutant
emissions required for air quality models in the assessment of ground-level ozone pollution,
followed by MPR-11 Creation of a register of pollutant emissions for point and diffuse sources
with a spatial distribution in the EMEP high-resolution grid, an integral Register of Pollutant
Emissions for Point and Diffuse Sources with a Spatial Distribution in the EMEP High-
Resolution Grid (Chapter 6 of the Plan of Preventive Measures – MPR-11).
Results of the implementation of that measure are available at: https://emep.haop.hr/. The
results provide a spatial display of pollutant emissions in the territory of Croatia in 0.l ° x 0.l ° a
(long-lat) resolution for the zones and in a 500 m x 500 m (long-lat) resolution for the
agglomerations. The implementation of this measure provided detailed data on emissions for air
quality modelling on a s scale.
Climate change (and
energy) policy
objectives
In the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Croatia accepted an individual emission
reduction commitment of 5 % and has complied with it. In the second period between 2013 and
2020, Croatia accepted an emission reduction commitment of 20 % compared to the 1990 level,
as a joint emission reduction commitment of the EU under the UNFCCC (the Doha
Amendment [1]).
Under the distribution of emission reduction commitments within the EU, as set out in Decision
406/2009/EC on the sharing of efforts (hereinafter referred to as: the ESD), by 2020 Croatia
may increase emissions in the sectors covered by the ESD by 11 % compared to 2005.
The National Climate Change Policy laid down by of the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11,
47/14 and 61/17), Chapter VIII – Monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions and measures to
mitigate and adapt to climate change.
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Climate change mitigation is achieved through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by
ensuring the implementation of the Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of
Croatia, providing planning documents, gradually limiting emission allowances to economic
operators through emission allowances trading, through measures in all emission source sectors,
the use of flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto protocol and other measures that contribute to
climate change mitigation (Article 74 of the Air Protection Act). The adaptation to climate
change is undertaken by implementing adaptation measures in the sectors exposed to the impact
of climate changes. The objectives and priorities for the implementation of climate change
adaptation measures have been proposed in the Draft Strategy for Adaptation to Climate
Changes with the Action Plan.
Within the scope of the climate change policy, the following documents have been prepared:
– Draft low-emission development strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until
2030 with a view to 2050, White Book, May 2017, MEE);
– Draft strategy for adaptation to climate changes in the Republic of Croatia for the period
up to 2040 with a view to 2070, White Book, September 2017 (MEE).
Public consultations on these draft strategies, including a strategic environmental impact
assessment and ecological network impact assessment, have taken place.
The objectives proposed in the Draft low-emission development strategy are as follows:
– achieving sustainable development, based on knowledge and competitive economy with
low carbon levels and efficient use of resources; increasing employment in emerging
sectors of the economy and the ‘green’ economy, encouraging regional and rural
development, encouraging innovation and technological development, fostering
education, lifelong learning and specialisation for the low-carbon economy, contributing
to social inclusion;
– increasing security of energy supply, sustainability of energy supply, increasing
availability of energy and reducing energy dependence;
– solidarity by fulfilling Croatia’s obligations under International Treaties within the scope
of the EU policy, as part of our historical responsibility and contribution to global goals;
– reducing air pollution and its impacts on health.
The objectives proposed in the Draft strategy for adaptation to climate changes are as follows:
– reducing the vulnerability of social and natural systems to the adverse impacts of climate
change, i.e. strengthening their resilience and ability to recover from these impacts (long-
term goal);
– gathering of all relevant institutional, political, economic and social stakeholders to
create sufficiently strong support for the implementation of joint actions in implementing
adaptation measures;
– integration of the adaptation process, including the implementation of measures, into
existing and new policies, programmes, plans and other activities carried out at all levels
of governance;
– raising the level of awareness of the importance of climate change and inevitability of
initiating the process of adaptation in all social segments, which are also the main
beneficiaries of the positive effects of the process of adaptation to climate changes.
The Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of
Croatia for 2013-2017 defined the general objective of the national policy with regard to
climate changes: C4. Reducing and limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone-
depleting substances and maintaining the level of greenhouse gas emissions.
The Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 130/09) sets out the
targets for renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. The operational implementation of
the objectives is laid down in the action plans for the use of renewable energy sources and
energy efficiency, which are notified to the European Commission.
An indicative target for limiting total energy consumption in the Republic of Croatia by 2020 is
11.15 Mtoe, 7.0 Mtoe for final (end-use) energy consumption. At EU level, an emission
reduction by at least 40 % compared to 1990 levels has been set for the year 2030. This will be
done by reducing the emissions in the ETS by 43 % compared to 2005, and by 30 % compared
to 2005 in sectors outside the ETS. For Croatia, the emissions reduction in the sectors covered
by the ESD stands at -7 % compared to 2005.
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Relevant policy
objectives in other
areas, incl.
agriculture, industry
and transport (M):
Relevant policy objectives in agriculture
The Rural Development Programme of the Republic of Croatia for 2014-2020 is the basic
document for the implementation of the rural development policy; it contains all the rural
development support programmes and measures and defines the relevant agricultural policy
objectives. Another applicable document that aligns national with EU objectives is the 2013-
2023 National Action Plan of the Republic of Croatia for Sustainable Use of Pesticides.
The Rural Development Programme defines 18 measures aimed at increasing the
competitiveness of Croatian agriculture and improving living and working conditions in rural
areas. The measures are further subdivided into sub-measures and those are subdivided into
operations aimed at meeting clearly defined objectives.
The most important general objectives of the operations under the Rural Development
Programme relevant to the issue of air pollution control or having an indirect effect on the
reduction of pollutant emissions from agricultural practices can be summarised as follows: consulting and vocational training for multiple compliance, a package of measures for
agriculture, environment and climate change, organic farming; restructuring, modernisation and enhancement of the competitiveness of agricultural
holdings through numerous investments in organic primary agriculture and processing of
agricultural products, e.g. investment in the purchase of new agricultural machinery and
equipment and commercial vehicles, consolidation and increase of the average area of
agricultural holdings, investment in the construction and/or equipping of the facilities for
animals, closed/sheltered areas, facilities for the cultivation of annual and perennial plants,
seeds and planting material, storage and packaging of products; disposal, handling and use of manure to reduce the adverse effect on the environment (e.g.
construction of manure and digestate storage facilities, including manure and digestate
handling and utilisation facilities and investments to improve the efficiency of fertiliser
use; machinery and equipment for fertiliser loading. transport and application); use of renewable energy sources (investment in construction and/or equipping of energy
production facilities, facilities for the reception, processing and storage of raw materials, as
well as for the processing, conversion, storage, transport and application of organic
fertiliser substrates); non-production investments related to environmental conservation (e.g. soil erosion control
(investment in the construction of terraces, lifting of drywall and hedges), construction of
new and reconstruction of existing livestock buildings, investment in construction and/or
equipping of new irrigation systems on the agricultural holding and improvement of
existing systems/equipment), payment of liabilities related to the agriculture, environment
and climate changes (e.g. soil treatment and sowing on sloped terrain for annual arable
crops, crop rotation, establishment of field strips); incentives to organic farming through payments to maintain organic farming practices and
methods; Support for pilot projects and for the development of new products, procedures, processes
and technologies.
Programme activities whose implementation also affects emissions into the air are outlined
below: quality systems for agricultural products and foodstuffs,
investments in physical assets,
restoring agriculture production potential damaged by natural disasters and catastrophic
events and introduction of appropriate prevention actions,
farm and business development,
basic services and village renewal in rural areas,
investments in forest area development and improvement of the viability forests,
establishment of producer groups and organisations,
agri-environment climate,
organic farming,
payments to areas facing natural or other specific constraints,
cooperation,
risk management,
support for leader local development (CLLD – community-led local development).
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Relevant policy objectives in industry
Relevant policy objective in the industry are integrated into the Industrial Strategy of the
Republic of Croatia for 2014-2020. The industrial strategy represents any form of intervention
or state policy aimed at improving the business environment, or at changing the structure of
economic activity by sectors, technologies or tasks that are expected to have a greater
contribution to economic growth or social welfare than would be the case if the intervention did
not exist. General strategy objectives and other targets whose implementation might affect
emissions into air are outlined below.
General objectives: increasing the share of highly educated workforce in the total number of employees in the
industry to achieve higher productivity of the domestic industry;
increasing investment in research and development, as generally accepted to contribute to
innovation;
Increasing fixed capital investments that need to accompany new employment and
increases in capital equipment of labour and depreciation of existing investments. Other targets: 2.85 % average annual growth in the volume of industrial production; an additional 85 619 newly recruited employees by the end of 2020, of which at least 30 %
with higher education; 68.9 % growth in labour productivity in 2014-2020; 30 % increase in exports 2014-2020 and change of the export structure in favour of high
value-added products in exports.
The Industrial Strategy has no directly outlined environmental targets in general objectives and
other targets. The reason for the absence of environmental targets is the unavailability of an
environmental management strategy, although it is believed that it will have an impact on
industrial development. Indirectly, it is stated that the industrial policy departs from the
importance of interactivity between a modern high-technology industry and the growing service
sector, industry and the environment. The legislation of developed Western industrial nations
requires compliance with high standards of environmental and human health protection in
production processes. Such legislation in developed countries put additional pressure on the
profitability of the industry.
Relevant policy objectives in transport
Relevant policy objectives in transport are presented in the Transport Development Strategy of
the Republic of Croatia (2017-2030). The development of transport infrastructure in Croatia is
considered extremely important for its economic and social growth, as well as for international
connectivity. Transport infrastructure is an instrument of regional development that drives the
exchange of goods and better accessibility to all economic, health, tourist and other amenities.
In the development of general and specific objectives, the Strategy has taken into account the
already published European strategy and environmental and climate protection requirements.
The general objectives whose implementation will, directly and indirectly, affect emissions and
air quality are the following:
change in the passenger transport distribution in favour of public transport (PT) and forms
of transport with zero pollutant emissions;
change the freight transport distribution in favour of rail and maritime transport and inland
waterway transport;
develop the transport system (infrastructure and maintenance management, organisation
and development) on the principle of economic viability;
reduce the impact of the transport system on climate changes;
reduce the impact of the transport system on the environment (environmental
sustainability);
increase the safety of the transport system; increase the interoperability of the transport system (PT, rail, road, maritime and air
transport and inland waterway transport);
improve the integration of transport modes in Croatia (management, ITS, VTMIS, P&R, etc.);
further develop the Croatian part of the TEN-T (basic and comprehensive) network.
In addition to the general objectives, specific objectives for certain transport sectors have also
been defined:
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better coordinate transport management with neighbouring countries (Bosnia-Herzegovina,
B-H – Port of Ploče, road and rail links with B-H, Slovenia, Serbia, Italy, Montenegro and
Hungary);
in some parts of Croatia, where applicable, supplement development of the tourism sector as
the main economic factor through adequate transport development, particularly in favour of
PP and green mobility;
improve access to remote parts of Croatia (e.g. islands of Southern Dalmatia etc.);
develop the potential of major logistics centres (ports of Rijeka, Split, Ploče, Vukovar,
Osijek, Slavonski Brod, Zagreb node);
strengthen Croatia’s position as a logistics hub of the wider region, with a special emphasis
on Zagreb;
improve integration of the transport sector into socio-economic developments in the region
(concept of functional regions, FR);
municipal, suburban and regional traffic;
– develop the potential of public (regional and national) road transport where other forms
of public transport are not cost-effective;
– increase the competitiveness of the tram system in Zagreb and Osijek;
– better integrate the international/national transport system into local and regional
transport systems (passenger hubs, integrated toll/ticket system, etc.);
– increase the efficiency and reduce the economic impact of public transport management
and organisation;
– increase the attractiveness of public transport by enhancing the concepts of fleet
management and modernisation;
– traffic and logistics management and information provision;
– review/update of local/regional master plans.
Rail transport
– enhance rail transport corridors leading from the Rijeka Port to markets with the greatest
potential for the port (Hungary, B-H, Slovakia, Italy, southern Poland and Serbia);
– make better use of the Croatian railway system in larger Croatian agglomerations
(Zagreb, Rijeka, Split, Varaždin, Osijek), and within and between functional regions
(sub-regions);
– improve the service level of the railway rolling stock and its impact on the environment;
– better integrate the rail system into local transport systems (station safety and security,
links to other forms of transport, etc.);
– increase safety at rail-road level crossings;
– increase the efficiency of the Croatian railway system (traffic management, business
operation etc.);
– ensure infrastructure maintenance while respecting cost-effectiveness aspects.
Road transport
– improve safety of the road transport system;
– make better use of the Croatian road system in the context of public transport (buses in
the local, regional and national system);
– reduce the environmental impact of the oldest sections of the Croatian motorway
network;
– optimise and mutually coordinate different toll systems in Croatia;
– improve technical requirements in the road design, with an emphasis on more cost-
effective technical solutions, safety standards, green mobility and integration of the
means of transport with zero pollutant emissions;
– increase the road accessibility of areas in which existing infrastructure has reached the
upper limit of traffic flow and alternative forms of transport (public rail and coastal
shipping) are not economically justified (tourist centres in Adriatic Croatia), including
the introduction of a sustainable transport concept that favours public transport and
forms of transport with zero pollutant emissions;
– increase connectivity with neighbouring countries to raise cooperation and territorial
integration to a higher level;
– increase accessibility of Croatian areas in which the upper limit of traffic flow has been
reached and there is no alternative road infrastructure (parallel motorways etc.) – from
Zagreb in the direction of Bjelovar, and from Varaždin in the direction of Koprivnica
and Krapina;
– reduce traffic congestion in agglomerations with a heavy traffic, taking into account
special rules applying to the protection of national heritage.
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Air transport
– support the development of the Franjo Tuđman Airport with the aim of preserving the
accessibility of the Croatian capital from abroad
– improve business operations and reliability of the Dubrovnik Airport to preserve
accessibility of Southern Dalmatia;
– improve the accessibility of airports. especially by public transport;
– improve the safety standards at airports and in air transport;
– comply with the requirements for entry in the Schengen area, where applicable.
Maritime transport
– encourage development and raise the competitiveness of the port of Rijeka as the main
Croatian seaport;
– reduce the impact of maritime transport on the environment (fleet development,
environmental protection, and measures to prevent and combat pollution from maritime
structures);
– increase the distribution of freight transport on Adriatic overseas and coastal routes in
favour of maritime transport;
– increase reliability of the maritime transport (public transport and supply chains) in harsh
weather conditions;
– improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the maritime transport system;
– improve safety of the maritime transport system;
– improve the integration of ports into the local (passenger and cargo) transport system.
The Strategy provides for all infrastructure projects arising from the measures to be planned,
taking into account potential climatic events in the area where measures are implemented.
Relevant policy objectives in waste management
The main objectives of waste management in Croatia arise from the assessment of the status of
waste management and the obligations arising from the EU legislation and regulations
transposed into national legislation.
The implementation and establishment of an integral waste management system in Croatia is
enabled by the application and fulfilment of the objectives defined by the Sustainable Waste
Management Act (NN Nos 94/13 and 73/17) and the Waste Management Plan of the Republic
of Croatia for 2017-2022 (NN No 3/17).
The Sustainable Waste Management Act is the main piece of legislation regulating the issues of
management in Croatia. A number of rules have been adopted under the Act, some of which
regulate certain waste management activities while others regulate the management of special
categories of waste.
Based on the assessment of the existing status of waste management and the obligations that
Croatia must fulfil under EU and national legislation, the Waste Management Plan defines the
targets to be achieved by 2022, compared to 2015:
1. improve the municipal waste management system;
– reduce the total amount of municipal waste produced by 5 %;
– separately collect 60 % of the mass of communal waste produced (primarily paper, glass,
plastic, metal, biowaste, etc.);
– separately collect 40 % of the mass of produced biowaste that is an integral part of
municipal waste;
– dispose in landfills less than 25 % of the mass of municipal waste produced;
2. improve the management system for special categories of waste;
– separately collect 75 % of the mass of construction waste produced;
– establish a system for waste sludge from sewage treatment plants;
– improve the packaging waste management system;
– establish a marine waste management system;
– establish a system of management for waste vessels, wrecks and sunken objects on the
seabed;
– improve the management system for other special categories of waste;
3. improve the hazardous waste management system;
4. remediate locations contaminated by waste;
5. continuously carry out educational and information activities;
6. improve the waste management information system;
7. improve waste management control;
8. improve administrative proceedings in waste management.
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The 2018 Waste Package introduces changes to EU waste management regulations by
introducing more ambitious targets for Member States in order to promote the transition to a
circular economy.
The aim of the changes to the Directives included in the Waste Package is to gradually balance
the levels of best practices in the Member States and stimulate the necessary investment in
waste management and to enable the rotating economy from production to consumption, repair
and manufacturing, waste management and useful raw materials that are fed back to the
economy. Since the circular economy encourages the use of production processes that consume
less material and energy sources, using waste-free resources and including full end-of-life
product recycling, it indirectly affects emissions and air quality – thus, a sustainable and
competitive economy with low greenhouse gas and other pollutant emissions is developed,
helping reduce environmental degradation and resource consumption as well as destruction of
biodiversity.
On 4 July 2018, new EU rules entered into force with legally binding targets for waste
recycling and reduction of waste disposal with fixed deadlines for Member States that have to
adjust their national legislation for switching to the circular economy in the next two years.
Croatia is required to transpose the Waste Directives into its legislation by 5 July 2020.
Some other
national policy
objectives and
priorities relevant
for the NAPCP:
Croatian Government Programme until 2020
The Croatian Government Programme for the 2016-2020 term may be highlighted as an
important current document defining the development policy by 2020. The core objectives are:
o achieving a stable and lasting economic growth;
o new quality job creation;
o stopping emigration and demographic renewal;
o social justice and solidarity.
In the field of ecology, sustainable development and environmental protection, the
following specific objectives are highlighted:
o protection of Croatian natural resources; o integrated water management and protection of national water resources; o adaptation to climate conditions; o efficient waste management.
In the energy sector, the Energy Development Strategy is currently being developed, with
the following prominent specific objectives: o improving the security of crude supply in Croatia and the EU: o improving the security of gas supply in Croatia and the EU.
In the area of demographic development, population policy and revitalisation, prominent
objectives are: o encouraging higher birth rates by providing a minimum and raising the existing
standard of living; o provision of housing for families under favourable terms.
National Development Strategy
The Act on a System of Strategic Planning and Management of the Development of the
Republic of Croatia (NN No 123/17) was adopted in 2017. This Act regulates the system of
strategic planning of Croatia and the management of public policies, namely the
preparation, drafting, implementation, reporting, monitoring of implementation and
impacts, and the evaluation of strategic planning documents for the design and
implementation of public policies which, in accordance with their competences, are
drafted, adopted and implemented by public authorities. The National Development
Strategy is the highest document in the hierarchy, followed by multi-sectoral and sectoral
strategies, plans and programmes. At the moment, Croatia’s strategic development is based on a series of multi-sectoral and
sectoral strategies, plans and programmes, and the first National Development Strategy of
the Republic of Croatia until 2030 is being drafted. It is planned to be adopted by 2020.
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Energy Strategy
The current Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 130/09) sets
three fundamental energy objectives:
o energy supply security;
o competitiveness of the energy system;
o sustainability of the energy development.
In view of the changes in a number of internal and external factors since the Strategy was
adopted in 2009, the need for developing a new Strategy has been recognised. The new
Strategy is being drafted and its adoption is expected in 2019.
Environmental Protection Plan
The Environmental Protection Plan of the Republic of Croatia for 2016 to 2023 is being
drafted. The plan has not yet been adopted, but following priorities have been recognised in
the Draft plan (MEE, 2016):
I. protecting, preserving and improving the value of natural goods and the environment;
II. supporting sustainable production and consumption;
III. safeguarding the Union’s citizens from environment-related pressures and risks to health
and well-being;
IV. strengthening the institutional and legislative framework;
V. stronger link between knowledge, the information management system and the
environmental policy;
VI. developing economic instruments and financing;
VII. making cities more sustainable;
VIII. promoting sustainable development at the European and international level, according
to the Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 30/09).
2.2.1. COHERENCE OF INVENTORIES AND PROJECTIONS
Under Article 19(2) of the NEC Decree, the Air Pollution Control Programme must be coherent to other
relevant plans and programmes established pursuant to the requirement laid down in the Croatian or EU
legislation. Since national emission inventories and emission projections are simultaneously the database,
that is, data sources serving for the development of plans and programmes, it is essential for them to be
mutually coherent; it means not only that the inventory of pollutant emissions and the inventory of
greenhouse gas emissions must be coherent but they must also be coherent with the projections, and that
pollutant projections must be coherent with greenhouse gas projections. That kind of coherence is ensured
through the following:
equivalent data sources and data on activities (e.g. use of same energy models, agricultural
productivity, demographic, BDP data, number of households, etc.) used and
equivalent assumptions made on already adopted policies and measures (PaMs) are consistent in
all policy areas.
In addition, coherence is ensured through reporting on the inventory of pollutant emissions, projections
and air quality, according to the established templates, formats and guidelines to achieve maximum
consistency in reporting among Member States. The Air Pollution Control Programme should be in line
with reporting under other commitments, including:
inventory of pollutant emissions and projections reported by Member States annually / every four
years to the UNECE under the CLRTAP;
annual report to the Commission under E-PRTR:
greenhouse gas emission inventories and projections reported (bi)annually to the Commission and
the UNFCCC under the Kyoto Protocol and the MRR;
information on air quality exchanged via e-reporting in accordance with the Commission
Implementing Decision (IPR).
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Coherence of data sources and data on the activities in inventories and projections
Data on the activities necessary to calculate pollutant emissions are collected from the Croatian
Environmental Protection Information System, official annual publications and databases of the Central
Bureau of Statistics as well as competent ministries and institutions. With regard to certain sub-sectors
and categories of emission sources, more detailed data on the activities than those available in official
publications (e.g. energy balance, categorisation of road vehicles etc.) are required. The data sets used for
the preparation of inventories of pollutant emissions and greenhouse gas emission inventories are mostly
the same. This is checked during detailed annual reviews of inventories, in accordance with the NEC
Directive, and adjustments are made where data are found to differ in preparation for the next annual
submission. The first such detailed technical review under the NEC Directive of the emissions inventories
as at the last historical year 2015 was undertaken in 2017. Earlier adjustments were made according to the
report on the 3rd phase of centralised review, coordinated by the EMEP emissions centre, the Centre on
Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP), which acts as a review secretariat in accordance with the
UNECE LRTAP Convention and the EU NEC Directive. Croatia underwent two such centralised reviews
in 2011 and 2014.
The projections that are an integral part of this Programme were prepared pursuant to the
EMEP/EEA Guidebook under the LRTAP Conventions and in accordance with the latest available
annual inventory for 2016. Data on emissions and data on activities were taken from the latest
historical inventory submission to the European Commission and the LRTAP Convention
Secretariat of February 2018. Thus, the requirement that calculated projections need to be
consistent with the latest reported inventory was met.
The preparation of the projections covered three basic steps:
Step 1: identification of key emission sources for a particular pollutant and their share in total
emissions of the pollutant under observation;
Step 2: inclusion of data on the activity from available development plans;
Step 3: where development plans were not available, assumption were made about future data on
the activity concerned. Data were broken down by pollutants and key sectors under observation.
The methodology used for the emissions projections is identical to the methodology used for calculating
emissions. Emission data result is the product of activity data (e.g. fuel consumption, production statistics,
number of animals, processed waste, etc.) and the corresponding emission factor.
To provide for integrated modelling, which would include the possibility of a simultaneous assessment of
relevant impacts of the low-carbon development scenario in Croatia and measures to reduce pollutant
emissions, numerous simulation and optimisation models were applied and an integral model named
NUSPCRO (low-carbon strategic planning in Croatia) was also developed. The Long-Range Energy
Alternatives Planning (LEAP) system software served as the basis for the NUSPCRO integrated model
development. This integrated modelling tool was used for energy policy analysis and assessment of
climate mitigation measures as well as for the modelling of energy consumption and energy
transformation and for resource extraction. It was also employed in the calculation of energy and non-
energy emissions in all sectors of the economy.
Scenarios are prepared based on a number of inputs using the methodology for the calculation of impacts,
modelling economic impacts, PaM as well as technology and changes in the behaviour of inhabitants.
Depending on the targets being analysed, the results in certain scenarios may be an indicator of the need
to simulate additional measures to achieve the set emission reduction targets or to examine the optimal
combination of emission reduction measures. Addition iterations serve to test the sensitivity to changes in
parameters.
The result are greenhouse gas emission projections, pollutant emission projections, costs, external costs
and the impact on employment, which may subsequently be evaluation on a monetary basis to obtain an
integrated cost-benefit analysis. Consistent relations and technologies used provide for a coherent
comparability of scenarios and assessment of limit impacts of individual PaMs.
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In addition to the projections under this Programme, the NUSPCRO model has been (or will be) used in
the preparation of the following documents:
– Report on greenhouse gas emission projections of the Republic of Croatia;
– Report on PaMs for emission reduction and increase in the removal by sinks of greenhouse gases
of the Republic of Croatia;
– Draft strategy of low-carbon development of the Republic of Croatia.
Coherence of the projections of pollutant emissions into the air and other commitments
The national inventory is prepared annually, while the projections of pollutant emissions are prepared
biannually although they are reported every year. Data from the last available inventory, the 2016
inventory in this case, are used in the preparation of projections, so the calculated projections are entirely
consistent with the emissions from the latest reported inventory.
The Projections were prepared in accordance with the Report on greenhouse gas emission
projections, which are prepared in accordance with the Decree on Greenhouse Gas Emission
Monitoring, and PaMs for their reduction in the Republic of Croatia. Data on the activities,
assumptions and input parameters are entirely consistent with the latest submitted Report on
greenhouse gas projections11.
A conclusion of the comparison of pollutant emission projections with greenhouse gas projections in
Croatia is that they are entirely consistent. Croatia reports greenhouse gas emissions and projections to
the EU and the UNFCCC. and pollutant emissions and projections to the EU and CLRTAP. The latest
published Report on greenhouse gas emission projections in Croatia and that on PaM implementation was
published in March 2017. These reports served as background material for the preparation of pollutant
emission projections. Therefore, all the activities data necessary for the preparation of pollutant emission
projections are based on identical initial assumptions and parameters to those used to calculate
greenhouse gas emissions.
The document named Expert background material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development
Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050 with the Action Plan
defined two scenarios for greenhouse gas emission projections which were also used in the preparation of
pollutant projections. It is worth noted that the development of these scenarios took account of the
importance of technologies and measures to reduce pollutant emissions. The scenario to meet the targets
is described in detail in Chapter 4. The existing PaMs for the reduction or limitation of emissions are set
out in Chapter 4 and Annex 1 to this Programme.
All the information in Chapters 4 and 5 has been taken over from the Expert background material for the
drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030
with a view to 2050 with the Action Plan, Green Book.
Coherence with the annual report to the Commission under E-PRTR Regulation
Regulation (EU) No 166/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the
establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and amending Council Directives
91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (hereinafter referred to as: the E-PRTR Regulation) came into force on
18 January 200612; it was transposed by the Rules on the Environmental Pollution Register (NN No
87/15) (hereinafter referred to as: EPR Rules).
Under Article 5 of the E-PRTR Regulation, the operators of facilities that undertake one or more of the
activities on the site referred to in Annex I to the E-PRTR Regulation are required to submit information
on releases and transfer of pollutants to air, soil and waste waters if the applicable capacity threshold(s)
11 CAEN, June 2017 12 European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR), REGULATION (EC) No 166/2006 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND
OF THE COUNCIL of 18 January 2006 concerning the establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (Text with EEA relevance)
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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and release and/or transfer threshold(s) of any pollutant specified in the table in Annex II to said
Regulation have been exceeded, and information on hazardous waste exceeding 2 tonnes per year or of
2 000 tonnes per year.
The E-PRTR Regulation is a key instrument in compliance with the requirements of the Aarhus
Convention13, given that it provides the possibility for the public to participate in further development of
the register and in the preparation of amendments.
An entity subject to data submission to the EPR under the EPR Rules is required to check whether it is
also subject to data submission under the E-PRTR Regulation.
Applicable capacity threshold(s) and threshold(s) applicable to off-site transfers of pollutants in waste
water, [are reported in] column 1b of the table in Annex II to the E-PRTR Regulation or where waste is
concerned.
Emissions reported to the EPR database are used when preparing the Report on pollutant
(emissions) into the air for large point sources, thus ensuring the coherence of data on emissions
reported to the E-PRTR and available in the inventory of pollutant emissions.
Coherence with the greenhouse gas emission inventory
The Decree on Greenhouse Gas Emission Monitoring, PaM for their reduction in the Republic of Croatia
(NN No 5/17) lays down the obligation and procedures applied for emission monitoring that cover the
assessment and reporting on all anthropogenic emissions and removal by sinks. The monitoring of
greenhouse gas emissions is laid down in Article 75 of the Air Protection Act.
The National Inventory Report (NIR) is prepared in accordance with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines
on annual inventories as adopted in Decision 24/CP.19 of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the
UNFCCC. The methodology used in the preparation of calculations of greenhouse gas emissions is
described in the following manuals/guidelines: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories (IPCC Guidelines) and IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Good Practice Guidance) prepared by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The institutional set-up for preparing greenhouse gas inventories in Croatia is laid down in Chapter II of
the Decree on Greenhouse Gas Emission Monitoring, PaM for their reduction in Croatia, entitled the
National system for the calculation and reporting of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources
and removals by sinks. The institutional set-up for preparing inventories in Croatia may be considered
decentralised, given that it uses the services of external associates, while the powers to perform certain
tasks are divided among cooperative institutions, including the Ministry of Environment and Energy
(MEE) and competent state administration authorities responsible for data collection and submission. The
preparation of inventories is entrusted to the Authorised entity, who is selected in a public procurement
procedure for a three-year period. Once the Inventory has been prepared and approved by members of the
Cross-sectoral commission for national system coordination, it is published on the websites of the United
Nations Convention on Climate Change and on the Ministry's website.. In addition to Inventories,
greenhouse gas emissions are reported by the Central Bureau of Statistics in the Statistical Yearbook
publication and by the European Commission as part of air emission calculations. Since greenhouse gas
inventories serve as the reporting basis in all of the above publications, the emissions stated in the
publications are fully aligned with the Inventories.
The European Commission Technical expert review team (TERT) carries out an annual review of data
from the national greenhouse gas emission inventories that are relevant for the monitoring of greenhouse
gas emission reduction or limitation pursuant to Articles 3 and 7 of the ESD. Furthermore, the state is
required to provide a short assessment of whether the estimated emissions of carbon monoxide (CO),
sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds in stocks submitted by the
13 Aarhus Convention – the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in
Environmental Matters, of which Croatia has been a signatory since 1998 and which was ratified in December 2006
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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Member State according to Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and the
UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution in line with appropriate estimates of
emissions from greenhouse gas stocks according to Regulation (EU) No 525/2013.
In the event of certain non-compliance, the Technical expert review team may revise the data
submitted according to Article 7 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013. This ensures coherence with the
greenhouse gas emission inventories.
Coherence with greenhouse gas emission projections
The Report on greenhouse gas emission projections constitutes an integral part of the national system for
monitoring the implementation of PAM for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas
emission projections in relation to the fulfilment of commitments under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change. Pursuant to the regulations applicable to EU Member States, Croatia is
required to report to the European Commission on monitoring of the implementation of these PAM and
emission projections. In national legislation, the legal basis for preparing the Report is laid down in
Article 75(3) of the Air Protection Act.
Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 749/2014 are the
applicable EU regulations laying down Member States’ commitments and the method of reporting.
The content of the Report is laid down in Article 14 of Commission Implementing Regulation
No 749/2014. The 2017 Report on greenhouse gas emission projections by sources and their removal by
sinks includes:
projections under ‘without measures’, ‘with measures’ and ‘with additional measures’ scenarios,
by gases and sectors;
projections of ETS and non-ETS sector emissions;
description of PAM included in the projections;
description of the methodology, models, assumptions and input data for the preparation of
projections;
analysis of projection sensitivity depending on input data.
The method and conditions for the implementation of the regulation governing the monitoring of
greenhouse gas emissions are laid down in the Implementing Regulation which further defines the scope
of the Report in Article 23. Annex XII to the Implementing Regulation sets out the projection parameters
which need to be included in the Report.
The current Projection Report was prepared in 2017 and includes emission projections by sources and
their removal by sinks for 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035.
The following parameter data sources were used to prepare the 2017 Report on greenhouse gas emission
projections:
CRF
SECTOR DATA TYPE DATA SOURCE
General
parameters
GDP – annual growth rate, population, coal
price, heavy fuel oil price, gas price
European Commission recommendations
Energy fuel consumption, electricity generation,
electricity import, final (end-use) energy
consumption
National Renewable Energy Action Plan
Third National Energy Efficiency Action Plan of
Croatia for 2014 – 2016
Transport passenger-kilometres, freight transport,
energy consumption in road transport
Croatian Statistical Yearbook
Industry production growth index Sectoral studies (cement production and nitric acid
production)
solvent use Report of air pollutant emission inventories in the
territory of the Republic of Croatia under the
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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CRF
SECTOR DATA TYPE DATA SOURCE
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution (CLRTAP).
Agriculture number and type of livestock Expert assessment – Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture
and the Ministry of Agriculture:
plant production Croatian Statistical Yearbook
Agricultural production. FAOSTAT databases
statistical reports
LULUCF land area for each subcategory NIR 2014
presumed emission factors by pools CFR2014
Waste amount of municipal waste produced, amount of
municipal waste disposed of in a landfill,
organic fraction of municipal waste
Waste management strategy Waste Management
Plan in the Republic of Croatia
Sustainable Waste Management Act
The projections were prepared in accordance with the Report on greenhouse gas emission
projections, which is prepared in accordance with the Decree on Greenhouse Gas Emission
Monitoring, and PaMs for their reduction in the Republic of Croatia. Data on the activities,
assumptions and input parameters are entirely consistent with the latest submitted Report on
emission greenhouse gas projections14, thus ensuring coherence with greenhouse gas emission
projections.
Coherence with the information on air quality exchanged via e-reporting in accordance with the
IPR Implementing Decision
On 12 December 2011, the European Commission adopted Implementing Decision (EU)
2011/850/EU laying down rules for Directives 2004/107/EC and 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council (hereinafter referred to as: the IPR Implementing Decision) on EU Member States
obligations relating to reporting on the assessment and management of ambient air quality as well as to
reciprocal exchange of information concerning networks and stations, and the measurements of air quality
(entered into force on 1 January 2014).
This Decision has laid down a new reporting mechanism (e-reporting), which is more up-to-date and
more modern than the previous reporting methods. All required information must be prepared and
submitted in a standardised machine-readable form (XML format) and compliant with the requirements of
Directive 2007/2/EC establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community
(INSPIRE). The information is submitted to the EIONET Central Data Repository (CDR) accessible
through the AQ Portal, which was established by the EC but is maintained and managed by the EEA. The
portal contains all the news, guidelines and instructions relating to e-reporting.
The Rules on reciprocal information exchange and air quality reporting and commitments for the
implementation of Commission Decision 2011/850/EU (NN No 3/16) lay down the tasks of the Ministry
and other authorities relating to the manner, time limits, data content and format as well as data collection
method for the purpose of reciprocal information exchange and reporting on air quality assessment and
management.
All air quality data required for exchange need to be collected and properly arranged to fulfil the
objectives for electronic reporting. For that purpose; in 2014, the CAEN developed and established the
Air Quality in the Republic of Croatia portal. The portal is available at the following link:
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html, containing all the data on air pollutant concentrations measured in the
whole territory of Croatia. The system enables the submission of air quality information in a standardised
data exchange format to the European
14 CAEN, June 2017
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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Commission and European Environment Agency data repositories, in line with the requirements of the
CAFE and INSPIRE Directives. In 2014, air quality data (B – G) for 2013 were submitted to the EC data
repository for the first time. The portal fully complies with the given criteria, allowing complete
submission of all air quality data to the EC.
Data on pollutant concentrations used for information exchange and reporting on air quality assessment
and management are obtained by measurements at the measurement sites specified in Articles 4–6 of the
Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain Air Pollutant
Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State Network for Continuous Air Quality
Monitoring (NN No 65/16). In addition to pollutant concentrations obtained by measurements at
continuous measurement sites, data obtained by indicative measurements, modelling and objective
assessment techniques may be used for reporting. A Member State is required to submit all the required
information in the reporting year for the previous year.
Information on air quality improvement action plans must be provided to the EC for all the exceedances
of limit values (LV) (G data) submitted, while only measures are submitted for the exceedances of target
values (TV).
The Air Pollution Control Programme has taken over the information available at on ‘Air Quality
in the Republic of Croatia’ Portal (http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html), so in that sense it is coherent
with the information annually reported to the Commission in accordance with the IPR
Implementing Decision.
2.2.2. COHERENCE WITH PLANS AND PROGRAMMES
By means of the Act on a System of Strategic Planning and Management of the Development of the
Republic of Croatia (NN No 123/17), Croatia lays down the management of public policies, namely the
preparation, drafting and implementation of public policies which are drafted, adopted and implemented
by public authorities in accordance with their competences. The National Development Strategy, multi-
sectoral and sectoral strategies constitute medium-term strategic planning acts.
Listed below are indicative time frames for the adoption of some national acts serving as umbrella
documents for strategic planning by the state, thus being relevant for the adoption and implementation of
the present Programme:
– National Development Strategy (by the end of 2020)
– Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (by the end of 2019)
- Low-carbon Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (until 2020)
– Energy Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (by mid-2019)
– Environmental Protection Plan (2019)
Local communities are required to adopt their Environmental protection programmes, including air
protection programmes as integral parts. Additionally, local plans integrate the issues of climate change
adaptation.
Each national plan and programme undergoes obligatory strategic environmental assessment and
ecological network impact assessment, as well as the assessment of compliance with umbrella and
sectoral strategies.
Coherence with air quality improvement action plans
The provisions of Article 46(1)(2) of the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17) stipulate
that where air pollutant levels in a given zone or agglomeration exceed any limit or target value, in each
of these cases, the representative authority of the local self-government unit (hereinafter referred to as: the
LSGU) or of the City of Zagreb adopts an action plan for air quality improvement in that zone or
agglomeration in order to ensure achievement of limit or target values as soon as possible. The
representative body of the LSGU or of the City of Zagreb adopts the action plan for its administrative
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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area. The action plan for air quality improvement may additionally include specific measures aimed at
protecting sensitive population groups, including children.
Croatia is required to submit to the European Environment Agency / European Commission (EEA/EC)
data on action plans for air quality improvement in the zones and agglomerations where exceedance of
limit and target values has been found.
An analysis of the action plans for air quality improvement submitted to the EEA/EC was carried out as
part of this programme using the information on the implementation of action plans for air quality
improvement available on the Air Quality in the Republic of Croatia portal (link: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/).
For the purpose of the analysis, local communities were additionally asked to submit their statements on
the implementation status of Action plans or on the measures implemented (and possibly planned) in
relation to the implementation of measures from all air quality improvement action plans registered via e-
reporting.
An overview of the action plans according to reports in the e-reporting system (item H) is provided in
Table 2-1, while an overview of the action plan measures according to reports in the e-reporting system
(item K) is provided in Table 2-2.
Table 2-1: Overview of the action plans according to reports in the e-reporting system (item H)
Name of the action plan Zone City
(LSGU)
Pollutants
covered by
the plan
Measurement
stations for
compliance
assessment
Date
of adoption
Period
covered by
the plan
Action Plan for Air Quality
Improvement in the City of
Slavonski Brod
HR 2 Slavonski
Brod PM2.5
Slavonski
Brod-1 04/07/2016 2016-2020
Action Plan for PM10
Emission Reduction in the
City of Kutina
HR 2 Kutina PM10 Kutina-1 17/12/2015 2015-2020
Action Plan for Particle
(PM10) Pollution Reduction
in the City of Osijek
HR OS Osijek PM10 Osijek-1 01/01/2014 2014-2020
Action Plan for Air Quality
Improvement in the City of
Zagreb*
HRZG Zagreb
PM10
BaP(PM10)
NO2,
PM2.5
O3
Zagreb-1,
Zagreb-3 27/03/2015
I. phase: 2015-
2017
II. phase: 2018-
2020, operational
until 2023
Action Plan for Reducing
PM10 Particulate Matter
Concentration Levels in
the City of Sisak
HR 2 Sisak PM10 Sisak-1 01/01/2014 2014-2017
Note: The Action Plan for the City of Zagreb was prepared based on the exceedances of limit values at two state
network stations and six local network stations.
