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ABSTRACT
With the increasing levels of technology, the eorts being
put to produce any kind of work has been continuously
decreasing. The eorts required in achieving the
desired output can be eectively and economically be
decreased by the implementation of better designs.
A Hydraulic ack is an e!ample of hydraulic machinery in
which a small force applied in a hori"ontal plane is usedto raise or lower a large load. The principle on which it
works is similar to that of an inclined plane. The
mechanical advantage of a hydraulic ack is the ratio of
the load applied to the eort applied. The screw ack is
operated by applying force on handle. The height of the
ack is adusted by turning a release valve and this
adustment can be done either manually or by integratingan electric motor.
#n this proect, an electric motor will be integrated with
the hydraulic ack and the electricity needed for the
operation will be taken from the battery of the
vehicle and thereby the mechanical advantage will be
increased.
$eywords% &.' motor, (ifting Arm, )ear ratio, speed
reduction.
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I. Introduction
3A4 Hydraulics %5
Hydraulics is a 6eld of applied science and
engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of
7uid. /luid mechanics provides the theoretical
foundation of hydraulics, which focuses on the
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engineering uses of 7uid properties. #n 7uid power,
hydraulics is used for the generation, control 8
transmission of power by the use of pressuri"ed liquid.
Hydraulic range through most science and engineeringdisciplines, and covers concepts such as pipe 7ow, dam
design, 7uidics and 7uid control circuitry, pumps,
turbines, hydropower, computational 7uid dynamics
and 7ow measurement.
Basics of !ydraulics"
I. Classifcation o hydraulicsa)Hydrostatics:-
/luid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of 7uid
mechanics that studies 7uids at rest. #t embraces the
study of the conditions under which 7uids are at rest in
stable equilibrium9 and is contrasted with 7uid dynamics,
the study of 7uids in motion. Hydrostatics oers physical
e!planations for many phenomena of everyday life, suchas why atmospheric pressure changes with altitude, why
wood and oil 7oat on water, and why the surface of water
is always 7at and hori"ontal whatever the shape of its
container.
b) Hydrodynamics:-
Hydrodynamics refers to the study of liquids in
motion. #t usually determines the 7ow of 7uids and a
good e!ample would be a pipeline and the 7ow of
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petroleum though it. This branch of study is part of a
larger 6eld called hydraulics that studies how energy and
forces interrelate with 7uids.
II. Pressure
*ressure is a force e!erted against a speci6c
area 3force per unit area4 e!pressed in psi 3pounds per
square inch4, -ar, or *ascal. *ressure can cause an
e!pansion, or resistance to compression, of a 7uid that is
being squee"ed. A 7uid is any liquid or gas 3vapor4.
An e!ample of the pressure is the air 3gas4 that6lls an automobile tire. As a type is in7ated, more air is
squee"ed into it that it can hold. The air inside a tire
resists the squee"ing by pushing outward on the casing of
the tire. The outward push of the air is pressure. :qual
pressure throughout a con6ned area is a characteristic of
any pressuri"ed 7uid.
Common symbols P
SI unit Pascal (Pa)
In SI base units 1 kg/(m·s2)
III. Force
#$ %&A
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The force is an e!ternal agent which produces
or tends to produce change in the state of rest, motion
shape or si"e of an obect and is e!pressed in ;ewton. #t
is a vector quantity. The ;ewton is 2# unit for force. An e!ample of force is to raise a body, to
displace a body from one place to the other, to stop a
moving body etc. The relationship of force, pressure, and
area is follows%
Common symbols F , F
SI unit newton
In SI base units 1 kg·m/s2
Derivations from
other quantities F = m a
%$ #.A
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3-4 *ascal+s law %5
-laise *ascal formulated the basic law of
hydraulics in the mid of #n a closed liquid the
pressure applied at any part is equally transmitted in
all the directions and in the same amount?.
1
>#f a liquid is in equilibrium then the pressure in
the every part of it is equal?.
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/ig. *ascal+s law
3'4 Hydraulic ack %5 Hydraulic acks are typically used for shop work,
rather than as an emergency ack to be carried with the
vehicle. @se of acks not designed for a speci6c vehicle
requires more than the usual care in selecting ground
conditions, the acking point on the vehicle, and to
ensure stability when the ack is
e!tended. Hydraulic acks are often used to liftelevators in low and medium rise buildings.
