Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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We will eradicate corruption providing that we act now.

(Main clause) (Subordinate clause)

The meaning:

we will eradicate corruption on condition that we act now.

providing that

Provided that

Verb in Future+ As long as + verb in present simple

So long as

But only if

Only if

Present wish: (wish, past simple)

Example: I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian.)

Present wish expresses an imaginary situation impossible to happen.

If only = wish

if only

Wish = It’s time

It’s high time

It’s about time

Past wish: (wish, past perfect)

Example: I wish I hadn’t stolen the public funds. (I stole the p.funds.)

Past wish expresses a regret about a situation happened in the past.

Future wish: (wish, would + stem (a verb without “to”))

Example: I wish I could eradicate nepotism.

Could with I-we

Future wish expresses impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a

present action.

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Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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Had better is used to express advice

Had better = should = ought to

Had better + stem (a verb without “to”)

Example: They had better fight against corruption.

Negative form:

Had better not + stem (a verb without “to”).

Example: They had better not say that the fight against corruption

is not their own business.

Expressing results we use: so + adj + that

Such + noun phrase + that

1- Subject + verb + so + adjective + that + the rest of the sentence.

Example: copies of brand are so cheap that some consumers don’t

hesitate to buy them.

2- Subject + verb + such + a noun phrase + that + the rest of the

sentence.

Example: Counterfeits are of such a bad quality that it is a waste of

money to buy them.

c

We can express results using other link word: so

th

thus

Edited by T.Ghezali

Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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Expressing causes: we use:

because

- Sentence + Since + subject + verb …

as

Because of

- Sentence + due to + noun phrase …

Owing to , for

.

The final “s”:

The final “s” is pronounced in different ways, according the “Sound”

before:

S -- ; ; ; ;

- “s” is pronounced iz -- ; ; ; ;

Z -- as

The final: “ed”

The final “ed” is pronounced in different ways, according the “Sound”

before:

t -- ; ; ; ; ; ;

- “ed” is pronounced id -- ;

d -- as

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Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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Expressing concession:

We can express concession using a number of conjunctional phrases:

although, even though, though, despite, in spite of.

1 - although, even though, though, + Subject + verb …..

despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that

Example: Although most people know that fatty foods can cause obesity,

they find it difficult to refrain from eating them.

2 - despite, in spite of + A Noun phrase or a Gerund

Example: in spite of being strong , he was defeated.

Edited by T.Ghezali

Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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Wh + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?

Subject

Who/what + verb + object + ……..

The government regains the confidence of the citizens.

What regains the confidence of the citizens?

Verb-Object

What + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?

-The government regains the confidence of the citizens.

What does the government do? (verb)

-The government regains the confidence of the citizens.

What does the government regain? (object)

Time/place

Wh + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?

Time (after, before, Last, next, yesterday, tomorrow, in thepast, in

1996……).

1- The Company will solve the problem next year.

- When will the company solve the problem?

Place (in brazil, at school, behind, between,country..).

2- The company will sell its products in Algeria.

- Where will the company sell its products?

Cause

Why + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?

Cause (because, due to, since, because of, owing to …).

- Shopaholics find themselves in debts because they spend

a lot of money.

- Why do Shopaholics find themselves in debts?

Edited by T.Ghezali

Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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A

ctiv

e

an

d

Pa

ssiv

e Active voice The professor teaches the students .

Passive voice The students are taught by the professor .

Examples

Active Passive

Pa

ssiv

e v

oic

e

Statement Agent + to be (pp.verb) +

by + subject

Ali plays

football

Football is played

by Ali

Order Let + Agent + to be

(pp.verb) Open the

door

Let the door be

opened

Question Did she help

him

Was he helped by

her?

Statement

Tenses Active Passive

Present simple Ali plays football football is played by Ali Present perfect Ali has played football football has been played by Ali Present progressive Ali is playing football football is being played by Ali Past simple Ali played football football was played by Ali Past perfect Ali had played football football had been played by Ali Past progressive Ali was playing football football was being played by Ali Future Ali will play football football will be played by Ali

Per

son

al

pro

nou

ns

Active Passive

I Me

He Him

She Her

It It

We Us

They Them

You You

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Active Passive

The Algerian government

banned cigarette smoking

last year

Cigarette smoking ……………………………………

….

The Algerian government will

ban cigarette smoking next

year

Cigarette smoking ……………………………………

….