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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Table 2-2: Overview of action plan measures according to reports in the e-reporting system (item K)
Agglo-
meration
Pollu-
tant
Reporting year Status of the measure Efficiency of the measure
2015 2016 2017
HRZG,
Zagreb PM10
- Transport
- Reduction of particle
emissions from households
by applying energy
efficiency measures
- Measures to reduce
particle emissions from
households using solid and
liquid fuels by switching
to natural gas or central
heating system
- Educating the population
about reducing particle
emissions and energy
efficiency by the correct
use of wood fired stoves
- Measures aimed at air
quality monitoring
- Measures relating to the
Sustainable Energy Action
Plan of the City of Zagreb
(SEAP, 2010)
- Transport
- Reducing particle emissions
from households by applying
energy efficiency measures
- Measures to reduce particle
emissions from households
using solid and liquid fuels by
switching to natural gas or
central heating system
- Educating the population
about reducing particle
emissions and energy
efficiency by the correct use
of wood fired stoves
- Measures aimed at air quality
monitoring
- Measures relating to the
Sustainable Energy Action
Plan of the City of Zagreb
(SEAP, 2010)
- Reducing particle emissions
from households by applying
energy efficiency measures
- Measures to reduce particle
emissions from households
using solid and liquid fuels by
switching to natural gas or
central heating system
- Educating the population
about reducing particle
emissions and energy
efficiency by the correct use
of wood fired stoves
- Measures relating to the
Sustainable Energy Action
Plan of the City of Zagreb
(SEAP, 2010)
The measures are
implemented according to the
timetable provided in the
action plan.
The City of Zagreb prepares
annual reports containing a
description of the
implementation of each
measure.
The implementation
dynamics depends on
available financial resources
and models of their use.
The efficiency of a measure may not
be assessed without extensive
research.
Reaching the LV for particles
depends on the implementation of
energy efficiency measures aimed at
thermal insulation of buildings and
small household furnaces. Since
most measures apply to the domestic
sector, their implementation is
planned over a longer period in order
to assess their efficiency through
improved air quality (e.g. a lower
number of exceedances of daily PM10
concentration LVs during the heating
season).
Educational measures and measures
affecting the lifestyle of people (e.g.
cycling) need to be implemented
continually for years in order to have
an effect.
The inter-annual meteorological
variability significantly affects the
level of local and background
concentrations, both in terms of
emissions (colder winter, higher
emissions from heating) and in terms
of pollution transport and local
dispersion conditions (long-term
stagnation periods result in local
pollution accumulation).
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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Agglo-
meration
Pollu-
tant
Reporting year Status of the measure Efficiency of the measure
2015 2016 2017
HRZG,
Zagreb BaP
- Transport
- Reducing particle emissions
from households by applying
energy efficiency measures
- Measures to reduce particle
emissions from households
using solid and liquid fuels by
switching to natural gas or
central heating system
- Educating the population
about reducing particle
emissions and energy
efficiency by the correct use
of wood fired stoves
- Measures aimed at air quality
monitoring
- Measures relating to the
Sustainable Energy Action
Plan of the City of Zagreb
(SEAP, 2010)
The measures are
implemented according to the
timetable provided in the
action plan.
The City of Zagreb prepares
annual reports containing a
description of the
implementation of each
measure. See comments regarding PM10
HRZG.
Zagreb NO2
- Introducing low-emission
zones (so-called eco-zones) in
road transport and expanding
the pedestrian zone in the city
centre
- Improving road transport
regulation to relieve the
districts of Donji Grad, Trnje,
Trešnjevka–north, Novi
Zagreb–west and Novi
Zagreb–east.
- Improvement of public
transport with a focus on
strengthening the role of city
rail transport
The measures are
implemented according to the
timetable provided in the
action plan.
The City of Zagreb prepares
annual reports containing a
description of the
implementation of each
measure.
The efficiency of a measure may not
be assessed without extensive
research that may include additional
measurements and modelling.
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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Agglo-
meration
Pollu-
tant
Reporting year Status of the measure Efficiency of the measure
2015 2016 2017
- Reducing emissions from
public city bus transport in
the city area with a higher
load of pollution
- Purchasing vehicles for
public city transport and city
utilities companies (ZET,
Čistoća, Zagrebačke ceste) by
applying the ‘green
procurement’ principle and
technical improvements to
existing vehicles
- Promoting environmentally
friendly driving
- Expansion and improvement
of cycling infrastructure
- Educating the public on the
impact of road transport on
air quality and promoting
forms of transport with the
lowest environmental impact
- Subsidising public transport
in the city centre
- Establishment and promotion
of alternative forms of
transport by so-called ‘zero-
emission’ vehicles
- Measures to reduce pollutant
emissions from transport
from the Air Quality
Protection and Improvement
Programme in the City of
Zagreb 2009-2012. (SGGZ
7/09)
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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Agglo-
meration
Pollu-
tant
Reporting year Status of the measure Efficiency of the measure
2015 2016 2017
HR OS,
Osijek PM10
- Measure aimed at
improving air quality
monitoring
- Educating citizens and
promoting proper use of
furnaces, environmentally
friendly driving, use and
improvement of public
transport
- Technical and economic
measures to reduce
fugitive emissions and
promote technologies with
low particle emission
- Measure aimed at improving
air quality monitoring
- Educating citizens and
promoting proper use of
furnaces, environmentally
friendly driving, use and
improvement of public
transport
- Technical and economic
measures to reduce fugitive
emissions and promote
technologies with low particle
emission
- N/A In 2015, the measure aimed at
improving air quality
monitoring was in the
evaluation phase, while the
other two measures were
being implemented.
In 2016, all measures were
being implemented.
N/A, (see comment regarding PM10
in HRZG)
HRRI,
Rijeka
ground
-level
ozone
- Informing and educating the
public (City of Rijeka)
- Proposal for planned projects,
studies and research (City of
Rijeka)
- Measures aimed at reducing
road transport emissions (City
of Rijeka)
- Measures aimed at reducing
maritime transport emissions
(City of Rijeka)
- N/A The Action plan was adopted
in 2016 – that year, all
measures were in the
planning phase.
N/A.
HR 2
Slavonski
Brod
PM2.5
- Preparation of the 2015
emission inventory for the
City of Slavonski Brod
- Promoting the establishment
of an air quality modelling
system for the areas of
Slavonski Brod and Brod
(Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Using the receptor model to
assess the contribution of air
pollution sources in the area
of Slavonski Brod
In 2017, all measures were in
the planning phase.
The assessment cannot be provided
since the measures were in the
planning phase, (see comments
regarding PM10 in HR ZG)
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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Agglo-
meration
Pollu-
tant
Reporting year Status of the measure Efficiency of the measure
2015 2016 2017
- Expansion of the central
heating system and gas
network in the area of
Slavonski Brod along with
subsidising household
connections
- Development of cycling
infrastructure
HR 2
Sisak PM10
- Cross-cutting
environmental protection
measures and instruments
(City of Sisak)
- Measures to reduce PM10
particulate matter
emissions in the industry
sector (City of Sisak)
- Measures to reduce
household and small and
medium combustion plants
emissions (City of Sisak)
- Measures aimed at
reducing transport
emissions (City of Sisak)
- Cross-cutting environmental
protection measures and
instruments (City of Sisak)
- Measures to reduce PM10
particulate matter emissions
in the industry sector (City of
Sisak)
- Measures to reduce household
and small and medium
combustion plants emissions
(City of Sisak)
- Measures aimed at reducing
transport emissions (City of
Sisak)
- - N/A In 2015 and 2016, the Cross-
cutting environmental
protection measures and
instruments (City of Sisak)
were being implemented,
while no data is available
regarding the implementation
of other measures.
N/A.
(see comment regarding PM10 in
HRZG)
HR 2
Kutina PM10
- Measures to reduce
household emissions
- Preventive measures to
reduce PM10 emissions
- Measures to reduce
emissions in the industry
sector
- Measures to reduce
transport emissions
- Measures to reduce
household emissions
- Preventive measures to
reduce PM10 emissions
- Measures to reduce emissions
in the industry sector
- Measures to reduce transport
emissions
- - N/A In 2015, all measures were in
the planning phase except
‘Preventive measures to
reduce PM10 emissions’,
which were being
implemented.
In 2016, all measures were
being implemented.
N/A.
(see comment regarding PM10 in
HRZG)
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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The analysis has shown that the action plans are coherent with the present Programme. Coherence
is manifested in the following measures relating to households and transport: MEN-4, MEN- 14,
MEN-21, MTR-2, MTR-6, MTR-8, MTR-10 (see explanations in Annex 1).
Problems in the implementation of measures exist both at the local and national level, while the
implementation is largely affected by the current economic situation. Between 2008 and 2014,
Croatia was facing a long-term decline in GDP. Despite state co-financing, households must bear a
larger burden of investment which is unaffordable for many of them, given the current economic
situation.
The implementation of energy efficiency measures in the cities that have prepared action plans
largely depends on the implementation of the national Energy Renovation Programme for Family
Homes (MEN-4). The source of financing envisaged for the MEN-4 measure is the Environmental
Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund (hereinafter referred to as: the EPEEF). The measure was to be
implemented at national level between 2014 and 2020 period, whereby the EPEEF would provide a
financial structure for the renovation of family homes. By 2015, i.e. before amendments to the Energy
Renovation Programme for Family Homes, citizens could obtain co-financing for the energy renovation
of their family homes through local and regional self-government units (source:
http://www.fzoeu.hr/docs/primjeri_dobre_prakse projekata energetske_ucinkovitosti u hrvatskoj
2015_godine_vl.pdf). Action plans were adopted between 2014 and 2016, which means that some of
them have only been implemented for a year. All action plans envisage a measure to reduce emissions
from the domestic sector, which is not being implemented for several reasons:
– The EPEEF did not provide financial support for the entire projected period,
– Croatian economic situation.
Transport measures relating to the use of public transport and other forms of zero-emission
transport require changes in urban transport infrastructure, which primarily means that multi-
annual project preparation is required, followed by its implementation, i.e. continuous, multi-
annual work and inter-departmental / inter-institutional cooperation.
Coherence with of air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and climate change
adaptation programmes
In accordance with Article 12(1) of the Air Protection Act, the representative authority of a large city
adopts the air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation
programme, which constitutes an integral part of the Environmental Programme.
The purpose of the air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation
programme is to define objectives and measures to prevent and reduce air pollution, ozone layer
protection, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation by sectors of influence with a
sequential order, time frames and entities subject to measure implementation, estimation of funds for its
implementation, sequential order of use of funds according to priority measures and activities defined,
with the basic objective of protecting and continually improving air quality. The objectives and measures
defined in those programmes need to be in line with the objectives and measures of the Environmental
Programme, in the part relating to the air component. Air protection, ozone layer, climate change
mitigation and climate change adaptation programmes and environmental programmes must be in line
with the Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for
2013-2017. The said Plan defines the objectives and priorities relating to air protection, ozone layer and
climate change mitigation in Croatia over a period of five years.
The coherence or compliance of the strategies, plans and programmes with the provisions of the
Environmental Protection Act and the Air Protection Act is verified by strategic studies or by the
studies of significant environmental impact of a strategy, plan or programme. The strategic
environmental assessment (SEA) is carried out pursuant to the provisions of the Environmental Protection
Act (Article 63) and of the Decree on Strategic Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Strategies,
Plans or Programmes (NN No 3/17). This procedure assesses possible significant environmental and
human health impacts that may result from the implementation of a strategy, plan or programme.
However, few Air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
47
programmes are required to carry out a strategic assessment, since they rarely lay down the
measures that would be subject to that procedure.
The analysis has shown that coherence with Air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation
and climate change adaptation programmes has not been fully achieved.
To be more specific, the quality of those action plans is currently lagging behind the quality of
national plans. Poor analysis of pollutant emissions and all sources of emissions present in the local
community area, as well as an indicative correlation between emissions and concentrations of air
quality parameters constitute the main shortcoming of most of the Programmes prepared. In the
majority of the Programmes prepared, emissions are currently stated by referring to the emissions
from the Environmental Pollution Register, which is insufficient to form a complete picture of
emissions in the area observed. Since 2018, the country has provided by means of the Emission
Spatial Distribution Portal, the spatial distribution of emissions for the whole territory of Croatia –
5 zones (HR 1, HR 2, HR 3, HR 4 and HR 5) and 4 agglomerations (HR ZG, HR OS, HR RI and
HR ST) and for the City of Slavonski Brod, in accordance with the Decree Designating Zones and
Agglomerations by Air Pollution Level in the Territory of the Republic of Croatia. There is a
proposal to improve the quality of future air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and
climate change adaptation programmes so that they include a part which would ensure coherence
with the Pollution Control Programme, i.e. to include an overview of all emissions present in the
observed area which are available in the Emission Spatial Distribution Portal for 2014 and 2015
and which will enable the implementation of an expert analysis of the correlation between emission
sources, emission values and air pollution concentrations. Since the local community is competent
to prepare Programmes, it should also ensure oversight over measure implementation.
The table below provides a list of 25 current programs taken from the websites of counties and cities.
No Name of the document Duration
period Prepared by
1. Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Šibenik-Knin County
2016-2020 Šibenik-Knin County, Administrative
Department of Environmental
Protection and Municipal Affairs
2 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Osijek-Baranja County
2016-2020 Osijek-Baranja County,
Administrative Department of
Physical Planning, Environment and
Nature Protection
3 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the City of Šibenik
2018-2020 Šibenik. Administrative Department of
Physical Planning and Environmental
Protection
4 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Zagreb County
2015-2019 Administrative Department of
Physical Planning, Construction and
Environmental Protection. Zagreb
County Division of Environmental
Protection
5 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation of the Krapina-Zagorje County
2017-2021 Krapina-Zagorje County
Administrative Department of
Physical Planning, Construction and
Environmental Protection
6 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the City of Koprivnica
2017-2020 The administrative authority of the
City of Koprivnica responsible for
preparing planning documents relating
to environmental protection
7 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Sisak-Moslavina County
2018-2021 Administrative Department of
Physical Planning, Construction and
Environmental Protection
8 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the City of Karlovac
2016-2020 Not available
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No Name of the document Duration
period Prepared by
9 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Zadar County over a four-year period
2017-2021 Zadar County
10. Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County over the period
2017-2020
2017-2020 Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Administrative Department of
Environment and Nature Protection
11 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County over the period 2016-
2020
2016-2020 Bjelovar-Bilogora County
Administrative Department of
Agriculture, Environmental Protection
and Rural Development
12 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Split-Dalmatia County over the period 2017-
2020
2017-2020 Not available
13 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Karlovac County over the period 2017-2021
2017-2020 Administrative Department of Physical
Planning, Construction and
Environmental Protection. Karlovac
County Division of Environment and
Nature Protection
14 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the City of Zagreb
2016-2020 City Office for Energy, Environmental
Protection and Sustainable
Development, City of Zagreb
15 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the City of Zadar
2015-2019 City of Zadar Administrative
Department for Island Development
and Environmental Protection
16 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the City of Osijek
2017-2020 City of Osijek administrative body
responsible for environmental
protection
17 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the City of Varaždin over the period 2016-2019
2016-2019 City of Varaždin Administrative
Department of Physical Planning,
Construction and Environmental
Protection
18 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the City of Velika Gorica
2018-2022 City of Velika Gorica Office for
Environmental Protection
19 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Varaždin County over the period 2015-2019
2015-2019 Varaždin County Administrative
Department for Agriculture and
Environmental Protection
20 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the City of Kaštela
2017-2021 City of Kaštela Administrative
Department of Physical Planning,
Construction and Environmental
Protection
21 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Brod-Posavina County over the period 2016-
2020
2016-2020 Brod-Posavina County Administrative
Department for Municipal Economy
and Environmental Protection
22 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Požega-Slavonia County
2016-2020 Požega-Slavonia County
23 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Međimurje County
2016-2020 Međimurje County Administrative
department of Physical Planning,
Construction and Environmental
Protection
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No Name of the document Duration
period Prepared by
24 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Virovitica-Podravina County over the period
2017-2021
2017-2021 Virovitica-Podravina County
Administrative Department of Physical
Planning, Construction, Municipal
Affairs and Environmental Protection
25 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change
Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme
of the Lika-Senj County over the period 2016-2020
2016-2020 Lika-Senj County Administrative
Department of Construction,
Environment and Nature Protection
and Municipal Economy
Coherence with sustainable energy (and climate) action plans (SECAPs) by 2020
In addition to the plans and programmes that are required by law, local self-government units in Croatia
voluntarily prepare plans to contribute to achieving EU objectives relating to climate change and energy.
One of these plans is the Sustainable Energy (and Climate) Action Plan by 2020, which is prepared by
cities upon signing the Covenant of Mayors. In that way, cities voluntarily participate in achieving energy
efficiency targets and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Within the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy initiative, launched by the EC in 2008, 62 out of
a total of 70 Croatian cities that are signatories to the Covenant have prepared Sustainable Energy and
Climate Action Plans. These plans have been submitted and already accepted or are currently being
evaluated by the European Commission Joint Research Centre. Until 2015, signatories of the Covenant
had been stating emission reduction targets by 2020, which was in line with the EU climate and energy
package by 2020. After that, the emission reduction target is being stated by 2030, since the climate and
energy framework by 2030 has been adopted in the meantime. At the same time, signatories to the
Covenant may extend their commitments to the climate change adaptation area in accordance with the EU
Strategy for adaptation to climate changes.
The largest number of plans were submitted between 2012 and 2015. 56 Action Plans have been accepted
so far. The measures contained in Action Plans relate solely to the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions, but there are no measures for adaptation to climate changes for the time being. The year
2009 or 2010 is most often selected as the reference year determining the definition of the emission
reduction target.
Examples of measures defined by cities in Action plans are as follows: reconstruction of external building
envelopes and roofs of residential buildings and family houses, thermal insulation of external envelopes
and roofs, replacement of outdated public lighting with more energy-efficient and more environmentally
friendly lighting, installation of highly energy-efficient windows, modernisation of boiler rooms owned
by local self-government, encouraging the use of renewables in family homes, energy efficiency
renovation of public institutions, educating users of city-owned buildings, co-financing the purchase of
A+++ household appliances, subsidising pupil and student transport, purchase of new electric vehicles
owned by the city, construction of low-energy kindergartens, subsidising the installation of solar
collectors and biomass boilers, installation of photovoltaic systems on rooftops, establishing a system for
the use of city bicycles (so-called bike-sharing, reduction of utility contributions for the construction of
new low-energy and passive buildings, energy audits and certification of public facilities, installation of
manifolds in centralised heating systems, transition to natural gas, subsidising the replacement of
carpentry on family homes, installation of solar thermal systems for family homes and residential
buildings, municipal administration buildings and municipal buildings.
Progress in achieving the targets which have been set is assessed based on the Monitoring Report
submitted to the European Commission Joint Research Centre every two years after the adoption of the
Action Plan. The emission inventories included in the action plan are updated every four years. A total of
15 Croatian cities had submitted their Monitoring Reports by the time this Programme was
complete. According to the data from the Monitoring Reports submitted, there has been solid
progress in the implementation of the measures from the Action Plans, noting that activities for the
implementation of certain measures have not yet begun in some cities. Since all cities except one
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stated their emission reduction targets by 2020 (one of them stated the target by 2030), the activities to
achieve the parameters set need to be intensified in the remaining period. Given that other signatories of
the Covenant have not yet submitted their Monitoring Reports, the progress made in the remaining cities
is unknown, which limits the sample for drawing conclusions.
When it comes to financial resources for implementing the measures envisaged in the Action Plan,
the data from the Monitoring Reports indicate that cities have spent an average of just over 25% of
the total planned funds, so it can be assumed that by 2020 they will not achieve better progress in
ensuring financial resources. Assuming that the Action Plans contain realistic estimates of the funds
required to implement the emission reduction measures, this information could mean that the
targets will not be achieved fully. The voluntary nature of the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and
Energy should be taken into account.
Regarding the Programme’s coherence with the Action Plans described, the specificity is that
emission reduction measures under the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy are defined at
the local level and are based on the cities’ local targets, while most other plans and programmes
that need to achieve coherence are adopted at the national level.
In the forthcoming period 2020-2030, the implementations of air pollution improvement action plans and
climate-energy plans (SEAP/SECAP) should be interconnected even more strongly. Local government
capacities need to be strengthened in terms of connecting multiple sectors and supporting the preparation
of integral development documents and projects. Education and dissemination of knowledge and
information on the causes of pollution, harm, health impacts, available techniques, as well as on cost and
benefits of measures are needed.
2.3. RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES
This chapter provides the information about the responsibilities of national, regional and local authorities
in the area of air quality and emissions to air (Part 1 (a) (ii) of Annex III to the NEC Directive).
The Ministry of Environment and Energy is the central authority for the environmental policy
implementation.
Among other things, the Ministry is also competent and responsible for the protection air quality, drafting
of plan documents, adoption and implementation of measures to prevent and reduce air pollution, expert
monitoring of the state network for continuous air quality monitoring (state network), air quality and data
exchange reporting, and air protection information system.
The purview of the Ministry also includes administrative control and supervision of the expert work of
the EPEEF and the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (hereinafter referred to as: the
CMHS).
Within the system of management and control of the use of EU structural instrument in Croatia, the
Ministry plays the role of Level 1 Intermediate Body for certain specific objectives within the scope of
priority axes ‘climate change and risk management’ and ‘environmental protection and resource
sustainability’.
At national level, in line with the new organisation abolishing the CAEN, the Ministry is in charge of the
activities of collection and collation of data and information on the environment and nature for the
purpose of monitoring the policy implementation in the area of environmental and nature protection,
sustainable development and other expert activities related to environmental and nature protection.
The EPEEF, in the capacity of a legal person with public authority, is the central institution to raise and
invest extrabudgetary funds in the programmes and projects of environmental and nature protection,
energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources. In the system of management and control of the
use of EU structural instruments in Croatia, the EPEEF plays the role of Level 2 Intermediate Body for
certain specific activities in the area of environmental and resource sustainability, climate changes, energy
efficiency and renewable energy sources. EPEEF activities cover the tasks related to the financing of
preparatory work, implementation and development of the programmes and projects and similar activities
within the scope of conservation and sustainable use, protection and improvement of the environment,
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energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources.
In the area of air quality monitoring, the EPEEF ensures financing for the implementation of the Air
pollution level measurement programme within the state network.
The CMHS manages the work of the state network, provides for the building of new state network
stations and is responsible for the implementation of the programme of air quality measurement at state
network stations.
The air quality monitoring within the state network is done by reference laboratories. The air quality
monitoring at state network stations in respect of gaseous pollutants and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate
matter (automatic methods) is done by the CMHS, while the air quality monitoring at state network
stations in the part relating to the sampling and physical and chemical analyses of PM10 and PM2.5
particulate matter and equivalence of non-reference methods for the determination of mass concentrations
of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter is done by the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational
Health.
At local and regional levels, air quality activities are performed by (the City of Zagreb and major city)
municipal offices and county offices (including that of the City of Zagreb). The representative body of
each county, City of Zagreb and major city adopts a programme of air and ozone layer protection, climate
change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes which is an integral part of the environmental
protection programme for the territory of the counties, City of Zagreb and major cities. The administrative
authority competent for environmental protection (hereinafter referred to as: the competent administrative
authority) of each county, City of Zagreb and major city drafts an implementation report for a four-year
period to be adopted by the representative body of the county, City of Zagreb and major city. The
competent administrative authority of local self-government units (LSGU), and of the City of Zagreb is
responsible for drafting an action plans for the improvement of air quality if air pollutant levels exceed
any limit value or target value.
The air quality monitoring at measurement stations established in their territory by the counties, City of
Zagreb and cities, and at measuring stations established by polluters by decision on a project’s
environmental eligibility or by decision on integrated environmental protection requirements or under an
environmental permit, is done by testing laboratories.
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The table below provides an overview of the responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities.
2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities
List of
relevant
authorities
(M):
Describe the type of competent authority
(e.g. environmental protection
inspectorate, environmental protection
agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent
authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,
LSGU etc.):
Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):
Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role
– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role
– Coordinating role
– Other roles (please specify)
National
authorities
(M):
Hrvatski sabor (Croatian Parliament) Policy-making role
Legislative framework Adopts the Environmental Protection Act and the Air Protection Act, and acts ratifying international protocols
Croatian Parliament Policy-making role
National strategies Adopts national strategies in certain areas (e.g. Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia Transport
Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014-2030 Industrial Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014-
2020)
Croatian Government Policy-making role Strategies by areas, national programmes and plans Strategy implementation action plans Adopts the proposal for strategies, programmes, plans and implementation action plans
Croatian Government Policy-making role
Implementing regulations Adoption of implementing regulations under the [Air Protection Act] APA
Croatian Government Policy-making role
Policy implementation reporting Reports on implementation of national strategies, plans and programmes
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2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities
List of
relevant
authorities
(M):
Describe the type of competent authority
(e.g. environmental protection
inspectorate, environmental protection
agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent
authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,
LSGU etc.):
Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):
Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role
– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role
– Coordinating role
– Other roles (please specify) Minister Policy-making role
Implementing regulations Adopts drafting of implementing regulations in individual sectors
Adopts decisions to establish expert committees for the purpose of drafting proposals for national plans, national
programmes, national reports, draft proposal for implementing regulations and to draft implementing regulations
(for example, the Minister for Environment and Energy, by virtue of the rules, lays down the method of air quality
monitoring and data collection, siting criteria for measurement sites, criteria for determining the minimum number of
measurement sites, reference measurement methods, method of demonstrating the equivalence of other measurement
methods, method of checking the quality of measurements and data, as well as the method of processing and
presenting the results and compliance with Croatian standards, the method of verification the accuracy and calibration
of measuring instruments, the working methods and costs of reference laboratories, the establishment and working
method of the commission monitoring the work of reference laboratories, the method of data submission for the
purposes of the air protection information system, the content of the annual report and the method of regular
information provision to the public.
By the rules, the Minister also lays down the method of monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources,
the scope and type of measurement, reference measurement methods, the method of demonstrating the equivalence of
other measurement methods, the manner of verifying the accuracy and calibrating measuring instruments, manner of
verification of the accuracy of the measurement system for continuous measurement of emissions from stationary
sources into the air, procedure for sampling and evaluation of measurement results, manner of submitting data on
emissions for the needs of the air protection information system and the manner of regular provision of information on
emission monitoring to the public).
Ministry Policy-making role
Regulations The competent authority for the transposition of the acquis communautaire prepares the proposal for laws and
subordinate legislation within its purview. Ministries Policy-making role
Strategies, plans and programmes Prepares the proposals for sectoral strategies, plans and programmes
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2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities
List of
relevant
authorities
(M):
Describe the type of competent authority
(e.g. environmental protection
inspectorate, environmental protection
agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent
authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,
LSGU etc.):
Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):
Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role
– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role
– Coordinating role
– Other roles (please specify) MEE Policy-making role
Air quality monitoring and assessment – state network
Establishes zones and agglomerations; at the Ministry’s proposal, the locations of the stations and the measurement
programme are determined by the Government; conducts expert supervision of the state network operation, ensures
the air quality assessment
Croatian Government Implementation role
PaM cross-sector coordination commissions Establishes and coordinates the work of cross-sectoral PaM coordinations
Ministries Implementation role Implementation of the legislative framework Performs administrative control of the implementation of laws and subordinate legislation within its purview,
performs administrative control of the bodies the Ministry is responsible for, establishes special topic commissions
and working groups, drafts the proposals for subordinate legislation, plans the budget to provide funding for the
implementation of sectoral policies, cooperation with the EU and international institutions for the purpose of Croatia’s
compliance with commitments, drafting of reports and information exchange for the purpose of Croatia’s compliance Ministry Enforcement role
Control of the implementation of regulations Implementation of administrative procedures pursuant to laws, issuing of permits and decisions
State Inspectorate Enforcement role
Control of the implementation of regulations Control of the implementation of the provisions of laws and subordinate legislation by carrying out inspections
MEE Enforcement role Environmental permits, decision on integrated environmental protection requirements, decision on a project’s
environmental eligibility, greenhouse gas emission permit, decision on free allocation of emission allowances to
operators of installations, decision on free allocation of emission allowances to aircraft operators Coordinates, approves, issues, amends and abolishes
MEE Enforcement role Grant of permits to legal persons – test laboratories and legal persons – reference laboratories Evaluates applications, grants and publishes permits and abolishes them where necessary.
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2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities
List of
relevant
authorities
(M):
Describe the type of competent authority
(e.g. environmental protection
inspectorate, environmental protection
agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent
authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,
LSGU etc.):
Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):
Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role
– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role
– Coordinating role
– Other roles (please specify) MEE Enforcement role
Aircraft greenhouse gas emission monitoring and reporting plan and aircraft tonne-kilometre data monitoring
and reporting plan Issues opinions confirming that a monitoring and reporting plan is in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU)
No 601/2012, Commission’s applicable instructions and the rules referred to in Article 90(8) of this Act. MEE Enforcement role
Installation greenhouse gas emission monitoring plan, as an integral part of greenhouse gas emission permits Issues expert opinions on compliance of the plan with the provisions of the rules.
MEE Enforcement role Free allocation of emission allowances to installation operators Competent authority for the implementation of Commission Decision 2011/278/EU and of the Commission’s
applicable instructions MEE Reporting and monitoring role
Low-carbon strategy of the Republic of Croatia Reports to the European Commission on the status of the Low-carbon strategy application via reports.
MEE Reporting and monitoring role
Report on the status of air quality, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and consumption ozone-depleting
substances in the territory of the Republic of Croatia (four-year report) Responsible for drafting the report, submits it to the Government every four years
MEE Reporting and monitoring role
Reporting and monitoring role
Rules on the Environmental Pollution Register (EPR) Creates and manages a network database, undertakes quality control, processing and analysis of data, and drafts an
EPR data report and discloses it to the public MEE Reporting and monitoring role
E-PRTR Regulation Undertakes data quality control, prepares a report, submits it to the EC and discloses it to the public.
MEE Reporting and monitoring role
PRTR Protocol Drafts and submits a report to the UNECE Secretariat, and discloses it to the public.
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2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities
List of
relevant
authorities
(M):
Describe the type of competent authority
(e.g. environmental protection
inspectorate, environmental protection
agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent
authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,
LSGU etc.):
Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):
Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role
– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role
– Coordinating role
– Other roles (please specify) MEE Reporting and monitoring role
Air quality improvement action plans and short-term action plans Data collection and reporting
MEE Reporting and monitoring role
Air quality assessment and reporting
Provides for air quality assessments and reporting MEE Reporting and monitoring role
Air quality assessment Drafts an Annual report on air quality monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia
CMHS Reporting and monitoring role Air quality assessment, modelling for the purpose of estimation Undertakes air quality assessments, undertakes modelling for the purpose of estimation and reporting
Legal persons – test laboratories Reporting and monitoring role Air quality monitoring, monitoring of pollutant emissions from stationary sources into the air, verification of the
accuracy of the measurement system for continuous measurement of emissions from stationary sources into the air
and product quality monitoring State Office For Metrology Reporting and monitoring role
Acceptance of test reports that equipment meets the performance requirements of the reference methods issued in
other Member States, provided that the testing laboratories are accredited in accordance with the relevant harmonised
standard for testing and calibration laboratories, and publishing of a list of accepted reports on its website MEE Reporting and monitoring role
Air quality monitoring and assessment – state network, local networks, special-purpose measurements Air quality information system management, air quality information exchange and reporting
MEE Reporting and monitoring role Keeping and maintenance of the Environmental Pollution Register (EPR) Manages the Industry and Energy information system, part of the EPR database, database management, information
publishing and exchange MEE Reporting and monitoring role
Air quality improvement action plan Submits the Air quality improvement action plan to the European Commission IPR
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2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities
List of
relevant
authorities
(M):
Describe the type of competent authority
(e.g. environmental protection
inspectorate, environmental protection
agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent
authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,
LSGU etc.):
Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):
Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role
– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role
– Coordinating role
– Other roles (please specify) CMHS Reporting and monitoring role
Air quality monitoring at state network stations Monitors air quality at state network stations in respect of gaseous pollutants, and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter
(automatic methods)
Submits annual original and validated data and report on pollutant levels and air quality assessment to the Ministry
Institute for Medical Research and
Occupational Health Reporting and monitoring role Air quality monitoring at state network stations Monitors air quality at state network stations in the part relating to the sampling and physical and chemical analyses
of and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter, and the equivalence of non-reference methods for the determination of PM10
and PM2.5 mass concentrations Submits annual original and validated data and report on pollutant levels and air quality assessment to the Ministry
Legal person – test laboratory Reporting and monitoring role Activity of monitoring the air quality and emissions into the air May perform air quality monitoring activities within local networks and at special-purpose stations, as well as the
activity of monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources and/or activities of verification of the accuracy
of the measurement system for continuous monitoring of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources Drafts and submits reports on completed measurements
CMHS Enforcement role
Manages the operation of the state network Manages the operation of the state network, provides for the building of new state network stations, ensure the air
quality monitoring (measurement, data collection, quality assurance and measurement and data checks, calibration
and verification of the technical characteristics of measurement equipment in accordance with measurement reference
methods, and processing and presentation of the results of measurement); it is responsible for the implementation of
the air quality measurement programmes at those stations CMHS Enforcement role
Air quality monitoring at state network stations Monitors air quality at state network stations in respect of gaseous pollutants, and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter
(automatic methods)
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2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities
List of
relevant
authorities
(M):
Describe the type of competent authority
(e.g. environmental protection
inspectorate, environmental protection
agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent
authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,
LSGU etc.):
Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):
Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role
– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role
– Coordinating role
– Other roles (please specify)
Institute for Medical Research and
Occupational Health Enforcement role Air quality monitoring at state network stations Monitors air quality at state network stations in the part relating to the sampling and physical and chemical analyses of and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter, and the equivalence of non-reference methods for the determination of PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations
MEE Enforcement role Expert supervision of the state network operation Expert supervision of the state network operation under Article 28 of the APA
Legal persons – test laboratories Enforcement role Activity of monitoring the air quality and emissions into the air Performs the air quality monitoring activity within local networks and at special-purpose stations, the activity of
monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources and/or activities of verification of the accuracy of the
measurement system for continuous monitoring of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources Reference laboratories Enforcement role
Air quality monitoring activity Performs the quality assurance of the measurements and air quality data in the territory of Croatia
MEE Enforcement role Measures to prevent and reduce air pollution Targeted reduction of PM2.5 exposure at national level for the purpose of protecting human health, of pollution from
natural sources, exceedances attributable to winter-sanding or -salting of roads; Short-term ground-level ozone action
plan; Transboundary air pollution MEE Financing role
Activity of measurement and data quality assurance Provides the funds necessary for participation of reference laboratories in international reference laboratory
proficiency tests and for cooperation with European Union Member States and the European Commission for the
purpose of ensuring measurement comparability and quality EPEEF Financing role
Provides funding for the implementation of the Programme of pollution level measurement in the state
network Provides funding for the implementation of the Programme of pollution level measurement in the state network
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2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities
List of
relevant
authorities
(M):
Describe the type of competent authority
(e.g. environmental protection
inspectorate, environmental protection
agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent
authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,
LSGU etc.):
Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):
Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role
– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role
– Coordinating role
– Other roles (please specify)
Regional
authorities
(M)
Regional self-government unit (RSGU) / City of Zagreb and major cities
Reporting and monitoring role Reports on the implementation of environmental protection programmes Drafts a report on the implementation of the programme for a four-year period (prepared by the authorised entity)
RSGU / City of Zagreb and major cities Reporting and monitoring role Air quality monitoring and assessment – local networks
Provides to the Ministry original and validated data on air quality monitoring and a report on the pollution levels and air quality assessment (prepared by the authorised entity – test laboratory)
RSGU / City of Zagreb and major cities Enforcement role
Environmental protection programme Adopts and publishes the programme (prepared by the authorised entity)
RSGU / City of Zagreb and major cities Enforcement role Air quality monitoring and assessment – local networks Establishes air quality monitoring stations in its territory, determines the sites of air quality monitoring measurement
stations, adopts a programme of measurement of pollution levels, provides the conditions for its implementation,
supervises the implementation of such activities
Local
authorities
(M):
LSGU’s competent administrative authority
or the City of Zagreb Reporting and monitoring role Air quality improvement action plans and short-term action plans Ensures the provision to the Ministry of the adopted action plan or short-term action plan
LSGU Reporting and monitoring role Air quality monitoring and assessment – local networks Provides to the Ministry original and validated data on air quality monitoring and a report on the pollution levels and
air quality assessment (prepared by the authorised entity – test laboratory)
LSGU or City of Zagreb representative
body Enforcement role Air quality improvement action plans and short-term action plans Adopts an action plan for air quality improvement and a short-term action plan for its administrative territory
LSGU Enforcement role Environmental permits, decision on integrated environmental protection requirements, decision the project’s
environmental eligibility Participation in public consultations
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2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities
List of
relevant
authorities
(M):
Describe the type of competent authority
(e.g. environmental protection
inspectorate, environmental protection
agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent
authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,
LSGU etc.):
Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):
Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role
– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role
– Coordinating role
– Other roles (please specify) LSGU Enforcement role
Air quality monitoring and assessment – local networks Establishes air quality monitoring stations in its territory, determines the sites of air quality monitoring measurement
stations, adopts a programme of measurement of pollution levels, provides the conditions for its implementation,
supervises the implementation of such activities and submits original and validated air quality monitoring data to the
Ministry once a year LSGUs and the City of Zagreb Enforcement role
Report on Environmental Pollution Register (EPR) data Undertakes quality control of data submitted to the EPR and their verification
Pollutant (M):
Pollutants Enforcement role Monitoring and assessment of air quality – special-purpose measurements Provides for the monitoring of air quality under a decision on the project’s environmental eligibility or decision on
integrated environmental protection requirements or environmental permit issued in accordance with the
Environmental Protection Act
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3. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS AND
IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE
WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS
This chapter is divided into three sub-chapters, demonstrating: ‘the progress made by current PaMs in
reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and EU
obligations’ (Annex I, Part 1 (1)(iii) to the Directive). The sub-chapters below are:
the progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with
national and EU obligations;
the progress made by current PAMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with
national and EU obligations; and
current transboundary impact of domestic emission sources.
This chapter corresponds to the Format Chapter 2.4 ‘Progress made by current PaMs in reducing
emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union
obligations’.
3.1. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PAMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS, AND THE
DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS
For measures intended to contribute to compliance with emission reduction commitments under the NEC
Decree and NEC Directive, the effect expected from (and achieved by) a measure needs to be expressed
in terms of emission reductions to be achieved over a specific period of time.
As laid down in the NEC Decree and NEC Directive, good quality emission inventories and a spatial
distribution of emissions in the EMEP grid need to be available at national level. In accordance with the
EMEP Reporting Guidelines and the Guidebook (as specified in Annex IV to the Directive), emission
maps to be developed using the 0.1 x 0.1 ° (long-lat) resolution have been provided by Croatia through
the project: ‘Creation of a register of pollutant emissions for point and diffuse sources with a spatial
distribution in the EMEP high-resolution grid’[4]. The project is implemented as part of the preventive
measure to improve air quality MPR-11 referred to in the Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate
Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for 2013-2017 (NN No 139/13). Results of the
implementation of that measure are available at: https://emep.haop.hr/. The results provide a spatial
representation of pollutant emissions in the territory of Croatia, using the 0.1 ° x 0.1 ° (long-lat) resolution
for the zones and 500 m x 500 m (long-lat) resolution for the agglomerations. The implementation of this
measure provided detailed data for air quality modelling on a high-resolution scale.
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Table 2.4.1 below provides an overview of the progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and
the degree of compliance with national and EU obligations (M).
