We will eradicate corruption providing that we act now.
(Main clause) (Subordinate clause)
The meaning:
we will eradicate corruption on condition that we act now.
providing that
Provided that
Verb in Future+ As long as + verb in present simple
So long as
But only if
Only if
Present wish: (wish, past simple)
Example: I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian.)
Present wish expresses an imaginary situation impossible to happen.
If only = wish
if only
Wish = It’s time
It’s high time
It’s about time
Past wish: (wish, past perfect)
Example: I wish I hadn’t stolen the public funds. (I stole the p.funds.)
Past wish expresses a regret about a situation happened in the past.
Future wish: (wish, would + stem (a verb without “to”))
Example: I wish I could eradicate nepotism.
Could with I-we
Future wish expresses impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a
present action.
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Had better is used to express advice
Had better = should = ought to
Had better + stem (a verb without “to”)
Example: They had better fight against corruption.
Negative form:
Had better not + stem (a verb without “to”).
Example: They had better not say that the fight against corruption
is not their own business.
Expressing results we use: so + adj + that
Such + noun phrase + that
1- Subject + verb + so + adjective + that + the rest of the sentence.
Example: copies of brand are so cheap that some consumers don’t
hesitate to buy them.
2- Subject + verb + such + a noun phrase + that + the rest of the
sentence.
Example: Counterfeits are of such a bad quality that it is a waste of
money to buy them.
c
We can express results using other link word: so
th
thus
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Expressing causes: we use:
because
- Sentence + Since + subject + verb …
as
Because of
- Sentence + due to + noun phrase …
Owing to , for
.
The final “s”:
The final “s” is pronounced in different ways, according the “Sound”
before:
S -- ; ; ; ;
- “s” is pronounced iz -- ; ; ; ;
Z -- as
The final: “ed”
The final “ed” is pronounced in different ways, according the “Sound”
before:
t -- ; ; ; ; ; ;
- “ed” is pronounced id -- ;
d -- as
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Expressing concession:
We can express concession using a number of conjunctional phrases:
although, even though, though, despite, in spite of.
1 - although, even though, though, + Subject + verb …..
despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that
Example: Although most people know that fatty foods can cause obesity,
they find it difficult to refrain from eating them.
2 - despite, in spite of + A Noun phrase or a Gerund
Example: in spite of being strong , he was defeated.
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Wh + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?
Subject
Who/what + verb + object + ……..
The government regains the confidence of the citizens.
What regains the confidence of the citizens?
Verb-Object
What + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?
-The government regains the confidence of the citizens.
What does the government do? (verb)
-The government regains the confidence of the citizens.
What does the government regain? (object)
Time/place
Wh + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?
Time (after, before, Last, next, yesterday, tomorrow, in thepast, in
1996……).
1- The Company will solve the problem next year.
- When will the company solve the problem?
Place (in brazil, at school, behind, between,country..).
2- The company will sell its products in Algeria.
- Where will the company sell its products?
Cause
Why + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?
Cause (because, due to, since, because of, owing to …).
- Shopaholics find themselves in debts because they spend
a lot of money.
- Why do Shopaholics find themselves in debts?
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A
ctiv
e
an
d
Pa
ssiv
e Active voice The professor teaches the students .
Passive voice The students are taught by the professor .
Examples
Active Passive
Pa
ssiv
e v
oic
e
Statement Agent + to be (pp.verb) +
by + subject
Ali plays
football
Football is played
by Ali
Order Let + Agent + to be
(pp.verb) Open the
door
Let the door be
opened
Question Did she help
him
Was he helped by
her?
Statement
Tenses Active Passive
Present simple Ali plays football football is played by Ali Present perfect Ali has played football football has been played by Ali Present progressive Ali is playing football football is being played by Ali Past simple Ali played football football was played by Ali Past perfect Ali had played football football had been played by Ali Past progressive Ali was playing football football was being played by Ali Future Ali will play football football will be played by Ali
Per
son
al
pro
nou
ns
Active Passive
I Me
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
They Them
You You
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Active Passive
The Algerian government
banned cigarette smoking
last year
Cigarette smoking ……………………………………
….
The Algerian government will
ban cigarette smoking next
year
Cigarette smoking ……………………………………
….