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Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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Active Passive

Stu

dy

tip

1 has to / have to

is / are going to

I have to visit him

has to be / have to be

is / are going to be

He has to be visited by me

Stu

dy

tip

2 do / does

did

I didn’t write the lesson

is / are (pp.verb)

was / were (pp.verb)

the lesson wasn’t written by me

Stu

dy

tip

3 has /have

had

I have a car

is / are + possessed + by….

was / were + owned+ by….

A car is owned by me

Stu

dy

tip

4 Adverbs of manner

He writes the lesson quickly

The lesson is quickly written by him

Stu

dy

tip

5 Possessive pronouns

They gave me a present

A present was given to me by them

Stu

dy

tip

6 Reported speech

People say that……

People said that……

Doctors believe that……

People say that he is mad

It is said that …..

It was said that …..

It is believed that …..

It is said that he is mad

Order

Ord

er Active Passive

Open the window

Let + Agent + be (pp.verb)

Let the window be opened

Question

Qu

esti

on

s Active Passive

Did she help him? Was he helped by her?

Can any one answer the question? Can the question be answered?

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Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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Direct Speech

Example:

He said, « we can stop smuggling."

Indirect Speech

Example:

-He said that they could stop smuggling.

1- A verb of reporting can be in a present tense.

-The forecast says, “it's going to rain.”

- The forecast says that it's going to rain.

After a present-tense (present simple, present perfect, present

continuous, future) we do not change the tense in indirect speech.

2- A verb of reporting can be in a past tense

-The forecast said, “it's going to rain.”

- The forecast said that it was going to rain

- When the verb of reporting is in a past tense( past simple,

past perfect, past continuous), we sometimes change the tense in

indirect speech from present to past.

Edited by T.Ghezali

Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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Tenses Direct Indirect

Present simple He said, "Ali plays

football."

He said that Ali played football

Present perfect He said, "Ali has played

football."

He said that Ali had played football

Present progressive He said, "Ali is playing

football."

He said that Ali was playing

football

Past simple He said, "Ali played

football."

He said that Ali had played football

Past perfect He said, "Ali had played

football."

He said that Ali had played football

Past progressive He said, "Ali was playing

football."

He said that Ali had been

playing football

Future He said, "Ali will play

football."

He said that Ali would play football

Mo

da

l ve

rb f

orm

s

Direct Indirect

will would

can could

must had to

shall should

may might

have to had to

Direct Speech Reported Speech

today that day

now Then…at that moment

yesterday the day before/the previous day

… days ago … days before

last week the week before/ the previous

next year the following year/ the year after

tomorrow the next day / the following day

here there

this that

These Those

Tonight That night

The day before yesterday Two days before

Yesterday afternoon The previous afternoon

Tomorrow morning The following morning

The day after tomorrow In two days’ time

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Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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Stu

dy

tip

1

There is no change to; could,

would, should, might and ought to.

-"I might go to the

cinema", he said.

- He said he might go to

the cinema.

Stu

dy

tip

2

You can use the present tense in

reported speech if you want to say

that something is still true (fact) i.e.

my name has always been and will

always be Karim so:

- “My name is Karim",

he said. He said

his name was Karim. / He

said his name is Karim

- He said," The earth is

round". He

said that the earth is

round.

Stu

dy

tip

3

Main clauses connected with

and/but

-If two complete main clauses are

connected with and or but , put that

after the conjunction.

-He said,“I saw her but she

didn’t see me.“

-He said that he had seen

her but that she hadn’t

seen him.“

-If the subject is dropped

in the second main clause

(the conjunction is

followed by a verb), do

not use ‚that‘.

-She said,“I am a nurse

and work in a hospital.“

-She said that she was a

nurse and worked in a

hospital.“

Stu

dy

tip

4 -I said," I want to speak to you, Ali".

-I told Ali that I wanted to speak to him.

Stu

dy

tip

5

What about..?

Why don't you ..?

Would you like….?

Would you mind …?

Let’s…..

s+suggested+that+s+should+v(s)

Suggest

Advise

Offered

Asked

-"Let's go to the cinema",

Mary said.

-Mary suggested that they

(we) should go to the

cinema.

Stu

dy

tip

6

Exclamation

Ugh! ….. Oh!….Alas!….Hurrah!

say, cry, exclaim with (joy ,

anger, sorrow, sadness,

admiration….)

He said, "Alas! My shop is

completely damaged".

He said with sorrow that

his shop was completely

Edited by T.Ghezali

Rouam Khelifa Secondary School – Sobha W

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