2.4.1 Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and EU
obligations (M)
Describe progress
made by
current PaMs in
reducing emissions,
and the degree of
compliance with
national and EU
legislation (M):
SO2
In 2016, total SO2 emissions were 13.3 kt, representing a reduction by 92.2 %
compared to 1990. In 2016, a half (47.3 %) of SO2 emissions originated from the energy
sector, electricity and thermal energy production; 19.7 % from fuel combustion in industry and
construction; 22.5 % from fugitive emissions in the refining/storage sector activities and 8.3 %
from small furnaces (stationary and mobile sources). The reduction was mainly due to the
transition from high-sulphur fuels to low-sulphur ones, both in road transport and stationary
combustion. Additionally, the Croatian war of independence, which was fought between 1991
and 1995, had led to a decrease in fuel consumption and a decline in overall production in almost
all sectors resulting in the reduction of emissions. The year 2000 saw a major reduction in SO2
emissions, due to the fact that a second coal-fired thermal power plant (TPP) was put into
operation in Croatia. The second TPP features a technique of SO2 emissions reduction (SO2
scrubbing process) with an efficiency of more than 95 %. The second coal-fired TPP has
approximately double the capacity of the first plant. Since 2000, the first TPP without the SO2
emissions reduction technology has been used only during periods when electricity requirements
are higher (mainly in the summer). Compared with 1990, emissions from the electricity and heat
production sector were reduced by 92.8 %, from industry and construction by 91.9 %, from the
transport sector by 98.3 % and from small furnaces by 95 %. Sulphur emissions from the
Production processes and product use sector were also reduced by 86.6 % compared to 1990,
currently amounting to 22 tonnes due to suspended production of aluminium, pulp and paper
(Kraft process) and soot, and due to a large decrease in the sulphuric acid production. The
Refining/storage sector (NFR l.B.2.a.iv) has a rising trend of SO2 emissions (up 41.1 % since
1990) on account of the construction of sulphur production plants (Claus plants) at two refineries,
the first in 1997 and the other in 2008. In 2016, SO2˙ emissions were lower than the target
value of 70 kt under the GP and the NEC Directive.
NOx
In 2016, NOx emissions were 50.4 kt, representing a 50.4 % reduction compared to 1990. In
2016, the emissions from the energy sector were about 49.7 kt, contributing approx. 93.6 % to
total NOx emissions. In 2016, the main source in the energy sector was Transport (NFR 1.A.3),
accounting for 48.7 % of total NOx emissions, with road transport as a predominant contributor.
Compared with 1990, NOx emissions in the transport sector were reduced by 37 % as a
consequence of deploying catalyst converters in cars and introducing stricter emission standards.
The sectors of stationary and mobile (off-road) energy also recorded a major reduction compared
to 1990, mainly due to lower fuel consumption. Additionally, the Croatian war of independence,
fought between 1991 and 1995, had led to a decrease in fuel consumption and a decline in the
overall production in almost all sectors, resulting in the reduction of NOx emissions. Since 2007,
NOx emissions recorded a decline due to the economic crisis that is still present in Croatia. In
2016, approximately 18.9 % of NOx emissions originated from small combustion sources (NFR
1.A.4 mobile and stationary), 13.2 % originated from fuel combustion in industry and
construction (NFR 1.A.2), while 12.5 % came from the energy sector of electricity and heat
production (NFR l.A.l). All these sectors recorded a reduction compared to 1990; by 37 % in
sector 1.A.4, 70.2 % in 1.A.2 and 63.3 % in sector 1.A.1. Crop production and farmland are also
sources of NOx emissions in Croatia, contributing approximately 4.3 % to the total national NOx
emission in 2016. NO emissions occur in microbiological processes in the soil, with a decrease of
some 33.6 % recorded between 1990 and 2016, mainly due to a reduction in the use of N
fertilisers in crop production. They were down 18.3 % compared with the previous year.
Emissions in the Industrial processes and product use sector decreased by some 60.5 % between
1990 and 2016, mainly due to suspended production of aluminium, pulp and paper (Kraft
process) and soot, and due to a large reduction in sulphuric acid production. An increase of
around 1 % compared with the previous year indicated a production recovery. In 2016, the NOx
emission was lower than the target value of 87 kt under the GP and the NEC Directive.
NH3
In 2016, the NH3 emission stood at 35.2 kt. Since 1990, it has decreased 34.4 %, and was 11.1 %
lower than a year earlier. The overall trend of NH3 emission from animal rearing has declined,
depending on the number of animals (down 49 % in 2016 compared to 1990), which has declined
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steadily for most animal categories since 1990. The reduction between 1991 and 1995 was a
consequence of the Croatian war of independence, while the economic crisis accounts for the
reduction in the years following 2008. The NH3 emission from farmland differs from the total
amount of N mineral fertilisers used between 1990 and 2016 (a decrease by ~ 2 % in 2016
compared to 1990). The predominant source in the total NH3 emission from farmland in Croatia
is urea-N fertiliser (40 % in 2016, 29 % in 1990), followed by calcium ammonium nitrate (27 %
in 2016, 29 % in 1990) and complex NPK fertilisers (17 % in 2016, 27 % in 1990). Other
fertilisers contributed less than 1 % to total NH3 emissions from fertiliser use in 2016. An
increase in the NH3 emission can also be observed in the transport sector, with the road transport
as the primary contributor (a 17-fold increase in NH3 emissions from road transport compared to
1990) due to the formation of NH3 in the catalytic converters of cars. The ammonia emission in
2016 was lower than the 30 kt value laid down in the GP and the NEC Directive.
NMVOC
In 2016, NMVOC emissions were 62.6 kt, having decreased considerably in 2016 or by 58.9 %
compared to 1990. The reduction since 1990 is notable in the Industrial processes and product
use sector (down 68.8 %), and in the Transport sector (where road transport dominates (down
80.4 %)). The declining trend since 1990 is mostly due to reduced emissions from solvent-
containing products, partly resulting from using the best available techniques (BAT) and reduced
production of solvents and solvent-based products, and partly from the population decline in
Croatia. The road transport sector also contributed to the trend of NMVOC emissions reduction
due to increased use of energy-efficient vehicles and the introduction of new requirements
relating to exhaust emissions. Fugitive NMVOC emissions from petroleum products
(predominantly petrol) and natural gas also recorded a decrease by 45.2 % compared to 1990.
Additionally, the Croatian war of independence, which was fought between 1991 and 1995, had
led to a reduction in fuel consumption and a decline in overall production in almost all sectors.
The economic crisis has contributed to a further reduction in NMVOC emissions since 2007.
Also, the reduction since 2008 is partly due to the gradual replacement of a certain percentage of
traditional home stoves and manual boilers by advanced / eco-labelled stoves, as well as by pellet
boilers and stoves. In 2016, NMVOC emissions were lower than the value of 90 kt, set out in
the GP and the NEC Directive.
PM2.5
In 2016, the PM2.5 emission was 20.5 kt, having decreased by 45.8 % compared to 1990. The
energy sector was the largest source of PM2.5 emissions, accounting for approximately 91.6 % of
the total national emissions in 2016. Small furnaces with prevailing biomass combustion in
households are key sources of PM2.5 emissions, accounting for 78.8 % of the total national
emissions in 2016. The transport sector contributed a smaller share to the emissions (8.8 % in
2016), recording a 12.5 % increase compared to 1990. Road transport dominates when it comes
to PM2.5 emissions from the transport sector, with equal contributions by emissions from fuel
combustion and fugitive emissions from road wear and braking and tyre wear. Production
processes and solvent use are another major source of PM2.5 emissions (6.8 % in 2016), recording
a 6.6 % decrease since 1990. Agriculture is also a source of PM2.5 emissions in Croatia, with a
contribution of 8.5 % to the national share in 2016. Farmyard manure management contributed
4.5 % to total PM2.5 emissions in 2016, while crop and farmland production contributed 4 %. In
2016, combustion in industry and construction accounted for 2.3 % of total national emissions; it
has seen a considerable decrease in PM2.5 emissions since 1990 (up to 84.6 %) thanks to reduced
consumption of solid fuels and biomass, with a simultaneous increase in the consumption of
gaseous or liquid fuels. The PM2.5 emission trend had several troughs and peaks between 1990
and 2016. The major decline between 1991 and 1994 was caused by the Croatian war of
independence (1991-1995) on account of lower fuel consumption and the overall production
decline in almost all sectors. The reconstruction of the areas devastated by war, which began in
1994, led to an increase in emissions from the mineral production sector which lasted until 1999.
Another rising trend emerged in 2002, mainly due to an increase in road paving, quarry activities,
construction and demolition of buildings, cement production and production of inorganic
material (such as soot, ammonium phosphate, urea and NPK fertilisers). Road paving activities
recorded a major increase in 2002, mainly due to the start of the construction of ‘A1’ (Dalmatina)
as the longest motorway in Croatia that connects Zagreb and Dubrovnik (total length of 456 km).
The economic crisis, which had the worst impact on Croatia’s construction sector, has
contributed to a reduction in PM2.5 emissions since 2007. A marked reduction since 2005 results
from the gradual replacement of a certain percentage of traditional home stoves and manual
boilers by advanced / eco-labelled stoves, pellet boilers and stoves.
PM10
The total PM10 emissions in 2016 were 27.8 kt, having decreased by 45.8 % compared to
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1990 while increasing by 0.2 % compared to 2015. The energy sector was the largest
source of PM10 emissions, accounting for 72.9 % of the total national emissions in
2016. Small, predominantly biomass burning furnaces in households were the key
source of PM10 emissions, accounting for 60.7 % of the total national emissions in
2016. The transport sector, contributing a smaller share (8 % in 2016), recorded a 17.3 %
increase compared to 1990. Road transport dominates when it comes to PM10 emissions
from the transport sector, with equal contributions of the emissions from fuel
combustion and fugitive emissions from road wear and braking and tyre wear. The
Production processes and product use sector constitutes the second largest source of PM10 emissions (18.6 % in 2016). That sector has recorded a major increase (by 26.7 %) since
1990. Agriculture is another source of PM10 emissions in Croatia, accounting for
8.5 % of total national emissions in 2016. Farmyard manure management accounts for
4.5 %, while the crop and farmland production contributes 4.5 %. Emissions from the agriculture
sector have decreased compared to 1990 (by approximately 50 %) due to a decline in the number
of animals and a reduction in crop production. In 2016, combustion in industry and
construction contributed 1.8 % to total national emissions, but has seen a
considerable, 84.8 % decrease in PM10 emissions since 1990 thanks to due to
reduced consumption of solid fuels and biomass, with a simultaneous increase in
the consumption of gaseous and liquid fuels. The trend of PM10 emissions had
several troughs and peaks between 1990 and 2016. A major reduction between 1991 and
1994 was caused by the Croatian war of independence (1991-1995) due to lower fuel
consumption and an overall production decline in almost all sectors. The reconstruction of the
areas devastated by war, which began in 1994, led to an increase in emissions from the mineral
production sector which lasted until 1999. Another rising trend emerged in 2002, mainly due to
an increase in road paving, quarry activities, construction and demolition of buildings, cement
production and production of inorganic material (such as soot, ammonium phosphate, urea and
NPK fertilisers). Road paving activities recorded a major increase in 2002, mainly due to the start
of the construction of ‘A1’ (Dalmatina) as the longest motorway in Croatia that connects Zagreb
and Dubrovnik (total length of 456 km). The economic crisis had the worst impact on Croatia’s
construction sector, contributing to the reduction of PM10 emissions since 2008. A marked
reduction since 2005 results from the gradual replacement of a certain percentage of traditional
home stoves and manual boilers by advanced / eco-labelled stoves, pellet boilers and stoves.
Provide complete
references (chapter
and page) to
publicly available
supporting datasets
(e.g. historic
emission inventory
reporting) (M):
THE 2018 REPORT ON THE CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE
TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
(1990-2016.), Chapter III Pollutant Emissions Trends (p. 80–104)
CAEN link: http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucjurepublike-
hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u
CEIP link:
http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceit_home1/ceip_home/status_reporting/2018_submissions
Emission Spatial Distribution Portal
– Emissions register for point and diffuse sources and all other (present) mobile and
stationary emission sources by zones (the whole territory of Croatia) and agglomerations
(Zagreb, Rijeka, Split and Osijek) and separately for the city of Slavonski Brod.
– The spatial distribution of pollutant emissions in the EMEP grid with a 0.l x 0.l long-lat
resolution (approx. 10 x 10 km) for the whole territory of Croatia, and 0.5 km x 0.5 km
for agglomerations, including the City of Slavonski Brod.
CAEN link: https://emep.haop.hr/
Include graphical
illustrations of
emission reduction
by pollutant and/or
key sectors
The charts below illustrate the annual emissions of six major air pollutants in Croatia between
1990 and 2016. SOx emissions had the most pronounced downward trend, followed by NOx, non-
methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and ammonia (NH3), all of which are O3-
precursors. The most harmful pollutants to human health in Europe are PM, NO2 and ground-
level O3. The most important impacts of air pollution on national ecosystems are eutrophication,
acidification and damage to vegetation from O3 exposure. Since sulphur emissions have been
reduced, NH3 emissions from agriculture and NOx emission from combustion processes have
become dominant in terms of ecosystem acidification and eutrophication.
SO2 emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in SO2 emissions
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Protocol on Further Reduction of
Sulphur Emissions NEC Directive
Gothenburg Protocol Total
Source: the 2018 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia (1990-2016).
NOx emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in NOx
emissions
Source: the 2018 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia (1990-2016).
NH3 emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in NH3 emissions
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Source: the 2018 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia (1990-2016).
NMVOC emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in NMVOC emissions
Source: the 2018 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia (1990-2016).
PM2 . 5 emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in PM2 . 5 emissions
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Source: the 2018 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia (1990-2016).
PM10 emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in PM10 emissions
Source: the 2018 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the
Republic of Croatia (1990-2016).
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3.2. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE
DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS
According to the EC Report: ‘The First Clean Air Outlook’15 air pollution remains a major environmental
and health problem in the EU. Many European cities are struggling with poor air quality, exceeding the
EU standards from the Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC16 17 18 and further exceeding the guidelines
recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The European Environmental Agency
estimated that around 400,000 people in the EU died prematurely in 2015 due to air pollution17.
The EU air policy review for 2011-2013 resulted in the Clean Air Policy Package in December 201318.
The package included the Clean Air Programme for Europe19 and three legislative proposals: for the
control of emissions from medium combustion plants, which was adopted as Directive (EU) 2015/2194
(MCPD)20; for the ratification of amendments to the 2012 GP laying down the emission reduction for
2020, which was adopted as Council Decision (EU) 2017/175721; and for setting new national reduction
commitments by 2030 in the new Directive on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric
pollutants, adopted as the NEC Directive 22.
Among other things, the aforementioned programme proposed regular air quality reporting in Europe,
including prospects for emissions reductions and progress towards EU objectives. Upon adoption of the
NEC Directive in December 2016, the analytical base was updated and the first edition of the ‘Clean Air
Outlook’ was prepared with the aim of fulfilling the above requirements and providing a context for the
Member States preparing the National Air Pollution Control Programmes to be submitted until
1 April 2019, under the NEC Directive.
The First Clean Air Outlook provides an overview of current air emissions and air quality. It states that
despite economic growth, the trend of reducing major air pollutants in the EU continued in the 21st
century. Overall, the total GDP in the EU increased by 32 % in 2000-2015, while the emissions of major
air pollutants decreased by between 10 % (for ammonia – NH3) and 70 % (for sulphur oxides – SOx).
However, the EU is still plagued by major problems relating to air quality due to the exceedance of air
pollutant limit values. In 2015, up to 20 % of the urban population in EU-28 was exposed to particulate
matter (PM10) levels exceeding the daily limit value. Up to 8 % of the urban population was exposed to
fine particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5) exceeding the limit value of 25 µg/m3, while more than
82 % were exposed to the levels exceeding the much stricter WHO value of 10 µg/m3. The annual limit
value for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) continues to be far exceeded across Europe, with up to 9 % of the urban
population in 22 Member States being exposed to concentrations above identical EU and WHO limits.
When it comes to ground-level ozone, 18 Member States recorded the concentrations in excess of the
target values. While up to 30 % of the urban EU population lived in the areas where the target value was
exceeded, more than 95 % lived in areas exceeding the stricter WHO guideline.23 It is also stated that 30
procedures are currently pending for the violation of the provisions of Directive 2008/50/EC by Member
States, 16 for exceeding the PM10 limit values, 13 for exceeding the NO2 limit values and on for
exceeding the SO2 limit values.
Although the emissions of all pollutants have been reduced, considering the historical time line since
1990, air pollutants concentrations at source have not been sufficiently reduced in the past few years. As
in most European cities, the majority of the Croatian population lives in the cities with exceedances in air
quality standards. The most frequently exceedances observed are for ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM), but also benzo(a)pyrene in the PM10 particulate matter
(BaP in PM10). While having an environmental impact, emissions have had a historical downward trend,
15 COM(2018) 446 final 16 OJ L 152, 11.06.2008, p. 1-44 17 European Environment Agency (EEA), October 2017, 'Air quality in Europe – 2017 report' 18 Clean Air Policy Package (see: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/clean_air/review.htm) 19 COM(2013)918 final (Clean Air Programme for Europe) 20 Medium Combustion Plants Directive, OJ L 313, 28.11.2015, p. 1-19 (Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants (OJ L 313, 25.11.2015) 21 OJ L 248, 27.9.2017, p. 3-75 22 OJ L 344 of 17.12.2016, p. 1 23 European Environment Agency (EEA), October 2017, ‘Air quality in Europe – 2017 report’
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even in the period since air quality monitoring has been monitored in Croatia, while still no resulting in a
linear decline in local pollution concentrations.
The EU Ambient Air Quality Directive, i.e. CAFE Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and
of the Council on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, came into force on 11 June 2008 [OJ L
152, 11.6.2008]. It was transposed into the Croatian legislation by virtue of the Air Protection Act, Decree
on Air Pollutant Levels (NN No 117/12) and the Rules on air quality monitoring (NN No 79/17).
The CAFE Directive covers the following pollutants subject to air quality assessment (Chapter II, Section
1, Article 4 and Section 2):
– sulphur dioxide,
– nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
– particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5),
– lead,
– benzene,
– carbon monoxide and
– ground-level ozone.
In addition to the CAFE Directive, Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council, which is also in force, relates to:
– arsenic,
– cadmium, mercury and
– benzo(a)pyrene (as an indicator of pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons).
Under Article 19(1) of the APA, the assessment of air quality in zones and agglomerations is carried out
for the following pollutants:
– sulphur dioxide,
– nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
– particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5),
– lead,
– benzene,
– carbon monoxide,
– ground-level ozone
– arsenic,
– cadmium,
– mercury,
– nickel and
– benzo(a)pyrene.
In accordance with Article 6(3) of the APA, the air quality assessment and modelling for the purpose of
estimation referred to in Articles 19-22 and reporting referred to in Article 120 in Croatia is undertaken
by the CMHS and provided for by the Ministry.
In accordance with Article 6(4), air quality monitoring, monitoring of pollutant emissions from stationary
sources into the air, verification of accuracy of the measurement system for continuous measurement of
emissions from stationary sources into the air and product quality monitoring is carried out by legal
persons – test laboratories. Some of the conditions to be met by legal person to conduct air quality
monitoring activities are:
– having the measurement equipment for engaging in air quality monitoring activities, in
accordance with the reference measurement methods laid down in the Rules on air quality
monitoring, and being accredited in accordance with the requirement of the harmonised standard
for testing and calibration laboratories for each individual reference measurement method , or
having a reference laboratory certificate of quality assurance of the measurements and air quality
data for each individual reference measurement method (Article 55(1), sub-paragraph 4 of the
APA);
– if using other measurement methods for which reference methods are laid down in the Rules on
air quality monitoring, the legal person must be accredited in accordance with the requirement of
the harmonised standard for testing and calibration laboratories or have a reference laboratory
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certificate of quality assurance of the measurements and air quality data for each individual
reference measurement method, and also have a certificate of the reference laboratory confirming
that the other measurement methods were tested for equivalence with the reference methods in
accordance with European Commission standards (Article 55(2) of the APA).
– If using other measurement methods for which reference methods are not laid down in the Rules
on air quality monitoring, the legal person must be accredited for those methods in accordance
with the requirement of the harmonised standard for testing and calibration laboratories
(Article 55(3) of the APA).
The activity of quality assurance of the measurement and air quality data in Croatia is performed by the
reference laboratory (Article 60(1) of the APA). The reference laboratory issues a certificate to testing
laboratories for quality assurance of the measurements and air quality data for each measurement method
separately based on the verification of its measurement traceability (Article 60(3)). The Ministry provides
the funds necessary for participation of reference laboratories in international reference laboratory
proficiency tests and for cooperation with EU Member States and the European Commission for the
purpose of ensuring measurement comparability and quality (Article 62(1)). One of the conditions a legal
person must meet to engage in quality assurance of the measurements and air quality data is:
– being accredited in accordance with the requirement of the harmonised standard for testing
and calibration laboratories for one or more reference measurement methods laid down in the
Rules on air quality monitoring.
Under Article 23 of the CAFE Directive and Article 46 of the APA, if the levels of air pollutants in
certain zones and agglomerations exceed any limit value or target value or any margin of tolerance in any
of such cases, Member States provide for the preparation of air quality plans for those zones and
agglomerations to achieve the relevant limit value or target value specified in Annexes XI and XIV to
the CAFE Directive. In case of exceedance of the limit values in respect of which the time frame for
compliance has already expired, air quality plans set out appropriate measures to shorten the exceedance
period as much as possible. Air quality plans may additionally include specific measures aimed at
protecting sensitive population groups, including children. Those air quality plans include at least the
information referred to in section A of Annex XV to the CAFE Directive and in Article 46(3) of the APA,
and may include the measures under Article 24 of the CAFE Directive or Article 47(4) of the APA. These
plans are submitted to the Commission without delay, but no later than two years after the end of the year
in which the first exceedance has been recorded. If air quality plans for several pollutants need to be
prepared or implemented, the Member State prepares and implements, where appropriate, comprehensive
air quality plans covering all relevant pollutants. Member States ensure, to the extent feasible, compliance
with other plans required under Directive 2001/80/EC, Directive 2001/81/EC or Directive 2002/49/EC to
achieve the relevant environmental protection objectives.
According to the CAFE Directive, EU Member States are required to reduce population exposure
to PM2.5 particulate matter, and national-level targets are set based on the average exposure indicator
(PPI). PPI is defined as the mean PM2.5 concentration based on the measurements over a period of 3 years
at selected control stations in agglomerations and larger urban areas, set in urban background areas to best
assess PM2.5 exposure of the general population.
The document entitled ‘Air quality assessment in state territory and the application of Annex XIV to the
new Directive 2008/50/EC24 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe’ was prepared in 2010, as
the basis for negotiations regarding the base year for PPI calculation
(http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30810). According to the EU Accession Treaty, the year 2015 was
officially defined as the base year for calculating PPI in Croatia; it means that PPI was set as the average
of PM2.5 values measured and amounts to 20.6 µg/m3.
The document proposed a PM2.5 concentration measurement programme with a view to reducing the
national-level exposure at four city background locations in Zagreb, Rijeka, Split and Osijek as well as at
one rural background location. The measurement programme proposed was implemented through the
Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain Air Pollutant
24 Air quality assessment in state territory and the application of Annex XIV to the new Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe; Client: the Ministry, Author: K. Šega, Zagreb, February 2010
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Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State Network for Continuous Air Quality
(NN No 65/16).
The four locations in the agglomerations necessary for PPI calculation are:
– HR ZG agglomeration: location Zagreb, Ksaverska cesta for PPI PM2.5,
– HR RI agglomeration: location Rijeka-2 for PPI PM2.5,
– HR ST agglomeration: location Split for PPI PM2.5,
– HR OS agglomeration: location Osijek for PPI PM2.5.
PM2.5 measurements at the location of ZAGREB PPI PM2.5 – Ksaverska cesta have been performed since
2005, while at Rijeka-2 the measurements PPI PM2.5 began on 13 May 2015. According to the
Programme of air pollution level monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring
(NN No 73/16), the measurements at Split and Osijek stations are required to start not later than
31 December 2019.
The document entitled ‘Study on the possibilities of achieving a targeted reduction in national-level
exposure based on the average PM2.5 exposure indicator for 2015’25
(http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30809) was prepared in 2016, presenting an analysis of exposure
based on the measurements available at the stations: Ksaverska Cesta for PPI PM2.5 (urban area) and
Plitvice Lakes (rural area – national park).
According to the Study, the projected PM2.5 PPI for 2020 is 16.4 μg/m3. If the projection proves
correct, the targeted 20 % reduction in national -level exposure will not be achieved.
Based on the measurements at the location ZAGREB PPI PM2.5 – Ksaverska Cesta, concentrations
have been found to exhibit pronounced seasonal dependence, recording elevated values in the cold
part of the year and low levels in the warm part. Measurement results at the Plitvice Lakes rural
background measurement station indicate no seasonality in PM2.5 concentrations. An analysis of the
chemical composition of PM2.5 particles showed that the variability of anions, cations and organic
and inorganic carbon concentrations may be due to the contributions from multiple sources of
pollution, long-distance transport, physical and chemical properties of measured pollutants as well
as meteorological parameters. The most important sources may be fossil fuel and biomass
combustion processes, transport, re-suspension of particles from surfaces, secondary aerosols and
distance transport.
Table 2.4.2 below provides an overview of the progress made by current PAMs in improving air quality,
and the degree of compliance with national and EU obligations (M).
2.4.2. Progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with
national and EU obligations (M):
Describe progress
made by current
PaMs in improving
air quality, and the
degree of
compliance with
national and EU
legislation by, as a
minimum,
specifying the
number of air
quality zones (AQ
zones) in the total
number of air
quality zones, that
are (non)compliant
with EU air quality
objectives for NO2,
Measurement sites and programme in the national network for air quality monitoring are
laid down in the Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of
Certain Air Pollutant Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State
Network for Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (NN No 65/16) and in the Programme of
air pollution level monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring (NN
No 73/16).
An earlier Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain
Air Pollutant Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State Network
for Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (NN No 22/14) and the accompanying Programme
of air pollution level monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring
(NN No 103/14, corr. 117/14) are no longer applicable.
The progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance
with national and EU legislation is shown in the air quality reviews of 2013 (when Croatia
joined the EU) and 2016 (the latest annual report available).
List of measurement sites for pollution (compliance) assessment in zones and agglomerations
25 Study on the possibilities of achieving a targeted reduction in national-level exposure based on the average PM2.5 exposure indicator for 2015, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, October 2016
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PM10, PM2.5 and O3,
and any other
pollutant(s) for
which there are
exceedances (M):
(colours indicate whether the data coverage was sufficient in 2013):
ZONA / AGLOMERACIJA ZONE / AGGLOMERATION ZONE / AGGLOMERATION
MJERNO MJESTO MEASUREMENT SITE MEASUREMENT SITE
KLASIFIKACIJA MJERNOG MJESTA MEASUREMENT SITE CLASSIFICATION MEASUREMENT SITE CLASSIFICATION
ONEČIŠĆUJUĆA TVAR POLLUTANT POLLUTANT
ruralna pozadinska rural background rural background
prigradska suburban suburban
gradska pozadinska city background city background
industrijska industrial industrial
prometna transport transport
i ostali PAU u PM10 and other PAU in PM10 and other PAU in PM10
teški metali heavy metals heavy metals
kemijski sastav chemical composition chemical composition
otok the island of the island of
Legenda Key Key
crveno red red
zeleno green green
plavo blue blue
nema podataka N/A N/A
mjerni podaci - zadovoljen obuhvat measurement data – coverage sufficient measurement data – coverage sufficient
mjerni podaci postoje, ali nije zadovoljen obuhvat measurement data exist, but coverage insufficient measurement data exist, but coverage insufficient
Source: 2013 Annual report on air quality monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia,
CAEN, December 2014
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List of measurement sites for pollution (compliance) assessment in zones and agglomerations
(colours indicate whether the data coverage was sufficient in 2016):
Source: 2016 Annual report on air quality monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia,
CAEN, November 2017
An overview of exceedances for 2013-2016 provided below is based on the data published in
annual reports on air quality monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia, available at
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=0.
Exceedances in zones/agglomerations determined based on an analysis of measurement results
combined with an objective assessment in 2013-2016 are as follows:
Non-
Compliant NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 BaP in PM10
2013 0 0 1 3 1 0
2014 0 0 2 3 0 2
2015 1 1 6 3 1 2
2016 1 0 5 3 2 2
NO2 exceedances were recorded only in the Zagreb agglomeration (HR ZG); benzene
exceedances only in the Industrial Zone (HR 2).
Benzo(a)pyrene exceedances were recorded in the Zagreb agglomeration (HR ZG) and in
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the Industrial Zone (HR 2).
Compliant NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 BaP in PM10
2013 8 8 2 1 1 6
2014 9 8 4 3 3 4
2015 8 8 2 6 8 4
2016 8 8 3 6 6 4
Zone/agglomeration compliance was not assessed if no measurements were performed or
data coverage was below 85 %. Furthermore, modelling data could not be used to assess
PM10 and PM2.5 compliance because pollution levels in all zones and agglomerations were
higher than the lower assessment threshold (LAT). Additionally, modelling data could not
be used to assess ground-level ozone compliance in zones and agglomerations because
pollution levels in all zones and agglomerations were higher than the long-term goal (LG).
The table below shows the number of zones/agglomerations which were not assessed:
Not assessed NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 BaP in PM10
2013 1 1 6 5 7 3
2014 0 1 3 3 6 3
2015 0 0 1 0 0 3
2016 0 1 1 0 1 3
Ground-level ozone compliance assessment for each zone/agglomeration in 2013-2016 is shown
in the following table:
2013 2014 2015 2016
HR ZG
HR RI
HR ST
HR OS
HR1
HR 2
HR 3
HR 4
HR 5
Flags: compliant
non-compliant
not assessed
The difference in the number of ground-level ozone exceedances for 2013 and 2016 is the
result of data availability rather than a change in pollution level. Ground-level ozone
pollution is subject to natural inter-annual variability, as seen from the status in the
agglomerations of Zagreb (HR ZG) and Rijeka (HR RI). As can be expected in the rural
areas of coastal and upland regions of Croatia, i.e. HR 3, HR 4 and HR 5 zones, ground-
level ozone pollution is more pronounced than in agglomerations.
A more detailed overview of exceedances by measurement stations in zones/agglomerations in
2013-2016 is provided in tabular form:
Zone/agglomeration Measurement
station NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5
BaP in PM10
HRZG
Zagreb-1
2013NP
2015
2016
2016
2013
2014
2015 2016
2015
2016
Zagreb-3
2013 2014
2015
2016
2014 2015
2016
Velika Gorica* 2015 2016
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HR OS Osijek-1
2013 2014
2015
2016
HRRI Rijeka-2
2013
2015
HR 1 Desinić
2015
2016
HR 2
Slavonski Brod- 1
2013
2014
2015 2016
Sisak-1
2015
2013 2014
2015
2016
2014
2015
2016
Kutina-1
2013NP 2014
2015
2016
HR 3 Parg
2014 2015
2016
HR 4 Pula Fižela*
2015
2016
HR 5
Hum (island of
Vis)
2013NP 2014
2015
2016
Žarkovica
(Dubrovnik)
2013NP
2015
2016
Note:
* measurement stations that are not part of the state network but are used for data exchange until new state network stations are established NP data coverage insufficient
Provide a complete
reference (chapter,
page) to support
publicly available
data sets (e.g. Air
quality plans,
quantitative
contributions –
source appointment)
(M):
All the information relating to air quality monitoring and action plans for improving air quality
are publicly available at the CAEN website: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html
AIR QUALITY REPORTING
By accession to the EU, the Republic of Croatia has undertaken to submit air quality
information/data to the European Commission. For that reason, in 2014, the CAEN developed
the Air Quality in the Republic of Croatia portal, through which Croatia submits air quality data
to the European Commission since 2014 (data for 2013), thus fulfilling all its commitments
relating to air quality reporting required by the IPR Implementing Decision.
In that way, all relevant air quality data/information is provided:
– Data on zones and agglomerations (B),
– Data on the assessment system (C),
– Data on networks and stations (meta data) (D),
– Original and validated data (E),
– Pollution assessment with exceedances of limit and target values (G),
– Information on air quality plans (H),
– Information on source appointment (I),
– Information on scenarios by year of achievement (J),
– Information on air quality measures (K).
Within the IPA 2013 project named ‘Strengthening the environmental inspection to effectively
control air quality monitoring and the greenhouse gas emission allowances trading system in
order to achieve better air quality in the Republic of Croatia’, an analysis of the state of air
quality reporting was carried out, showing that the exchange of data with the EC takes place in a
satisfactory manner and according to the planned schedule.
Information from the Action Plans submitted to the European Commission:
In 2015, the information on 2013 exceedances was submitted to the EC from the following action
plans:
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– Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Zagreb – for exceedances of PM10
particulate matter LVs
– Action Plan for Reducing PM10 Particulate Matter Concentration Levels in the City of
Sisak – for exceedances of PM10 particulate matter LVs
– Action Plan for PM10 Emission Reduction in the City of Kutina – for exceedances of PM10
particulate matter LVs
– Action Plan for Particle (PM10) Pollution Reduction in the City of Osijek – for
exceedances of PM10 particulate matter LVs
– Ground-level ozone pollution measures from the Action Plan for Ground-level Ozone
Pollution Reduction in the City of Rijeka were submitted for the exceedances of ground-
level TVs in the City of Rijeka (the preparation and adoption of an Action Plan are laid
down in the APA, while only measure submission is required under
Directive 2008/50/EU).
In 2016, the information on action plan implementation was submitted for the 2014 exceedances.
Action plan implementation is reported by updating the information already sent on an annual
basis, where necessary. In 2016, the information on 2014 exceedances was submitted from:
– the Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Zagreb - for exceedances of
BaP in PM10 LVs.
All current action plans prepared are available on the Air Quality in the Republic of Croatia
portal, on the CAEN website and at the link http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=4.
All the information on action plans submitted to the EC are publicly available, also on the Air
Quality in the Republic of Croatia portal, on the CAEN website and at the following links (by
year of data submission):
– Information on air quality plans (H):
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/hPlan.htm,
– Information on source appointment (I):
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/iSourceAppointment.htm,
– Information on scenarios by year of achievement (J):
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/jEvaluation.htm.
– Information on air quality measures (K):
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/kMeasure.htm.
In 2017, the information on PM2.5 exceedances in 2013 was submitted for the City of Slavonski
Brod Action Plan, which was adopted in 2016.
– Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Slavonski Brod
Include maps of
current
concentrations in air
(at least for the
following pollutants:
NO2, PM10, PM2.5
and O3 and for other
AAQD pollutants
posing a problem)
showing, for
example, the
number of zones
from the total
number of air
quality zones which
are (not) compliant
in terms of the base
year and the
reporting year:
Concentration maps for SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2,5, O3, heavy metals and B(a)P for the period 2001-
2015 are provided in the document named the Objective air quality assessment in the zones of
the Republic of Croatia for 2016 (CMHS, Zagreb, September 2017), which is available at the
link: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=69590.
Objective air quality assessment is carried out for all the areas (zones) where air quality
measurements are not performed, measurements are performed using a non-standardised method
or are performed using a standardised method which was not tested for equivalence with the
reference method, but only where the levels of pollutant concentrations in the area observed are
lower than the lower assessment threshold (LAT) or long-term goal (LG) in accordance with
Articles 6 and 9 of Directive 2008/50/EC.
The results were obtained using the latest version of the EMEP model of 2016. The model used
was 50km x 50km spatial scale, which is intended to assess the impact of regional and remote
transfer of pollutants. The model’s resolution is not sufficiently fine to assess concentration
levels in cases of prevailing sources of local pollution. Fine resolution modelling (0.1 x 0.1) has
not yet been implemented at national and AQ-zone or agglomeration levels.
Maps for 2015 are shown below.
SO2
The modelled values of annual SO2 concentrations are less than 2 μg/m3 in the larger Croatian
area. Values in the range of 2-10 μg/m3 were measured in areas bordering Bosnia and
Herzegovina (BiH) (Republika Srpska) and the Republic of Serbia (RS), which is expected due
to large point sources of emissions in those countries.
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Annual SO2 concentrations are below the lower assessment threshold value (50 μg/m3) with
respect to human health and the lower assessment threshold (8 μg/m3) with respect to the
protection of vegetation in the entire Croatian territory.
NO2
Annual NO2 concentrations are highest near the industrial sources, i.e. in agglomeration areas.
The calculated values of NO2 concentrations are within the range of 2-10 μg/m3, which is below
the lower assessment limit with regard to human health (26 μg/m3) as well as the lower
assessment limit for critical nitrogen oxide levels with respect to the protection of vegetation and
natural ecosystems (19.5 μg/m3).
Although the dominant sources of nitrogen oxides are included in the emission data, the large
spatial scale of the model does not allow precise determination of concentrations in the areas
with pronounced individual or isolated sources of nitrogen oxides emissions (cement plants,
thermal power plants, refineries, etc.).
PM10
Annual PM10 concentrations are within the range of 8-18 μg/m3. The calculated concentration
values are below the lower assessment limit with respect to human health (20 μg/m3). The spatial
distribution of annual PM10 concentrations changes from year to year, largely depending on
meteorological conditions. It can be noticed that the highest load of PM10 particulate matter is
found in zones HR01, HR04 and HR05, while zone HR02 measures slightly lower
concentrations.
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The modelled values of PM10 concentrations are comparable only to the values measured at rural
stations and may be considered reliable within the required limits of uncertainty of PM10
particulate matter measurement/modelling (uncertainty limit is 50 %). Slightly higher deviations
in relation to the values measured were obtained at the Kopački Rit measurement station, where
the annual mean concentration values were 20.6 μg/m3, while calculation results are around
18 μg/m3, which is still within the limits of acceptability for model results.
PM 2.5
The modelled values of PM2.5 are within the 6-16 μg/m3 range and below the upper assessment
limit (16 μg/m3) in the entire Croatian territory.
PM2.5 concentration values measured at the Kopački Rit station are higher than those modelled,
pointing to an impact by a potential natural source of emission.
Ozone
The results of ground-level ozone concentration calculation indicate that daily mean values of
ground-level ozone are high and that there is a gradient of increasing concentrations, starting
from the continental part of Croatia towards the Adriatic. Daily mean concentration values are
within the 60-100 µg/m3 range, which is comparable to the values obtained by measurements.
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Despite a slight decrease in the mean concentration values (primarily in the coastal area), the
values do not vary considerably from year to year.
Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) and persistent organic compounds (BaP)
The modelled values for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations are comparable to those
measured, while the values of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are underestimated considerably. However,
since measurements are performed in the centres with a high impact of local sources, it is
impossible to make a final conclusion on whether the modelled values are really underestimated
in the zones with no measurements.
Spatial distribution of annual mean concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) and persistent
organic compounds (BaP)
The spatial scale of the model is the largest obstacle to making the final assessment. However,
given that the values of B(a)P are highest in cities, agglomerations and industrial centres, we
estimate that the required target value of 1 µg/m3 for BaP is not exceeded in rural areas (zones
HR01, HR03, HR04 and HR05).
Where problems are
identified in (an) air
quality zone(s),
describe how
progress was made
in reducing the
reported maximum
concentrations:
The charts show changes in the pollution parameter in 2013-2016 based on data submitted to the
EC.
PM10 concentrations
Exceedances of limit values occur only in the lowland area of continental Croatia. The number of
daily concentration exceedances is considerably higher than permitted at the measurement
stations recording LV exceedances. Only a single location (Kutina-1) measured an average
annual concentration exceeding the LV. Measurements do not point to a downward trend in
annual PM10 concentrations or in the number of LV exceedances for daily PM10 concentrations.
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In most cases, data suggest an inter-annual variability, as shown in the following figures.
Srednje godišnje koncentracije PM10 (µg/m3) PM10 annual mean concentrations (µg/m3)
Broj prekoračenja za dnevne koncentracije PM10 (µg/m3)
Number of exceedances for daily PM10 concentrations (µg/m3)
GV LV
The Zagreb-1 data point to an inter-annual variability in the annual concentration and the number
of exceedances at the location in question.