A hydraulic ack uses a 7uid, which is
incompressible, that is forced into a cylinder by a pump
plunger. 1il is used since it is self5 lubricating and
stable. When the plunger pulls back, it draws oil out of
the reservoir through a suction check valve into the
pump chamber. When the plunger moves forward, itpushes the oil through a discharge check valve into the
cylinder. The suction valve ball is within the chamber
and opens with each draw of the plunger. The
discharge valve ball is outside the chamber and opens
when the oil is pushed into the cylinder. At this point
the suction ball within the chamber is forced shut and
oil pressure builds in the cylinder. Hydraulic ack is a device used for lifting
automobile 8 heavy machines. Thus a hydraulic ack is
mechanical arrangement that uses the power of 7uid to
lift heavy obects.
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3&4 Types of hydraulic acks %5
3#4 -ottle hydraulic ack
#n a bottle ack the piston is vertical and directly
supports a bearing pad that contacts the obect beinglifted. With a single action piston the lift is somewhat
less than twice the collapsed height of the ack, making
it suitable only for the vehicles with a relatively high
clearance. /or lifting structures such as houses the
hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical acks
through the valves enables the even distribution of
forces while enabling close control of lift.
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/ig.
-ottle hydraulic ack
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3###4 2trand hydraulic ack
A strand ack 3also known as strand5ack4 isa ack used to lift very heavy 3e.g. thousands tons or
more with multiple acks4 loads for construction and
engineering purposes. 2trand acks were invented
in :urope in the
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3#4 Toe hydraulic ack 5
/ig. Toe ack
II. Components
3A4 -ottle Hydraulic Dack %5
&escription%5
A bottle hydraulic ack operates on principle of
*ascal+s (aw. -ottle or hand acks, came into wide spread
popularity during the early part of the ECth 'entury,
paralleling the boom of the automobile industry. They
6lled the immediate need of a small convenient devicerequiring only one person to operate that could lift an
automobile o the ground for servicing 5 #t quickly found
hundreds of other uses in the modern world, as well.
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A bottle ack or whiskey ack is a hydraulic
ack which resembles a bottle in shape, having a
cylindrical body and a neck, from which the hydraulic
ram emerges. They have a capacity of up to FC tons andmay be used to lift a variety of obects. Typical uses
include the repair of automobiles and house foundations.
(arger, heavy5duty models may be known as a barrel
ack.
This type of ack is best used for short vertical lifts. -locks
may be used to repeat the operation when a greater
amount of elevation is required.
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/ig. *1: drawing of bottle hydraulic ack
3-4 &c motors %5
0otor is a device which converts electrical energyinto mechanical energy. &' motors are electric motors
that are powered by direct current 3&'4, such as from a
battery or &' power supply. Their commutation can be
brushed or brushless. The speed of a brushed &' motor
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can be controlled by changing the voltage alone.
'onsequently, motors that are powered by A' require a
change in frequency to change speed, involving more
comple! and costly speed control. This makes &' motorsbetter suited for equipment ranging from
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34 Transmit operating range up to
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/ig. / transmitter circuit
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III. Construction ' working of jack
A. 'onstruction 8 working of hydraulic cylinder%5
The cylinder fabricated for the ack has a sleeve in
which the piston reciprocates during operation. The
cylinder material is cast iron and welded with an iron
base plate. The plate is gas welded below the hollow cast
iron cylinder. There is an opening for oil in the base of
cylinder. A cast iron head cover is designed for covering the
cylinder from upper end. The piston has an oil rubber to
seal the 7uid in cylinder during operation. The piston rod
is 6tted with the piston and screw nut on the other end.
The hear cover is locked with the help of circlip lock. A
hole is made in the head cover to release air from the
upper hollow portion of cylinder while reciprocatingmotion.
When 7uid pushed by the pump into the cylinder
from the inlet opening given below, it pushes the piston
up in the cylinder and thus linear motion is obtained by
displacement of piston in the cylinder.
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-. 'onstruction and working of release valve
mechanism%5
elease valve is used to release the pressure from
hydraulic cylinder. #n normal release valve is rotated by
hand. -ut in this ack it is operated with the help of motor.
1pening of release valve causes release in pressure i.e.
ram is lowered. When release valve is closed it maintains
applied pressure inside the hydraulic cylinder, thus ram is
raised.
*ressure control valve is operated by motor which is
mounted on the base plate. 0otor moves on clockwise or
anti clockwise direction according to polarity. When motor
rotates in clockwise direction then pressure release valve
is closed and if polarity is reversed motor rotates in
counterclockwise direction causing valve to open. 0otor
is operated by means of / circuit.
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/ig. *1: drawing of release valve motor
'. 'onstruction and working of levermechanism%5
To create the pressure eect in the large cylinder which
contains ram oil pumping has to be done in the small
cylinder. )enerally oil pumping is done with the help of arod. od is moved in up and down direction by hand so
as to create pressure and lift the ram. This movement of
rod can be done by means of motor. 0echanism similar to
slider5crank mechanism can be used to achieve up5down
movement of rod.