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Active Passive
Stu
dy
tip
1 has to / have to
is / are going to
I have to visit him
has to be / have to be
is / are going to be
He has to be visited by me
Stu
dy
tip
2 do / does
did
I didn’t write the lesson
is / are (pp.verb)
was / were (pp.verb)
the lesson wasn’t written by me
Stu
dy
tip
3 has /have
had
I have a car
is / are + possessed + by….
was / were + owned+ by….
A car is owned by me
Stu
dy
tip
4 Adverbs of manner
He writes the lesson quickly
The lesson is quickly written by him
Stu
dy
tip
5 Possessive pronouns
They gave me a present
A present was given to me by them
Stu
dy
tip
6 Reported speech
People say that……
People said that……
Doctors believe that……
People say that he is mad
It is said that …..
It was said that …..
It is believed that …..
It is said that he is mad
Order
Ord
er Active Passive
Open the window
Let + Agent + be (pp.verb)
Let the window be opened
Question
Qu
esti
on
s Active Passive
Did she help him? Was he helped by her?
Can any one answer the question? Can the question be answered?
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Direct Speech
Example:
He said, « we can stop smuggling."
Indirect Speech
Example:
-He said that they could stop smuggling.
1- A verb of reporting can be in a present tense.
-The forecast says, “it's going to rain.”
- The forecast says that it's going to rain.
After a present-tense (present simple, present perfect, present
continuous, future) we do not change the tense in indirect speech.
2- A verb of reporting can be in a past tense
-The forecast said, “it's going to rain.”
- The forecast said that it was going to rain
- When the verb of reporting is in a past tense( past simple,
past perfect, past continuous), we sometimes change the tense in
indirect speech from present to past.
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Tenses Direct Indirect
Present simple He said, "Ali plays
football."
He said that Ali played football
Present perfect He said, "Ali has played
football."
He said that Ali had played football
Present progressive He said, "Ali is playing
football."
He said that Ali was playing
football
Past simple He said, "Ali played
football."
He said that Ali had played football
Past perfect He said, "Ali had played
football."
He said that Ali had played football
Past progressive He said, "Ali was playing
football."
He said that Ali had been
playing football
Future He said, "Ali will play
football."
He said that Ali would play football
Mo
da
l ve
rb f
orm
s
Direct Indirect
will would
can could
must had to
shall should
may might
have to had to
Direct Speech Reported Speech
today that day
now Then…at that moment
yesterday the day before/the previous day
… days ago … days before
last week the week before/ the previous
next year the following year/ the year after
tomorrow the next day / the following day
here there
this that
These Those
Tonight That night
The day before yesterday Two days before
Yesterday afternoon The previous afternoon
Tomorrow morning The following morning
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
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Stu
dy
tip
1
There is no change to; could,
would, should, might and ought to.
-"I might go to the
cinema", he said.
- He said he might go to
the cinema.
Stu
dy
tip
2
You can use the present tense in
reported speech if you want to say
that something is still true (fact) i.e.
my name has always been and will
always be Karim so:
- “My name is Karim",
he said. He said
his name was Karim. / He
said his name is Karim
- He said," The earth is
round". He
said that the earth is
round.
Stu
dy
tip
3
Main clauses connected with
and/but
-If two complete main clauses are
connected with and or but , put that
after the conjunction.
-He said,“I saw her but she
didn’t see me.“
-He said that he had seen
her but that she hadn’t
seen him.“
-If the subject is dropped
in the second main clause
(the conjunction is
followed by a verb), do
not use ‚that‘.
-She said,“I am a nurse
and work in a hospital.“
-She said that she was a
nurse and worked in a
hospital.“
Stu
dy
tip
4 -I said," I want to speak to you, Ali".
-I told Ali that I wanted to speak to him.
Stu
dy
tip
5
What about..?
Why don't you ..?
Would you like….?
Would you mind …?
Let’s…..
s+suggested+that+s+should+v(s)
Suggest
Advise
Offered
Asked
-"Let's go to the cinema",
Mary said.
-Mary suggested that they
(we) should go to the
cinema.
Stu
dy
tip
6
Exclamation
Ugh! ….. Oh!….Alas!….Hurrah!
say, cry, exclaim with (joy ,
anger, sorrow, sadness,
admiration….)
He said, "Alas! My shop is
completely damaged".
He said with sorrow that
his shop was completely
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