No major inter-annual exceedance variability was found at the Zagreb-3 station. Corrected
measurement data for the location obtained using the non-reference automatic method are shown
for 2013 and 2014, while the results of corrected gravimetric measurements collected at the same
location are shown for 2015 and 2016. Corrected measurement data for the Zagreb-3 station
obtained using the non-reference automatic method over a four-year period point to a
considerable inter-annual variability of the opposite sign to that at the Zagreb-1 station.
Annual concentrations at the Osijek-1 location vary very little, while the number of exceedances
exhibits inter-annual variability.
All the data for the Sisak-1 station refer to gravimetric measurements. The 2013-2016 data
measured using the non-reference automatic method at Osijek-1 and Kutina-1 locations have
been corrected using correction functions. Correction functions from the Zagreb-1 station were
used for Osijek-1, while those from the Sisak-1 station were used for Kutina-1.
The Sisak-1 data point to an inter-annual variability, i.e. they lack a clear trend.
The Kutina-1 data point to a substantial increase in LV exceedances of daily concentrations. A
LV exceedance of the annual PM10 concentration was recorded in 2015 and 2016.
PM2.5 concentrations
Measurements at the Slavonski Brod-1 location point to a pronounced exceedance of the PM2.5
limit value. As evident from the figure below, corrected data measured using the automatic non-
reference method show slightly higher values than those measured using the gravimetric method
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in 2015 and 2016. PM2.5 measurements at the Velika Gorica location, which began in May 2015,
point to an LV exceedance in 2016. An action plan for that site has yet to be drawn up.
B(a)P in PM10 concentrations
Annual B(a)P concentrations at Zagreb-1 and Sisak-1 locations show an increase between 2013
and 2015, followed by a decrease in 2016. Measurements at the Zagreb-3 location began in June
2014, with a decline in concentrations in 2016. Variations in annual B(a)P in PM10
concentrations at Zagreb-1 and Sisak-1 locations are not accompanied by variability in annual
PM10 concentration.
NO2 concentrations
NO2 was exceeded at only one station used for reporting to the EC. The annual NO2
concentration was higher than the limit value at the Zagreb-1 station in 2015 and 2016, while in
2014 it measured at the very limit (40 μg/m3). Due to insufficient data coverage, no annual mean
concentration of NO2 is provided for 2015. The concentration values shown in the chart indicate
little variation around the limit value.
Benzene (C6H6)
Benzene was exceeded at only one station used for reporting to the EC – the Sisak-1 station. Data
coverage for all the years was below 90 %. Due to insufficient data coverage (20 %), no annual
mean concentration is provided for 2016. Data coverage was 86 % in 2013 and 2015, and 81 %
in 2014. The annual mean concentrations of benzene rose substantially in 2015, which was the
first and only year with a reported benzene exceedance.
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Ozone (O3)
The number of measurement stations recording exceedances of ground-level ozone target values
rose in 2013-2016. During the four-year period considered, the largest data coverage was
achieved by the measurement stations in Rijeka and Zagreb agglomerations, exhibiting a
pronounced inter-annual exceedance variability for ground-level ozone. Despite the coverage of
less than 90 %, the number of TV exceedances at the rural stations (Desinić, Parg, Hum,
Žarkovica) for some years was higher than permitted.
As evident from the figure, the number of ground-level ozone exceedances exhibits considerable
inter-annual variability. The measured annual number of exceedances is also affected by the data
coverage, which was less than 90 % at some stations in the summer period, when all target value
exceedances occur. The three-year average values of the number of TV exceedances are also
affected by data coverage.
Godišnji broj dana prekoračenja ciljne vrijednosti za ozon Annual number of days with ozone target value exceedance
Obuhvat podataka u ljetnom periodu Data coverage in the summer period
Godišnji broj dana prekoračenja ciljne vrijednosti za ozon
usrednjen na tri godine
Annual number of days with ozone target value
exceedance, averaged over three years
Data coverage at rural stations also affects the value of the three-year average, as some
exceedances have possibly not been recorded. However, the level of ground-level ozone in the
rural areas of continental Croatia (HR 1), and particularly in coastal Croatia (HR 3, HR 4, HR 5),
is so high in the summer that even in cases where summer data coverage is less than 90 %, the
season records more than 25 TV exceedances.
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3.3. CURRENT TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACT OF DOMESTIC EMISSION SOURCES
This section provides information on the overall transboundary impact of national emissions on other EU
Member States and vice versa.
An overview of the current transboundary impact of domestic emission sources is provided in Table 2.4.3
below.
2.4.3. Current transboundary impact of domestic emission sources (M, where applicable)
Where applicable,
describe the current
transboundary
impact of domestic
emission sources on
air quality in the
neighbouring
Member States (M):
Each country contributes to transboundary pollution, which certainly has the greatest impact on
neighbouring countries. Specific reports for each individual state, prepared by the Norwegian
Meteorological Institute, provide an overview of transboundary pollution from major pollutants,
ground-level ozone and particles, forming an integral part of the EMEP Status Report. The
quantification of transboundary pollution contributions from individual states is based on the
source-receptor calculations carried out using the EMEP's unified model. Emissions and
meteorology data are used as model inputs, while modelling results are shown, among others, for
SO2, NOx and NH3.
Numerous countries contribute to pollution in Croatia. When it comes to the transboundary
transfer of sulphur compounds and their final deposition in Croatia, the biggest contribution
comes from the neighbouring Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Italy is the main
contributor to pollution caused by nitrogen compounds (NOx, NH3).
The share of transboundary deposition in total deposition suggests that almost all of the NOx
deposited in the entire area originates outside the Croatian borders. With regard to SOx, the
biggest share of transboundary deposition was recorded in the area of eastern Croatia and
Dalmatia. A major transboundary share in the total NH3 deposition (90 per cent and higher) was
found in Gorski Kotar and Dalmatia.
In case quantitative
data is used to
describe the results of
the assessment,
specify data and
methodologies used
to conduct the above
assessment:
[Translator’s note: the text in pie charts is unreadable, but some appears to refer to countries]
kt/god kt/year
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The following report was used for quantitative analysis: Norwegian Meteorological Institute:
Transboundary air pollution by main pollutants (S, N, O3) and PM, Croatia, 2014.
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4. PROJECTED FURTHER EVOLUTION ASSUMING NO CHANGE TO ALREADY
ADOPTED PaMs
This chapter corresponds to the Format Chapter 2.5 ‘Projected further evolution assuming no
change to already adopted policies and measures’.
It provides further levels of ambition that Croatia may achieve with a view to improving air pollutant
reduction.
The lists and descriptions of measures are based on the Report on PaMs for emission reduction and
increase in the removal by sinks of greenhouse gases (CAEN, 2017) with the addition of measures
relating solely to pollutant emissions and the elimination of measures relating solely to greenhouse gas
emissions.
PaMs are presented for the following sectors:
energy,
transport,
industrial processes and product use,
waste,
agriculture;
other (cross-cutting) PaMs.
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), as a common EU, supranational, cross-
cutting PaM, is listed among other (cross-cutting) PaMs.
Table 4-1 provides an overview, while Annex 1 to the Programme provides descriptions of the
currently applied and adopted PaMs whose impact is integrated into the scenario ‘with existing
measures’ (WM scenario).
According to the definition (Para 11; UNFCCC, 2016; as quoted in Chapter 8 of the EMEP/EEA
Guidebook 2016):
– Applied measures are those to which the following applies:
a) national legal framework has been adopted;
b) OR one or several voluntary agreements are in place;
c) OR human resources have been allocated;
d) OR human resources have been mobilised.
– Measures adopted are those for which official national decisions exist, as well as clear
commitment towards further implementation.
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Table 4-1: Overview of adopted and applied PaMs whose impact is integrated into the WM scenario
Name and brief description
(below the table) of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Pollutant(s) affected:
SO2, NOx, NMVOC,
NH3, PM2.5, BC as a
component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):
Objectives of an individual PaM
of package of PaMs:
Type(s) of
PaM:
Primary and
where appropriate
secondary
sector(s) affected:
Status
(applied/adop
ted):
Start of
applicatio
n:
Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to
those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Type Name
MEN-1: National Plan for Increasing in the Number of
Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings
all pollutants, CO2 efficiency improvement of buildings; increase in renewable
energy
regulatory, economic,
planning
energy consumption,
energy supply
applied 2014 national
authorities
Ministry of Construction and Physical
Planning
MEN-2: Energy renovation
programme for multi-
residential buildings
all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvement of
buildings; increase in renewable
energy
economic
energy
consumption,
energy supply
applied 2014 national
authorities
Ministry of Construction and Physical
Planning, Environmental Protection and
Energy Efficiency Fund
MEN-3: Programme of increase in energy efficiency
and use of renewable energy
sources in commercial non-residential building
all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvement of
buildings; increase in renewable
energy
economic
energy
consumption,
energy supply
applied 2017 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning, Environmental Protection and
Energy Efficiency Fund
MEN-4: Energy renovation programme for family homes
all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvement of
buildings; increase in renewable energy
economic
energy
consumption, energy supply
applied 2014 national authorities
Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning, Ministry of Regional
Development and EU Funds, Environmental Protection and Energy
Efficiency Fund
MEN-5: Energy renovation programme for public
buildings
all pollutants, CO2 building efficiency increase,
increase in renewable energy economic
energy consumption,
energy supply
applied 2014 national
authorities
Ministry of Construction and Physical
Planning, Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund, Agency for
Transactions and Mediation in Immovable
Properties
MEN-6: Public sector energy
management all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvement in
services/tertiary sector; demand management/reduction
regulatory energy
consumption applied 2014
national
authorities
Agency for Transactions and Mediation in
Immovable Properties, National Energy Efficiency Authority
MEN-7: Measurement and informative calculation of
energy consumption
all pollutants, CO2 demand management/reduction regulatory, information
provision
energy
consumption applied 2014
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
energy distributors
MEN-8: Energy efficiency
labelling of household appliances
all pollutants, CO2 efficiency improvement of
appliances
regulatory,
information provision
energy
consumption applied 2014
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature
Protection
MEN-9: Eco-design of
energy-using products all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvement of
appliances
regulatory,
information provision
energy
consumption applied 2013
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature
Protection
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
87
Name and brief description
(below the table) of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Pollutant(s) affected:
SO2, NOx, NMVOC,
NH3, PM2.5, BC as a
component of PM2.5, other
(e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):
Objectives of an individual PaM
of package of PaMs:
Type(s) of
PaM:
Primary and
where appropriate
secondary
sector(s) affected:
Status
(applied/adop
ted):
Start of
applicatio
n:
Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Type Name
MEN-10: Energy efficiency promotion and
implementation of measures
through an energy service model
all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvements of buildings; efficiency improvement
in services/tertiary sector;
efficiency improvement in industrial end-use sectors
information provision
energy consumption
applied 2007 national authorities
National Energy Efficiency Authority, ESCOs
MEN-11: Programme of
energy poverty reduction all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvement of
buildings; efficiency improvements
of vehicles; demand management/reduction
economic,
regulatory
energy
consumption adopted 2017
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Ministry of Demographics, Family, Youth
and Social Policy, Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund
MEN-12: Education in the
area of energy efficiency all pollutants, CO2 demand management/reduction education
energy
consumption applied 2012
national
authorities
Croatian Employment Service, Agency for
Vocational and Adult Education
MEN-13: National energy efficiency programme in
public lighting
all pollutants, CO2 efficiency improvement in
services/tertiary sector economic
energy
consumption applied 2014
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
National Energy Efficiency Authority,
Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund and EU funds
MEN-14: Green public
procurement
all pollutants, CO2, CH4,
N2O
efficiency improvement in
services/tertiary sector; efficiency
improvement of appliances;
increase in renewable energy; efficiency improvements of
vehicles
regulatory
energy
consumption,
energy supply, transport
applied 2014 national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Ministry of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Crafts, Central Government
Procurement Office, National Energy
Efficiency Authority
MEN-15: Energy audits in the industry
all pollutants, CO2, CH4, N2O
efficiency improvement in
industrial end-use sectors; demand
management/reduction
regulatory,
information
provision
energy
consumption,
energy supply
applied 2014 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Ministry of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Crafts, Environmental Protection and
Energy Efficiency Fund
MEN-16: Industrial Energy
Efficiency Network (IEEN)
all pollutants, CO2, CH4,
N2O
efficiency improvement in industrial end-use sectors; demand
management/reduction
voluntary energy consumption,
energy supply
applied 2008 national
authorities
Croatian Chamber of Economy, National
Energy Efficiency Authority,
Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund
MEN-17: Increase in the use
of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in the
industrial sector
all pollutants, CO2, CH4, N2O
efficiency improvement in
industrial end-use sectors; demand management/reduction; increase in
renewable energy
economic
energy
consumption;
energy supply
applied 2017 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
National Energy Efficiency Authority, Environmental Protection and Energy
Efficiency Fund
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
88
Name and brief description
(below the table) of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Pollutant(s) affected:
SO2, NOx, NMVOC,
NH3, PM2.5, BC as a
component of PM2.5, other
(e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):
Objectives of an individual PaM
of package of PaMs:
Type(s) of
PaM:
Primary and
where appropriate
secondary
sector(s) affected:
Status
(applied/adop
ted):
Start of
applicatio
n:
Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Type Name
MEN-18: Feed-in tariffs and premium system in support of
the use of renewable energy
sources in electricity generation and high-efficiency
cogeneration
all pollutants, CO2 increase in renewable energy economic,
regulatory energy supply applied 2007
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Croatian Energy Market Operator
MEN-19: Energy efficiency programme in heating and
cooling
all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvement of
buildings; reduction of losses;
efficiency improvement in the energy and transformation sector
economic,
regulatory,
information provision
energy consumption;
energy supply
adopted 2016 national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy, Ministry of Construction and Physical
Planning
MEN-20: Promotion of the use of renewable energy
sources and energy efficiency
in the industrial sector through CBRD
all pollutants, CO2, CH4, N2O
increase in renewable energy;
efficiency improvement in
industrial end-use sectors
economic
energy
consumption;
energy supply
applied 2009 national authorities
Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development
MEN-21: Promotion of the
use of renewable energy
sources and energy efficiency with Environmental Protection
and Energy Efficiency Fund resources
all pollutants, CO2, CH4, N2O
increase in renewable energy; efficiency improvement of
buildings; efficiency improvement
of appliances; efficiency improvement in services/tertiary
sector; efficiency improvement in
industrial end-use sectors; demand management/reduction; efficiency
improvements of vehicles; modal shift to public transport or non-
motorised transport; alternative
fuels / electric cars; demand
management/reduction; improved
behaviour
economic, regulatory
energy
consumption, energy supply,
transport
applied 2004 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Environmental Protection and Energy
Efficiency Fund
MEN-22: CO2 emission tax on
non-EU ETS stationary sources
all pollutants, CO2
increase in renewable energy;
switch to less carbon-intensive fuels
fiscal
energy
consumption; energy supply
applied 2013 national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Ministry of Finance, Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
89
Name and brief description
(below the table) of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Pollutant(s) affected:
SO2, NOx, NMVOC,
NH3, PM2.5, BC as a
component of PM2.5, other
(e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):
Objectives of an individual PaM
of package of PaMs:
Type(s) of
PaM:
Primary and
where appropriate
secondary
sector(s) affected:
Status
(applied/adop
ted):
Start of
applicatio
n:
Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Type Name
MEN-23: Revitalisation and
energy efficiency in existing
thermal and hydro power plants
all pollutants, CO2
increase in renewable energy; reduction of losses; efficiency
improvement in the energy and
transformation sector; installation of pollution abatement
technologies
voluntary,
regulatory energy supply applied 2014 other HEP-Proizvodnja d.o.o.
MEN-24: Reconstruction and renovation of the hot water
and steam network
all pollutants, CO2 reduction of losses; efficiency improvement in the energy and
transformation sector
regulatory,
economic energy supply applied 2014 other HEP-Toplinarstvo d.o.o.
MEN-25: Electricity system
operation, and transmission
and distribution network development
all pollutants, CO2
increase in renewable energy;
reduction of losses; efficiency
improvement in the energy and transformation sector
economic,
regulatory energy supply applied 2014 other
Croatian Transmission System Operator, HEP-Operator distribucijskog sustava
d.o.o.
MEN-26: Reduction of volatile organic compound
emissions from refuelling of
motor-powered vehicles at
service stations
NMVOC, CO2 reduction of losses; installation of pollution abatement technologies
economic, regulatory
energy, fugitive
emissions, road
transport
applied 2012 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection
MEN-27: Reduction of
volatile organic compound
emissions from petrol storage and distribution
NMVOC, CO2 reduction of losses; installation of
pollution abatement technologies
economic,
regulatory
energy, fugitive
emissions applied 2007
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature
Protection
MEN-28: Quality control of
liquid fossil fuels SO2, NMVOC other energy supply
economic,
regulatory energy applied 2002
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature
Protection
MEN-29: Restriction of
pollutant emissions from non-road mobile machinery
CO, VOC, NOx, PM2.5,
PM10
installation of pollution abatement
technologies regulatory transport applied 2008
national
authorities State Office for Metrology
MTR-1: Information provision
to consumers about the fuel economy and CO2 emissions
of new cars
all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvements of
vehicles; alternative fuels / electric
cars; improved behaviour
information provision
transport applied 2007 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
90
Name and brief description
(below the table) of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Pollutant(s) affected:
SO2, NOx, NMVOC,
NH3, PM2.5, BC as a
component of PM2.5, other
(e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):
Objectives of an individual PaM
of package of PaMs:
Type(s) of
PaM:
Primary and
where appropriate
secondary
sector(s) affected:
Status
(applied/adop
ted):
Start of
applicatio
n:
Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Type Name
MTR-2: Eco-driving training
for road vehicle drivers all pollutants, CO2 improved behaviour education transport applied 2011
national
authorities
Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Environmental
Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund,
National Energy Efficiency Authority
MTR-3: Obligatory use of biofuels in transport
all pollutants, CO2 alternative fuels / electric cars
regulatory,
economic,
fiscal
transport applied 2010 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection
MTR-4: Special
environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles
all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvements of
vehicles; alternative fuels / electric cars; improved behaviour
fiscal,
economic transport applied 2014
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Ministry of Finance, Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund
MTR-5: Special tax on motorised vehicles
all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvements of
vehicles; alternative fuels / electric
cars; improved behaviour
fiscal, economic
transport applied 2015 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy, Ministry of Finance
MTR-6: Financial incentives
for the purchase of hybrid and
electric vehicles
all pollutants, CO2
efficiency improvements of
vehicles; alternative fuels / electric
cars
economic transport applied 2014 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Environmental Protection and Energy
Efficiency Fund
MTR-7: Alternative fuels
infrastructure development all pollutants, CO2 alternative fuels / electric cars
regulatory,
economic transport applied 2014
national
authorities, regional
authorities,
local authorities
Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, Ministry of Environment
and Energy, Ministry of Construction and
Physical Planning, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of the Interior, local and regional
self-government units, Energy Efficiency
Fund
MTR-8: Promotion of
integrated and intelligent
transport systems and alternative fuels in urban areas
all pollutants, CO2
alternative fuels / electric cars;
improved transport infrastructure;
modal shift to public transport or non-motorised transport
planning transport applied 2014
national authorities,
regional
authorities, local
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy, local
and regional self-government units,
Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
91
Name and brief description
(below the table) of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Pollutant(s) affected:
SO2, NOx, NMVOC,
NH3, PM2.5, BC as a
component of PM2.5, other
(e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):
Objectives of an individual PaM
of package of PaMs:
Type(s) of
PaM:
Primary and
where appropriate
secondary
sector(s) affected:
Status
(applied/adop
ted):
Start of
applicatio
n:
Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Type Name
MTR-9: Monitoring, reporting
and verification of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions
from liquid fuels
all pollutants, CO2 alternative fuels / electric cars regulatory transport applied 2012 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Croatian Agency for Environment and
Nature
MTR-10: Prevention and control of vessel emissions to
air
SOx, NOx, VOC, ozone-
depleting substances other transport regulatory transport applied 2005
national
authorities
Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, Ministry of Environment
and Nature Protection
MTR-11: Restriction of
pollutant emissions from road
vehicles
CO, VOC, NOx, PM2.5, PM10
deployment of emission reduction
technologies on vehicles; efficiency improvements of
vehicles
regulatory transport applied 2008 national authorities
State Office for Metrology
MIP-1: Reduction of volatile
organic compound emissions in the solvent use sector
NMVOC, CO2 reduce emissions economic,
regulatory
industrial processes
and product use applied 2014
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature
Protection
MAG-7: Implementation of
the Rural Development
Programme 2014-2020
CH4, N2O
other activities to improve the
management of agricultural land, pasture improvement activities,
other agriculture
regulatory, economic
agriculture applied 2018 national authorities
Ministry of Agriculture, Paying Agency for
Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural
Development
MWM-1: Prevention and reduction of the amount of
municipal solid waste
NMVOC, PM2.5, CH4 demand management/reduction;
reduced landfilling
source-based pollution
control;
economic instruments,
regulatory
instruments, education,
planning
waste management / wast
e
applied 2013
national authorities,
regional
authorities, local
authorities
MEE, RSGUs, City of Zagreb and major
cities, LSGUs
MWM-2: Increase in the
amount of separately collected and recycled municipal solid
waste
NMVOC, PM2.5, CH4
demand management/reduction;
increased recycling; reduced
landfilling
source-based
pollution control;
economic
instruments, regulatory
instruments
waste
management / wast
e
applied 2013
national
authorities,
regional authorities,
local
authorities
MEE, RSGUs, City of Zagreb and major cities, LSGUs
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
92
Name and brief description
(below the table) of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Pollutant(s) affected:
SO2, NOx, NMVOC,
NH3, PM2.5, BC as a
component of PM2.5, other
(e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):
Objectives of an individual PaM
of package of PaMs:
Type(s) of
PaM:
Primary and
where appropriate
secondary
sector(s) affected:
Status
(applied/adop
ted):
Start of
applicatio
n:
Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Type Name
MWM-3: Methane and
NMVOC flaring NMVOC and CH4
improved treatment technologies;
improved landfill management
economic instruments,
regulatory
instruments
waste
management / waste
applied 2013
national
authorities, regional
authorities,
local authorities
MEE, RSGUs, City of Zagreb and major
cities, LSGUs
MWM-4: Reduction of the
amount of landfilled
biodegradable municipal solid
waste
NMVOC, PM2.5, NH3,
CH4
enhanced recycling; improved
treatment technologies; reduced landfilling
source-based
pollution
control, regulatory
instruments
waste
management / waste
applied 2013
national
authorities,
regional
authorities,
local authorities
MEE, RSGUs, City of Zagreb and major
cities, LSGUs
MWM-5: Use of biogas for electricity and heat generation
CO2, CH4 improved treatment technologies
economic
instruments, regulatory
instruments
waste
management / wast
e
applied 2013
national
authorities,
regional authorities,
local
authorities
MEE, RSGUs, City of Zagreb and major cities, LSGUs
MCC-1: Commission for
cross-sectoral coordination of climate change mitigation and
adaptation PaMs
all greenhouse gases multi-sectoral policy regulatory cross-cutting applied 2014 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy, Ministry of Finance
MCC-2: Energy savings
measurement and verification
system
CO2, pollutants energy consumption; transport; power generation
Information
provision,
regulatory
cross-cutting applied 2015 national authorities
National Energy Efficiency Coordinating Authority
MCC-3: Promotion of the use
of innovative information and communication technologies
(ICT) to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions
CO2, pollutants multi-sectoral policy information
provision cross-cutting applied 2014
national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection, Ministry of Economy,
Entrepreneurship and Crafts, Ministry of
Construction and Physical Planning, Croatian Agency for Environment and
Nature
MCC-4: EU Emissions
Trading System CO2, N2O, pollutants
energy production; energy
consumption; industrial processes economic cross-cutting applied 2013
national
authorities
European Commission, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Croatian Agency
for Environment and Nature
MCC-5: Use of the revenues from auctioning of emission
allowances within the scope of
the EU ETS for GHG emission reduction measures
all greenhouse gases, pollutants
multi-sectoral policy economic cross-cutting applied 2013 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Energy,
Environmental Protection and Energy
Efficiency Fund
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
93
Name and brief description
(below the table) of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Pollutant(s) affected:
SO2, NOx, NMVOC,
NH3, PM2.5, BC as a
component of PM2.5, other
(e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):
Objectives of an individual PaM
of package of PaMs:
Type(s) of
PaM:
Primary and
where appropriate
secondary
sector(s) affected:
Status
(applied/adop
ted):
Start of
applicatio
n:
Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Type Name
MCC-6: Preparation of a National feasibility study with
an action plan for carbon
capture and storage (CCS) projects in the Republic of
Croatia; Implementation of
interdisciplinary research of
the potential for CO2
geological storage in the
Republic of Croatia
CO2 multi-sectoral policy planning cross-cutting planned 2018 national
authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature
Protection
MCC-7: Energy efficiency obligation scheme
CO2, all pollutants energy consumption; energy production; transport
economic cross-cutting adopted 2018 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection
MCC-8: Environmental permit
All pollutants installation of pollution abatement technologies; multi-sectoral policy
economic, regulatory
energy; industrial processes and
product use;
agriculture (farms); waste (landfills)
applied 2014 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection
MCC-9: Tax on SO2 and NOx
emissions for individual
sources
SO2, NOx multi-sectoral policy economic, regulatory
energy; industrial
processes and
product use
applied 2014 national authorities
Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection
MCC-10: Specification and control of the limit values of
air pollutant emissions from
stationary sources
all pollutants multi-sectoral policy
source-based
pollution
control; economic;
regulatory
energy; industrial
processes and product use
applied 2012 national
authorities Ministry of Environment and Energy
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
94
4.1. EMISSION PROJECTIONS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS (WM SCENARIO)
This chapter provides an overview of emission projections for 2020, 2025 and 2030 with the application
of existing measures (WM scenario) with regard to SO2, NOx, NMHOS, NH3 and PM2,5.
The existing PaMs integrated into the WM scenario are specified in Table 4-1 of Chapter 4, and their
description is provided in Annex 1 to the Expert background material.
Table 2.5.1 below provides projected emissions and reductions under the WM scenario.
2.5.1 Emission projections and emission reductions (WM scenario)
Pollutant (M): Total emissions (kt) consistent with
inventories for year x-3 (M):
% emission reduction
projection achieved
compared with 2005 (M):
Emission
reduction
commitment
for 2020-
2029 (%)
(M):
National
emission
reduction
commitmen
t from 2030
(%) (M):
20
05
Ba
se
yea
r:
20
20:
20
25:
20
30:
20
20:
20
25
20
30:
SO2 58.72 10.08 9.71 9.38 82.83 83.47 84.02 55 83
NOx 84.46 41.09 36.58 33.58 51.35 56.69 60.24 31 57
NMVOC 117.02 51.68 49.09 47.62 55.84 58.05 59.30 34 48
NH3 42.21 33.53 34.08 35.59 20.57 19.26 15.68 1 25
PM2.5 40.85 18.53 16.95 15.55 54.63 58.49 61.94 18 55
Specify uncertainties related to WM projections to
deliver the emission reduction commitment for 2020,
2025 and from 2030 onwards:
The uncertainty of WM projections is related to GDP
growth, impact of the change in temperature on heating
and cooling energy, hydrology in electricity generation at
hydro power stations and with agricultural development26,
as described below.
GDP growth
All the analysed scenarios assume GDP to grow by 2050,
by 1.66 % on average by 2050, equivalent to a nominal
increase by 78 % compared with 2010 (intermediate
scenario). Under the optimistic macroeconomic scenario,
the Croatian economy is expected to grow at an average
annual rate of 2.15 % (demographic projections remain
unchanged from the baseline scenario) until 2050. The
resulting GDP per capita increase until 2050 amounts to
138 % compared with 2012. The production gap would
also close faster than the EU average. Thus, under the
optimistic scenario, Croatia would reach 91 % of the EU
development level by 2050. On the other hand, under the
pessimistic scenario, the average annual growth rate 0.8 %
and cumulative real GDP per capita growth of just 44 %
[compared to the EU] would be achieved by 2050. Such
growth would be expected to be slower than in the EU as a
whole, so the Croatian real per capita income would fall
from the current level of approx. 60 % of the EU average
to 55 %.
26 Expert material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to
2050, Green Book, 2015 /2017 (MEE) and expert background material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic
of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050, White Book, 2015/2017, (MEE)
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
95
Impact of the change in temperature on heating and
cooling energy
The change in temperature will lead to a reduction in
heating requirements while increasing cooling
requirements on the other hand. The climate policy
objective is to keep the global temperature increase below
2 °C. An increase in temperature has been found in the
Republic of Croatia since the measurements began. Here,
the assumed increase is around 1 °C by 2050.
Heating requirements: The indoor design heating
temperature in buildings in most cases is 20 °C, but
effectively the temperature of heated spaces is maintained
at up to 24 °C. Based on these assumptions, -20rmal
energy requirement for heating in the continental Croatia
could be reduced by between 7.7 % and 11.3 %, and in
coastal Croatia by between 12.7 % and 24.2 %.
Cooling requirements: Unlike the heating requirements,
there is no such pronounced dependence of the
comfortable cooling requirement on outdoor ambient air,
given the dominant impact of thermal gains due to solar
radiation. With the current state of data available, it is
impossible to estimate the impact of the change in outdoor
temperature on cooling requirements. What can be
estimated is that the impact will be less pronounced than is
the case with heating requirements.
Other impacts on energy: The changes in temperature,
amount of rainfall and wind energy will affect the
production of renewable energy sources. These impacts
need to be quantified and incorporated into operational
planning, particularly on the regional and local level,
where major differences are possible.
Hydrology in the electricity generation at hydro power
plants
The output from large hydro power stations varies between
4 TWh and 8 TWh, depending on hydrology. This
accounts for 20 % or 40 % of Croatia’s total electricity
generation.
Dry and wet year cycles may last for several years, so the
emissions of the electricity sector may vary considerably.
Any shortfalls in the electricity supply from hydro power
stations are compensated by increased generation at
thermal power plants or increased imports.
Agricultural development
Agriculture in Croatia is characterised by small size
holdings. An average family holding is just 2 hectares in
size. According to the Agricultural Census 2003, just 20 %
of cultivated land is privately owned with 159 hectares on
average. The situation in cattle farming is similar: 96 % of
all milk producers own just 15 cows [each]; 90 % of pigs
are reared at 200 000 small size holdings, with 170 000 of
holdings having fewer than 10 pigs.
Such fragmentation and old populations prevent faster
development. Therefore, agriculture will change slowly,
posing a challenge from the emissions perspective.
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
96
Graphical representations of emission projections and emission reductions for a WM scenario are
provided below.
SO2
Key: Commitment, 2030 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Quota, 2010 onwards
Historical trend Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Figure 4-1: Historical trend and SO2 emission projections, WM scenario
Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce SO2 emissions
for both projection periods. Emissions in 2016 were 44.3 % below the level of reduction commitment for
2020, with a continued implementation of measures expected to lead to further reductions, albeit at a
slower pace than in 2005-2016. Between 2020 and 2030, SO2 emissions are expected to be reduced by a
further 6.9 % under a WM scenario, leading to a reduction in 2030 emissions by 6 % below the level of
reduction commitment for 2030 under the WM scenario. The main impact on emission reductions comes
from fuel switching measures and use of desulphurisation technologies in the energy transformation
sector.
NOX
Key: Commitment, 2030 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Quota, 2010 onwards
Historical trend Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Figure 4-2: Historical trend and NOX emission projections, WM scenario
Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce NOX. Emissions
in 2016 were already 6.6 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2020; a further reduction is
expected from continued implementation of measures, primarily in the transport sector. Between 2020
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and 2030, emissions are expected to be reduced by a further 18.3 % under a WM scenario, leading to a
reduction in 2030 emissions by 3.9 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2030 under the WM
scenario. The main impact on emission reductions comes from the implementation of measures to reduce
the permitted emission limits from vehicles, use of alternative fuels in the transport sector, increased
public transport and bicycle use and intermodal transport.
NH3
Key: Commitment, 2030 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Quota, 2010 onwards
Historical trend Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Figure 4-3: Historical trend and NH3 emission projections, WM scenario
The trend in the historical period is above the 30 kt quota, but 2016 emissions were 16.2 % below the
national reduction commitment for 2020. WM projections demonstrate the expected fulfilment of the
commitment to reduce NH3 emissions in 2020. However, given that the agricultural sector with an
expected increase in the number of cattle is the main source of NH3 emissions, no further major emission
decline is expected under the WM scenario. Between 2020 and 2030, emissions are expected to increase
by 6 %, leading to a 12 %-overshoot in emissions in 2030 compared to the 2030 commitment.
NMVOC
Key: Commitment, 2030 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Quota, 2010 onwards
Historical trend Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Figure 4-4: Historical trend and NMVOC emission projections, WM scenario
Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce NMVOC.
Emissions in 2016 were already 9.5 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2020; a further
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reduction is expected from continued implementation of measures, primarily in the household sector.
Between 2020 and 2030, emissions are expected to be reduced by a further 7.8 % under a WM scenario,
leading to a reduction in 2030 emissions by 21.7 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2030
under the WM scenario. The main impact on emission reduction comes from building energy renovation
measures, leading to a reduced use of firewood for heating and replacement of inefficient stoves. The
production processes and solvent use sector is expected to be the dominant source of NMVOC emissions
in which only a minor reduction will occur.
PM2.5
Key: Commitment, 2030 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Quota, 2010 onwards
Historical trend Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Figure 4-5: Historical trend and PM2.5 emission projections, WM scenario
Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce PM2.5.
Emissions in 2016 were already 45 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2020; a further
reduction is expected from continued implementation of measures, primarily in the household sector.
Between 2020 and 2030, emissions are expected to be reduced by a further 16.1 % under a WM scenario,
leading to a reduction in 2030 emissions by 15.4 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2030
under the WM scenario. The main impact on emission reduction comes from building energy renovation
measures, leading to a reduced use of firewood for heating and replacement of inefficient conventional
stoves.
PM10
Historical trend Scenario with measures (WM)
Figure 4-6: Historical trend and PM10 emission projections, WM scenario
No levels of reduction commitment have been determined for PM10 emissions, with the trends and causes
of emissions corresponding to those for PM2.5 emissions.
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4.1.1. METHODOLOGIES AND MODELS, STARTING PARAMETERS AND
ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF PROJECTIONS (WM SCENARIO)
This chapter describes the methodology used to prepare WM and WAM scenario projections. Key
assumptions, and the associated uncertainties for the WM scenario are provided in tables A 2-1 through A
2-12 of Annex 2 to the Programme.
Details of the methodology/models used to
determine the impact
The NUSPCRO model, developed in the Long-Range Energy
Alternatives Planning (LEAP) software package, was used in preparing
the projections.
This LEAP software package was employed to create the Croatian
energy sector model for the purposes of energy and transport
projections, using specific methodologies and additional tools for
individual categories in the energy sector. Thus, a more advanced
model whose results were integrated into the electricity system model
were used for the purposes of detailed modelling of the electrical
system development and optimisation. The preparation of projections
for Industrial processes and product use, Waste and Agriculture sectors
relied on bottom-up engineering simulation models, which use sectoral
data and individual emission sources, to calculate greenhouse gas
emissions as well as pollutant emissions. In doing so, it used standard
methods, procedures and structures in line with an emissions inventory
of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and
the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. The 2006
IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories and the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines for National GHG Inventories were used as technical
background material. Individual sectoral models were also integrated in
the NUSPCRO model.
The integrated NUSPCRO model enables the calculation of greenhouse
gas emissions and pollutant emissions as well as technical and
economic indicators covering all sectors; the output model data are
structured to correspond to the structure of emission inventories
according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change and the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution. The projections cover the period until 2030, and indicatively
until 2050, with a one-year step.
Specify key assumptions and associated
uncertainties
Annex 2 to the Programme:
Table 5-1: Projection assumptions – Energy and Transport;
Table 5-2: Projections assumptions – Industrial processes and product
use;
Table 5-3: Projection assumptions – Agriculture;
Table 5-4: Projection assumptions – Waste;
Table 5-5 Projection parameters – general parameters
Table 5-6: Projection parameters – energy: total fuel consumption,
electricity generation, WM scenario
Table 5-7: Projection parameters – energy: final (end-use) energy
consumption
Table 5-8: Projection parameters – climate
Table 5-9: Projection parameters – industry
Table 5-10: Projection parameters – transport
Table 5-11: Projection parameters – agriculture
Table 5-12: Projection parameters – waste
The associated uncertainties are provided below.
4.1.2. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PROJECTIONS
In addition to the sensitivity analysis depending on hydrological conditions, a sensitivity
analysis for other parameters crucial to the electricity system was also undertaken. The
sensitivity to changes of the following parameters was analysed:
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for the WM scenario:
o constant prices of emission allowances at the level of EUR 15/EUA, instead of
a price increase as under the EU Reference scenario 2016;
o constant prices of emission allowances at the level of EUR 15/EUA, instead of
a price increase as under the EU Reference scenario 2016, with up to 30 % net
electricity imports (except from the Krško nuclear power station);
An overview of the analysis is provided in Table 4-2 and Figure 4-7.
Table 4-2: Overview of sensitivity analysis
Scenario against which
the projection
sensitivity was analysed
Changed
parameters
Impact on pollutant emissions
Constant prices Maintaining the price of emission allowances in EU ETS at a constant
level of EUR 15/EUA leads to higher pollutant emissions as a result
of increased operation of fossil fuel thermal power plants. SO2
emission are 4.7 % higher in 2030 than under a WM scenario, but the
difference falls to below 0.3 % in 2040 and 2050. Along with SO2, an
increase in NOx emissions by 0.5 % is also evident in 2030, by 2.9 %
in 2040 and by 6.7 % in 2050 compared to the WM scenario. Also,
NMVOC emissions are 0.2 % higher in 2030 and 2040 and 0.1 %
higher in 2050.
emission
allowances at
WM level at EUR 15/EUA,
instead
of price increase as
in
EU Reference
Scenario 2016
Key: Constant low emission allowance price in EU ETS
Emissions compared to WM scenario Constant low emission allowance price in EU
ETS and net import of up to 30 % of electricity
Figure 4-7: Emissions sensitivity analysis compared to WM scenario
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4.2. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY (WM) AND PROJECTED DEGREE
OF COMPLIANCE (projected number of compliant and non-compliant zones for AAQD
pollutants)
Table 2.5.2 below provides a projected improvement in air quality (WM) and a projected degree of
compliance (M).
In addition, a qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality i s p r o v i d e d i n as part of
the table in section 2.5.2.1.
2.5.2 Projected air quality improvement (WM) and projected degree of compliance (M)
2.5.2.1. Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality
Provide a qualitative
description of
projected
improvement in air
quality and projected
further evolution of
degree of compliance
(WM scenario) with
EU air quality
objectives for NO2,
PM10, PM2.5 and O3
values, and any other
pollutant(s) that
present(s) a problem
by 2020, 2025 and
2030 (M):
Provide complete
references (chapter
and page) to support
publicly available data
sets (e.g. air quality
plans, source
apportionment)
describing the
projected
improvement and
further evolution of
degree of compliance
(M):
Information on scenarios of the implementation of action plan measures (form J in the e-
reporting system) are provided for each action plan in the tables below.
Action Plan for PM10 Emission Reduction in the City of Kutina
Pollutant Reporting year:
2015 2016 2017
PM10
The analysis and
calculation of data point
to the conclusion that
the application of
measures aimed at
reducing energy
consumption will lead to
a reduction in PM10
emissions by 50 t/year
by 2020. Out of
commercial interests,
industry and services
are expected to
increasingly undertake
energy efficiency
measures.
Comment: Data for the
projection scenario
have been derived from
the Programme of
progressive emission
reduction for certain
pollutants in the
Republic of Croatia for
the period up to end-
2010, with emission
projections for 2010-
2020 and the
Programme of energy
renovation of family
homes for 2014-2020.
For a more detailed
calculation of household
emission reductions a
detailed research/survey
is necessary to
determine the actual
consumption of energy
(gas, wood) in
households.