As lever requires reciprocating motion the motor
output should also converted into reciprocating motion. A&' motor gives rotary motion as an output. A simple
slider crank mechanism can convert rotary motion into
reciprocating motion. Thus a motor shaft is 6!ed with a
plate provided with a crank. This crank is then connected
to lever. Thus when motor starts crank gives reciprocating
motion to the lever as required.
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/ig. *1: drawing of oil pimping mechanism
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/ig. *1: drawing of lever mechanism motor
&. Working of / circuit%5
eceiver circuit is connected to battery of
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eceiver circuit has decoder which gives signals
consequently and startsIstops circuit as required.
IV. Images of hydraulic jack
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/ig. *1: drawing of HJ&A@(#' DA'$
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V. ther considerations
3A4 0aintenance of ack %5
When the ack is not in use, keep the cylinder
fully retracted. 2tore the ack on its base and in well
protected areas where it will not be e!posed to any
corrosive vapors, any other abrasive dust or any other
harmful elements. isually inspect the ack before use.
Take corrective actions if any of the following problemsare found%5
'racked or damaged housing
:!cessive wear, bending or other damage
(oose hardware
(eakage of hydraulic 7uid
2ome maintenance techniques associated with hydraulic
ack%
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F.To replace the oil 6ll as required. *ump 3unloaded
ack4 F or K times to e!pel air. *ump ack to full
height and pour o e!cess oil before re6tting plug.K. *eriodically check the pump piston and piston rod for
signs of corrosion. 'lean e!posed areas with a clean
oiled cloth.
3-4 1perating instructions%5
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E. @se recommended parts only9 the use of
unauthori"ed parts may be dangerous.. @se ack on level and solid ground, preferably
concrete.G. *ark the vehicle and apply hand brake. 2witch o
the engine and place chokes under the wheels.F. :nsure a minimum distance of C.F m between
vehicle and static obects such as doors, walls, etc.
to allow for tilting during acking.K. :nsure all persons are out of the vehicle before
acking. &o not enter vehicle whilst it is supported
on the ack or a!le stands.=. 'heck lifting point is centered and stable on ack
saddle. *ositions ack so as to avoid, operating it
from under vehicle.L. $eep hands etc. clear of moving parts during
raising and lowering of the vehicle.B. &1 ;1T e!ceed the rated capacity of the ack and
do not operate the ack beyond its ma!imum pump
stroke.
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3&4 Applications%5
In the automotive world the 1 1/2 through 5 ton jacks are
popular for cars and light trucks, the 8 and 12 ton models for Recreational Vehicles and medium to heav dut trucks while the 2! ton
"ottle jacks are used primaril for #"ig rig# tractor trailers$
%ottle jacks and variations thereof appear in fields as diverse as
medicine &for patient lifts, e'amine ta"les, hdraulic stretchers(,
plum"ing &pipe "enders(, electrical &ca"le slicers(, printing &paper
cutters( warehousing &material handling(, agriculture &e)uipment
maintenance(, construction &pushing, pulling, hoisting or lifting(, food
industr &from pallet jacks to pressing apple juice or sausages( metalshops &"ending, cutting and fa"ricating( and in do*ens of applications
too numerous to mention$
3:4 'omparative study%5
@sually normal hydraulic acks are used to liftheavy vehicles 8 small cars. 0ore energy and physical
work is required to lift such a heavy load. While in case of
automatic hydraulic ack power required to lift load is
less. 2o that automatic hydraulic ack is easy in use. #n
case of automatic hydraulic ack, operator is not near the
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ack so that it will not harm an operator. While it is not
safe for operator in case of normal ack if any failure
occurs. ;ormal hydraulic ack is operated by person so
time required to lift load is more. 2ince automatichydraulic ack operates electrically so that operation is
completed in less time.
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#. Conclusion
This proect as a remote controlled hydraulic ackperformed well and model is working 6ne as e!pected
during design. We all worked in a team to get these
positive results. We machined the components by own
and got help from others to fabricate components like
mechanisms, / circuits. We thought creatively
throughout the proect and solved every problem
occurred regarding to proect. We used knowledge of subects which we learned in our semesters. We used
knowledge of /luid mechanics, 7uid machinery,
machining, 'A& etc. We performed on the machines and
also we created drawings on *1: design software.
1verall we fabricated model according to our idea.
-efore we began this proect we don+t have much
e!perience with hydraulic machines, metal cutting and
designing software. We have gained set of skills in these
areas during this proect. /inally it+s a team work
whatever we achieved.