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Chapter 16
The Marine Environment
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The Shore
• The shore is the area of land between the low tide and area affected by storm waves.
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Erosional Shoreline Features
• Headlands are eroded by wave action to produce wave cut platforms
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Longshore Currents
• Longshore currents move large amounts of sediments along the shore.
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Depositional Shoreline Features
• Seashores are in a constant state of change. Sediments are moved and deposited by longshore currents
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Human Impacts
• Humans modify the shoreline to try to control beach erosion
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Use of groins to control erosion
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Changes in Sea Level
• Climate change caused by global warming is causing sea levels to rise:– Thermal expansion: global temperature increases,
causing seawater to heat up and expand, leads to rising sea level
– Melting glaciers adds to ocean volume
• Tectonic forces (uplift and sinking) can affect sea level in local areas
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Seafloor Features
• Continental margin: where continent meets ocean
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Continental Margin
• Continental shelf: average depth 130 meters; width can vary from a few to hundreds of kilometers
• Continental slope: the true edge of the continent; deep submarine canyons
• Continental rise: the base of the continental slope
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Deep-Ocean Basins
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Deep-Ocean Basins
• Abyssal plains: flat parts of the ocean floor• Deep-sea trenches: deepest parts of the
ocean, created by ocean plates sliding under other plates
• Mid-ocean ridges: undersea mountain ranges, created by two plates being pushed apart
• Other features: seamounts, guyots, hydrothermal vents
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Marine Sediments
• Terrigenous (deep-sea mud): originates on land
• Biogenous (oozes): forms from living organisms
• Hydrogenous: elements that precipitate directly from seawater. Ex: manganese nodules