The data analysis and
calculation point to the
conclusion that the
application of measures
aimed at reducing
energy consumption will
lead to a reduction in
PM10 emissions by 50
t/year by 2020. Out of
commercial interests,
industry and services are
expected to increasingly
undertake energy
efficiency measures.
Comment: Data for the
projection scenario have
been derived from the
Programme of
progressive emission
reduction for certain
pollutants in the
Republic of Croatia for
the period up to end-
2010, with emission
projections for 2010-
2020 and the
Programme of energy
renovation of family
houses for 2014-2020.
For a more detailed
calculation of household
emission reductions a
detailed research/survey
is necessary to determine
the actual consumption
of energy (gas, wood) in
households.
N/A
Action Plan for Particle (PM10) Pollution Reduction in the City of Osijek
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Pollutant Reporting year:
2015 2016 2017
PM10
In all the years under
observation, the WM
scenario emission is
higher than the BAU
scenario emission. In
2020, that difference is
48 % because of a
planned increase in the
share of biomass in
end-use consumption
sectors. The biomass
share in the industry
and construction sector
(taking into account
only the key sub-
sectors) is planned to
increase 9.6 times in
2020, and 4.8 times in
the household sector,
substantially
increasing particulate
matter emissions from
these sectors.
In all the years under
observation, the WM
scenario emission is
higher than the BAU
scenario emission. In
2020, that difference is
48 % because of a
planned increase in the
share of biomass in end-
use consumption sectors.
The biomass share in the
industry and
construction sector
(taking into account only
the key sub-sectors) is
planned to increase 9.6
times in 2020, and 4.8
times in the household
sector, substantially
increasing particulate
matter emissions from
these sectors.
N/A
Action Plan for Reducing PM10 Particulate Matter Concentration Levels in the City of
Sisak
Pollutant Reporting year:
2015 2016 2017
PM10
No scenario The implementation efficiency of the measures laid down to reduce the concentrations of PM10 particulate matter will be monitored at automatic measurement stations set up in the City of Sisak. The action plan will be implemented until category I air quality with regard to PM10 particulate matter concentrations is achieved.
No scenario The implementation efficiency of the measures laid down to reduce the concentrations of PM10 particulate matter will be monitored at automatic measurement stations set up in the City of Sisak. The action plan will be implemented until category I air quality with regard to PM10 particulate matter concentrations is achieved.
N/A
Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Slavonski Brod
Pollutant Reporting year: 2017
PM10
The baseline scenario of particulate matter emission reduction is the
energy renovation of family homes. The application of energy
efficiency measures and the use of low-emission wood-burning
combustion plants are aimed at reducing emissions in the heating
season.
This scenario is based on the application of energy efficiency
measures to the households using conventional wood-burning stoves.
By switching from conventional to energy-efficient stoves, it is
possible to reduce fire bed emission by 50 %. By switching from
conventional to ‘eco-label’ stoves, it is possible to reduce fire bed
emission by 87 %. This calculation is based on EMEP/EEA emission
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factors.
If the energy renovation is presumed to cover 20 % of households
using firewood, a 10-17 % reduction in household sector emissions
can be expected, eventually producing a reduction in PM2.5
concentrations by approx. 1.5 µg/m3.
Particulate matter pollution in Slavonski Brod is to a large extent
affected by regional and transboundary air pollution. A high degree
of background concentrations means that it is necessary to achieve a
high reduction of local emissions, primarily the emissions from wood
burning in household fire beds, to achieve the limit value for PM2.5
particulate matter. The measures under this action plan are aimed at
cost efficiently channelling the energy renovation in Slavonski Brod
and promote those energy efficiency measures that produce the
highest particulate matter emission ‘savings’. The implementation
dynamics of energy renovation depends on available financial
resources and models of their use.
The Programme of energy renovation of family homes for 2014-2020
with a detailed plan of energy renovation for 2014-2016 (NN Nos
43/14 and 36/15) is being implemented at national level. Within the
scope of that programme, the EPEEF co-finances measures of the
energy renovation of family homes to achieve a better heat retention
of the residential space, increased energy efficiency of the heating
system and promote the use of renewable energy sources. The existing
model of co-financing energy renovation of family homes
implemented by the EPEEF applies to natural persons, while an
earlier financing model included local and regional self-governments
as intermediaries between the EPEEF and citizens.
The funding to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy
sources as well as environmental protection and the sustainability of
resources has been provided under the 2014-2020 Competitiveness
and Cohesion OP. As the method of use of that funding does not
provide for direct financing of individual action plan measures, the
possibility of financing energy renovation measures aimed at reducing
particulate matter emissions in the heating season need to be identified
in cooperation with the competent Ministry.
Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Zagreb
Pollutant Reporting year:
2015 2016 2017
PM10
The analysis of the
level of PM10 pollution
highlights the need to
reduce ‘local
particulate matter
pollution’ by 30-50 %
to meet the limit value
for daily PM10
concentrations in the
City of Zagreb. 'Local
particulate matter
pollution’ means the
level of particulate
matter concentrations
that are affected by
direct particulate
matter emissions from
energy and installation
plants, households and
road transport in the
territory of the City of
Zagreb.
The analysis of the
level of PM10
pollution highlights
the need to reduce
‘local particulate
matter pollution’ by
30-50 % to meet the
limit value for daily
PM10 concentrations
in the City of Zagreb.
'Local particulate
matter pollution’
means the level of
particulate matter
concentrations that
are affected by direct
particulate matter
emissions from
energy and
installation plants,
households and road
transport in the
The necessary
emission reduction
was determined
based on the
analysis of daily
PM10
concentrations at
all measurement
stations in the City
of Zagreb. The
contribution of
local sources for
each station was
determined by
subtraction of the
background
pollution (Iskrba,
Slovenia). A linear
extrapolation found
the percentage of
reduction in local
concentrations
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BaP (PM10) N/A territory of the City of
Zagreb. Reducing the
sources of particulate
matter emissions will
reduce PM2.5
pollution sufficiently
to achieve limit values
and B(a)P pollution
sufficiently to achieve
target values.
necessary to
achieve the
permitted number
of exceedances
(35). It is expected
that a reduction in
PM10 emissions by
at least 30 % in the
City of Zagreb in
the heating season
may be achieved by
implementing all
the measures
aimed at
household, services
and transport
sectors. A
reduction in PM10
particulate matter
emissions will in
turn reduction
B(a)P pollution in
PM10 sufficiently to
achieve the target
value.
Comment:
Projections were
not based on
emissions but on
the analysis of the
number of
exceedances for
daily PM10
concentrations.
NO2 N/A N/A Proposed
measures are
aimed at achieving
the following
objectives: –
reduction in NOx
emissions by at
least 5 % at annual
level in the City of
Zagreb; –
reduction in NOx
emissions by
approx. 20 % in
the city centre.
A reduction in
transport
emissions is
expected thanks to
the expected fleet
renewal, i.e.
replacement of
some 2 % of old
vehicles (Euro 3
and older) by
newer vehicles
(Euro 5, Euro 6),
resulting in the
reduction of city
background
concentrations. On
the assumption
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that the total
number of vehicles
does not increase,
the fleet renewal
that is practically
financed by
citizens
themselves, limit
values of the NOx
annual mean
concentration of
outside the inner
city centre may be
achieved in 2 to 5
years.
In the city centre,
NO2 limit values
will not be
achieved without
further road
transport
restrictions and
application of
action plan
measures. In
addition to
emissions, a
substantial impact
on exceedance of
the limit value in
the city centre
(Đorđićeva
measurement
station) comes from
pollution kept
within the urban
canyon and from
traffic congestions.
Table 2.5.2.2 The quantitative description of projected improvement of air quality is arbitrary at [...] the
Republic of Croatia has no data available to serve in its filling.
2.5.2.2 Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality
Monitoring parameter Number of non-compliant air
quality zones:
Number of compliant air
quality zones:
Total number of air quality
zones:
Sp
ecif
y b
ase
yea
r:
20
20
:
20
25
:
20
30
:
Sp
ecif
y b
ase
yea
r:
20
20
:
20
25
:
20
30
:
Sp
ecif
y b
ase
yea
r:
20
20
:
20
25
:
20
30
:
PM2.5 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –
NO2 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –
PM10 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –
O3 (max. 8 hr
average): – – – – – – – – – – – –
Other (please
specify): – – – – – – – – – – – –
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5. POLICY OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION
REDUCTION COMMITMENTS FOR 2020 AND 2030, INTERMEDIATE
EMISSION LEVELS FOR 2025, AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION
This chapter corresponds to the Format Chapter 2.6 Policy options considered to comply with the
emission reduction commitments for 2020 and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025, and
stakeholder consultation.
5.1. DETAILS OF PaM OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION
REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (REPORTING AT PaM LEVEL) (point 2.6.1)
This section lists the details of PaM options considered to comply with the emission reduction
commitments (reporting at PaM level).
Table 2.6.1 below provides an overview of the details of PaM options considered to comply with the
emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M).
The following main needs were recognised when specifying additional PaMs to comply with the emission
reduction and air quality improvement commitments:
ensure continued implementation of the measures in the period after 2020 with improvements
where necessary, given that the current PaMs are largely set for the period until the end of 2020;
stronger synergy in PaM planning to reduce pollutant emissions and improve air quality,
including PaMs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase in the share of renewable energy
sources and increase in energy efficiency;
the measures need to be customised and specially planned for the area where air quality is
affected.
The details of a particular PaM considered are listed below the table.
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2.6.1 Details of PaM options considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M):
Name and brief
description of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs27:
Select the
pollutant(s)
affected as
appropriate
(M):
SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxines, GHG)
Objectives of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs (M):
Type(s) of
PaM (M):
Primary and
where
appropriate
secondary
sector(s)
affected† (M):
Application period
(M for measures
selected for
application):
Authority(-ies) responsible for
the application (M for
measures selected for the
application):
Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Details of
the
methodolo
gies used
for the
analysis
(e.g.
specific
models or
methods)
(M):
Quantify expected reductions
(for individual PaMs or packages
of PaMs as appropriate (kt, per
year or as a range, compared
with the WM scenario)) (M):
Qualitative
description of
uncertainty
(M, where
available):
Start End Type Name 2020 2025 2030
MEN-P-1: Integration of the
measures to reduce
pollutant emissions into planning
documents and
projects for the energy renovation of
buildings
NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CH4, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO2
efficiency improvement
of buildings; reduction of losses; efficiency
improvement of
appliances
economic, fiscal,
information,
regulatory, education,
planning
energy
consumption
2019,
planning,
2021 onwards
impacts
2030
national
authorities,
regional authorities
MEE, MCPP Chapter
4.1.1 –
NOx: 0.48 kt
PM10:
1.17 kt,
PM2.5:
1.14 kt,
SO2:
0.08 t,
NMVOC:
1.98 kt,
NH3:
0.28 kt
NOx: 0.92 kt,
PM10:
2.04 kt,
PM2.5:
1.99 kt,
SO2: 0.15 kt,
NMVOC:
3.27 kt,
NH3: 0.45 kt
Chapter 4.1.1
MTR-P-1:
Integration of the
measures to reduce pollutant emissions
into planning
documents and projects relating to
road transport
NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CH4, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO2
deployment of emission
reduction technologies on vehicles; efficiency
improvement of
vehicles; modal shift to public transport or non-
motorised transport;
alternative fuels / electric cars;
demand
management/reduction;
improved behaviour;
improved transport
infrastructure; promoting the use of bicycles
economic,
fiscal, information,
regulatory,
education, planning
transport
2019,
planning,
2021
onwards
impacts
2030
national authorities,
regional
authorities
MEE, MSTI Chapter
4.1.1 –
NOx:
0.48 kt,
PM10:
0.05 kt,
PM2.5:
0.03 kt,
SO2:
0.01 kt,
NMVOC:
0.15 kt,
NH3:
0.02 kt
NOx:
0.81 kt,
PM10:
0.09 kt,
PM2.5:
0.05 kt,
SO2: 0.01 kt, NMVOC: 0.30 kt, NH3: 0.03 kt
Chapter 4.1.1
27 Descriptions are provided below the table
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2.6.1 Details of PaM options considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M):
Name and brief
description of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs27:
Select the
pollutant(s)
affected as
appropriate
(M):
SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxines, GHG)
Objectives of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs (M):
Type(s) of
PaM (M):
Primary and
where
appropriate
secondary
sector(s)
affected† (M):
Application period
(M for measures
selected for
application):
Authority(-ies) responsible for
the application (M for
measures selected for the
application):
Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Details of
the
methodolo
gies used
for the
analysis
(e.g.
specific
models or
methods)
(M):
Quantify expected reductions
(for individual PaMs or packages
of PaMs as appropriate (kt, per
year or as a range, compared
with the WM scenario)) (M):
Qualitative
description of
uncertainty
(M, where
available):
Start End Type Name 2020 2025 2030
MAG-1: Changes in
livestock and pig
nutrition and feed quality
NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, NMVOC, CH4, N2O
improved livestock
management; improved
animal waste management systems
economic agriculture 2018 national
authorities
Ministry of
Agriculture
Chapter
4.1.1 Chapter 4.1.1
MAG-2: Anaerobic
decomposition of manure and biogas
production
NH3, CH4, N2O, CO2
improved animal waste management systems
economic agriculture 2018 national authorities
Ministry of
Agriculture,
advisory services
Chapter 4.1.1
Chapter 4.1.1
MAG-3: Improving
livestock facilities and animal waste
management systems
NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, NMVOC, CH4, N2O, CO2
improved livestock
breeding management; improved animal waste
management systems
economic agriculture 2018 national authorities
Ministry of
Agriculture,
advisory services
Chapter 4.1.1
-
NOx:
0.01 kt,
PM10:
0.01 kt,
PM2.5:
0.00 kt,
NH3:
4.40 kt
NOx:
0.01 kt,
PM10:
0.02 kt,
PM2.5:
0.01 kt,
NH3: 8.55 kt
Chapter 4.1.1
MAG-4: Improving
the methods of
mineral fertiliser application
NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, N2O
reduced mineral fertilisers on agricultural
land
economic, information,
planning
agriculture 2020 national
authorities
Ministry of Agriculture,
advisory services
Chapter
4.1.1 Chapter 4.1.1
MAG-5: Hydro-
technical interventions and
systems of protection
against natural disasters
NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, N2O, CO2
reduced mineral
fertilisers and farmyard manure on agricultural
land; other activities to
improve agricultural land management
economic agriculture 2018 national
authorities
Ministry of
Agriculture, advisory services
Chapter
4.1.1 Chapter 4.1.1
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
109
2.6.1 Details of PaM options considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M):
Name and brief
description of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs27:
Select the
pollutant(s)
affected as
appropriate
(M):
SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxines, GHG)
Objectives of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs (M):
Type(s) of
PaM (M):
Primary and
where
appropriate
secondary
sector(s)
affected† (M):
Application period
(M for measures
selected for
application):
Authority(-ies) responsible for
the application (M for
measures selected for the
application):
Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Details of
the
methodolo
gies used
for the
analysis
(e.g.
specific
models or
methods)
(M):
Quantify expected reductions
(for individual PaMs or packages
of PaMs as appropriate (kt, per
year or as a range, compared
with the WM scenario)) (M):
Qualitative
description of
uncertainty
(M, where
available):
Start End Type Name 2020 2025 2030
MAG-6: Introduction
of new cultivars,
varieties and species
NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, N2O
reduced mineral
fertilisers / farmyard manure on agricultural
land, other activities
improving agricultural land management, other
agriculture
information, planning
agriculture 2020 national authorities
Ministry of Agriculture
Chapter 4.1.1
Chapter 4.1.1
MCC-1: Support to
increase the administrative,
technical and
management capacities of local
communities
NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO2, CH4
project to support local
communities financed
by the LIFE programme
planning multi-sectoral policy
2019 2030 national authorities
MEE – – – – –
MCC-2: Preparing
supporting documentation to
secure additional
financial resources for more effective
implementation of air
quality improvement action plans
NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO2, CH4
preparation of a project
proposal for the use of EU structural funds
planning multi-sectoral
policy 2019 2030
national
authorities MEE – – – – –
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
110
2.6.1 Details of PaM options considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M):
Name and brief
description of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs27:
Select the
pollutant(s)
affected as
appropriate
(M):
SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxines, GHG)
Objectives of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs (M):
Type(s) of
PaM (M):
Primary and
where
appropriate
secondary
sector(s)
affected† (M):
Application period
(M for measures
selected for
application):
Authority(-ies) responsible for
the application (M for
measures selected for the
application):
Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Details of
the
methodolo
gies used
for the
analysis
(e.g.
specific
models or
methods)
(M):
Quantify expected reductions
(for individual PaMs or packages
of PaMs as appropriate (kt, per
year or as a range, compared
with the WM scenario)) (M):
Qualitative
description of
uncertainty
(M, where
available):
Start End Type Name 2020 2025 2030
MCC-3: Support for
surveys regarding the planning of PaMs
and monitoring of
their effects on emissions and air
quality
NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NMVOC, NH3
laying down cost-
effective measures and
quantitative monitoring of emission reductions;
improved air quality and
environmental impact
planning, research
all sectors 2019 2025
Ministries,
authorised
entities
MEE, Ministry of
Science and
Education (MSE)
models, methods,
databases,
IT platforms
– – – –
The responses to the fields indicated with (*), (ᶺ) and (†) are filled in by using pre-defined reply options which are consistent with the reporting obligations under Regulation (EU) 525/2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 749/2014.
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
111
The responses to the field indicated with (*) are filled in by using the following pre-defined reply options, to be selected as appropriate (more than one objective can be selected, additional objectives could be added
and specified under ‘other’) (M):
1. Energy supply:
increase in renewable energy;
switch to less carbon-intensive fuels;
enhanced non-renewable low-carbon generation (nuclear);
reduction of losses;
efficiency improvement in the energy and transformation sector;
installation of pollution abatement technologies;
other energy supply.
2. Energy consumption:
efficiency improvement of buildings;
efficiency improvement of appliances;
efficiency improvement in services/tertiary sector;
efficiency improvement in industrial end-use sectors;
demand management/reduction;
other energy consumption.
3. Transport:
deployment of emission reduction technologies on vehicles;
efficiency improvement of vehicles;
modal shift to public transport or non-motorised transport;
alternative fuels / electric cars;
demand management/reduction;
improved behaviour;
improved transport infrastructure;
other transport.
4. Industrial processes:
installation of pollution abatement technologies;
improved control of fugitive emissions from industrial processes;
other industrial processes.
5. Waste management / waste:
demand management/reduction;
enhanced recycling;
improved treatment technologies;
improved landfill management;
waste incineration with energy use;
improved wastewater management systems;
reduced landfilling;
other wastes.
6. Agriculture:
reducing mineral fertilisers / farmyard manure on agricultural land;
other activities improving agricultural land management;
improved livestock breeding management;
improved animal waste management systems;
land or grassland pasture improvement activities;
improved organic soil management;
other agriculture.
7. Cross-cutting
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112
2.6.1 Details of PaM options considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M):
Name and brief
description of
individual an PaMs
or package of PaMs
(M)27:
Select the
pollutant(s)
affected as
appropriate
(M):
SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG)
Objectives of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs (M):
Type(s) of
PaM (M):
Primary and
where
appropriate
secondary
sector(s)
affected †
(M):
Application period
(M for measures
selected for
application):
Authority(-ies) responsible for
the application (M for
measures selected for the
application):
Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary
Details of
the
methodolo
gies used
for the
analysis
(e.g.
specific
models or
methods)
(M):
Quantify expected reductions
(for individual PaMs or packages
of PaMs as appropriate (kt, per
year or as a range, compared
with the WM scenario)) (M):
Qualitative
description of
uncertainty
(M, where
available):
Start End Type Name 2020 2025 2030
policy framework;
multi-sectoral policy;
other cross-cutting.
8. Other:
A Member State is required to provide a brief description of the objective.
The responses to the field indicated with (ᶺ) are filled in by using the following pre-defined reply options, to be selected as appropriate (more than one type of PaM can be selected, additional types of PaM could be
added and specified under ‘other’) (M):
source-based pollution control;
economic instruments;
fiscal instruments;
voluntary/negotiated agreements;
information;
regulatory;
education;
research;
planning;
other, specify.
The responses to the field indicated with (†) are filled in by using the following pre-defined reply options, to be selected as appropriate (more than one sectors can be selected, addition sectors could be added and
specified under ‘other’) (M):
energy supply (comprising oil and gas extraction, transmission, distribution and storage of fuels as well as energy and electricity production);
energy consumption (comprising consumption of fuels and electricity by end users such as households, services, industry and agriculture);
transport:
industrial processes (comprising industrial activities that chemically or physically transform materials leading to greenhouse gas emissions, use of greenhouse gases in products and non-energy uses of carbon fossil
fuels);
agriculture
waste management / waste;
cross-cutting;
other sectors, please specify.
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
113
Energy
MEN-P-1: Integration of the measures to reduce pollutant emissions into planning documents and
projects relating to energy renovation of building
Emission of pollutants from the household and service sector has been recognised as one of the main
causes of air quality deterioration in many areas. The use of firewood in conventional stoves is a key
cause of pollutant emissions (particularly PM2.5 and PM10 particles). Therefore, the implementation of
measures to renovate external building envelopes and replace conventional firewood stoves needs to be
accelerated in areas where air quality is affected.
At national level, energy renovation of buildings (including building envelope renovation and
replacement of thermo-technical systems) and the use of solar energy and heat pumps are planned under
several strategic and planning documents specified in the descriptions of the existing sectoral measures:
MEN-1: National Plan for Increasing in the Number of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings,
MEN-2: Energy renovation programme for multi-residential buildings,
MEN-3: Programme of increase in energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in
commercial non-residential buildings,
MEN-4: Energy renovation programme for family homes,
MEN-5: Energy renovation programme for public buildings,
MEN-11: Programme of energy poverty reduction,
MEN-19: Energy efficiency programme in heating and cooling,
MEN-21: Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency through the
EPEEF,
and in coordination with cross-cutting PaMs, such as:
MCC-5: Use of the revenues from auctioning of emission allowances within the scope of the EU
ETS for GHG emission reduction measures,
MCC-7: Energy efficiency obligation scheme
For many measures, funding is provided through the EU SIF [5].
At the same time, LRSGU(s) prepare and implement local (regional) plans and programmes for energy
efficiency, renewable energy sources, air protection and the mitigation of and adaptation to climate
change.
The objective of this measure is to integrate the activities to reduce pollutant emissions in areas
where air quality is affected into national, regional and local plans, programmes and projects
relating to the energy renovation of buildings. Support instruments need to be provided, primarily to
natural persons, family home owners, to invest in:
improving the thermal insulation of envelope elements (walls, roofs, basements);
replacement of external carpentry, particularly windows;
replacement of existing heating systems by new, more energy-efficient ones with lower pollutant
emissions.
Therefore, when preparing new planning documents for energy renovation of buildings, cross-sectoral
coordination needs to be strengthened and instruments to encourage energy renovation of buildings (with
a focus on family homes) provided in areas where air quality is affected. In financial terms, support can
largely be secured through EU structural funds.
Transport
MTR-P-1: Integration of the measures to reduce pollutant emissions into planning documents and projects
relating to road transport
Transport and the need for mobility are major environmental burdens in urban areas. An increase in the
number of cars, the way they are used, the intensity of traffic and unstructured expansion of urban areas
are the sources of pollutant emissions which are one of the main causes of air quality deterioration in
many areas. Therefore, the implementation of measures to reduce pollutant emissions from road transport
needs to be accelerated in areas where air quality is affected.
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
114
A number of measures are implemented at national level to reduce transport emissions described under
the existing measures:
MTR-1: Information provision to consumers about the fuel economy and CO2 emissions of new
cars;
MTR-2: Eco-driving training for road vehicle drivers;
MTR-3: Obligatory use of biofuels in transport;
MTR-4: Special environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles;
MTR-5: Special tax on motorised vehicles;
MTR-6: Financial incentives for the purchase of hybrid and electric vehicles;
MTR-7: Alternative fuels infrastructure developments;
MTR-8: Promotion of integrated and intelligent transport systems and alternative fuels in urban
areas;
MTR-9: Monitoring, reporting and verification of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from liquid
fuels;
MTR-11: Restriction of pollutant emissions from road vehicles
and in coordination with cross-cutting PaMs such as:
MCC-5: Use of the revenues from auctioning of emission allowances within the scope of the EU
ETS for GHG emission reduction measures;
MCC-7: Energy efficiency obligation scheme
for many measures, funding is provided through the EU SIF [5].
At the same time, the LRSGU prepare and carry out local (regional) plans and programmes for energy
efficiency, renewable energy sources, air protection and climate change mitigation/adaptation as well as
master plans for sustainable transport development.
The objective of this measure is to integrate the activities to reduce pollutant emissions in areas
where air quality is affected into national, regional and local plans, programmes and projects
affecting the emissions in the road transport sector.
This measure includes various methods to promote the reduction of the number of vehicles in urban areas
not having category I air quality, where the road transport sector is a key source of emissions, such as:
prohibition of entry in certain urban areas depending on the ecological standard of a vehicle;
freight transport optimisation;
integrated citizen transport;
intelligent transport management;
promoting car-sharing schemes;
promoting public bicycles;
measures to support alternative fuels infrastructure development in urban areas;
introduction of transport pollution fees in cities;
redirecting traffic from the city centre;
promoting the use of public transport;
infrastructure development and promoting the use of bicycle transport;
introducing systematic energy management in vehicles owned by the city, etc.
Therefore, when preparing new planning documents relating to energy efficiency, renewable energy
sources, air protection, climate change mitigation/adaptation and transport development, cross-sectoral
coordination needs to be strengthened and instruments need to be envisaged to encourage the measures to
reduce pollutant emission from road transport in areas where air quality is affected. These measures need
to be tailored to the circumstances of the areas where they are laid down.
Agriculture
MAG-1: Changes in livestock and pig diet and feed quality
Specific sub-measures within this group of measures relating to the improvement of the livestock
breeding system, production level and animal diet: changes in the ratio of certain types of fodder in the
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
115
diet, the use of supplements (fat, amino-silicate compounds, biological additives), the improvement of
fodder quality and the improvement of the pasture system. These measures relate to the potential
reduction of nitrogen compounds and ammonia emissions from enteric fermentation and farmyard
manure management. Expert literature suggests a possible reduction of ammonia emissions from the
liquid component of pig farmyard manure of up to 40 % [7]. Given the proportion of pigs in the
management systems suitable for the application of this measure [8], a conservative expert estimate
suggests a possible reduction of ammonia emissions from the pig farmyard manure management system
of 15 % until 2030.
MAG-2: Anaerobic digestion of manure and biogas production
Upon introduction of biogas plants, emission reduction is achieved by removing methane emissions
resulting from the disposal of used garbage and from renewable electricity production. The measure is
related to those listed under Renewable sources in the production of electricity and heat and Construction
of cogeneration plants from the energy sector. Anaerobic digestion not only assists biogas plants in
reducing the sources of easily degradable carbon in fertiliser applied to agricultural land, but also
potentially reduces N2O emissions generated in the nitrification process and ammonia emissions.
According to a conservative expert estimate, the reduction of ammonia emissions (based on the potential
for N2O emission reduction) is 5 % for emissions from the manure management system for dairy cows,
pigs, laying hens and broilers.
MAG-3: Improvement of livestock facilities, farmyard manure management systems and inorganic
fertiliser application methods
Covering the (slurry) storage site – creating a natural layer (crust) with natural (straw) or (porous)
artificial material. While this measure reduces direct methane and ammonia emissions, to a lesser extent it
improves the nitrification process (porous material), causing a slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions.
Expert literature suggests a possible reduction of farmyard manure ammonia emissions within a range of
78-94 % (pigs), and 71-86 % (cattle) [7]. Given the proportion of cattle and pigs in the management
systems suitable for the application of this measure [8], a conservative expert estimate suggests a possible
reduction of sectoral ammonia emission of 30 % for cattle and 35 % for pigs until 2030. Additional
emission reduction is possible by injecting organic fertiliser instead of its spraying, which could mitigate
ammonia emissions up to 90 % when applying organic fertiliser [9]. According to expert estimates,
sectoral ammonia emissions from the source of farmyard manure management (for cattle and pigs) could
be reduced by additional 10 %, while particle emissions could be reduced by ~5 % by this method of
applying organic fertiliser to agricultural land.
MAG-4: Improvement of mineral fertiliser application methods
The use of new slow-release fertilisers suitable for corn and wheat cultivation (polymer-coated fertilisers)
allows for a reduced need for fertiliser application per hectare (due to lower nitrogen losses) with
unchanged or increased revenues. An additional reduction of NH3 emissions is possible by reducing the
use of urea in favour of other types of fertilisers.
MAG-5: Hydro-technical interventions and systems for protection against natural disasters
Apart from the direct benefits of reducing production costs and increasing harvest quality, the
construction of drainage and irrigation systems, and systems for protection against floods, droughts and
other natural disasters can cause a loss of nutrients due to filtering and rinsing, resulting in a reduced need
for using nitrogen and, consequently, mineral fertiliser. According to experts, the total reduction of
ammonia emissions from the sector is estimated to be 1 %.
MAG-6: Introduction of new cultivars, varieties and species
Promoting development, education and application of technology at the national and regional levels,
promoting the transition and adjustment of the entire production chain to producing new crops or enabling
and encouraging the use of cultivars and varieties that are more resistant to drought and disease and have
a lower carbon footprint. Along with other benefits, this is aimed at reducing the need to introduce
nitrogen, and consequently ammonia emissions, into the soil through fertilisers. Experts estimate a lower
ammonia emission of up to 1 % at the sector level.
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116
Cross-cutting measures
MCC-P-1: Support for increasing the administrative, technical and management capacities of local
communities
Support for increasing the administrative, technical and management capacities of local communities
needs to be ensured when implementing air quality improvement action plans. This can be done through
the LIFE project which could help cities to implement the measures more efficiently, to follow the
progress and to strengthen the coordination between national and local activities. Additionally, members
of the public and stakeholders need to be more familiar with air pollution problems, possible emission
reduction measures and examples of good practice.
In order to actively involve local politics and facilitate financing, positive effects need to be expressed
through financial savings in health care; more specifically, awareness needs to be raised that significant
financial savings in health care could be achieved by improving air quality.
Coordinated cross-cutting activities pose a problem in cities due to closed nature and financial stiffness,
and the common lack of funding sources for an integrated approach.
Air quality progress achieved by reducing emissions at European and national levels is relatively poorly
visible at local levels when observed from a multi-annual perspective. Decision makers and the local
public believe that objectives need to be achieved by the equal efforts of all those contributing to
pollution, which is one of the reasons why the allocation of financial resources by local governments is
not sufficient for the required emissions reductions. Coordinated activities and financial contribution from
different levels, European funds, national co-financing and the local component are extremely important.
MCC-P-2: Preparing supporting documentation to provide additional financial resources for more
efficient implementation of air quality improvement action plans
As provided for by the NEC Directive, assistance in the planning and implementation of air quality
improvement action plans can be achieved by co-financing through the LIFE programme and EU
structural funds.
Consequently, there is a proposal to carry out the required technical analyses and to prepare project
documentation to apply for a grant from the structural funds for the period 2021-2027 financing cycle
(envelope). The project would serve to encourage the replacement of traditional (inefficient) firewood
combustion plants by efficient combustion plants with ECO standards, pellet systems or lower pollutant
emission fuel technologies, particularly in the zones/agglomerations where PM2.5 is exceeded.
MCC-3: Supporting research relating to PaM planning and monitoring their effects on emissions and air
quality
Research needs to help identify cost-effective measures, measures with a positive impact on economic
development, employment, research that help transfer knowledge about best available techniques and
good practice. Tools, emission and air pollution assessment models, techniques identifying the
contribution of individual air pollution sources, IT support and databases for quantitative progress
monitoring and reporting are needed. Synergic connection with measures from various sectors and
stimulating an integrated approach are needed.
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5.2. AIR QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL PaMs OR
PACKAGES OF PaMs CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION
REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (point 2.6.2)
Table 2.6.2 below relates to the air quality and environment impact of individual PaMs or packages of
PaMs considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments.
The Republic of Croatia has no available data to support the assessment of the impact of PaMs or
packages of PaMs considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments on air quality and
environment.
2.6.2 Air quality and environment impact of individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered to comply with the
emission reduction commitments
Where appropriate, impact on air quality (may be referenced to the recommended
air quality objectives according to the WHO) and the environment Not available.
Additional research required.
5.3. COST-BENEFIT CALCULATION FOR INDIVIDUAL PaMs OR PACKAGES OF PaMs
CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS
Member States are encouraged to report on projected cost estimates which should be in line with
reporting under the MMR (Monitoring Mechanism Regulation) to support climate change mitigation as
follows:
Cost in Euros per tonne of pollutant reduced
Absolute investment cost and annual benefits in Euros
Qualitative description and the ratio of cost-benefit calculation
Annual costs for reported costs
Year for which the estimates have been calculated.
Table 2.6.3 below only provides indicative costs of individual measures which could be estimated based
on available data.
2.6.3 Cost-benefit calculation for individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered to comply with the emission
reduction commitments
Name and brief
description of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Cost in EUR
per tonne of
pollutant
reduced
Absolute cost
of investments
(EUR):
Annual
benefits
(EUR):
Cost/bene
fit ratio:
Annual
costs
(EUR):
Qualitative description of the
cost-benefit calculation:
MEN-P-1:
Integration of the
measures to reduce
pollutant emissions
into planning
documents and
projects for the
energy renovation
of buildings
NO NO NO NO NO
At national level, there is a
coordinated design of measures
and priority allocation of funds
expected on the basis of PaMs
resulting from other
commitments.
At project and regional level,
costs and benefits need to be
estimated depending on the
measures selected for individual
areas.
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2.6.3 Cost-benefit calculation for individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered to comply with the emission
reduction commitments
Name and brief
description of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Cost in EUR
per tonne of
pollutant
reduced
Absolute cost
of investments
(EUR):
Annual
benefits
(EUR):
Cost/bene
fit ratio:
Annual
costs
(EUR):
Qualitative description of the
cost-benefit calculation:
MTR-P-1:
Integration of the
measures to reduce
pollutant emissions
into planning
documents and
projects relating to
road transport
NO NO NO NO NO
At national level, there is a
coordinated design of measures
and priority allocation of funds
expected on the basis of PaMs
resulting from other
commitments.
At project and regional level,
costs and benefits need to be
estimated depending on the
measures selected for individual
areas.
MAG-1: Change in
livestock nutrition
and feed quality
NO 5 300 000 13 000 000 0.4 NO
estimate by Faculty of
Agriculture experts –
The absolute cost arises from the
application of all sub-measures to
all relevant groups of animals,
the resulting benefits include
increased competitiveness and
production.
MAG-2: Anaerobic
decomposition of
manure and biogas
production
NO NO NO NO NO unknown
MAG-3:
Improving
livestock facilities,
systems of animal
waste management
and methods of
organic fertiliser
application
NO 120 000 000 13 000 000 9.2 NO
estimate by Faculty of
Agriculture experts –
The cost refers to the entire
period until 2050, for investment
in the facilities and equipment
used for more than one year. The
benefits include increased
competitiveness and production.
MAG-4:
Improving the
methods of mineral
fertiliser
application
NO NO 10 000 000 NO NO
estimate by Faculty of
Agriculture experts –
The calculation is based on
savings in the total amount of
mineral fertiliser used.
MAG-5:
Hydro-technical
interventions and
systems of
protection against
natural disasters
NO 1 000 000 000 4 500 000 222.2 NO
The cost is the expert estimate
based on the starting points and
objectives (surface areas) set out
in the national irrigation
project28. The benefit is reduced
damage relating to the production
and consumption of protection
products and fertilisers.
28 National Project of Irrigation and Agricultural Land and Water Management in the Republic of Croatia, 2005
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
119
2.6.3 Cost-benefit calculation for individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered to comply with the emission
reduction commitments
Name and brief
description of
individual PaMs or
packages of PaMs:
Cost in EUR
per tonne of
pollutant
reduced
Absolute cost
of investments
(EUR):
Annual
benefits
(EUR):
Cost/bene
fit ratio:
Annual
costs
(EUR):
Qualitative description of the
cost-benefit calculation:
MAG-6:
Introduction of new
cultivars, varieties
and species
NO NO 10 000 000 NO NO
Expert estimate was made using
the assumptions of negligible
input costs (relating to education
only, without incentives to
production) with enhanced
competitiveness, production and
expansion to currently poorly
suitable soils.
MCC-1: Support to
increase the
administrative,
technical and
management
capacities of local
communities
NO 5 000 000 NO NO NO estimation of administrative costs
of development
MCC-2: Preparing
supporting
documentation to
secure additional
financial resources
for more effective
implementation of
air quality
improvement
action plans
NO 1 000 000 NO NO NO estimation of administrative costs
of development
MCC-3: Support
for surveys
regarding the
planning of PaMs
and monitoring of
their effects on
emissions and air
quality
NO 1 000 000 NO NO NO
The benefits of this measure will
be manifold compared with the
investment thanks to the
selection of cost-effective
measures and monitoring of their
actual effect.
Funds will not be invested in
expensive measures, with
optimal implementation to the
extent necessary to achieve the
objectives.
5.4. ADDITIONAL DETAILS FOR POLICY OPTIONS FROM PART 2 OF ANNEX III TO
DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/2284 TARGETING THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR TO
COMPLY WITH THE REDUCTION COMMITMENTS
With regard to the measures set out in Part 2 of Annex II to the NEC Directive, specific reporting is
required on whether the mandatory measures have been implemented, which optional measures have been
included in the Programme and whether any modifications have been made to them. The measures to
reduce ammonia emissions are laid down in Article 22 of the NEC Decree.
Table 2.6.4 below provides additional details for policy options from Part 2 of Annex III to the NEC
Directive targeting the agriculture sector to comply with the reduction commitments (M).
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2.6.4 Additional details for policy options from Part 2 of Annex III to the NEC Directive targeting the agriculture
sector to comply with the reduction commitments (M).
The list of measures included in Annex III,
Part 2
Is the PaM
included in the Air
Pollution Control
Programme?
Yes/No (M):
If yes, specify
the
chapter/page
number in the
Programme:
(M):
Has the PaM been applied exactly?
Yes/No (M):
If not, describe the modifications
made (M):
A. Measures to control ammonia emissions
1. Member States shall establish a national
advisory code of good agricultural
practice to control ammonia emissions,
taking into account the UNECE
Framework Code for Good Agricultural
Practice for Reducing Ammonia
Emissions of 2014, covering at least the
following items (M):
a) nitrogen management, taking
account of the whole nitrogen cycle;
b) livestock feeding strategies;
c) low-emission manure spreading
techniques;
d) low-emission manure storage
systems;
e) low-emission animal housing
systems;
f) possibilities for limiting ammonia
emissions from the use of mineral
fertilisers.
Yes (measures:
MAG-1,
MAG-2,
MAG-3,
MAG-4)
No
Pursuant to Article 22 of the Decree on
National Commitments to Reduce
Certain Air Pollutant Emissions in the
Republic of Croatia (NN No 76/18),
the Ministry of Agriculture is currently
preparing the National advisory
principles of good agricultural practice,
in keeping with the 2014 Framework
principles of good agricultural practice
for reducing ammonia emissions of the
United Nations Economic
Commission, including:
– nitrogen management, taking
account of the whole nitrogen cycle;
– livestock feeding strategies;
– low-emission manure spreading
techniques;
– low-emission manure storage
systems;
– low-emission animal housing
systems;
– possibilities for limiting ammonia
emissions from the use of mineral
fertilisers.
2. Member States may establish a national
nitrogen budget to monitor the changes in
overall losses of reactive nitrogen from
agriculture, including ammonia, nitrous
oxide, ammonium, nitrates and nitrites,
based on the principles set out in the
UNECE Guidance on Nitrogen Budgets:
No – No
3. Member States shall prohibit the use of
ammonium carbonate fertilisers (M) and
may reduce ammonia emissions from
inorganic fertilisers by using the following
approaches:
a) replacing urea-based fertilisers by
ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers:
b) where urea-based fertilisers continue
to be applied, using methods that have
been shown to reduce ammonia
emissions by at least 30 % compared
with the use of the reference method,
as specified in the Ammonia Guidance
Document;
c) promoting the replacement of
inorganic fertilisers by organic
fertilisers and, where inorganic
fertilisers continue to be applied,
spreading them in line with the
foreseeable requirements of the
receiving crop or grassland with
Yes – Yes
Prohibition of the use of ammonium
carbonate fertilisers is laid down in
Article 22(2) of the Decree on National
Commitments to Reduce Certain Air
Pollutant Emissions in the Republic of
Croatia (NN No 76/18).
