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The Hall of Justice: key to an immortal afterlife
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Like Mesopotamia, religion was the center of Egyptian life.Religious beliefs reflected the importance of nature as a benevolent force
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The Ten Commandments
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Ancient Egyptian Civilization
Kemet- the Black Land
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The first image that comes to mind...
Pharoah Khufu:
tallest man-made structure for 3800 years
481 ft high, 13 acres
2.3 million blocks – 2.5 tons - 500 miles
20 years moving 12 blocks per hour
No wheel; no iron
Limestone with gold top
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Egypt: “Gift of the Nile”…stretched 600 miles long by 14 miles wide
No rain but agricultural prosperity was unmatched.
July Inundation receded in October leaving rich, fertile soil.
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Isolation impacted on psyche- harmony, everything was in balance: “ma’at”
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Egyptian motto: “Eat, Drink and be Merry”
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Women in ancient Egypt:
• Kept anything inherited from their parents
• Entitled to one-half the wealth both partners acquired within their marriage
• Work at jobs other than a housewife
• Own and sell property• Be a witness in a court case or
represent themselves in court• Make a will giving their wealth to
whomever they wished• Go out in public and be in mixed
company with men• Keep their own name• Be supported by their ex-
husband after divorce
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The Palette of Narmer, (King Menes) 3100 BC: The Archaic Period
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The Old Kingdom, or Age of the Pyramids, 2686-2181 BC
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The Rosetta Stone
196 BC Ptolemy V
Discovered in 1799
3½ x 2 ½
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Jean Francois Champollion
• took 13 years to decipher the Rosetta Stone, 1822.
• At 5-read French and Latin
• At 11-translated Virgil & Horace into french
• At 15-mastered Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic, Syrian, Ethiopian
• At 19-learned Persian, Sanskrit, Chinese
• At 32, began Rosetta Stone
• “Father of Egyptology”
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Civil War between Noble families ended the Old Kingdom(Flood pattern of Nile changed- floodwaters fell 12 feet reducing arable land by 40%)
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Mentuhotep II >re-established the central government and built a new capital at Thebes
>major rebuilding program
>drained swamps
>restored irrigation systems
>built canal to the Red Sea
>Repelled the Nubians
>trade flourished with the Kush, Syria, Mesopotamia and Crete
The Middle Kingdom, 2090-1650 BCE
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Thy Hyksos invasions, 1720 BC – led to the 2nd intermediate period
• Hyksos invaders introduce the chariot
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• Ahmose I - founder of the New Kingdom
(1570-1070 BC
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Queen Hatshepsut, “Restorer of Egypt”
(1479 - 1458 BC)
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Deir el-Bahri
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Thutmose III“The Napoleon of Egypt”(1479-1426 BC)
>17 military campaigns during 32 year reign- never lost a battle!
>captured 350 cities in Palestine & Syria
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Akhenaton 1379-1362 BC Nefertiti
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Tutankhamen
King Tut’s burial mask.Howard Carter, 1922
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Abu Simbel- temple of Ramesses II (Ramesses the Great)
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The Battle of Kadesh, 1275 BCE
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Temple of Horus, Ramesses III
• Hekla volcano in Iceland???
• Labor strikes• Civil unrest• Series of droughts• Below-normal
flooding• Famine• Official corruption• Power grabs by
High Priests at Thebes
• Invasions by Sea Peoples and Libyan tribesmen
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