The possibility of reducing ammonia
emissions from inorganic fertilisers
using the approaches a) to c) has not
been transposed into the Croatian
legislation and is not applicable in this
context.
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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2.6.4 Additional details for policy options from Part 2 of Annex III to the NEC Directive targeting the agriculture
sector to comply with the reduction commitments (M).
The list of measures included in Annex III,
Part 2
Is the PaM
included in the Air
Pollution Control
Programme?
Yes/No (M):
If yes, specify
the
chapter/page
number in the
Programme:
(M):
Has the PaM been applied exactly?
Yes/No (M):
If not, describe the modifications
made (M):
respect to nitrogen and phosphorus,
also taking into account the existing
nutrient content in the soil and
nutrients from other fertilisers.
4. Member States may reduce ammonia
emissions from farmyard manure by using
the following approaches:
a) reducing emissions from solid manure
suspension and application to arable
land and grassland, by using methods
that reduce emissions by at least 30 %
compared with the reference method
described in the Ammonia Guidance
Document and on the following
conditions:
i. only spreading manures and slurries in
line with the foreseeable nutrient
requirements of the receiving crop or
grassland with respect to nitrogen and
phosphorous, also taking into account
the existing nutrient content in the soil
and the nutrients from other fertilisers;
ii. not spreading manures and slurries
when the receiving land is water
saturated, flooded, frozen or snow
covered;
iii. applying sludge on grassland using a
supporting hose, supporting shoe or
through a shallow or deep injection;
iv. incorporating manures and slurries
spread to arable land within the soil
within four hours of spreading;
b) reducing greenhouse gas emissions
outside animal housing using the
following methods:
i. for stacking stores constructed after
1 January 2022; use low emission
storage systems or techniques which
have been shown to reduce ammonia
emissions by at least 60 % compared
with the reference method described
in the Ammonia Guidance
Document, and for existing slurry
stores at least 40 %;
ii. covering solid manure landfills;
iii. ensuring farms have sufficient
manure storage capacity to spread
manure only during periods that are
suitable for crop growth:
c) reducing emissions from animal
housing, by using systems which have
been shown to reduce ammonia
emissions by at least 20 % compared
with the reference method described in
the Ammonia Guidance Document;
d) reducing emissions from farmyard
No – No
The possibility of reducing ammonia
emissions from inorganic fertilisers
using the approaches a) to d) will be an
integral part of the National advisory
principles of good agricultural practice,
currently being adopted.
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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2.6.4 Additional details for policy options from Part 2 of Annex III to the NEC Directive targeting the agriculture
sector to comply with the reduction commitments (M).
The list of measures included in Annex III,
Part 2
Is the PaM
included in the Air
Pollution Control
Programme?
Yes/No (M):
If yes, specify
the
chapter/page
number in the
Programme:
(M):
Has the PaM been applied exactly?
Yes/No (M):
If not, describe the modifications
made (M):
manure, by using low protein feeding
strategies which have been shown to
reduce ammonia emissions by at least
10 % compared with the reference
method described in the Ammonia
Guidance Document.
B. Measures to reduce emission and control fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) emissions
1. Without prejudice to Annex II on cross-
compliance of Regulation (EU)
No 1306/2013 (1) of the European
Parliament and of the Council (1),
Member States may ban open field
burning of agricultural harvest residue and
waste and forest residue. Member States
shall monitor and enforce the
implementation of any ban implemented
in accordance with the first sub/paragraph.
Any exemptions to such a ban shall be
limited to preventive programmes to avoid
uncontrolled wildfires, to control pest or
to protect biodiversity.
No – No
Good agricultural and environmental
condition GAEC 6 of the Rules on
cross-compliance (NN Nos 32/15,
45/16, 26/18, 84/18) lays down the
management of harvest residue and
preventing the encroachment of
unwanted vegetation on agricultural
land in order to preserve the soil and
carbon content in the soil.
Harvest residue from agricultural land
must not be burnt. The residue
generated by pruning permanent crops
is not considered harvest residue.
Harvest residue burning is only
permitted to prevent the spread of or to
combat organisms harmful to plants,
for which there is an official ordered
measure.
The fulfilment of this condition
maintains a favourable level of organic
matter in the soil, necessary for the
implementation of agricultural
production, prevents the risk of fire,
prevents smoke and ash pollution as
well as the destruction of micro and
macro-fauna by fire, enhances the
physical and chemical properties of the
soil, and stimulates biological activity
in the surface layer of the soil. For the
purpose of fulfilling this condition, it is
forbidden to burn harvest residue on
agricultural land.
2. Member States may establish a national
advisory code for good agricultural
practices to properly manage harvest
residue, on the basis of the following
approaches:
a) improvement of soil structure through
incorporation of harvest residue;
b) improved techniques for incorporation
of harvest residue;
c) alternative use of harvest residue;
improvement of the nutrient status and
soil structure through incorporation of
No – No
On 26 May 2015, the European
Commission approved the Rural
Development Programme of the
Republic of Croatia for 2014-2020,
prepared by the employees of the
Ministry of Agriculture and the Paying
Agency for Agriculture, Fisheries and
Rural Development.
The Programme defines 18 measures
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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2.6.4 Additional details for policy options from Part 2 of Annex III to the NEC Directive targeting the agriculture
sector to comply with the reduction commitments (M).
The list of measures included in Annex III,
Part 2
Is the PaM
included in the Air
Pollution Control
Programme?
Yes/No (M):
If yes, specify
the
chapter/page
number in the
Programme:
(M):
Has the PaM been applied exactly?
Yes/No (M):
If not, describe the modifications
made (M):
manure as required for optimal plant
growth, thereby avoiding burning of
manure (slurry and deep layer).
aimed at increasing the
competitiveness of Croatian
agriculture, forestry and processing
industry, and improving living and
working conditions in rural areas.
The Programme also includes measure
M2: Advisory services, farm
management and farm relief services,
whose implementation is regulated by
the Rules on the implementation of
Measure 02: Advisory services, farm
management and farm relief services
referred to in the Croatian Rural
Development Programme for 2014-
2020 (NN No 123/15).
C. Preventing impacts on small farms (M):
In taking the measures outlined in Sections A
and B, Member States shall ensure that
impacts on small and micro farms are fully
taken into account.
Member States may, for instance, exempt
small and micro farms from those measures
where possible and appropriate in view of the
applicable reduction commitments (M).
No – No
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6. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION
Under Article 19(7), the Ministry undertakes a public consultation on the proposal for the Air Pollution
Control Programme and all essential amendments before its completion and adoption by the Croatian
Government, in accordance with national regulations governing public participation in environmental
protection issues and consultations with competent authorities which, because of their special
environmental responsibilities with regard to air pollution, quality and management at national level, are
subject to the NAPCP implementation. This is laid down in Article 5(5) of the NEC Directive. Where
necessary, transboundary consultations are also undertaken (Article 19(8) of the NEC Decree and
Article 5(6) of the NEC Directive).
Table 2.7.1 below provides the results of consultations – undertaken before the completion of the
programme – with the public and competent authorities which, because of their specific responsibility for
environmental protection with regard to air pollution, quality and management at all levels, are likely to
be interested in the results of implementation of the national air pollution control programme and, where
possible, in transboundary consultations.
Stakeholder consultations were conducted during the preparation of expert background material for the
Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to
2050, and are presented in the table below.
2.7.1 Results of consultations – undertaken before the completion of the programme – with the public and competent
authorities which, because of their specific responsibility for environmental protection with regard to air pollution,
quality and management at all levels, are likely to be interested in the results of implementation of the national air
pollution control programme and, where possible, in transboundary consultations
Consulta-
tions with
Consultation
procedure /
method:
Time period of
consultations:
Summary of the outcomes with regard to the
selection of PaMs:
Link to documents
arising from
consultations:
national
competent
authorities,
the public, in
accordance
with
Directive
2003/35
Workshops held
during the
‘Support to the
Republic of
Croatia in the
preparation of
the Low-
Emission
Development
Strategy
(LEDS)’ project
Sectoral
workshops
were held
between 14
September
2012 and 14
November
2012.
Sectoral workshops were held for the sectors
of energy transport (14/9/2012), agriculture
(20/9/2012), energy and industry
(24/9/20129), waste management (2/10/2012),
LULUCF (19/10/2012), building segment
(26/10/2012) and tourism (14/11/2012). The
workshops were attended by representatives of
national competent authorities, sectoral
experts, representatives of industrial
associations, non-governmental organisations
and the public concerned. Measures of long-
term low-emission development were
discussed. Key measures recognised by sector
are available at:
http://www.mzoip.
hr/doc/tranzicija_pr
ema_niskougljicno
m_razvoju_hrvatsk
e.pdf
national
competent
authorities,
the public, in
accordance
with
Directive
2003/35
Workshops held
during the
preparation of
expert
background
material for the
Low-Emission
Development
Strategy of the
Republic of
Croatia until
2030 with a
view to 2050
Sectoral
workshops
between 13
May and 3
July 2015;
Closing
conference
held on 18
December
2015;
Sectoral workshops were held for the sectors
of energy installations and industry
(13/5/2015), transport (22/5/2015), building
segment (29/5/2015), agriculture and forestry
(9/6/2015), waste management (3/u/2015).
The workshops were attended by
representatives of national competent
authorities, sectoral experts, representatives of
industrial associations, non-governmental
organisations and the public concerned.
Analyses of the status and requirements were
presented. and measures for long-term low-
emission development were discussed.
Presentations are available at:
http://www.mzoip.
hr/hr/klima/strategi
je-planovi-i-
programi.html
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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2.7.1 Results of consultations – undertaken before the completion of the programme – with the public and competent
authorities which, because of their specific responsibility for environmental protection with regard to air pollution,
quality and management at all levels, are likely to be interested in the results of implementation of the national air
pollution control programme and, where possible, in transboundary consultations
Consulta-
tions with
Consultation
procedure /
method:
Time period of
consultations:
Summary of the outcomes with regard to the
selection of PaMs:
Link to documents
arising from
consultations:
National
competent
authorities,
the public in
accordance
with
Directive
2003/35,
local
competent
authorities,
regional
competent
authorities
Public
consultation on
the Draft Low-
Emission
Development
Strategy of the
Republic of
Croatia until
2030 with a
view to 2050,
and on Strategic
environmental
impact studies
The Ministry
of
Environment
and Energy put
the Draft Low-
Emission
Development
Strategy of the
Republic of
Croatia until
2030 with a
view to 2050
to e-
consultation
between 15
June and 16
July 2017.
A public
presentation
and discussion
of the Draft
Strategy was
held at the
Croatian
Chamber of
Economy on
14 July 2017.
A total of 12 natural and legal persons
submitted their comments on the Draft
Strategy, of whom six were natural persons,
two public institutions, one public company,
two non-governmental organisations and one
joint stock company.
We make note of some of the most important
recurring questions and comments made:
The Low-Emission Development Strategy
should be developed after the completion of
the Energy Strategy.
Will the indicative targets for RES shares
become binding on the Republic of Croatia?
What will happen if they cannot be
achieved?
Increased demand for electricity is
overrated.
Statistical revisions to the energy balance
with regard to the use of biomass for heating
purposes in the household sector affect the
change of the total RES share; uncertainties
and the consequences of data changes should
be further examined.
The strategy is too detailed, the document
should be shorter.
The strategy is not detailed enough – further
clarifications regarding methodology,
models, inputs, implementing measures are
necessary.
How will a planned increase in the share of
district heating systems in heating supply be
achieved?
The question of evaluating hydro-electric
power plants as multi-purpose projects?
Consistency in the application of the circular
economy with regard to the energy use of
waste.
Most of the questions concerned energy, and
there were several questions about waste
management, agriculture, and the land use and
land use change (LULUCF) sector.
The Ministry of Environment and Energy has
decided to postpone the adoption of the Low-
Emission Strategy until the Energy Strategy
has been drawn up. The Draft Low-Emission
Strategy and the new Energy Strategy will be
used in developing a National Integrated
Energy and Climate Plan, a document in
which Croatia will set out its binding targets
as part of the common EU policy aimed at
meeting commitments under the Paris
Agreement until 2030.
https://esavjetovanj
a.gov.hr/ECon/Mai
nScreen?entityId=5
575
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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2.7.1 Results of consultations – undertaken before the completion of the programme – with the public and competent
authorities which, because of their specific responsibility for environmental protection with regard to air pollution,
quality and management at all levels, are likely to be interested in the results of implementation of the national air
pollution control programme and, where possible, in transboundary consultations
Consulta-
tions with
Consultation
procedure /
method:
Time period of
consultations:
Summary of the outcomes with regard to the
selection of PaMs:
Link to documents
arising from
consultations:
National
competent
authorities,
transboun-
dary
consultation
Consultations
and workshops
held as part of
the ‘Assistance
to MS in
implementation
of GHG
projections
guidelines’
project. The
consortium
consisted of the
companies TNO,
Aether, Uba
Vienna, Amec,
Öko-Institut,
ICCS
(E3MLab),
CITEPA and
VITO.
Years 2014
and 2015, with
workshops in
Croatia held
on 16-17
December
2014 and 25
February 2015
The purpose of the project was to provide
capacity building and technical assistance for
the preparation of national greenhouse gas
emission projections, which were to be
submitted in 2015 pursuant to Regulation
(EU) 525/2013 on a mechanism for
monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas
emissions and for reporting other information
at national and Union level relevant to climate
change (MMR). Over the course of 18
months, the project team initiated a series of
bilateral consultations and workshops. The
action plan consisted of 14 points, some of
which related to technical and general issues
regarding the preparation and submission of
projections (macroeconomic data projections,
models used, submission of projections, PaM
impact modelling, sensitivity analysis, etc.),
while others related to energy projections
(methodology), emission sharing, input
assumptions) and some to projections for non-
energy sectors. The project resulted in system
improvement and capacity building for the
preparation of projections of greenhouse gas
emissions.
The results of the
project itself are
not publicly
available, but the
Reports are
available at
http://www.haop.hr
/hr/tematska-
podrucja/zrak-
klima-
tlo/klimatske-
promjene/izvjesca.
National
competent
authorities,
transboun-
dary
consultation
Consultations
and workshops
held as part of
the ‘Assistance
to MS in
implementation
of GHG
projections’
project. The
consortium
consisted of the
companies ICF,
Aether, E4SMA
and IIASA.
Years 2016
and 2017, with
workshops in
Croatia held
on 16-17
December
2014 and 25
February 2015
The purpose of the project was to provide
capacity building and technical assistance for
the preparation of national greenhouse gas
emission projections, which were to be
submitted in 2015 pursuant to Regulation
(EU) No 525/2013 on a mechanism for
monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas
emissions and for reporting other information
at national and Union level relevant to climate
change (MMR). The project team initiated a
series of bilateral consultations and
workshops.
The action plan consisted of 6 points, of which
4 related to the LULUCF sector, one to
general issues of integrity and transparency,
and the last point related to energy projections.
During the project, two workshops on the
LULUCF sector in Croatia were held, and
representatives of Croatia participated in two
workshops in Brussels. The project resulted in
system improvement and capacity building for
the preparation of projections of greenhouse
gas emissions.
The results of the
project itself are
not publicly
available, but the
Reports are
available at
http://www.haop.hr
/hr/tematska-
podrucja/zrak-
klima-
tlo/klimatske-
promjene/izvjesca.
National
competent
authorities
Working
meetings and
consultations
with the
Croatian
Agriculture and
Forestry
Advisory
Coordination with the rural development
programme and consideration of potential
additional measures that do not fall within the
scope of agri-environment-climate measures
(AECM) or other measures; discussion on the
adoption of recommendations set out in the
rules and guidance on good agricultural
practice in the form of mandatory measures.
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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2.7.1 Results of consultations – undertaken before the completion of the programme – with the public and competent
authorities which, because of their specific responsibility for environmental protection with regard to air pollution,
quality and management at all levels, are likely to be interested in the results of implementation of the national air
pollution control programme and, where possible, in transboundary consultations
Consulta-
tions with
Consultation
procedure /
method:
Time period of
consultations:
Summary of the outcomes with regard to the
selection of PaMs:
Link to documents
arising from
consultations:
3Service
National
competent
authorities:
Ministry of
Agriculture,
Ministry of
the Sea,
Transport
and
Infrastruc-
ture,
Ministry of
Economy,
Ministry of
Foreign and
European
Affairs,
Directorate
of the
Ministry of
Environment
and Energy –
ex-CAEN, e-
consultation
with the
public
concerned.
communication
and a technical
meeting with the
Ministry of
Agriculture, the
e-Consultations
portal
Between 5
February and
12 March
2019, the draft
Programme
proposal was
submitted to
the state
administration
authorities
mentioned
above
(Ministry of
Agriculture,
Ministry of the
Sea, Transport
and
Infrastructure,
Ministry of
Economy,
Ministry of
Foreign and
European
Affairs, and
Directorate of
the Ministry of
Environment
and Energy –
ex-CAEN).
An e-
consultation
was held with
the public
concerned
during a period
of 30 days
from the
receipt of
opinions of all
state
administration
authorities.
The Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs
and the Ministry of Economy had no
objections to the draft Proposal for the Air
Pollution Control Programme.
Comments from the Ministry of the Sea,
Transport and Infrastructure, the Ministry of
Agriculture and the Directorate of the Ministry
of Environment and Energy – ex-CAEN were
accepted and included in the Programme
proposal.
On 12 March 2019, an additional meeting was
held with the Ministry of Agriculture at which
all comments and proposals were included in
the Programme proposal.
Not available to the
public
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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7. MEASURES AND POLICIES SELECTED FOR ADOPTION BY SECTOR,
INCLUDING A TIMETABLE FOR THEIR ADOPTION,
IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW AND THE COMPETENT
AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE
This chapter corresponds to Chapter 2.8 ‘The policies selected for adoption by sector, including a
timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the competent authorities responsible’.
7.1. INDIVIDUAL PaM OR PACKAGE OF PaMs SELECTED FOR ADOPTION AND THE
COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE
Member States have an obligation to select the most promising additional measures and include them in
the NAPCP. They are required to provide additional information on selected additional individual PaMs
or packages of PaMs selected for inclusion in the NAPCP as follows (see Format Table 2.8.1):
- planned year for adoption and; timetable for implementation (year(s))
- planned timetable for review (year);
- competent authorities responsible for PaM implementation and regulation.
The PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities are provided in Table 2.8.1 below.
2.8.1 Individual PaM or package of PaMs selected for adoption and competent authorities responsible (M)
Name and brief
description of an
individual PaM or
package of PaMs
(M):
Curren-
tly
planned
year of
adoption
(M):
Relevant
comments
arising from
consultations
with regard to
the individual
PaM or
package of
PaMs:
Currently planned
timetable for
implementation
(M)
Interim targets and indicators
selected to monitor progress
in implementation of the
selected PaMs:
Currently
planned
timetable
for review
(in case
different
from
general
update of
the
NAPCP
every four
years) (M):
Competent
authorities
responsible for
the individual
PaM or
package of
PaMs (M): Start
year
(M):
End year
(M):
Interim
targets
Indicators
MEN-P-1:
Integration of the
measures to reduce
pollutant emissions
into planning
documents and
projects for the
energy renovation
of buildings
2019 – 2021 2030 adopt
measure
number of
energy
renovated
houses in the
areas where air
quality has been
affected
2023 MEE, MCPP
MTR-P-1:
Integration of the
measures to reduce
pollutant emissions
into planning
documents and
projects relating to
road transport
2019 – 2021 2030 adopt
measure
number of
electric vehicles
in the areas
where air
quality has been
affected
2023 MEE, MSTI
MAG-1:
Change in
livestock nutrition
2019 – 2021 2030 –
analyses of the
quality of
livestock feed
2023 MAF
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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and feed quality and feed
supplements
MAG-2:
Anaerobic
decomposition of
manure and biogas
production
2019 – 2021 2030 –
Share of
livestock on
digesters
2023 MAF
MAG-3:
Improving
livestock facilities,
systems of animal
waste management
and methods of
organic fertiliser
application
2019 – 2021 2030 –
Share of
livestock (pigs,
cattle, poultry)
on farms with
biofilters,
covered lagoons
and inside
livestock
facilities with
appropriate
microclimate
conditions
2023 MAF
MAG-4:
Improving the
methods of mineral
fertiliser
application
2019 – 2021 2030 –
Quantity of urea
and slow-release
nitrogen mineral
fertilisers
applied
2023 MAF
MAG-5:
Hydro-technical
interventions and
systems of
protection against
natural disasters
2019 – 2021 2030 –
Area of the
cultivated land
with systems of
irrigation,
drainage and
protection
against natural
disasters
2023 MAF
MAG-6:
Introduction of
new cultivars,
varieties and
species
2019 – 2021 2030 –
Land area and
yields of new
cultivars,
varieties and
crops
2023 MAF
MCC-1: Support to
increase the
administrative,
technical and
management
capacities of local
communities
2019 – 2021 2030 adopt
measure
number of
workshops held;
number of new
portals, new
promotional
materials,
number of
information
campaigns;
number of
projects
submitted for
2023 MEE, MSTI
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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financing under
the LIFE
programme;
number of
EPEEF tenders;
number of other
programmes and
funds activated
to ensure
implementation
of the measure
MCC-2: Support to
secure additional
financial resources
for more effective
implementation of
air quality
improvement
action plans
2019 – 2021 2030 adopt
measure
number of
projects
submitted for
financing under
the LIFE
programme;
number of
EPEEF tenders;
number of other
programmes and
funds activated
to ensure
implementation
of the measure
2023 MEE, MSTI
MCC-3: Support
for surveys
regarding the
planning of PaMs
and monitoring of
their effects on
emissions and air
quality
2019 2019 2025
adopt
measure,
include in
financing
plans
number of
projects 2023 MEE, MSE
Air Pollution Control Programme MEE
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7.2. ASSESSMENT OF HOW SELECTED PaMs ENSURE COHERENCE WITH PLANS
AND PROGRAMMES SET IN OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS
After additional PaMs for inclusion in the initial NAPCP were selected for adoption, the competent
authorities carried out a comprehensive assessment of coherence to ensure coherence of the NAPCP with
other relevant policies and programmes.
An explanation of the selection of the measures and assessments of how selected PaMs ensure coherence
with plans and programmes set in other relevant policy areas (M) is provided Table 2.8.2 below.
2.8.2 Explanation of the selection of the measures and assessments of how selected PaMs ensure coherence with
plans and programmes set in other relevant policy areas (M)
Explanation of the choice made among the measures
considered under 2.6.1 to determine the final set of selected
measures
All proposed measures have been selected.
Coherence of the selected PaMs with air quality objectives
at national level and, where appropriate, in neighbouring
Member States (M):
The PaM package is coherent with air quality objectives
at national and local levels because it has been
estimated that they will contribute the most to
improving air quality in areas where it has been
affected.
Coherence of the selected PaMs with other relevant plans
and programmes established by virtue of the requirements
set out in national or EU legislation (e.g.
national energy and climate plans) (M):
The PaM package is fully coherent with relevant plans
and programmes established by virtue of the
requirements set out in national legislation and
encourages synergy in the preparation and
implementation of measures coherent with other
relevant plans and programmes established by virtue of
the requirements set out in national or EU legislation.
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8. PROJECTED COMBINED IMPACTS OF PAMS ('WITH ADDITIONAL
MEASURES' – WAM) ON EMISSION REDUCTIONS, AIR QUALITY AND
THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES.
This chapter corresponds to the Format Chapter 2.9 Projected combined impacts of PaMs ('With
Additional Measures' – WAM) on emissions reductions, air quality and the environment, and the
associated uncertainties.
8.1. PROJECTED ATTAINMENT OF EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS
This chapter provides an overview of pollutant emission projections under all NEC Directives for 2020,
2025 and 2030, and the application of selected PaMs for the WAM scenario, presented in Chapter 5.1.
Projected emissions and reductions under the WM scenario are provided in Table 2.9.1 below.
2.9.1 Projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM) (M)
Pollutant (M)
Total emissions (kt) consistent
with inventories for year x-3
(M):
% emission reduction
achieved compared
with 2005 (M):
National
emission
reduction
commitment
for 2020-2029
(%) (M):
National
emission
reduction
commitment
from 2030 (%)
(M):
Ba
se y
ear
20
05
20
20
20
25
20
30
20
20
20
25
20
30
SO2 58.72 7.52 6.99 6.52 87.20 88.09 88.90 55 83
NOx 84.46 40.94 34.78 30.60 51.53 58.83 63.77 31 57
NMVOC 117.02 50.80 45.56 41.54 56.59 61.07 64.50 34 48
NH3 42.21 32.58 29.48 26.70 22.81 30.15 36.73 1 25
PM2.5 40.85 18.33 15.66 13.31 55.14 61.67 67.42 18 55
Graphical representations of emission projections and emission reductions for WM and WAM scenarios
are provided below.
SO2
Historical trend Quota, 2010 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Scenario with additional measures (WAM) Commitment, 2030 onwards
Figure 8-1: Historical trend and SO2 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario
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Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilment of the quota and commitments to reduce SO2 emissions
for both scenarios. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further emission reduction in SO2 by
2.87 kt compared to the WM scenario, bringing the emission reduction to 34.7 % below the 2030
commitment (under the WM scenario, the emission level is 6.0 % below the 2030 commitment). The
main impact on the SO2 emission reduction comes from additional incentives to stimulate renewable
energy sources and, consequently, lower electricity generation from fossil fuels and lower fugitive
emissions.
NOX
Historical trend Quota, 2010 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Scenario with additional measures (WAM) Commitment, 2030 onwards
Figure 8-2: Historical trend and NOX emission projections, WM and WAM scenario
Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce SO2 emissions
for both scenarios. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further reduction in NOx by 2.98 kt
compared to the WM scenario, bringing the emission reduction to 12.5 % below the 2030 commitment
(under the WM scenario, the emission level is 3.9 % below the 2030 commitment). The main impact on
the NOx emission reduction comes from transport measures, building renovation and the replacement of
stoves and fuels in the household sector.
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NH3
Historical trend Quota, 2010 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Scenario with additional measures (WAM) Commitment, 2030 onwards
Figure 8-3: Historical trend and NH3 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario
Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce NH3 only under
the WAM scenario. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further emission reduction in NH3 by
8.89 kt compared to the WM scenario, bringing the emission reduction to 15.6 % below the 2030
commitment (under the WM scenario, the emission level is 12.4 % below the 2030 commitment). The
main impact on the NH3 emission reduction comes from measures in the agricultural sector.
NMVOC
Historical trend Quota, 2010 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Scenario with additional measures (WAM) Commitment, 2030 onwards
Figure 8-4: Historical trend and NMVOC emission projections, WM and WAM scenario
Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce NMVOC for
both scenarios. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further reduction in NMVOC by 6.08 kt
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compared to the WM scenario, bringing the emission reduction to 31.7 % below the 2030 commitment
(under the WM scenario, the emission level is 21.7 % below the 2030 commitment). The main impact on
the NMVOC emission reduction comes from building renovation measures, the replacement of stoves and
fuels in the household sector and measures in the waste management sector.
PM2.5
Historical trend Quota, 2010 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Scenario with additional measures (WAM) Commitment, 2030 onwards
Figure 8-5: Historical trend and PM2.5 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario
Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilment of the quota and commitments to reduce PM2.5 for both
scenarios. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further emission reduction in PM2.5 by 2.24 kt
compared to the WM scenario, bringing the emission reduction to 27.6 % below the 2030 commitment
(under the WM scenario, the emission level is 15.4 % below the 2030 commitment). The main impact on
the emission reduction comes from building renovation measures and the replacement of stoves and fuels
in the household sector.
PM10
Historical trend Quota, 2010 onwards
Scenario with measures (WM) Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Scenario with additional measures (WAM) Commitment, 2030 onwards
Figure 8-6: Historical trend and PM10 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario
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No levels of reduction commitment have been determined for PM10 emissions, with the trends and causes
of emissions being similar to those for PM2.5 emissions.
8.2. NON-LINEAR EMISSION REDUCTION TRAJECTORY
Where WaM emission projections do not result in a linear trajectory between 2020 and 2030., the
Member State is required to ensure supporting information to confirm that the measures adopted will lead
to the attainment of emission reduction commitments for 2030. The non-linear trajectory is acceptable
only in the circumstances where there is evidence showing that this is economically and technically more
efficient to follow the non-linear trajectory and that it does not affect the attainment of any emission
reduction commitment for 2030 (Article 4(2) of the NEC Directive).
In addition, the Member State must demonstrate that as from 2025 the non-linear trajectory converges on
the linear trajectory to attain the same emission reduction commitments for 2030. Information on the
projections of the emission reduction trajectory, including the 2025 status, should be included in the
NAPCP proposal made available for public consultation, as provided for in Article 6(5) of the NEC
Directive.
Croatia’s emission projections under both WM and WAM scenario do not show non-linear emission
reduction trajectories for the period between 2020 and 2030 (see chats in Table 2.9.2 of the Format).
Table 2.9.2 provides the non-linear emission reduction trajectories (M, where appropriate).
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2.9.2 Non-linear emission reduction trajectories (M, where appropriate)
Where the non-linear
emission reduction trajectory
is evident, demonstrate that it
is technically or economically
more efficient (in case of
alternative measures
including non-proportional
costs) and will not
compromise the attainment
of any reduction commitment
in 2030, and that the
trajectory will converge on
the linear trajectory from
2025 onwards (M, where
appropriate):
The projections show no non-linear emission reduction trajectories between 2020
and 2030 above the linear emission reduction trajectory, as evident in the figures
for each pollutant below.
SO2
Historical trend With measures (WM)
With additional measures (WAM) Commitment, 2020 to 2029
Commitment, 2030 onwards Non-linear emission reduction trajectory
NOX
NH3
Historical trend With measures (WM)
With additional measures (WAM) Quota in 2020
Quota in 2030 Non-linear emission reduction trajectory
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NMVOC
PM2.5
PM10
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8.3. USE OF FLEXIBILITIES
The NEC Directive includes a provision enabling the use of flexibilities with regard to reporting on
national emission inventories in special circumstances (Article 5 of the NEC Directive and Article 23 of
the NEC Decree). In respect of the flexibilities which existed in the (revised) GP, the conditions in the
NEC Directive have been aligned with those already established under the CLRTAP, even though the
NEC Directive introduced some additional restrictions. In addition, the use of flexibilities requires an
annual approval by the European Commission.
Flexibilities set out in Article 5(2) and (4) Pursuant to Article 23(4) and (6) of the NEC Directive (and
Article 23(4) and (6) of the NEC Decree mostly apply to the cases in which extraordinary circumstances
(e.g. exceptionally cold winters or exceptionally dry summer, sudden and exceptional interruption or loss
of capacity in the power and/or heat supply or production system, which could not reasonably have been
foreseen) result in unplanned non-compliances with the emission reduction commitments, hence they are
not relevant when first formulating the NAPCP (but may be relevant for later updates).
However, the flexibility mechanism described in Article(3) of the NEC Directive and Article 23(5) of the
NEC Decree is that which can be taken into account in the planning: ‘If in a given year a Member State,
for which one or more reduction commitments laid down in Annex II are set at a more stringent level than
the cost-effective reduction identified in TSAP 16, cannot comply with the relevant emission reduction
commitment after having implemented all cost-effective measures, it shall be deemed to comply with that
relevant emission reduction commitment for a maximum of five years, provided that for each of those
years it compensates for that non-compliance by an equivalent emission reduction of another pollutant
referred to in Annex II.’
A Member State satisfying the conditions in Article 5(3) of the NEC Directive and Article 23(5) of the
NEC Decree which wishes to make use of the flexibility should make sure that the NAPCP includes
measures which ensure that:
it complies with the emission reduction commitment within five years and
compensates for the non-compliance for each of those years by an equivalent emission reduction
of another pollutant
Member States intending to apply Article 5 (1), (2), (3) or (4) of the NEC Directive (paragraphs 9 through
6 of the NEC Decree) need to inform the Commission thereof by 14 February of the reporting year
concerned.
The possibility of making use of flexibilities is provided in Table 2.9.3 below.
Croatia will not be making use of flexibility in the first submission.
2.9.3 Flexibility (M, where appropriate)
Where making use of flexibility, please provide a
calculation for its use (M, where appropriate)
Not used
8.4. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY
For the purposes of drafting this Programme, projected improvements in air quality were not prepared.
To demonstrate a projected improvement in air quality under the WAM scenario, it is necessary to make a
quantitative analysis of initial values (WAM) to provide the following results:
projected number of non-compliant and compliant aid quality zone (of the total number of zones)
for the years 2020, 2025 and 2030;
projected maximum exceedances of air quality limit values and average exposure indicators for
the years 2020, 2025, and 2030;
where quantitative data is not available, qualitative projected improvement in air quality (WAM)
and degree of compliance.
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Projected improvements in air quality (WAM) are not available at national or local level because of the
absence of expertise and tools to prepare them.
2.9.4 Projected improvement in air quality (WAM)
A. Projected number of compliant and non-compliant air quality zones:
AAQD values: Projected number of non-
compliant air quality zones:
Projected number of
compliant air quality zones:
Total number of air quality
zones:
Sp
ecif
y b
ase
yea
r:
20
20
:
20
25
:
20
30
:
Sp
ecif
y b
ase
yea
r:
20
20
:
20
25
:
20
30
:
Sp
ecif
y b
ase
yea
r:
20
20
:
20
25
:
20
30
:
PM2.5 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –
NO2 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –
PM10 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –
O3 (max. 8 hr
average): – – – – – – – – – – – –
Other (please
specify): – – – – – – – – – – – –
B. Maximum exceedances of air quality limit values and average exposure indicators:
AAQD values: Projected maximum exceedances of air quality limit
values across all zones:
Projected average exposure indicator
(only for PM2.5 (1 year)):
Sp
ecif
y b
ase
yea
r:
20
20
:
20
25
:
20
30
:
Sp
ecif
y b
ase
yea
r:
20
20
:
20
25
:
20
30
:
PM2.5 (1 yr): – – – – – – – –
NO2 (1 yr): – – – –
NO2 (1 yr): – – – –
PM10 (1 yr): – – – –
PM10 (24 yr): – – – –
O3 (max. 8 hr
average):
– – – –
Other (please
specify): – – – –
C. Illustrations demonstrating planned air quality improvements and degree of compliance
Maps or histograms illustrating the projected evolution of ambient aid concentrations
(for at least NO2, PM10, PM2,5 and O3 as well as any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a
problem) and which show, for instance, the number of zones, out of the total air
quality zones, that will be (non)compliant by 2020, 2025 and 2030, the projected
maximum national exceedances, and the projected average exposure indicator.
Not available
D. Quantitative projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (WAM) (in case no quantitative
data is provided in the tables above)
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Qualitative projected improvement in air quality
and degree of compliance (WAM):
Not available
It has been concluded that the WAM implementation could improve
air quality with regard to NO2 so that there would be no exceedance,
which is currently the case in one agglomeration.
A reduction in particulate matter emissions will probably not suffice
to avoid LV exceedance for PM10 and PM2.5 (daily values) because
of a high contribution of the transboundary remote transfer. A much
greater emission reduction will be necessary to achieve WHO values.
Air quality with regard to ground-level ozone could improve but not
significantly, so the exceedances and non-compliance will persist.
Over the course of the next reporting period, the Programme chapter Projected Improvement in Air
Quality will be updated through amendments to the Programme in line with the degree of improvement in
expert knowledge and tools for the estimation, modelling and drafting of projected improvements in air
quality in Croatia.
8.5. PROJECTED IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Member States should report projected WAM impacts on the environment for 2020, 2025 and 2030. The
indicators should be harmonised with those applying to the ecosystem exposure to acidification,
eutrophication and ground-level ozone based on the LRTAP Convention29. Member States may provide a
qualitative description of these impacts or quantify the impacts in terms of share (%) of Member State
territory exposed to:
acidification in exceedance of the critical level threshold;
eutrophication in exceedance of the critical level threshold;
ground-level ozone in exceedance of the critical level threshold.
The Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for
2013-2017 (NN No 139/13) provided for the implementation of measure MPR-13 ‘Mapping of the
thresholds of adverse nitrogen deposition effect’ to determine the degree of threat to biological diversity
in Croatia’s protected areas. That measure was not implemented, creating no precondition for projecting
the WAM scenario impact on the environment.
Table 2.9.5 Projected impacts on the environment (WAM) is not available at national or local level.
2.9.5 Projected impacts on the environment (WAM)
Base year used
to assess
impacts on the
environment
(specify)
2020: 2025: 2030: Description:
National territory exposed to acidification in
exceedance of the critical load threshold (%) – – – – –
National territory exposed to eutrophication in
exceedance of the critical load threshold (%) – – – – –
National territory exposed to ground-level ozone
in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%) – – – – –
29 https://www.rivm.nl/media/documenten/cce/manual/Manual_UBA_Texte.pdf
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8.6. METHODOLOGIES AND UNCERTAINTIES OF WAM PaM OPTIONS
The association between methodologies and uncertainties of WAM PaM options is provided in Table
2.9.6 below.
2.9.6 Methodologies and uncertainties of WAM PaM options
Report on details of the methodology/models used to
determine the impact
See Chapter 4.1 1.
Specify key assumptions and associated uncertainties
for the WAM PaM option:
See Chapter 4.1 1.
The sensitivity analysis has also been undertaken. In addition to the sensitivity analysis depending on
hydrological conditions, a sensitivity analysis for other parameters crucial to the electricity system was
also undertaken. The sensitivity to changes of the following parameters was analysed:
for the WAM scenario:
o up to 30 % net electricity imports, instead of the scenario without net imports (except from
the Krško nuclear power station);
o up to 30 % net electricity imports, instead of the scenario without net imports (except from
the Krško nuclear power station) but combined with a natural gas price that is 30 % lower
(than the prices in the EU Reference scenario 2016);
An overview of the analysis is provided in Table 8-1 and Figure 8-7.
Table 8-1: Overview of sensitivity analysis
Scenario
against which
the projection
sensitivity was
analysed
Changed parameters Impact on pollutant emissions
WAM
up to 30 % net electricity imports,
instead of the scenario without net
imports (except from the Krško nuclear
power station)
Providing for net electricity imports while maintaining
other parameters unchanged would result in reduced
operation of fossil fuel thermal power plants, thus also
reducing pollutant emissions. A reduction SO2 emissions
by up to 3 % is evident, with a reduction by up to
1.5% with respect to NOx and below 1% for NMVOC in
2030.
WAM
up to 30 % net electricity imports,
instead of the scenario without net
imports (except from the Krško nuclear
power station) but combined with a
natural gas price that is 30 % lower
(than the prices in the EU Reference
scenario 2016)
In the event of a further change in the import price of
natural gas (price decrease), the difference compared to
the WAM scenario would be smaller because electricity
generation from natural gas would be cheaper; however,
emissions still exhibit lower values than under the WAM
scenario.
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Emissions compared to the WAM scenario Up to 30 % net electricity imports
Up to 30 % net electricity imports and 30 % decrease in imported
natural gas
Figure 8-7: Emissions sensitivity analysis compared to WAM scenario
8.7. MONITORING THE PROGRESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
MEASURES AND NATIONAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME
IMPLEMENTATION
The procedures for determining the progress achieved by current PaMs are described in Chapter 3.2.
When elaborating the NAPCP, Member States must ensure that progress in implementation of the
NAPCP as a whole, as well as for individual additional PaMs, is monitored by continuous and systematic
data collection. Intermediate targets should be established where applicable to ensure that any issues with
implementation and application of the NAPCP and PaMs are detected early. For the NAPCP as a whole,
monitoring of progress must be undertaken relative to the trajectory of emission reductions established in
the initial NAPCP.
Monitoring of the NAPCP and individual PaMs should be undertaken throughout their life
cycle and at the relevant levels of implementation (i.e. national/regional/local):
Implementation: incorporation of PaM into laws, plans and programmes at the local, regional
and/or national level, as defined in the NAPCP;
Application: monitoring the progress made by PaMs against their initial objectives. It should be
supported by monitoring individual indicators, as describe below:
Compliance and enforcement: monitoring specific actions undertaken by operators, authorities
and agencies, monitoring of all inspections undertaken and enforcement measures implemented.
When defining indicators for NAPCP and individual PaMs, Member States should ensure that they are
relevant (linked to NAPCP and PaMs objectives), accepted (by relevant stakeholders), credible (easy to
interpret), easy (to monitor) and robust (against manipulation). Indicators may be both quantitative and
qualitative. Exact selection of indicators depends on the content and administrative framework in which
the NAPCP and individual PaMs are established. For PaMs intended to directly reduce emissions, change
in annual emissions and contribution to concentrations from key (relevant) sources should be monitored
as a minimum.
The method of monitoring progress in the implementation of PaMs and the National Air Pollution Control
Programme is provided in Table 2.9.7 below.
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2.9.7 Monitoring progress in the implementation of the PaMs and the National Air Pollution Control Programme
Indicators selected to monitor progress
in PaM application and/or
implementation
- reports on the implementation of each plan and programme at national
and local level (plans, action plans and Programmes)
- vehicle-kilometres reduced
- number of low-emission vehicles
- share of facilities implementing advanced mitigation schemes
- number of inefficient household stoves and boilers
- number of houses fitted with insulation
- annual emissions from the source
- contribution of the source to pollutants concentrations in air
Indicators selected to monitor progress
in PaM application and/or
implementation
- Report on the implementation of measures envisaged under the NAPCP
WM and WAM scenario
- update to relevant laws and regulations
- PaM incorporation into laws, plans and programmes at local and national
level
- number of LGSUs updating their air quality plans
- reduction in annual emissions achieved compared with planned emission
reduction trajectory
- reduction in concentrations of air pollutants (based on measurements and
model application)
Interim targets set out at PaM and/or
NAPCP level
- supervision of the implementation of specific actions defined in this
Programme to be undertaken by operators, competent authorities, agencies
- monitoring of action plan implementation
- monitoring of inspection work and actions it has undertaken
One of the measures to monitor progress in the implementation of air improvement action plans is:
Setting up progress assessment tools/systems by applying air pollution modelling in cities, which includes
a more precise determination of the contribution of transboundary air pollution, regional contribution and
contribution of any individual group of sources. The measurements of air quality over a period of one
year or several years may exhibit a deterioration in air quality even though emissions have been reduced.
Ground-level concentrations depend pronouncedly on meteorological and climate conditions, so e.g. the
number of day with air mass stagnation and pollution accumulation may be higher in certain years;
similarly, the pollution transfer may vary greatly from year to year. Thanks to the application of models,
it will be possible to determine for each emission reduction the resulting improvement in air quality.
Models may be robust to make them practical to use, but what matters is the comparison with the base
year of implementation of a particular air quality improvement plan, so the respective assessment
provides solid information.
In the zones contributing most to pollutant matter pollution (household furnaces), it is necessary
to determine accurately the technologies and fuels used. This will enable the impact assessment
of measures and the planning of incentive schemes, as well as the amount of funding necessary.
Special attention in strategic environmental impact studies and in the studies of the environmental
impact of undertakings should be paid to the sections concerning particulate matter emissions and
their impact on air quality.
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9. DISSEMINATION OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME
This chapter corresponds to Chapter 2.10 Dissemination of the national air pollution control
programme of the common format for reporting on national air pollution control programmes under the
NEC Directive of the European parliament and of the Council on the reduction of national emissions of
certain atmospheric pollutants.
This chapter and Table 2.10 of the Format are not mandatory but option part of the Programme.
This chapter contains proposed guidelines on the dissemination of the Air Pollution Control Programme.
Croatia, as well as other EU Member States, must actively and systematically disseminate their NAPCP
to the public by publishing it on a publicly accessible internet site (Article 14(1) of the NEC Directive).
Under Article 19(10) of the NEC Decree, the Air Pollution Control Programme and its updates are
published in Narodne novine and on the website of the Ministry. This is in keeping with the requirements
of the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and
Access to Justice in Environmental Matter (the Aarhus Convention30), under which the EU is obliged to
ensure public access to environmental information,
That Directive also requires Member States to provide datasets and data reported in accordance with
Article 10 of the NEC Directive and Article 12 of the NEC Decree on a publicly accessible internet site.
Accordingly, and to facilitate the use of all data reported under the NEC Directive, Croatia has included
in the Background material for the [Air] Pollution Control Programme and in the Format for reporting on
the Programme, along with the NAPCP, all available links to datasets and reports including the links to:
national emission inventories,
national emission projections,
the informative inventory report and
additional reports and information to be provided to the Commission in accordance with Article
10 of the NEC Directive and Article 12 of the NEC Decree, including the position of monitoring
sites and associated indicators used for the monitoring of impacts of air pollution on ecosystems,
followed by monitoring data referred to in Article 9 of the NEC Directive and Article 24 of the
NEC Decree.
2.10 Dissemination of the national air pollution control programme
30 Aarhus Convention – the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice
in Environmental Matters, of which Croatia has been a signatory since 1998 and which was ratified in December 2006 Directive
2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2003 on public access to environmental information and
repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC
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Active and systematic of the national air pollution control programme to the public
Overview of the steps undertaken
to actively and systematically
disseminate the NAPCP:
1. Checking of all the links set out in the NAPCP, and whether they work,
before any release or submission
2. Publication in newspapers
3. Publications on the MEE website
Link to the web page on which the
NAPCP is published:
https://www.mzoip.hr/hr/okolis/zrak.html
Link(s) to available databases,
main analyses and reports
supporting the NAPCP:
Link to national emission inventories and projections:
http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucju-
republike-hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u
http://www.haop.hr/hr/tematska-podrucja/zrak-klima-tlo/klimatske-
promjene/izvjesca
Link to the spatial distribution of emissions: https://emep.haop.hr/
Link to data and reports supporting air quality in Croatia:
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=74786 http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30810
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30809
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=0
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=4
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/hPlan.htm
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/iSourceAppointment.htm
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/jEvaluation.htm http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/kMeasure.htm
http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=69590
Link to data related to the position of monitoring sites and associated
indicators used for the monitoring of impacts of air pollution on ecosystems
and monitoring data:
http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/hr/eu/nec_revised/sites/envwzyyww/
Document entitled ‘Guidance on the elaboration and implementation of the initial National Air Pollution
Control Programmes under the new National Emissions Ceilings Directive (2016/2284/EU)’, D 61728,
Issue Number 6, Date 02/02/2018, Ricardo), provides additional proposals as the best practice for NAPCP
dissemination:
develop a communication plan which supports NAPCP dissemination;
o identify target audiences and stakeholders for NAPCP (e.g. key competent authorities,
agencies, cities, reference and test laboratories, etc.) and
o a list of media contacts and the time frame for the issuing of press releases with regard to
the NAPCP;
include indicators for determining the level of public engagement with the with the NAPCP (such
as setting a counter for the number of visits to the webpage on which the NAPCP has been
published);
publish non-technical summaries for the public to explain the purpose of the NAPCP and its
content.
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Kyoto, 1998.
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ANNEX 1. DESCRIPTION OF CURRENTLY APPLIED AND ADOPTED PaMs
Energy
Important current strategies and plans include: the Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of
Croatia (NN No 130/09), the Long-Term Strategy to Promote the Renovation of Croatia’s National
Building Stock (NN No 74/14), the Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in
the Republic of Croatia for 2013-2017 (NN No 139/13), National Renewable Energy Action Plan
(Ministry of Economy, 2013), Energy efficiency programme in heating and cooling (Ministry of
Economy 2016); Plan for the use of the revenues from auctioning EU ETS emission allowances for 2014-
2016 (NN No 140/14, 12/17), the new Plan for the use of the revenues from auctioning EU ETS emission
allowances until 2020 (NN No 19/18), a set of national programmes and plans to renovate existing
buildings and increase the number of nearly zero-energy buildings (see explanation below) and national
Operational programmes for the use of EU funds.
The planning period of some of the existing plans has expired, but new, very important PaM documents
are available in draft versions or are being developed. These include: the Low-Emission Development
Strategy of the Republic of Croatia until 2030 with a view to 2050, the Energy Development Strategy of
the Republic of Croatia, the Fourth National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for 2017-2019, the Action
Plan for the Implementation of the Low-Emission Development Strategy for a period of 5 years, the
National Energy Efficiency Programme in Public Lighting until 2025 and the Integrated Energy and
Climate Plan for 2021-2030.
The measures described below are taken from the documents above, as well as from other Croatian or EU
legislation that contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
MEN-1: National Plan for Increasing the Number of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings
Under Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings, Member States need to ensure that
after 31 December 2020 all new buildings are built to the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standard,
and after 31 December 2018 all public buildings occupied or owned by public authorities must be built to
the nZEB standard.
The calculation of cost-optimal minimum criteria for the energy performance of all types of buildings was
undertaken in 2013 and 2014. The Technical regulation on energy economy and heat retention in
buildings (NN No 128/15) sets outs definitions of nZEB buildings to ensure compliance with the
requirements of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD).
The national plan for increasing the number of nZEB buildings was adopted in December 2014. A
development programme for promoting the construction of new and the renovation of existing buildings
to the nZEB standard is being developed. Also, the Decision to adopt the Long-Term Strategy for
Mobilising Investment in the Renovation of Croatia’s National Building Stock was adopted in 2014 (NN
No 74/14).
MEN-2: Energy renovation programme for multi-residential buildings
This measure provides for continued implementation of the Energy Renovation Programme for Multi-
Residential Buildings 2014-2020 (NN No 78/14) with a detailed plan for 2014-2020; it focuses on the
buildings built before 1987 to be upgraded to energy performance Class B, A or A+.
EU structural and investment funds (EU SIF), namely the European Regional Development Fund, is the
main source of funding. The objective is to increase the annual share of renovation from 1 % to 2 % of
the surface area of residential buildings. The plan is to reallocate available ESIF funding so that
renovation can take place within the planned time frame. Revenues from the auctioning of greenhouse gas
emission allowances have been an important source of funding for the renovation of residential buildings
in Croatia.
MEN-3: Programme of increase in energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in commercial
non-residential buildings
This measure is based on the Energy Renovation Programme for Commercial Non-Residential Buildings
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for 2014-2020, along with a detailed plan for the energy renovation of commercial non-residential
buildings for 2014-2016 (NN No 98/14), which includes a plan for the allocation of available EU SIF
funding for the implementation of measures, focusing on tourism and trade sectors. Funds will be
allocated in the form of grants and through advanced financial instruments, in accordance with EU
regulations, [Commission Regulation (EU) No] 651/2014 and [Commission Regulation (EU) No]
1407/2013 on state aid in the EU.
Revenues from the auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances have been an important source of
funding the use of renewable energy sources in commercial non-residential buildings in Croatia.
MEN-4: Energy renovation programme for family homes
This measure is based on the Energy Renovation Programme for Family Homes for 2014-2020 with a
detailed plan for 2014-2016 (NN Nos 43/14 and 36/15); it includes a plan for the allocation of EU SIF
funds and to improve financial models for mobilising private capital. The objective is to support the
renovation of 4 000 family homes in Croatia annually. Revenues from the auctioning of greenhouse gas
emission allowances have been an important source of funding the renovation of family homes in Croatia.
MEN-5: Energy renovation programme for public buildings
This measure is based on the Energy Renovation Programme for Public Buildings for 2014-2015
(Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning, 2014) and the Energy Renovation Programme for
Public Buildings for 2016-2020 (NN No 22/17). The objective of the Energy Renovation Programme for
Public Sector Buildings is to raise the level of energy renovation activity to 3 % of the total public
building stock annually, reduce the consumption of energy used for cooling/heating renovated public
buildings by up to 70 %, saving some 50 GWh annually, and meet energy saving targets for public
buildings, including alternative policy measures set out in the Third National Energy Efficiency Action
Plan for 2014-2016.
The main source of funding in 2016-2020 will be the EU SIF, Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational
Programme 2014-2020 under Priority Axis 4 – Promoting Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Sources. Funds will be set aside for mobilising private capital and the ESCO market. Revenues from the
auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances have been an important source of funding for the
renovation of public buildings in Croatia [10].
MEN-6: Public sector energy management
Public sector energy management includes continuous and systematic measurement, planning and
improvement of energy use in the public sector. It includes the use of the national energy management
information system [11]. The energy management information system (EMIS), which was supported and
established by the UNDP, GEF, EPEEF and the Croatian Government, is used as a national tool for
systematic energy and water management in public buildings. The responsibility for it lies with the
Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning and the Agency for Transactions and Mediation in
Immovable Properties.
The measure is governed by the Energy Efficiency Act (NN No 127/14), Directive 2012/27/EU on energy
efficiency, the Rules on systematic public sector energy management (NN No 18/15) and the
Methodology for systematic energy management (NN No 18/15). Between 2017 and 2019, the focus will
be on automating the collection of energy and water consumption data, energy saving reporting and
verification, and training of collaborators.
MEN-7: Measurement and informative calculation of energy consumption
The Energy Efficiency Act (NN No 127/14) provides for energy distributors to ensure that, to the extent
that is technically feasible, financially justified and proportionate with regard to potential energy savings,
end-customers for energy and hot water in households are supplied with individual meters at competitive
prices to accurately reflect the actual energy consumption by end-customers. At the request of the end-
customer at least once a year, the energy supplier is required to supply, free of charge, information on the
electricity, heat or gas billing and on previous consumption of the final customer.
Energy distributors and suppliers have an obligation to ensure that energy (electricity, heat and natural
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gas) bills are clear and comprehensible and that consumption is metered individually. This increases
consumer awareness of how they themselves consume energy. Bills themselves should include a
comparison of consumption in the billing period for the current year and for the corresponding period of
the previous year.
MEN-8: Energy efficiency labelling of household appliances
A labelling scheme for the energy efficiency of household appliances is laid down by law. Rules on the
energy efficiency labelling of household appliances (NN No 130/07), Rules on the energy efficiency
labelling of household washing machines (NN No 101/11), Rules on the energy efficiency labelling of
household dishwashers (NN No 101/11), Rules on the indication by labelling and standard product
information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related product resources (NN
No 101/11), Rules on the energy efficiency labelling of household refrigerating appliances (NN No
101/11), Rules on the energy efficiency labelling of television sets (NN No 101/11), Rules on the energy
efficiency labelling of air conditioners (NN No 48/13) require that all electricity-powered household
appliances marketed in Croatia, irrespective of whether they are made in Croatia or imported, must have
an indication of energy efficiency.
Energy labels provide information to customers on the energy consumption of the given product and
guide their choice towards those with greater efficiency. Continuous efforts are being made to increase
public awareness and provide education for the application of this measure; also, the purchase of
household appliances is being co-financed with EPEEF funds to increase the market share of energy
performance Class A, A+ and A++ household appliances and reduce the market share of those below
Class C.
MEN-9: Eco-design of energy-using products
Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a
framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products (OJ L 285, 31.10.2009)
and Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy
efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and
2006/32/EC (OJ L 315, 14.11.2012) have been transposed by the Rules laying down requirements for
energy-related eco-design products (NN No 50/15).
These Rules establish a framework for the setting of European Union eco-design requirements for energy-
related products with the aim of ensuring the free movement of such products within the internal market.
The Rules provide for setting out requirements that must be met by energy-related products covered by
implementing measures so that they can be put on the market and/or to use; this contributes to sustainable
development by increasing energy efficiency and the level of environmental protection while also
providing for greater energy security.
These Rules provide for the implementation of the European Commission regulations that constitute
implementing measures under Directive 2009/125/EC for individual groups of products. The Rules came
into force on the day of Croatia’s accession to the EU.
MEN-10: Energy efficiency promotion and implementation of measures through an energy service model
The objective of promoting energy efficiency is to raise the awareness of people and companies about the
possibilities and advantages of energy efficiency improvements. The lead authority is the National
Energy Efficiency Authority, which manages and promotes the national energy efficiency portal
www.enu.hr [12].
Energy efficiency projects implemented through energy services include modernisation, reconstruction
and renovation of the existing installations and buildings to ensure energy economy by achieving a return
on investment through savings on energy and maintenance costs. These projects include development,
implementation and funding for energy efficiency improvements and reduced operation and maintenance.
Business areas include the public and the private sector, e.g. buildings (schools and kindergartens, offices,
hotels, universities, hospitals), public lighting, industry and supply systems (cogeneration, district
heating).
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MEN-11: Programme of energy poverty reduction
Energy poverty in Croatia will be reduced through three activities: development of the Programme of
energy poverty reduction; strengthening the institutional capacity to reduce energy poverty;
implementation of measures for energy and water savings in households that meet energy poverty criteria
[13] [6].
The funding for these measures is based on the revenues from auctioning EU ETS emission allowances.
The objective is to implement them in around 330 households a year.
MEN-12: Education in the area of energy efficiency
The objective of this measure is to establish a system of energy efficiency education and certification of
workers,
The Rules on a system of education and certification of construction workers who install building
elements affecting energy efficiency in the building segment (NN No 67/17) have been developed in line
with the project named CROSKILLS [14]. The purpose of the Rules is to promote said education and
professional development of the workforce for more energy-efficient building construction and
renovation to improve the quality of work performed.
An important source of funding for this measure is through EU SIF, Operational Programme Efficient
Human Resources.
MEN-13: National energy efficiency programme in public lighting
Public lighting uses up around 3 % of total end-use electricity consumption in Croatia, so there is
considerable potential for increasing energy efficiency, in accordance with the Draft 4th National Energy
Efficiency Action Plan for 2017-2019 [13]. The objective of this measure is to develop and subsequently
implement the National energy efficiency programme in public lighting. The Programme should elaborate
innovative financing models for the implementation of energy efficiency projects in public lighting,
focusing on a more efficient distribution of available EU SIF funds based on the Competitiveness and
Cohesion Operational Programme, 2014-2020. Quantified energy savings targets under the Programme
include achieving demonstrable public lighting system savings exceeding 30 GWh each year by 2020 and
covering more than 50 % of the public lighting system.
MEN-14: Green public procurement
Green public procurement (GPP) is a voluntary environmental instrument that promotes environmental
protection and sustainable consumption and production. It is defined as the process in which contracting
entities purchase goods, works and services under the criteria that address key environmental pressures,
relating to the consumption of resources and energy, impact on biodiversity and eutrophication, toxicity,
pollutant, greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions, and [separate collection] of waste at the point of origin. The
objective of this measure is to incorporate the environmental criteria into public procurement. Entities
subject to public procurement need to incorporate environmental criteria under the National Action Plan
for Green Public Procurement for 2015-2017 with a view to 2020 (Ministry of Environment and Energy,
2015). The target is for a minimum of 50 % of public procurement to include environmental criteria by
2020. A GPP national action plan covering the period between 2018 and 2020, with a view to 2023 is
currently being drafted.
The Public Procurement Act (NN No 120/16) lays down the obligation of economic assessment of bids,
including the assessment of social and environmental criteria, as a strong incentive for GPP.
MEN-15: Energy audits in the industry
This measure is to provide support for the estimation of potential energy savings at industrial installations
by co-financing energy audits. The energy audits scheme in the industry includes:
mandatory energy audits of large enterprises (those meeting at least two of the following criteria: a
minimum of HRK 130 000 000.00 in total assets, minimum annual revenues of
HRK 260 000 000.00, at least 250 employees on average in the course of the financial year). The
obligation is regulated by the Energy Efficiency Act (NN No 127/14);
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voluntary energy audit scheme for small and medium-sized enterprises. Energy audits on a
voluntary basis are supported by funding provided by the EPEEF.
MEN-16: Industrial Energy Efficiency Network
The Industrial Energy Efficiency Network (IEEN) is a national energy programme promoting energy
efficiency in the economy – small, medium-sized and large enterprises. It is an instrument of voluntary
cooperation among energy consumers, experts, state institutions and interested parties in functional
structure aimed at improving energy economy, that is promoting energy efficiency in the industrial sector,
supporting process synergies where possible and facilitating the access to available funding through
various options.
MEN-17: Increase in the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in the industrial sector
This measure is planned to reallocate funds available under EU SIF, based on the Competitiveness and
Coherence Operational Programme, as well as funds available from emission allowance auctioning within
the scope of the EU ETS and channel them into the use of renewable energy sources and energy
efficiency in the industrial sector.
The allocation of funds must be compliant with the rules of Commission Regulations (EU) Nos 651/2014
and 1407/2013 on state aid.
Under a grant contract signed on 18 June 2018 between the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the
EPEEF, 77 beneficiaries received grants as part of a call for tenders ‘Increase in energy efficiency and use
of renewable energy sources’. The initially planned amount of HRK 114 million in grants was increased
because of a great number of good quality project proposal, so the value of granted allocated totalled
HRK 269 327 760.66. The funds were provided under the Competition and Coherence Operational
Programme 2014-2020. After planned activities spurred by this call are implemented, CO2 emissions will
be reduced by 17 125 tonnes a year. In addition, the total requirement for energy from renewable source
in the industrial sector without food industry will be reduced by 83.7 million kWh, accounting for 0.97 %
of the total energy consumed annually by that sector in Croatia.
MEN-18: Feed-in tariffs and premium system in support of the use of renewable energy sources in
electricity generation and high-efficiency cogeneration
The principal mechanism driving all previous development renewable energy sources (RES) are feed-in
tariffs. The feed-in-tariff (FiT) system of incentives is typically used for RES-fuelled power plants, small
cogeneration installations etc. The government regulated [the system] in which distribution or
transmission network operators enter into agreements with power plant operators, under which they pay a
fixed price for each unit of electricity supplied over a certain number of years. Feed-in-tariffs depend on
the type of source, size of the power plant and quantity of electricity produced.
Thanks to the electricity incentives, the production at cogeneration installations enables the adopting of
relevant regulations to promote heat cogeneration (defining the status of heat producer).
In the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (Ministry of Economy, 2013), Croatia has set the targets
and a policy of increasing the share of RES to 20 % of total energy consumption, 35 % of electricity
production, to 10 % in transport and 20 % in heating and cooling by 2020.
The Renewable Energy Sources and High-Efficiency Cogeneration Act (NN No 100/15) modified the
existing FiT to a premium system while also harmonising the incentive system with the Guidelines on
State aid for environmental protection and energy 2014-2020 (2014/C 200/01). Given that the documents
are still undergoing the adoption procedure, there have been no tenders yet under the new model.
MEN-19: Energy efficiency programme in heating and cooling
The potential for developing a district heating system has been analysed under the Energy efficiency
programme in heating and cooling (Ministry of Economy, 2014), which has mapped energy consumption
and heat production while also looking into the potential for additional high-efficiency cogeneration and
assessing possible mechanisms of support for high-efficiency cogeneration. The Programme defines
guidelines for the heating and cooling system development, and primary energy savings.
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MEN-20: Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency through CBRD
The Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development (CBRD) grants loans to finance environmental
projects under a Loan programme for environmental protection, energy efficiency and renewable energy
projects.
This programme is aimed at the implementation of investment projects focusing on environmental
protection, improved energy efficiency and promotion of the use of RES. Loan proceeds are intended for
investment in land, buildings, equipment and tools. Loan beneficiaries may include local and regional
authorities, utilities, companies, small craft businesses and other legal persons.
MEN-21: Promotion of the use of RES and energy efficiency through EPEEF
The EPEEF provides funds to finance the preparation, implementation and development of programmes
and projects in the field of environmental protection, improvement of energy efficiency, use of
renewables and mitigation of climate change.
The funds are provided from special-purpose EPEEF revenue collected via charges payable by
environmental polluters, including charges for emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and carbon
dioxide, for polluting the environment with waste, for use of the environment, and special environmental
charges payable in respect of motor-powered vehicles.
EPEEF funds are provided for energy efficiency improvement projects, including cogeneration
installations, district heating systems, energy audits and demonstration activities; public lighting projects,
fuel switching and exploitation of waste heat, as well as projects in the building segment and sustainable
construction projects.
RES projects funded by the EPEEF include solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, energy from
small hydro-electric power plants and geothermal energy.
The EPEEF awards funds to local and regional authorities, companies, small craft businesses, NGOs, not-
for-profit organisations and natural persons through loans, interest subsidies, financial aid and donations.
The operators of installations within the scope of EU ETS may also apply to some tenders planned by the
EPEEF.
MEN-22: CO2 emission tax on non-EU ETS stationary sources
The Decree on Unit Charges, Corrective Factors and More Specific Criteria and Benchmarks for
Determining the Charge on Emissions to the Environment of carbon dioxide (NN Nos 73/07, 48/2009 and
2/2018) lays down the obligation of paying a charge on CO2 emissions for all sources emitting more than
30 tonnes of CO2 a year, and 450 tonnes of CO2 a year starting from 1 January 2018. Any charge paying
entities that invest in energy efficiency, renewable energy sources and other measures to reduce CO2
emissions and other greenhouse gas emissions pay a reduced amount. The EPEEF is authorised to
calculate and collect the charge.
The Act amending the EPEEF Act (NN No 144/12) says that, as of J January 2013, legal and natural
persons possessing of using at least one CO2 source, for which greenhouse gas emission permits have
been obtained but which have been excluded from the EU ETS pursuant to a decision issued under a
special regulating governing air protection, need to pay a special annual greenhouse gas emission charge.
Charges are payable to the EPEEF. The size of the unit charge is determined by the Croatian Government
every year, by 31 March of the current year for the previous calendar year.
The amount of charge payable by the operators of installations excluded from the EU ETS under Article
27 of Directive 2003/87/EC [of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003]
establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community is
determined by Decision on the amount of unit charge for greenhouse emissions for the operators of
installations excluded from emission allowance trading system. Unit charge for 2013 was HR 32.78 for
emitting one tonne of CO2 in 2013 (NN No 105/14), HRK 45.40 in 2014 (NN No 96/15), HRK 58.29 in
2015, HRK 39.53 in 2016 and HRK 58.29 in 2017.
The price for the current year is determined based on the average price of European Emission Allowances
(EUA) within the EU ETS in the previous year.
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MEN-23: Revitalisation and energy efficiency in existing thermal and hydro power plants
The activities under this measure refer to HEP-Proizvodnja d.o.o., a subsidiary of HEP d.d. as the
governing entity of the national energy company HEP Group. As set out in the 4th National Energy
Efficiency Action Plan [13], revitalisation plans and implementation of energy efficiency measures at
existing thermal and hydro power plants in the coming years include: a reconstruction of the water
management system, a new steam boiler, the optimisation and automation of hydro power plants, a
revitalisation of hydro power plans, a reduction of their own use of heat, new measurement systems etc.
MEN-24: Reconstruction and renovation of the hot water and steam network
The aging and damage to hot water and steam pipelines leads to great energy losses. Under the Thermal
Energy Market Act (NN Nos 80/13, 14/14, 102/14 and 95/15), LSGUs and energy entities distributing
thermal energy are required, among other things, to ensure that the energy activity of thermal energy
distribution is performed to a high quality standard on the principles of sustainable development, provide
for the distribution network maintenance and take account of the energy efficiency and environmental
protection and nature protection.
Between 2014 and 2020, the co-financing for a considerable portion of necessary investment has been
provided within the scope of the Competitiveness and Coherence Operational Programme 2014-2020.
MEN-25: Electricity system operation, and transmission and distribution network development
The Croatian Transmission System Operator (CTSO) is responsible for reducing losses in the
transmission network, developing the transmission network and managing the electricity system. As set
out in the 4th National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, the CTSO will focus on the optimisation of
network topology and loss reduction and on the development of network capacities.
The distribution system operator HEP-Operator distribucijskog sustava d.o.o. (HEP-ODS) is responsible
for reducing distribution network losses and introducing advanced meters for final consumers in Croatia.
Funds for a pilot project to introduce ‘advanced networks’ are available within the scope of the
Competitiveness and Coherence Operational Programme 2014-2020.
MEN-26: Reduction of volatile organic compound emissions from refuelling of motor vehicles at service
stations
The Decree on Environmental Technical Standards for Reducing Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
From Refuelling of Motor Vehicles at Service Stations (NN No 44/16) lays down environmental technical
standards ensuring a reduction in air pollution from volatile organic compound emissions occurring as a
result of refuelling of motor vehicles with petrol at service stations. The Decree says that each (new or
existing) service station must be equipped with a system of petrol vapour recovery with specified
parameters and conditions. All existing service stations with a flow-rate greater than 3 000 m3 a year must
be equipped with such a system not later than 31 December 2018.
MIP-3: Reduction of volatile organic compound emissions from petrol storage and distribution
The Decree on Environmental Technical Standards for Reducing Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
From Petrol Storage and Distribution (NN No 135/06) lays down environmental technical standards for
storage installations at terminals and service stations as well as for mobile containers used for transporting
petrol from one terminal to another or from a terminal to a petrol station, and time limits for achieving
those standards.
MIP-5: Quality control of liquid fossil fuels
The quality of petroleum-derived liquid fuels is regulated by the Decree on the Quality of Liquid Fossil
Fuels and on the Monitoring and Reporting Method and Methodology for the Calculation of the Life
Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of all Fuels and Energy Supplied (NN No 57/17) and annual
programmes for monitoring the quality of liquid fossil fuels placed on the Croatian market or used for
own purposes.
This Decree lays the limit values of the components and/or characteristics of the quality of liquid fossil
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fuels, the method of determining and monitoring the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the conditions for the
operation of sampling laboratories and laboratory analysis of the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the method
of demonstrating conformity, product names and labelling, the method and time limits for the submission
of reports on the quality of liquid fossil fuels and reports on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of
fuels and energy to CAEN, monitoring and reporting methods, the methodology for the calculation of the
life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of fuels and energy, the methodology for determining the level of life
cycle greenhouse gas emissions of fuels and energy by unit of energy for the base year 2010, the
methodology for calculating the contribution of electric road vehicles to a reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions, the report format and length of retention period, and the method of data submission to
competent EU authorities.
The annual programmes for monitoring the quality of liquid fossil fuels specify the method of liquid
fossil fuel sampling, particularly for service stations, storages and tankers for transport, the number and
frequency of taking the samples of liquid fossil fuels, the sampling locations, depending on the quantity
of liquid fossil fuels placed on the Croatian market or used by the supplier for its own purpose, as well as
the method of conducting laboratory analyses of the samples of liquid fossil fuels and reporting on the
results of analyses.
This measure has a direct impact on the sulphur, lead, olefines, aromatics, benzene, oxygen, policyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, oxigenates and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the following fuels: petrol,
diesel fuel, gas oil, fuel oil, marine fuel and petroleum, which also means an impact on reducing SO2 and
NMVOC.
MEN-29: Restriction of pollutant emissions from non-road mobile machinery
A restriction of pollutant emissions from non-road mobile machinery is regulated by the Rules on the
measures to prevent the emissions of gaseous pollutant and pollutant particles from internal combustion
engines installed in TPV 401 non-road mobile machinery (Issue 02) (NN No 113/15).
These Rules are applied for the type approval of internal combustion engines installed in non-road mobile
machinery with regard to pollutant emissions; they also specify limit values and the methods of emission
measurement, type of labelling, type-approval procedures and certification for internal combustion
engines installed in non-road mobile machinery and the conditions for the conformity of production
(COP) of such engines. New engines and non-road mobile machinery in which they are installed may be
put on the market and to use only if they have a valid approval certificate. These Rules also lay down the
obligation to establish the conformity of internal combustion engines installed in non-road mobile
machinery and the conditions to be met by legal persons to carry out certain operations in the procedure
for establishing conformity.
Regulated pollutants are: carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and pollutant particles.
Transport
MTR-1: Information provision to consumers about the fuel economy and CO2 emissions of new cars
Under the Rules on availability of data on the fuel economy and CO2 emissions from new passenger
vehicles (NN No 7/15), each supplier of new cars intended for sale is required to make available to
consumers data on the level of fuel consumption and specific CO2 emissions of vehicles used for the
carriage of passengers. Under the Rules, once a year and not later than 31 March of the current year, the
Ministry of the Interior as the central state administration authority responsible for road safety prepares a
Guide on the fuel economy and CO2 emissions of new cars available for purchase in the Croatian market.
The guide includes data necessary for each model of new cars available in the domestic market.
MTR-2: Eco-driving training for road vehicle drivers
Pilot projects have been implemented and systematic eco-driving training delivered to road vehicle
drivers. This saves energy and increases the level of awareness of all citizens and drivers in Croatia about
the advantages of this modern, intelligent and environmentally friendly driving style. Special elements are
dedicated to education about eco-driving for drivers of cars, buses and trucks [13].
Education about the elements of eco-driving takes place via two short training sessions (of up to 60-120
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minutes long per candidate) for drivers who received their driving licence before the entry into force of
the Rules on the training of candidates for drivers (NN No 13/09), which require all driving schools and
instructors to provide training about the elements of eco-driving during the standard training of driver
candidates. It should be noted that the proposed measure does not refer to new drivers who receive eco-
driving training in accordance with the legal obligations set out in the Rules above.
Approximately 1 000 drivers completed eco-driving training in 2015. This measure saved 17 513 TJ in
2015. Most of the drivers trained are truck and bus drivers (as many as 645 drivers trained), who at the
same time are the biggest consumers, so their training has saved 14.6 TJ. In Croatia, there is an estimated
1 500 000 drivers who obtained their driving licence before the entry into force of the Rules on the
training of candidates for drivers (NN No 13/09), i.e. drivers who received no or insufficient eco-driving
training.
MTR-3: Obligatory use of biofuels in transport
The basic document governing and promoting the use of biofuels is the Transport Biofuels Act (NN Nos
65/09, 145/10, 26/11, 144/12 and 14/14).
The National Action Plan promoting the production and use of biofuels in transport for 2011-2020 was
prepared in 2010 pursuant to this Act. The Plan sets out a policy that promotes increased production and
use of biofuels in transport in Croatia. The Plan includes an overview and assessment of the situation in
the transport fuels market and air protection, a comparative analysis, long-term goals, including the target
market for biofuels and measures to promote the increased production and use of biofuels in transport.
The measures specified in the Action Plan include those promoting the production of biofuel feed stocks,
the measures promoting biofuel production with regard to the fee for production promotion, the measures
promoting biofuel consumption with regard to distributors of liquid petroleum products for placing
biofuels on the market, administrative measures, and research and development activities. The National
Renewable Energy Action Plan (Ministry of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Crafts, 2013) identified the
goals and policies to increase the RES share in final (end-use) energy consumption until 2020, and a
separately estimated contribution of the energy of biofuels in transport.
The national system was modified in 2014 to support only the use of biofuels in transport, but not their
production. Croatia was to modify the system again in 2017 to include the provisions of Directive
2015/1513 (ILUC Directive) for biofuels in transport, but that will be done in 2018.
The limit values for the quality characteristics of biofuels being placed on the domestic market, the
method of determining the quality of biofuels and the method of demonstrating conformity are laid down
in the Decree on the Quality of Biofuels (NN Nos 141/05 and 33/11). The Decree is aimed at placing on
the domestic market biofuels and other renewable fuels of the required quality as substitutes for diesel
fuel or petrol for transport purposes, to achieve the objectives of compliance with the commitments
related to climate change, the security of supply of environmentally friendly energy and the promotion of
renewable energy sources.
MTR-4: Special environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles
The existing system of payment of a special environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles is
regulated by the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund Act (NN Nos 107/03 and 144/12),
the Decree on Unit Charges, Corrective Factors and More Specific Criteria and Benchmarks for
Determining the Special Environmental Charge on Motor-Powered Vehicles (NN Nos 114/14 and
147/14) and the Rules governing the method and time limits for the calculation and payment of the
special environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles (NN No 20/04). The special environmental
charge on motor-powered vehicles means a charge payable by legal and natural persons as the owner or
holders of the right to motor-powered vehicles. The special charge is levied and paid at the time of
vehicle registration or of the inspection of the vehicle’s roadworthiness based on an EPEEF decision. The
special charge is levied by taking into account the types of engine and fuel, the engine capacity, the
vehicle type, CO2 emissions and the age of the vehicle.
MTR-5: Special tax on motorised vehicles
The special tax on motorised vehicles is laid down in the Special Tax on Motorised Vehicles Act (NN
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Nos 15/13, 108/13, 115/16 and 127/17). The tax applies to the vehicles intended for use on the roads in
Croatia at the time of their first registration in Croatia. The tax [amount] depends on the price of the
vehicle, fuel type and CO2 emissions. Hybrid and electric vehicles are not subject to this tax.
MTR-6: Financial incentives for the purchase of hybrid and electric vehicles
Because of the cost of technological development, electric and hybrid vehicles are currently still more
expensive than conventional vehicles using internal combustion engines. Electric vehicles are
considerably more efficient than conventional ones from the standpoint of primary energy consumption
and are almost neutral from the standpoint of CO2 emissions, provided that they are powered by
electricity generated from RES.
In order to increase the share of electric and hybrid vehicles, subsidies for the purchase of electric and
hybrid vehicles have been introduced through the allocation of grants. These funds are paid from the
EPEEF revenue generated, among other things, by collecting the special environmental charge on motor-
powered vehicles and from revenues from the auctioning of emission allowances [13] [6].
MTR-7: Alternative fuels infrastructure development
Pursuant to Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, Croatia has
adopted the National Policy Framework for the deployment of infrastructure and development of the
market for alternative fuels in transport (NN No 34/17) and the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure
Development Act (NN No 120/16) with the aim of promoting and providing for the development of
infrastructure for alternative fuels in order to reduce oil dependence to the minimum and mitigate the
negative environmental impact of transport.
This measure also includes the development of infrastructure for the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in
maritime transport. The measures will be financed based on various models: by utility companies, with
available revenue from the auctioning of EU ETS emission allowances and from the EU SIF based the
Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational Programme 2014-2020 under Priority Axis 7 – Connectivity,
in coordination with local administration etc.
MTR-8: Promotion of integrated and intelligent transport systems and alternative fuels in urban areas
Transport and the need for mobility are major environmental burdens in urban areas. The increased
number of passenger care, the way they are used, the traffic intensity and the unstructured expansion of
urban areas have largely reversed technological progress with regard to the energy efficiency of vehicles
and emission intensity, including noise.
This measure includes promoting the optimisation of goods transport, integrated public transport,
intelligent transport management, promoting car-sharing schemes, promoting public bicycles and
measures to support the development of alternative fuels infrastructure in urban areas.
It ensures gradual development of sustainable transport systems in urban areas of Croatia where plans for
sustainable transport development should be drawn up as basic documents. These plans include an
analysis of the current situation, defining vision and objectives, an impact analysis and adoption of
measures for all modes of transport, distribution of responsibilities, method of implementation and a
monitoring mechanism. The plans should be adopted at the level of major cities; they should be prepared
in accordance with the EC guidelines and financed through EU programmes and funds.
In addition, incentives are expected from the EU SIF under the Competitiveness and Cohesion
Operational Programme 2014-2020, where the development of a low-carbon public transport system is
planned under Priority Axis 7 – Connectivity and Mobility.
MTR-9: Monitoring, reporting and verification of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from liquid fuels
Under the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17), any supplier placing fuel on the
domestic market is required to monitor greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy during the fuel life
cycle. Suppliers are required to compile a report that needs to be certified and submitted to the CAEN.
Under the Act, the Croatian Government Decree on the Quality of Liquid Fossil Fuels and on the
Monitoring and Reporting Method and Methodology for the Calculation of the Life Cycle Greenhouse
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Gas Emissions of all Fuels and Energy Supplied (NN No 57/17) lays down lays the limit values of the
components and/or characteristics of the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the method of determining and
monitoring the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the conditions for the operation of sampling laboratories and
laboratory analysis of the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the method of demonstrating conformity, product
names and labelling, the method and time limits for the submission of reports on the quality of liquid
fossil fuels and reports on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of fuels and energy to CAEN,
monitoring and reporting methods, the methodology for the calculation of the life cycle greenhouse gas
emissions of fuels and energy, the methodology for determining the level of life cycle greenhouse gas
emissions of fuels and energy by unit of energy for the base year 2010, the methodology for calculating
the contribution of electric road vehicles to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the report format and
length of retention period, and the method of data submission to competent EU authorities.
MTR-10: Prevention and control of vessel emissions to air
The Decree publishing the Protocol of 1997 which amends the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) (NN –
International treaties, No 4/05). It lays down requirements for the application of special mandatory
measures for SOx emissions from ships to prevent, reduce and control air pollution from SOx and its
attendant adverse impacts on land and sea areas. In addition to SOx, nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone-
depleting substances and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are also controlled. Apart from pollutants,
this Protocol also regulates on-board incineration, which is allowed only in the shipboard incinerator, the
quality of fuel allowed for use and the areas of the sea where fuel of a certain quality is allowed to be
used. In addition to ships, the 19 rules stipulated therein also apply to fixed and floating rigs, as well as to
drilling platforms, which must meet the requirements under this Protocol, except for emissions associated
directly with exploration, exploitation and associated offshore processing of sea-bed minerals, or to the
use of hydrocarbons produced and later used on the platform as fuel.
The Rules for the statutory certification of seagoing ships and pollution prevention (NN No 32/18) lay
down technical requirements for ships of Croatian nationality with regard to preventing sea and air
pollution from ships and include the provisions which are in keeping with the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78)
with regard to Annex VI – Prevention of Air Pollution.
MTR-11: Restriction of pollutant emissions from road vehicles
The restriction of pollutant emissions for non-road mobile machinery is regulated by: the Rules on the
approval of motor vehicles with regard to reducing pollutant emissions from TPV 102 engines (Edition
02) (NN Nos 49/13 and 57/13) and the Rules on the approval of motor vehicles with regard to the
measures for reducing pollutant emissions from engines TPV 102 (Edition 00) (NN No 17/08).
The Rules (Edition 00) regulate the approval of M and N (1) category vehicles with regard to the measures
for reducing the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from their engines and replacement
catalysts intended for such vehicles.
The Rules (Edition 02) apply to the emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and
Euro 6).
The regulated pollutants are: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx) and particles.
Industrial processes and product use
The Industrial Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014-2020 defines the objectives of industrial
development and key indicators of the Croatian industry in 2014-2020. Under the ‘realistic scenario’, by
2020 the physical volume of industrial production is expected to reach its 2008 level, marking the peak in
Croatia’s economic activity.
Measures relating to the EU ETS sector are included in the chapter Other (cross-cutting) PaMs under the
measure ‘MCC-4 EU Emissions Trading System’ (the measures are described below):
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reduction of the share of clinker in cement production – the share of additives in cement ranges
from 15 % to 30 %, depending on the composition of the raw material, the availability of additives
of appropriate composition on the market and market demand for individual types of cement (the
share of clinker in cement is defined by the standards HRN EN 197-1);
increase of recycled glass in glass production – returning glass containers that lost their utility
value to the production process (depending on the efficiency of the glass collection system in
Croatia and the possibility of importing waste glass);
reduction of emissions in nitric acid production (catalytic decomposition). With the installation of a
secondary catalyst under the catalytic nets of the primary catalyst for N2O decomposition, it is
possible to reduce N2O emissions by up to 88 %; the measure is cost-effective because of relatively
low marginal costs and a high potential for reducing N2O emissions. For NOx removal, a unit for
low-temperature catalytic reduction has been installed in a nitric acid production plant – selective
catalytic reduction, which is being applied.
In addition to cement, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and ammonia production, the key source in the
Production processes and product use sector is the manufacture of petrochemical products and, over the
historical period, of soot, the non-energy use of fuels, the use of products and consumption of halogenated
hydrocarbons in cooling and air-conditioning systems. The following measures are included:
MIP-1: Reduction of volatile organic compound emissions in the solvent use sector
The Decree on Limit Values for the Content of Volatile Organic Compounds in Certain Paints and
Varnishes Used in the Construction Sector and Vehicle Refinishing Products (NN No 69/13) lays down
limit values for the content of volatile organic compounds in certain paints and varnishes used in the
construction sector and vehicle refinishing products which may be placed on the market, the method of
determining and monitoring product quality, the method of demonstrating conformity, the name and
labelling of products, the method and time limit for the submission of product quality reports to the
CAEN and the method of data submission to competent EU authorities. The users of solvent-containing
products may draw up and implement an annual solvent management plan to reduce volatile organic
compound emissions as well as carbon dioxide emissions.
Agriculture
The positive impact of measure implementation on pollutant emissions (NH3, NMVOC, NOx, PM2.5 and
PM10) and total greenhouse gas emissions in the agriculture sector results in a direct reduction of
emissions of these pollutants, methane and nitrogen compounds. The measures included in developing the
gradual transition scenario for agriculture compared to the reference scenario:
MAG-7: Implementation of the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the most important activity areas of EU institutions,
both in terms of the scope of the acquis communautaire and in terms of its share in the EU budget. Rural
development, as the second pillar of the CAP, is financed from the European Agriculture Fund for Rural
Development (EAFRD). The preparation of the Croatian Rural Development Programme for 2014-2020
(RDP 2014-2020) is a prerequisite for the possibility of using EAFRD funds in the next programming
period. The goals set in the ‘European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth –
Europe 2020’, economic, environmental and territorial challenges of the EU, are also reflected in three
CAP goals, namely: agricultural competitiveness, sustainable resource management and balanced
development of rural areas. This Programme provides for achieving CAP objectives by implementing
selected measures through six action priorities:
fostering knowledge transfer and innovation in agriculture, forestry, and rural areas;
improving sustainability and competitiveness of agriculture in all regions and promoting
innovative agricultural technologies and sustainable forest stewardship;
promoting food chain organisation, including processing and marketing of agricultural products,
animal welfare and risk management in agriculture;
restoring, preserving and enhancing ecosystems related to agriculture and forestry;
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promoting resource efficiency and supporting the shift towards a low-carbon and climate resilient
economy in agriculture, food and forestry sectors;
promoting social inclusion, poverty reduction and economic development in rural areas.
Waste
For the purpose of efficient implementation of Waste sector measures, along with the sectoral legislation
already adopted, a considerable number of other subordinated acts need to be adopted, particularly with
regard to commitments under new EU rules and legally binding targets for waste recycling and reduction
of waste disposal. According to these rules, fixed time limits have been defined for the Member States
that have to adjust their national legislation for switching to the circular economy. This will primarily
affect the projections beyond 2020 for measures MWM-1, MWM-2 and MWM-4, described below.
Quantitative targets and time limits for reducing the total amount of waste disposed of in non-compliant
landfills have been defined in accordance with the law. Until the end of 2017, the maximum mass of
waste to be disposed of in non-compliant landfills was 800 000 tonnes. Waste disposal in non-compliant
landfills was prohibited after 31 December 2017.
MWM-1: Prevention and reduction of the amount of municipal solid waste
This is the top priority in municipal waste management, under the Sustainable Waste Management Act.
This measure should be achieved by means of cleaner production, education, economic instruments,
implementation of regulations governing integrated environmental protection and investment into modern
technologies. The Waste Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for 2017-2022 (NN No 3/17)
defines the objectives to be achieved by 2022 compared with 2015. The objective relating to the
improvement in the municipal waste management system includes the target to reduce total amount of
municipal waste produced by 5 %.
MWM-2: Increase in the amount of separately collected and recycled municipal solid waste
In addition to the Sustainable Waste Management Act, quantitative targets and time limits for increasing
the total amount of separately collected and recycled municipal waste are also defined by the Waste
Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for 2017-2022. By 2020, the preparations for reuse and
recycling of a minimum of 50 % of the mass of the following several waste materials should be made:
household paper, metal, plastic and glass and, if possible, from other sources if such waste flows are
similar to household waste.
MWM-3: Methane and NMVOC flaring
The Rules on the ways and conditions of waste disposal, categories and operating conditions for landfills
(NN No 114/15) and the Rules on waste management (NN No 117/17) lay down strict technical operating
conditions for landfills which reduce possible harmful consequences of landfills on the environment.
Landfills producing landfill gas need to provide a collection system enabling the gas treatment and use. If
landfill gases collected cannot be used for energy production, they should be burnt at the landfill while
preventing the emission of methane and NMVOC into the atmosphere.
MWM-4: Reduction of the amount of landfilled biodegradable municipal solid waste
The objective of this measure is to reduce the amount of the biodegradable fraction of waste landfilled
which needs to be processed by composting and anaerobic digestion in biogas installations.
The Sustainable Waste Management Act lays down quantitative targets relating to the reduction of the
biodegradable fraction of municipal waste going to landfills. The biodegradable fraction of municipal
waste going to landfills must be reduced to 35 % mass share of the biodegradable municipal waste
produced in 1997.
MWM-5: Use of biogas for electricity and heat generation
This measure is related to that concerning feed-in tariffs and premium system in support of the use of
renewable energy sources in electricity generation and high-efficiency cogeneration in the Energy sector.
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The main mechanism for promoting the application of biogas for electricity generation and for the
promotion of the construction of cogeneration biogas installations consist in feed-in tariffs, depending on
source type, power plans size and quantity of the electricity produced. Considering the Waste sectors, the
potential of this measure to reduction greenhouse gas emissions consist in the potential of reducing the
emission of methane (resulting from anaerobic digestion of the biodegradable fraction of waste), which is
used in electricity and heat generation.
Other (cross-cutting) PaMs
MCC-1: Commission for cross-sectoral coordination of climate change mitigation and adaptation PaMs
In accordance with the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17), a Commission for cross-
sectoral coordination of climate change mitigation and adaptation PaM was established by a 2014
Decision of the Croatian Government (NN No 114/14). The Commission was responsible for monitoring
and evaluating the implementation and planning of climate change mitigation and adaptation PaMs in
Croatia. Representatives of competent state administration authorities and other relevant institutions,
agencies and non-governmental associations were appointed to the Commission. Its composition,
activities and work methods are determined by the Croatian Government at the proposal of the ministry
competent for environmental protection. The Commission consists of a Coordination Group and a
Technical Working Group.
MCC-2: Energy savings measurement and verification system
The energy savings measurement and verification system (Cr. Abbr. SMIV) was established by virtue of
the Rules governing the energy savings monitoring, measuring and verification system (NN 71/15). Since
June 2014, it has enabled the monitoring via the SMIV application of energy savings (resulting from the
incentive measures defined in the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP) and reductions
achieved in greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. The SMIV application allows for the monitoring of
implementation of energy efficiency measures in four end-use consumption sectors: Services (public and
commercial) sector, Industry, Transport and Households. This web application uses the bottom-up
methodology, which is part of the Rules governing the energy savings monitoring, measuring and
verification system. It should be noted that, in the cases where the results of measurement before and after
the implementation of a measure are available, such exact data may be entered through the software’s
graphic interface. Otherwise, where the [results of] measurements before and after the measure is
implemented are not available, reference values specified in the Rules are to be used. SMIV, administered
by the National Energy Efficiency Authority (NEEA), is an important component of the future system of
energy efficiency commitments in Croatia.
MCC-3: Promotion of the use of innovative information and communication technologies (ICT) to reduce
pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions
ICTs play an increasingly important role in reducing pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions and
increasing energy efficiency. Their increased use in public administration, services and production
processes will lead to an increase in the productivity and efficiency of work while simultaneously
reducing energy consumption and resulting pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. This measure is
expected to increase the use of innovative ICTS and the monitoring of actual energy savings and reduced
pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions.
MCC-4: EU Emissions Trading System
The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) includes all the activities set out in Annex I to the Decree
on the Method of Trading in Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowances (NN Nos 69/12 and 154/14); the
responsibility for reducing greenhouse gas emissions lies with the operators of installations included in
the trading system. Through an even allocation of greenhouse gas emissions, the reduction commitments
are distributed among all Member States to contribute to a reduction in emissions by 21 % by 2020
compared to 2005. Thus, it can be concluded that a reduction in emissions through activities within the
EU ETS is regulated at EU level.
Since 1 January 2013, the operators of installations in Croatia included in the EU ETS have obtained
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greenhouse gas emission permits and established a system of emission monitoring and reporting to the
competent authority. Greenhouse gases covered by the EU ETS are: carbon dioxide (CO2) for all
activities and, additionally, for certain activities, nitrous oxide (N2O) and perfluorocarbons (PFC).
Aircraft operators are also subject to the monitoring and reporting, namely of carbon dioxide emissions.
The official start date of aircraft emission monitoring and emission reporting for aircraft operators in
Croatia was 1 July 2013. However, due to certain specific circumstances related to the competence for
flight administration before Croatia’s accession to the EU, aircraft operators have been required to submit
annual reports on aircraft emissions since 2010.
All operators, with the exception of the producers of electricity for sale to third parties, have submitted
their applications for allocation of emission allowances free of charge. Emission allowances are
distributed free of charge to the installations exposed to the risk of carbon leakage to third countries,
based on the criteria determined in accordance with the reference values for 10 % of the most efficient
installations in the same sector. Any operators lacking sufficient allowances to cover their greenhouse
gases have the option to buy emission allowances via auctions.
MCC-5: Use of the revenues from auctioning of emission allowances within the scope of the EU ETS for
GHG emission reduction measures
A portion of the total number of allowances set for allocation to operator and aircraft operators is
distributed free of charge in each trading year according to the method set out above. The remaining
portion is distributed to EU Member States and is subject to public auctioning.
The Air Protection Act (NN No 130/11, 57/14, 61/17) provides for Croatia to use 95 % of the funds
received and paid into a special EPEEF account, while paying the remaining 5 % into Croatia’s state
budget. The funds paid into the special EPEEF account should be used for:
greenhouse gas emissions reduction,
climate change adaptation,
financing climate change abatement measures and adaptation in third countries,
financing renewable energy sources with the objective of achieving the share of renewable energy
sources of the Republic of Croatia in 2020,
forest resources improvement and reports on the forestry sector,
promoting low-emission transport and public transport,
financing research and development intended for climate change abatement and climate change
adaptation, including aeronautics and air transport,
ecologically safe carbon dioxide capture and storage, particularly from fossil fuel power plants
and certain industrial sectors and sub-sectors, including those in third countries,
financing research and development in the area of energy efficiency and clean technology,
financing research and development in the area of reporting on greenhouse gas emissions,
promoting energy efficiency measures in the sectors of construction (particularly energy
efficiency building renovation), industry, transport and services, and
ensuring financial support for measures contributing to addressing energy poverty.
The funds paid to the state budget should be used to cover the costs of managing the emission allowance
trading system, for administration activities, for the function of the EU Register, for auction operators, for
the national greenhouse gas emission monitoring system and other issues related to the climate change.
The Croatian Government adopted a plan for the use of the revenues from auctioning of emission
allowances in Croatia for 2014-2016 (NN Nos 140/14 and 12/17). Between 2014 and 2016, total revenues
amounted to HRK 733 984 921.23 and were used for renewable energy sources, energy efficiency,
transport, waste management and research, development and expert support.
The plan for the use of the revenues from auctioning of emission allowances until 2020, adopted in
February 2018, is to generate revenues of HRK 825 000 000.00. These funds will be spent on the measure
of climate change mitigation and adaptation.
MCC-6: Implementation of interdisciplinary research of the potential for CO2 geological storage in the
Republic of Croatia
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The technology of carbon collection and storage (CCS) for large emission sources is not commercially
available yet. The possibility of its commercial application is expected in the period from 2020 onwards.
In accordance with Directive 2009/31/EC on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, and Article 36 of
the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU), the combustion plants with a rated electrical output of
300 MW or more for which the original construction licence was granted after the entry into force of
Directive 2009/31/EC need to have assessed whether the following conditions are met:
suitable storage sites are available;
transport facilities are technically and economically feasible;
it is technically and economically feasible to retrofit the installation for CO2 capture.
If these conditions are met, the competent authority must ensure that suitable space on the installation site
for the equipment necessary to capture and compress the extracted CO2 is set aside.
A National feasibility study with an action plan or preparatory activities for CCS projects is to be drafted
because of plans for new thermal power plants. The study is to cover the phases of [CO2] capture at
emission sources, transport, compression and storage.
MCC-7: Energy efficiency obligation scheme
Under the provisions of Directive 2012/27/EU, the Energy Efficiency Act (NN Nos 127/14), the 3rd and
4th National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, Croatia plans to establish an energy efficiency obligation
scheme for energy suppliers. They are to contribute to energy savings in end-use energy consumption.
MCC-8: Environmental permit
The Decree on Environmental Permit (NN Nos 8/14, 5/18) regulates the activities which may cause
emissions polluting the soil, air, waters and the sea, the application and criteria for the grant of
environmental permits, method of providing monitoring data on emissions to elements of the
environment, conditions where environmental techniques stated in the permit for an installation need to
be renewed or amended, exemptions from the application of reference documents on best available
techniques (hereinafter referred to as: BAT), the method of determining emission limit values, the method
of applying equivalent parameters and other technical measures and exemptions from their application,
the definition of the process and industrial emission monitoring according to BAT requirements, the
method of applying general binding rules for the activities in respect of which the environmental permit is
obtained, the forms that are part of the environmental permit application, the content of the Baseline
report, the list of pollutants, the criteria and methods used for determining BATs, the time limits for BAT
application and other related issues.
MCC-9: Tax on SO2 and NOx emissions for individual sources
The Decree on Unit Charges, Corrective Factors and More Specific Criteria and Benchmarks for
Determining the Charge on Emissions to the Environment of Sulphur Oxides Expressed as Sulphur
Dioxide (SO2), and Nitrogen Oxides (NN Nos 71/14 and 115/15) lays down the amount of unit charge,
corrective factors and more specific criteria and benchmarks used to determine the fee charged for
emissions to the environment of sulphur oxides expressed as sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides
expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Individual sources of SO2 air emissions are technological sources,
industrial installations, machines and buildings from which SO2 in excess of 100 kg a year is released to
the air through the end of 2014, and in excess of 3 000 kg a year starting from 2015. Individual sources of
NO2 air emissions are technological sources, industrial installations, machines and buildings from which
NO2 in excess of 30 kg a year is released to the air through the end of 2014, and in excess of 600 kg a
year starting from 2015.
MCC-10: Specification and control of the limit values of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources
The specification and control of the limit values of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources is
regulated by the Decree on Limit Values of Air Pollutant Emissions From Stationary Sources (NN No
87/17) and the Rules on monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources (NN Nos 129/12 and
97/13).
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The Decree on Limit Values of Air Pollutant Emissions From Stationary Sources (NN No 87/17)
specifies the limit values of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources; it also regulates the emission
monitoring and evaluation, the entry of data on stationary sources using organic solvents or products
containing volatile organic compounds into the REGVOC Register, the method of reducing air pollutant
emissions from stationary sources, the method and time line for submitting emission reports to the CAEN,
the method of information provision to the public and of data submission to EU competent authorities,
and the level of permitted limit value exceedance for existing sources, for a given period of time.
The method of monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources (NN Nos 129/12, 97/113), the
scope and type of measurement, reference measurement methods, the method of demonstrating the
equivalence of other measurement methods, the manner of verifying the accuracy and calibrating
measuring instruments, manner of verification of the accuracy of the measurement system for continuous
measurement of emissions from stationary sources into the air, procedure for sampling and evaluation of
measurement results, manner of submitting data on emissions for the needs of the air protection
information system and the manner of regular provision to the public of information on emission
monitoring are specified in the Rules on monitoring of pollutant emissions from stationary sources.
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ANNEX 2. STARTING PARAMETERS AND ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE PROJECTIONS
Table P 2-1: Projection assumptions – Energy and Transport
ENERGY AND TRANSPORT
As specified in Chapter 3, projections of greenhouse gas emissions for this report are taken from the draft Low-
Emission Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050. A more detailed
description of the methodology used is given below.
1. Final (end-use)
energy
consumption
Final (end-use) energy consumption is projected for each consumption sector – industry,
transport, services, households, agriculture, fisheries and forestry. The projections are based on
the macroeconomic parameters and guidance provided by the EC to Member States to harmonise
the key parameters. Detailed sectoral models with a bottom-up approach were used for the
modelling of final (end-use) energy consumption. These models make it possible to simulate
impacts of energy efficiency measures [15] [16] [17] and were calibrated with 2014
consumption.
The results of energy consumption modelling were used as inputs for the analysis of energy
transformations. In addition, the modelling also included interdependence between demand and
energy generation from variable renewable energy sources; this primarily refers to simulations of
the advanced use of electric vehicle batteries to optimise the operation of the electric power and
transport system, and to the use of electric boilers with heat storage tanks to optimise the
operation of the electricity-powered heating system.
The impacts of each measure were modelled under ‘with measures’ (WM) and ‘with additional
measures’ (WAM) scenarios. The analyses were carried out by sub-sector:
– industry – by industrial branch and type of fuel used;
– transport – by type of transport (road, air, water and rail) and the type of means of transport
(car, bus, motorcycle, light and heavy commercial vehicles) or purpose (passenger and freight)
as well as by type of technology and fuel used;
– services – by branch (tourism, trade, education, health, administration), climate zone (coastal
and continental Croatia), purpose (heating, domestic hot water (DHW) preparation, cooking,
cooling, electrical equipment and lighting) and by the type of fuel used. Heating energy
consumption was modelled at the level of useful and end-use energy:
– households – by climate zone (coastal and continental Croatia), by purpose (heating, DHW
preparation, cooking, cooling, electrical equipment and lighting) and by type of fuel used.
Heating energy consumption was modelled at the level of useful and end-use energy:
– agriculture, fisheries and forestry – by type of fuel used.
Demographic trends – a scenario of average fertility and average migration was taken into
account, in accordance with the EC guidelines.
WM scenario
1.1.1 Energy
consumption
in industry
Assumptions:
– industrial production development will not be based on energy-intensive branches, with market
mechanisms directing development in a balanced way towards a less energy-intensive industry
in which Croatia does not lack resources;
– trends in gross value added in industry are based on harmonised parameters for projections
given by the EC [21];
– market-driven improvements of energy efficiency and fuel switching in the industrial sector;
– emissions in certain sub-sectors are growing along with economic growth, but their growth is
moderate as a result of a decreasing connection between GDP growth and energy consumption,
and the assumption that there will be no construction of new large energy-intensive industries.
1.1.2 Energy
consumption
in transport
Assumptions:
– the number of vehicles per 1 000 inhabitants will increase from 328 in 2012 [ODYSSEE] to
520 in 2050;
– the existing road infrastructure has mainly been built;
– in passenger transport, air transport will see the fastest growth;
– emissions from new vehicles will be in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 333/2014 for
passenger cars, i.e. average emissions from new vehicles will be below 95 g CO2/km, and in
accordance with Regulation (EU) No 510/2011, under which emissions from new light
commercial vehicles must be below 174 g CO2/km after 2017 and below 147 g CO2/km after
2020;
– stagnation in the use of rail transport and internal waterways;
– 6 % of passenger cars will be electric vehicles in 2050 (according to the EU Reference scenario 2016).
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ENERGY AND TRANSPORT
1.1.3 Energy
consumption
in general
consumption
Assumptions:
Households and services:
– according to data available, Croatia had 142.2 million m2 of residential buildings and houses in
2012 (Long-Term strategy for mobilising investment in the renovation of the national building
stock, NN No 74/14). It is presumed that, despite the projected population decline, on the back
of economic recovery the dwelling floor space will increase gradually by 8.5 % by 2030 and by
10.6 % by 2050. Multi-dwelling buildings in urban areas will account for most of the new area;
– renovation of 0.5 % of the area of the residential building stock annually to the standards set
out in the Technical regulation on energy economy and heat retention in buildings (NN Nos
128/15, 70/18, 73/18);
– all new buildings built in accordance with the same Regulation;
– reduction of the share of electricity and liquid fuels for heating;
– electricity consumption to power household appliances and cooling (air-conditioning) devices
will grow;
– specific energy consumption for food preparation in households will stagnate.
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries:
– energy intensity decline in view of the market development.
1.2 WAM scenario
Further promotion of energy efficiency beyond 2020 on the following key assumptions:
– renovation of 2 % of buildings annually to the nearly zero-energy standard (including the use of
renewable energy sources);
– aid to support an increase in the share of electric vehicles in passenger cars to 25 % in 2050;
– intermodal switching involving 7 % of passenger and freight transport from road to rail
transport in 2030 and 20 % in 2050;
– energy efficiency improvements in industry together with fuel switching with a view to a
greater use of renewable energy sources.
2. Energy
transformations
and resources
The electricity system was analysed by simulating market development using the software for
hourly operational and development optimisation software. The same price of emission
allowances within the EU ETS has been presumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016.
A simulation of the operation of refineries was carried out to meet domestic demand as much as
possible with the existing capacity, which means without building new refineries in a ‘without
measures’ scenario and by reducing production in WM and WAM scenarios.
2.1 WM scenario
Assumptions:
– the capacity of power plants using renewable energy sources installed by 2020, in accordance
with the National Renewable Energy Action Plan until 2020 (2013) and the Renewable energy
sources and efficient Cogeneration tariff system (NN Nos 133/13, 151/13, 20/14, 107/14 and
100/15) (Note: ceased to have effect on 1/1/2016, except for project operators which had
concluded an agreement on the purchase of electricity with an electricity market operator
before the entry into force of the Renewable Energy Sources and High-Efficiency Cogeneration
Act (NN No 100/15);
– market development for the post-2020 period simulated using the software for hourly
operational and development optimisation of the electricity system;
– the price of emission allowances presumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016;
– the analysis showed that renewable energy sources would be competitive, without need for
public aid for solar and wind power plants;
– no new coal-fired capacities;
– all electricity requirements to be met from domestic sources (except for the Krško nuclear
power plant) beyond 2030, significantly increasing the electricity production requirement given
that the Croatia has imported 25-35 % of its consumption;
– plans to apply measures for a reduction in fugitive emissions by the companies responsible for
the control of fugitive emissions taken into account.
2.2 WAM scenario
Assumptions include development of the policy for the promotion renewable energy sources to
continue beyond 2020:
– market development simulated using the software for hourly operational and development
optimisation of the electricity system,
– the price of emission allowances presumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016;
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ENERGY AND TRANSPORT
– as a result of lower energy consumption compared to the WM scenario due to increased energy
efficiency, the costs of achieving a higher share of renewable energy sources in gross final
consumption are lower;
– no new coal-fired capacities;
– no net imports (except from the Krško nuclear power plant) beyond 2030.
Table P 2-2: Projection assumptions – Industrial processes and product use
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND SOLVENT USE
The projections were based on the expected development of individual industrial branches,
including targets until 2035, on GDP trends and demographic trends.
Emission projections use as inputs the status and projections of 2015 macroeconomic parameters
(The 2015 Ageing Report) – the annual GDP and gross added value growth rates and the
population decline, as well as the results of sectoral analyses and studies (production of cement,
lime, ammonia, sulphuric acid, nitric acid).
WM scenario assumptions:
– no installation of additional capacities;
– production will reach maximum values by 2035;
– population decline;
– moderate GDP growth.
The Industrial Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014-2020 defines industrial development
targets and key indicators of the Croatian industry in the period 2014-2020. Under the ‘realistic
scenario’, by 2020 the physical volume of industrial production is presumed to reach its 2008
level, marking the peak in Croatia’s economic development.
Process emissions from economic activities, which are included in the industrial processes and
product use sector, in accordance with the IPCC methodology, were estimated based on detailed
sectoral projections of cement, ammonia and nitric acid production and projected
macroeconomic indicators of gross value added by other industrial branches, annual GDP
growth rate and population decline. The scenario covers the application of measures defined by
strategic and sectoral planning documents included in the business policy of cement and nitric
acid producers, which is subject to market requirements, laws and subordinate regulations, and
requirements for the use of the best available technologies in production processes.
WAM scenario assumptions:
– application of cost-effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in cement, glass
and nitric acid production, and to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds, controlled
substances and fluorinated greenhouse gases.
Following good practice, projections were prepared for activity data and emission factors:
– activity data – Tier 1, 2 and 3 methods were used for the preparation of projections
(projection of macroeconomic parameters, impact of PaMs, sectoral analyses and studies);
– emission factors – Tier 1 and 2 methods were used for the preparation of projections
(projection based on average values for the previous five-year period, impact of PaMs,
sectoral analyses and studies).
Table P 2-3: Projection assumptions – Agriculture
AGRICULTURE
The projections were based on the expected future status of key parameters.
To identify key parameters for the preparation of projections (number and type of livestock, plant
production), historical input data were extrapolated and an expert assessment was made,
including historical data and sectoral strategic and development documents.
An increase in agricultural production (i.e. the beginning of livestock revitalisation between 2015
and 2020, with further population growth until 2035, and crop production based on an indicative
trend between 2000 and 2009) and sustainable mineral fertiliser consumption (at the level of the
mean value for 2007-2014) is presumed.
PaMs included in the development of the WM scenario imply:
– implementation of the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020, including changes to the
beef management system (manure disposal systems and genetic improvements) and animal
nutrition (feed processing to enhance digestibility, improving forage quality and upgrading
grazing systems, feed processing to enhance digestibility, use of additives in animal feed),
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AGRICULTURE
The WAM scenario implies the use of the following measures:
– additional improvements to the quality of livestock feed and nutrition of cattle and pigs;
– changes to manure management systems, including aerobic decomposition and biogas
production;
– improvement of mineral fertiliser application methods;
– hydro-technical interventions;
– introduction of new cultivars, varieties and species.
Table P 2-4: Projection assumptions – Waste
WASTE
The projections were based on the expected development and future status of parameters for the
preparation of projections:
– Solid waste disposal – the quantity of solid waste produced and landfilled, the share of
biodegradable organic waste;
– Composting – the quantity of waste processed by composting;
– Waste incineration – the quantity of clinical waste incinerated and the number of human
bodies cremated;
– Waste water management – the quantity of household and industrial waste waters treated,
industrial production, number of inhabitants using an individual waste water disposal system
(septic tanks), number of inhabitants in households without sanitation facilities.
Emission projections use as inputs the status and projections of 2015 macroeconomic parameters
(The 2015 Ageing Report) – the annual GDP and gross added value growth rates and the
population decline, including targets until 2050.
WM scenario assumptions:
the projections of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from solid waste disposal, solid waste
composting, waste incineration and waste water management are included;
– Solid waste disposal – a continued increase in the quantity of solid waste produced and
landfilled is presumed until 2050 because of increasing living standards, despite the effects
of waste avoidance/reduction and recycling measures undertaken. Targets were defined by
sectoral strategic documents – the Sustainable Waste Management Act and the Waste
Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for 2017-2022;
– Composting – a continued increase in the quantity of solid waste processed by composting is
presumed;
– Waste incineration – a continued increase in the quantity of clinical waste incinerated is
presumed, with a decline in the number of human bodies cremated;
– Waste water management – a continued increase in the quantity of industrial waste waters is
presumed, with a decrease in the quantity of household waste waters treated, the number of
inhabitants with an individual waste water disposal system (septic tanks) and the number of
inhabitants in households without sanitation facilities;
– Other waste – a continued mild increase in the number of fires is presumed in almost all
categories.
Greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions included in the Waste sector (according to the IPCC and
EMEP/EEA methodology) were estimated based on sectoral analyses and projected
macroeconomic indicators of the annual GDP growth rate and the population decline. The
scenario covers the application of measures defined by strategic and sectoral planning
documents.
WAM scenario assumptions:
The scenario includes the projections of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from solid waste
disposal and solid waste composting.
– Solid waste disposal – a decrease in the quantity of solid waste produced and landfilled is
presumed as a result of the application of measures defined by strategic documents
harmonised with EU legislation. Quantitative targets for the quantity and composition of
solid waste and other parameters in the models used for the assessment of emissions from
solid waste disposal not defined by strategic documents were estimated by expert
assessment.
– Composting – a continued increase in the quantity of solid waste processed by composting is
presumed as a result of the application of measures defined by strategic documents
harmonised with EU legislation (depending on the reduction of the quantity of biodegradable
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WASTE
waste landfilled).
Following good practice, projections were prepared for activity data, emission factors and
parameters included in the models used for the assessment of greenhouse gas and pollutant
emissions:
– Tier 1, 2 and 3 methods were used for the preparation of projections (projection of
macroeconomic parameters, impact of PaMs, sectoral analyses and studies, expert
assessment).
Table P 2-5: Projection parameters – general parameters
Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
GDP – annual growth rate % -0.4 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.9
Population (mil.
inhabitants) 4 238 4 229 4 194 4 140 4 081 4 018
Coal price EUR/GJ 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.2 3.4
Heavy fuel oil price (1 % S) EUR/GJ 8.1 7.8 11.6 13.2 14.5 15.1
Gas price EUR/GJ 6.5 6.7 7.5 8.1 8.8 9.4
Data source: [18], [19], [20]
Table P 2-6: Projection parameters – energy: total fuel consumption, electricity generation, WM scenario
Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Total fuel consumption
Coal and coke PJ 31.6 31.7 24.3 23.1 22.0 16.5
Liquid fossil fuels PJ 125.8 130.7 125.9 122.3 118.5 116.2
Gas PJ 84.6 91.8 104.7 109.2 118.7 119.7
Renewables PJ 146.0 137.8 171.2 198.1 218.9 239.4
Electricity generation
Coal TWh 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 0.7
Liquid fossil fuels TWh IE IE IE IE IE IE
Gas TWh 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.6 1.6 3.4
Renewables TWh 10.1 7.2 9.5 12.2 14.3 16.4
Electricity imports TWh 4.0 6.8 6.4 4.6 2.9 2.6
Data source: [21]
Table P 2-7: Projection parameters – energy: (final) end-use energy consumption
Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Final (end-use) energy consumption
Industry PJ 40.6 10.9 44.9 46.4 48.0 50.4
Transport PJ 84.5 84.5 87.3 89.8 92.9 93.3
Households PJ 92.0 112.5 11.9 112.0 111.9 111.6
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries PJ 9.7 9.4 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.7
Services PJ 29.5 31.3 33.1 35.1 37.0 38.9
Other PJ 4.2 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.8 5.0
Data source: [21]
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Table P 2-8: Projection parameters – climate
Parameter
Heating degree days 2228
Number of cooling degree days NO
Data source: [22]
Table P 2-9: Projection parameters – industry
Parameter 1990 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Production growth index:*
Cement production % 2 643 kt 5 -4 33 36 40 41
Glass production: 275 kt -16 2 14 21 29 41
Nitric acid production % 332 kt 1 -13 -13 -13 -10 -10
CO2 emissions**
Solvent use % 93.99 kt
CO2e 49 62 58 56 54 50
HFC emissions***
HFC consumption in cooling and A/C
systems
(1995)
29,32 kt
CO2e
1 292 1 431 1 582 1 658 1 743 1 885
*, **, *** percentage change compared to 1990 (1995)
Source of data: cement, glass and nitric acid producers, [23], [19], [8]
Table P 2-10: Projection parameters – transport
Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Number of passenger-
kilometres, all forms 109 pkm 40.56 40.98 43.09 45.32 47.58 49.05
Freight transport 109 tkm 11.59 11.64 11.90 12.16 12.42 12.69
Energy consumption in road
transport PJ 74.17 75.59 76.84 78.73 80.61 80.45
Data source: [22], [21]
Table P 2-11: Projection parameters – agriculture
Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Dairy cows 1000 head 179 165 168 175 180 185
Non-dairy cattle 1000 head 264 240 270 285 320 340
Sheep 1000 head 605 590 620 650 675 700
Goats 1000 head 65 65 68 70 72 75
Equine 1000 head 20 20 22 23 24 25
Mules/hinnies/asses 1000 head 4 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.5
Pigs 1000 head 551 480 504 528 600 672
Poultry 1000 head 5327 6048 6231 6414 6597 6719
Wheat t 648 917 758 638 879 847 1 002 001 1 042 030 1 178 645
Maize t 2 046 966 1 709 152 2 187 640 2 205 554 2 239 040 2 256 114
Potatoes t 160 847 171 179 203 239 160 630 132 738 104 879
Sugar beet t 1 392 000 756 509 1 428 948 1 408 317 1 471 355 1 497 069
Tobacco t 9 164 10 132 11 766 12 041 12 794 13 712
Sunflower t 99 489 94 075 92 333 109 745 114 592 129 556
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Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Oilseed rape t 71 228 56 783 70 866 70,933 90,782 99,821
Tomatoes t 19 374 36,273 44,884 41,278 50,494 53,804
Barley t 175,592 193,451 228,296 243,098 250,955 278,746
Oats t 56 555 71,743 61,295 76,089 74,009 82,453
Cabbage and other
cruciferous t
24,703 38,413 61,109 57,412 63,091 63,099
Garlic t 4,272 4,634 4,912 4,534 5,288 5,757
Onion t 24 160 26,204 33,438 33,475 40,069 44,763
Rye t 2,800 3,356 0 0 0 0
Sorghum t 1 205 1,205 1,554 1,891 2,357 2,761
Watermelon t 25 598 15,771 32,599 31,346 33,683 35,274
Soy t 131,424 196,431 153,926 174,867 185,521 190,140
Beans, dry t 1 329 1,156 0 0 0 0
Field pea, dry t 1 413 1,346 2,210 3,050 3,903 4,708
Lentils t 83 83 13 0 0 0
Peas, dry t 579 194 356 98 0 0
Vetches t 1,500 1,500 1,923 1,585 1,512 1,462
Clover t 70,873 82,992 147,241 143 473 148,600 157,171
Alfalfa t 128,702 112,876 226,824 247,731 283,849 317,840
Nitrogen applied kg 80 707 112 99 000 000 99,000,000 99 000 000 99 000 000 99 000 000
Data source: [18], [19], [24], [23]
Table P 2-12: Projection parameters – waste
Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
SCENARIO WITH MEASURES (WM)
Solid waste disposal on land
Quantity of solid waste
produced
tonnes of
dry
matter
0.386 0.393 0.436 0.463 0.494 0.542
Quantity of solid waste
landfilled kt 1349 1361 1463 1533 1612 1743
Share of biodegradable
organic waste % 68 65 65 65 65 65
Composting of solid waste
Quantity of solid waste
composted kt 29 62 83 87 91 99
Waste incineration
Quantity of clinical waste
incinerated t 51 52 54 56 59 64
Number of human bodies
cremated 4803 5373 5094 5028 4957 4880
Waste water management
Quantity of household and
services waste waters
treated
106 m3 268 257 266 263 2.59 255
Quantity of industrial waste
waters treated 106 m3 13 13 13 13 14 15
Industrial production (food
and beverages, paper,
chemicals)
kt 6 586 6 692 8 236 8 743 9 326 10 246
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Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Number of inhabitants with
an individual disposal
system (septic tanks)
103 inh. 2 254 2 232 2 231 2 203 2 172 2 138
Number of inhabitants in
households without
sanitation facilities
103 inh. 380 378 367 356 344 333
Protein consumption t/inh. 0.031 0.032 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.040
Other waste
Number of fires on road
vehicles 314 433 335 350 364 377
Number of fires on
detached houses 767 845 767 767 767 767
Number of fires on terraced
and semi-detached houses 89 98 100 104 111 119
Number of fires on
buildings 19 21 21 22 24 26
Number of fires on
industrial buildings 626 690 702 731 780 841
SCENARIO WITH ADDITIONAL MEASURES (WAM)
Solid waste disposal on land
Quantity of solid waste
produced t/inh. 0.386 0.393 0.380 0.371 0.363 0.356
Quantity of solid waste
landfilled kt 1 349 1 361 797 298 148 107
Share of biodegradable
organic waste % 65 65 24 18 12 9
Composting of solid waste
Quantity of solid waste
composted kt 29 62 277 537 753 975
Data sources:
Report on greenhouse gas inventories in the territory of the Republic of Croatia for 1990-2016 (NIR 2018),
CAEN, 2018
2018 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the Republic of Croatia (1990-2016),
CAEN, 2018
Report on greenhouse gas emission projections of the Republic of Croatia, CAEN, 2017
Report on PaMs for emission reduction and increase in the removal by sinks of greenhouse gases of the Republic
of Croatia, CAEN, 2017
Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 130/05)
Sustainable Waste Management Act (NN Nos 94/13 and 73/17)
Waste Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2017-2022 (NN No 3/17)
Recommended parameters for reporting on GHG projections in 2015, Final after consultation, 17 June 2014, EC